@happyvertical/smrt-core 0.40.69 → 0.41.0

package/dist/migrations/differ.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"differ.js","names":[],"sources":["../../src/migrations/differ.ts"],"sourcesContent":["/**\n * Schema Differ\n *\n * Compares manifest schemas to database schemas and generates\n * a SchemaDiff with the differences.\n */\n\nimport { createLogger } from '@happyvertical/logger';\nimport { detectEngine, getDDLStrategy } from '../schema/ddl/index.js';\nimport type { DatabaseEngine } from '../schema/ddl/types.js';\nimport type {\n  ColumnDefinition,\n  IndexDefinition,\n  SchemaChange,\n  SchemaDefinition,\n  SchemaDiff,\n  SQLDataType,\n} from '../schema/types.js';\nimport { isJsonPathIndex, renderIndexTarget } from '../schema/utils.js';\nimport type { DatabaseInterface, SqlTableSchemaInfo } from './types.js';\n\nconst logger = createLogger({ level: 'info' });\n\n/**\n * Valid SQLDataType values for validation\n */\nconst VALID_SQL_DATA_TYPES: Set<SQLDataType> = new Set([\n  'TEXT',\n  'INTEGER',\n  'REAL',\n  'BLOB',\n  'BOOLEAN',\n  'JSON',\n  'TIMESTAMP',\n  'UUID',\n]);\n\ninterface GeneratedTypeUpgradeSQL {\n  sql: string;\n  statements?: string[];\n}\n\n/**\n * Check if a string is a valid SQLDataType\n */\nfunction isValidSQLDataType(type: string): type is SQLDataType {\n  return VALID_SQL_DATA_TYPES.has(type as SQLDataType);\n}\n\n/**\n * Options for schema comparison\n */\nexport interface DiffOptions {\n  /** Include dropped tables in diff (default: false for safety) */\n  includeDroppedTables?: boolean;\n  /** Include dropped columns in diff (default: false for safety) */\n  includeDroppedColumns?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Drop indexes that exist in the database but are absent from the manifest\n   * AND are not functionally equivalent to anything in the manifest. Default:\n   * false. The differ always skips primary-key indexes (`*_pkey`) and the\n   * implicit indexes that PostgreSQL creates from inline UNIQUE constraints\n   * (`*_key`) — those are owned by table-level constraints, not by the\n   * index list, and dropping them here would break the constraint.\n   */\n  includeDroppedIndexes?: boolean;\n  /** Ignore type mismatches (just log warnings) */\n  ignoreTypeMismatches?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Explicit engine hint forwarded to `detectEngine` when picking the DDL\n   * strategy used for *existing-table* SQL (ALTER/CREATE INDEX/etc.). Use\n   * this when `db.url` is empty or ambiguous (e.g. JSON adapter, in-memory\n   * wrappers where the URL lives on `db.config?.url`). Without it the\n   * comparer falls back to URL-only detection, which can produce SQLite-\n   * flavored SQL on a connection whose caller meant Postgres or DuckDB.\n   */\n  engineHint?: string;\n  /**\n   * Explicit confirmation that every historical writer of legacy PostgreSQL\n   * Date columns used UTC wall times. Without this acknowledgement,\n   * TIMESTAMP/TEXT/JSON to TIMESTAMPTZ drift is reported as manual rather\n   * than reinterpreted automatically.\n   */\n  postgresTimestampMigration?: { legacyTimezone: 'UTC' };\n}\n\n/**\n * Suffix patterns for indexes that the differ refuses to drop.\n * - `_pkey`: PostgreSQL primary key implicit index.\n * - `_key`: PostgreSQL implicit index for inline `UNIQUE (...)` table\n *   constraints. Dropping these by name does not drop the underlying\n *   constraint, and dropping the constraint requires a separate DDL path\n *   (`ALTER TABLE ... DROP CONSTRAINT`) the differ does not emit today.\n */\nconst PROTECTED_INDEX_SUFFIXES = ['_pkey', '_key'];\n\nfunction isProtectedDbIndexName(name: string): boolean {\n  return PROTECTED_INDEX_SUFFIXES.some((suffix) => name.endsWith(suffix));\n}\n\nfunction resolveDatabaseUrl(db: DatabaseInterface): string {\n  const dbWithConfig = db as DatabaseInterface & {\n    config?: { url?: string };\n  };\n  return db.url || dbWithConfig.config?.url || '';\n}\n\n/**\n * Normalize a partial-index `WHERE` predicate so semantically-identical\n * clauses from different sources compare equal (issue #1692).\n *\n * The manifest stores predicates roughly as written (`_meta_type = 'Article'`),\n * SQLite/DuckDB echo the original CREATE INDEX text verbatim, and PostgreSQL\n * re-renders them with type casts and extra parentheses\n * (`((_meta_type)::text = 'Article'::text)`). Normalization:\n *\n * - strips a leading `WHERE` keyword,\n * - removes PostgreSQL `::type` casts (single-word type names — the only kind\n *   SMRT-generated partial predicates produce, e.g. `_meta_type::text`),\n * - removes parentheses (SMRT only emits simple `col = 'literal'` predicates,\n *   so grouping carries no meaning here),\n * - lowercases everything OUTSIDE single-quoted string literals (SQL keywords\n *   and identifiers are case-insensitive; literals such as STI discriminator\n *   class names are case-sensitive, so they are preserved verbatim),\n * - collapses whitespace and tightens spacing around comparison operators.\n *\n * Returns '' for an absent/empty predicate (i.e. a non-partial index).\n */\nexport function normalizeIndexPredicate(where?: string | null): string {\n  if (!where) return '';\n  const stripped = where.trim().replace(/^WHERE\\s+/i, '');\n  if (!stripped) return '';\n\n  let out = '';\n  let i = 0;\n  while (i < stripped.length) {\n    if (stripped[i] === \"'\") {\n      // Consume a single-quoted string literal verbatim, honoring the SQL\n      // `''` escape for an embedded quote.\n      let literal = \"'\";\n      i++;\n      while (i < stripped.length) {\n        if (stripped[i] === \"'\") {\n          if (stripped[i + 1] === \"'\") {\n            literal += \"''\";\n            i += 2;\n            continue;\n          }\n          literal += \"'\";\n          i++;\n          break;\n        }\n        literal += stripped[i];\n        i++;\n      }\n      out += literal;\n    } else {\n      let run = '';\n      while (i < stripped.length && stripped[i] !== \"'\") {\n        run += stripped[i];\n        i++;\n      }\n      out += normalizeNonLiteralPredicateRun(run);\n    }\n  }\n  return out;\n}\n\n/**\n * Normalize the non-literal portion of a predicate (everything outside a\n * single-quoted string literal). Type casts and parentheses are dropped,\n * keywords/identifiers are lowercased, and whitespace is canonicalized.\n */\nfunction normalizeNonLiteralPredicateRun(run: string): string {\n  return run\n    .replace(/::[A-Za-z_]\\w*/g, '') // drop single-word PostgreSQL type casts\n    .replace(/[()]/g, '') // drop parentheses\n    .toLowerCase()\n    .replace(/\\s+/g, ' ')\n    .replace(/\\s*([=<>!]+)\\s*/g, '$1') // tighten comparison operators\n    .trim();\n}\n\n/**\n * Extract the normalized partial-index predicate from a `CREATE INDEX`\n * statement — the `WHERE` tail that follows the column-list close paren.\n * Works for both SQLite/DuckDB `sqlite_master.sql` text and PostgreSQL\n * `pg_indexes.indexdef`. Returns '' for a non-partial index.\n */\nexport function extractIndexPredicate(createIndexSql: string): string {\n  // The predicate is the tail after the column-list ')': `... (cols) WHERE x`.\n  // Anchoring on `) WHERE` (rather than a bare `WHERE`) avoids matching a\n  // column literally named \"where\" inside the indexed column list.\n  const match = createIndexSql.match(/\\)\\s*WHERE\\s+([\\s\\S]+?)\\s*;?\\s*$/i);\n  if (!match) return '';\n  return normalizeIndexPredicate(match[1]);\n}\n\n/**\n * SchemaComparer class for comparing manifest schemas to database\n */\nexport class SchemaComparer {\n  private db: DatabaseInterface;\n  private options: DiffOptions;\n  private engine: DatabaseEngine;\n  private ddlStrategy: ReturnType<typeof getDDLStrategy>;\n\n  constructor(db: DatabaseInterface, options: DiffOptions = {}) {\n    this.db = db;\n    this.options = {\n      includeDroppedTables: false,\n      includeDroppedColumns: false,\n      includeDroppedIndexes: false,\n      ignoreTypeMismatches: false,\n      ...options,\n    };\n    // Use the shared detectEngine utility for consistent detection.\n    // Handles :memory:, .json, and other edge cases. The JSON adapter is\n    // detected structurally (it exposes `exportTable`) because its url can be\n    // empty; otherwise fall back to URL-based detection, where `engineHint`\n    // lets callers override when `db.url` is empty or points at an adapter\n    // whose engine isn't obvious from the URL alone (some in-memory wrappers).\n    this.engine =\n      typeof (this.db as { exportTable?: unknown }).exportTable === 'function'\n        ? 'json'\n        : detectEngine(resolveDatabaseUrl(this.db), this.options.engineHint);\n    this.ddlStrategy = getDDLStrategy(this.engine);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compare manifest schemas to database and return differences\n   */\n  async compare(\n    manifestSchemas: Record<string, SchemaDefinition>,\n  ): Promise<SchemaDiff> {\n    const diff: SchemaDiff = {\n      added_tables: [],\n      dropped_tables: [],\n      changes: [],\n      has_changes: false,\n    };\n\n    // Get list of existing tables\n    const existingTables = await this.getExistingTables();\n\n    // Check each manifest schema against database\n    for (const [tableName, schema] of Object.entries(manifestSchemas)) {\n      if (!existingTables.has(tableName)) {\n        // Table doesn't exist - add to added_tables\n        diff.added_tables.push(schema);\n        diff.has_changes = true;\n      } else {\n        // Table exists - compare columns and indexes\n        const tableChanges = await this.compareTable(tableName, schema);\n        if (tableChanges.length > 0) {\n          diff.changes.push(...tableChanges);\n          diff.has_changes = true;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Check for dropped tables (if enabled)\n    if (this.options.includeDroppedTables) {\n      for (const tableName of existingTables) {\n        // Skip system tables\n        if (tableName.startsWith('_smrt_') || tableName.startsWith('sqlite_')) {\n          continue;\n        }\n        if (!manifestSchemas[tableName]) {\n          diff.dropped_tables.push(tableName);\n          diff.has_changes = true;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    return diff;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compare a single table's schema to manifest\n   */\n  async compareTable(\n    tableName: string,\n    manifest: SchemaDefinition,\n  ): Promise<SchemaChange[]> {\n    const changes: SchemaChange[] = [];\n\n    // Get current table schema from database\n    const dbSchema = await this.db.getTableSchema?.(tableName);\n    if (!dbSchema) {\n      // Table doesn't exist - this is an add_table case\n      return changes;\n    }\n\n    // Compare columns\n    const columnChanges = this.compareColumns(tableName, manifest, dbSchema);\n    changes.push(...columnChanges);\n\n    // Partial-index predicates are not surfaced by `getTableSchema()` (the\n    // @happyvertical/sql introspection returns only name/columns/unique), so\n    // introspect them separately. Without this, two indexes on the same\n    // column(s) that differ only by their WHERE clause — e.g. distinct STI\n    // child partial indexes — would compare equal and the differ would miss\n    // adds/drops/changes of the predicate (issue #1692).\n    const dbIndexPredicates = await this.getDbIndexPredicates(tableName);\n\n    // Compare indexes\n    const indexChanges = this.compareIndexes(\n      tableName,\n      manifest,\n      dbSchema,\n      dbIndexPredicates,\n    );\n    changes.push(...indexChanges);\n\n    return changes;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compare columns between manifest and database\n   */\n  private compareColumns(\n    tableName: string,\n    manifest: SchemaDefinition,\n    dbSchema: SqlTableSchemaInfo,\n  ): SchemaChange[] {\n    const changes: SchemaChange[] = [];\n    const dbColumnNames = new Set(Object.keys(dbSchema.columns));\n\n    // Check for new and modified columns\n    for (const [colName, colDef] of Object.entries(manifest.columns)) {\n      if (!dbColumnNames.has(colName)) {\n        // Column doesn't exist - add it\n        changes.push({\n          type: 'add_column',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: colName,\n          column: colDef,\n          sql: this.generateAddColumnSQL(tableName, colName, colDef),\n        });\n      } else {\n        // Column exists - check for type mismatch\n        const dbCol = dbSchema.columns[colName];\n\n        // Map manifest's abstract type to engine-specific type\n        // e.g., JSON → TEXT for SQLite, JSON → JSONB for PostgreSQL\n        // Validate the manifest type before mapping\n        const manifestType = colDef.type;\n        if (!isValidSQLDataType(manifestType)) {\n          // Invalid manifest type - treat as TEXT (safest fallback)\n          logger.warn(\n            `[SchemaComparer] Invalid manifest type \"${manifestType}\" for ${tableName}.${colName}, treating as TEXT`,\n          );\n        }\n        const validatedType: SQLDataType = isValidSQLDataType(manifestType)\n          ? manifestType\n          : 'TEXT';\n        const expectedEngineType = this.ddlStrategy.mapType(validatedType);\n        const normalizedExpected = this.normalizeType(expectedEngineType);\n        const normalizedActual = this.normalizeType(dbCol.type);\n\n        // R11: native `uuid` and `text` are interchangeable for SMRT-owned\n        // identifiers/references, but not for arbitrary provenance text. Keep\n        // the tolerance directional:\n        //   - manifest UUID + DB text is tolerated for structural ID/ref\n        //     columns so old deployments are not forced into native UUID.\n        //   - manifest TEXT + DB uuid is tolerated only for structural ID/ref\n        //     columns that are intentionally UUID-compatible.\n        // Plain TEXT columns with DB uuid now surface as repairable drift.\n        const isUuidTextEquivalent = this.isUuidTextEquivalentColumn(\n          colName,\n          colDef,\n          normalizedExpected,\n          normalizedActual,\n        );\n\n        // #1335: native `json`/`jsonb` (DB) and `text` (manifest) are\n        // interchangeable for SMRT — the convention is to serialize JSON values\n        // into TEXT columns, and a native-json column already holds exactly that\n        // data. So the differ must NOT flag a json<->text difference in EITHER\n        // direction:\n        //   - manifest TEXT vs DB json   (native-json column, text-convention manifest)\n        //   - manifest JSON vs DB text   (the canary case: an enum/plain field\n        //     mis-inferred as JSON by a downstream scanner, sitting on a real\n        //     `text` column holding bare values like 'active')\n        // Generating an ALTER here is pure churn at best and data-destroying at\n        // worst: `status::jsonb` on a column holding 'active' raises\n        // \"invalid input syntax for type json\" and aborts the whole atomic\n        // migration. Like the uuid/text tolerance, this lives at the equality\n        // gate only (not in `normalizeType`) so `isCompatibleTypeUpgrade` still\n        // treats JSON and TEXT as distinct buckets for OTHER upgrade paths.\n        const isJsonTextEquivalent =\n          (normalizedExpected === 'JSON' && normalizedActual === 'TEXT') ||\n          (normalizedExpected === 'TEXT' && normalizedActual === 'JSON');\n\n        if (\n          normalizedExpected !== normalizedActual &&\n          !isUuidTextEquivalent &&\n          !isJsonTextEquivalent\n        ) {\n          // Check if this is a safe type upgrade that SMRT can handle\n          // Since SMRT owns the data lifecycle, we know the intent from the manifest\n          if (this.isCompatibleTypeUpgrade(colDef.type, dbCol.type)) {\n            // Generate type upgrade SQL\n            const generatedSQL = this.generateTypeUpgradeSQL(\n              tableName,\n              colName,\n              colDef,\n              dbCol.type,\n            );\n            changes.push({\n              type: 'type_upgrade',\n              table: tableName,\n              name: colName,\n              column: colDef,\n              mismatch: {\n                expected: colDef.type,\n                actual: dbCol.type,\n              },\n              sql: generatedSQL.sql,\n              ...(generatedSQL.statements\n                ? { sqlStatements: generatedSQL.statements }\n                : {}),\n            });\n          } else if (!this.options.ignoreTypeMismatches) {\n            changes.push({\n              type: 'type_mismatch',\n              table: tableName,\n              name: colName,\n              mismatch: {\n                expected: colDef.type,\n                actual: dbCol.type,\n              },\n            });\n          }\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Check for dropped columns (if enabled)\n    if (this.options.includeDroppedColumns) {\n      const manifestColumnNames = new Set(Object.keys(manifest.columns));\n      for (const colName of dbColumnNames) {\n        if (!manifestColumnNames.has(colName)) {\n          changes.push({\n            type: 'drop_column',\n            table: tableName,\n            name: colName,\n            sql: this.generateDropColumnSQL(tableName, colName),\n          });\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    return changes;\n  }\n\n  private isUuidTextEquivalentColumn(\n    columnName: string,\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition,\n    normalizedExpected: string,\n    normalizedActual: string,\n  ): boolean {\n    const expectedUuidActualText =\n      normalizedExpected === 'UUID' && normalizedActual === 'TEXT';\n    const expectedTextActualUuid =\n      normalizedExpected === 'TEXT' && normalizedActual === 'UUID';\n\n    if (!expectedUuidActualText && !expectedTextActualUuid) {\n      return false;\n    }\n\n    return this.isStructuralUuidCompatibleColumn(columnName, colDef);\n  }\n\n  private isStructuralUuidCompatibleColumn(\n    columnName: string,\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition,\n  ): boolean {\n    return (\n      colDef.primaryKey === true ||\n      Boolean(colDef.foreignKey) ||\n      colDef.referenceKind === 'id' ||\n      colDef.referenceKind === 'foreignKey' ||\n      colDef.referenceKind === 'crossPackageRef' ||\n      colDef.referenceKind === 'tenantId' ||\n      (columnName === 'id' && colDef.type === 'TEXT')\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compare indexes between manifest and database\n   *\n   * Four classes of drift the differ now detects:\n   *\n   * 1. **Missing index** — manifest has an index neither the DB has by name\n   *    nor any equivalent-by-signature. Emit `add_index`. (Issue #741: the\n   *    signature check protects against creating duplicates when STI child\n   *    classes register indexes with different name prefixes.)\n   *\n   * 2. **Same-name shape drift** — DB has an index with the manifest's name,\n   *    but its columns, uniqueness flag, or partial-index `WHERE` predicate\n   *    differ. This covers the uniqueness flip in issue #1165\n   *    (`tenants_slug_context_meta_type_idx` materialized non-unique while\n   *    the manifest declares it unique) and the predicate drift in issue\n   *    #1692 (a partial index whose `WHERE` clause was added, removed, or\n   *    altered). Emit `drop_index` + `add_index` so the next migrate cycle\n   *    recreates it with the correct shape.\n   *\n   * 3. **Orphan in DB** — DB has an index with no manifest counterpart by\n   *    name and no signature equivalent. Emit `drop_index` *only* when the\n   *    caller opts in via `includeDroppedIndexes`, and even then never for\n   *    PostgreSQL implicit indexes (`*_pkey`, `*_key`) — those are owned by\n   *    table-level constraints and need a separate `DROP CONSTRAINT` path\n   *    that the differ does not emit yet.\n   *\n   * 4. **Partial-index predicate drift / collision** — two indexes on the\n   *    same column(s) and uniqueness that differ only by their `WHERE`\n   *    predicate (e.g. distinct STI child partial indexes) are no longer\n   *    collapsed to one signature, so the signature-equivalence path (b)\n   *    won't claim one for the other.\n   *\n   * @param dbIndexPredicates - Normalized `WHERE` predicate per DB index\n   *   name from {@link getDbIndexPredicates}. `null` means predicate\n   *   introspection was unavailable for this engine/adapter, in which case\n   *   the comparison falls back to predicate-unaware signatures (the prior\n   *   behavior) so existing partial indexes are never flagged as false drift.\n   */\n  private compareIndexes(\n    tableName: string,\n    manifest: SchemaDefinition,\n    dbSchema: SqlTableSchemaInfo,\n    dbIndexPredicates: Map<string, string> | null = null,\n  ): SchemaChange[] {\n    const changes: SchemaChange[] = [];\n\n    // Only fold predicates into signatures when we actually read them back\n    // from the live DB. If introspection was unavailable both sides use the\n    // empty predicate, which reproduces the prior column+unique-only behavior\n    // and cannot manufacture false positives on existing partial indexes.\n    const predicateAware = dbIndexPredicates !== null;\n    const dbPredicateFor = (name: string): string =>\n      predicateAware ? (dbIndexPredicates?.get(name) ?? '') : '';\n    const manifestPredicateFor = (idx: IndexDefinition): string =>\n      predicateAware ? normalizeIndexPredicate(idx.where) : '';\n\n    // Index DB indexes by name and by signature for fast lookup.\n    // dbIndexSignatures groups *all* DB index names sharing a signature so\n    // duplicates under different names all get claimed by a single matching\n    // manifest entry — otherwise the orphan sweep would drop the un-claimed\n    // siblings even though they are functionally equivalent to the manifest.\n    const dbIndexesByName = new Map<\n      string,\n      { columns: string[]; unique: boolean }\n    >();\n    const dbIndexSignatures = new Map<string, Set<string>>();\n    for (const idx of dbSchema.indexes) {\n      const unique = idx.unique ?? false;\n      dbIndexesByName.set(idx.name, { columns: idx.columns, unique });\n      const signature = this.getIndexSignature(\n        idx.columns,\n        unique,\n        dbPredicateFor(idx.name),\n      );\n      let bucket = dbIndexSignatures.get(signature);\n      if (!bucket) {\n        bucket = new Set();\n        dbIndexSignatures.set(signature, bucket);\n      }\n      bucket.add(idx.name);\n    }\n\n    // Manifest signatures — used during the orphan sweep to skip DB indexes\n    // that match a manifest entry's signature even if no specific manifest\n    // entry \"claimed\" them by name.\n    const manifestSignatureSet = new Set<string>();\n    for (const idx of manifest.indexes) {\n      manifestSignatureSet.add(\n        this.getIndexSignature(idx, undefined, manifestPredicateFor(idx)),\n      );\n    }\n\n    // Track which DB indexes a manifest entry has claimed, so the orphan\n    // pass below doesn't re-flag indexes that match by signature alone.\n    const claimedDbIndexes = new Set<string>();\n\n    for (const idx of manifest.indexes) {\n      const manifestSignature = this.getIndexSignature(\n        idx,\n        undefined,\n        manifestPredicateFor(idx),\n      );\n\n      // (a) Same name in DB — verify shape matches.\n      const dbByName = dbIndexesByName.get(idx.name);\n      if (dbByName) {\n        claimedDbIndexes.add(idx.name);\n\n        // JSON-path indexes (`@meta({ indexed: true })`) cannot be reliably\n        // compared by DB introspection — SQLite expression indexes surface\n        // as `[null]` columns, so the signature would always mismatch and\n        // every diff run would emit drop+recreate. Trust the name match\n        // here; if the json path itself changes, the index name changes\n        // too (we encode the field name into it), so a name match is a\n        // stronger guarantee than the column list for this index family.\n        if (isJsonPathIndex(idx)) {\n          continue;\n        }\n\n        const dbSignature = this.getIndexSignature(\n          dbByName.columns,\n          dbByName.unique,\n          dbPredicateFor(idx.name),\n        );\n        if (dbSignature === manifestSignature) {\n          continue; // Same name, same shape — nothing to do.\n        }\n\n        // Same name, drifted shape. Most often this is a uniqueness flip\n        // (issue #1165: 3-column index materialized non-unique). Recreate.\n        //\n        // Rollback caveat: the auto-generated DOWN script for the\n        // `add_index` half drops the (newly correct) index, and the\n        // `drop_index` half has no DOWN. Rolling back a recreate leaves\n        // the table without the index entirely instead of restoring the\n        // wrong-shape original. Capturing the original shape would\n        // require richer DB introspection than the differ currently has,\n        // so this asymmetry is accepted — the failure mode after an\n        // un-rolled-back recreate is \"missing index\" rather than\n        // \"permanently broken UPSERT,\" which is recoverable.\n        changes.push({\n          type: 'drop_index',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: idx.name,\n          sql: this.generateDropIndexSQL(idx.name),\n        });\n        changes.push({\n          type: 'add_index',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: idx.name,\n          index: idx,\n          sql: this.generateAddIndexSQL(tableName, idx),\n        });\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      // (b) Different name in DB but functionally equivalent — keep as-is.\n      // Claim *every* DB name sharing this signature so duplicate-shape\n      // indexes (e.g., a stale `<name>_idx` plus the implicit `<name>_key`\n      // from the same constraint) all survive the orphan sweep.\n      const equivalentIndexNames = dbIndexSignatures.get(manifestSignature);\n      if (equivalentIndexNames && equivalentIndexNames.size > 0) {\n        for (const name of equivalentIndexNames) {\n          claimedDbIndexes.add(name);\n        }\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      // (c) Genuinely missing — add it.\n      changes.push({\n        type: 'add_index',\n        table: tableName,\n        name: idx.name,\n        index: idx,\n        sql: this.generateAddIndexSQL(tableName, idx),\n      });\n    }\n\n    // Orphan-index sweep (opt-in via includeDroppedIndexes).\n    if (this.options.includeDroppedIndexes) {\n      for (const idx of dbSchema.indexes) {\n        if (claimedDbIndexes.has(idx.name)) continue;\n        if (isProtectedDbIndexName(idx.name)) continue;\n\n        // Belt-and-suspenders: even if a DB index wasn't formally claimed\n        // by a manifest entry (e.g., shape-drift recreate consumed the\n        // claim slot), don't drop it if its signature still matches\n        // something the manifest declares. That would contradict the\n        // option doc (\"not functionally equivalent to anything in the\n        // manifest\") and risk dropping a still-needed index.\n        const idxSignature = this.getIndexSignature(\n          idx.columns,\n          idx.unique ?? false,\n          dbPredicateFor(idx.name),\n        );\n        if (manifestSignatureSet.has(idxSignature)) continue;\n\n        changes.push({\n          type: 'drop_index',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: idx.name,\n          sql: this.generateDropIndexSQL(idx.name),\n        });\n      }\n    }\n\n    return changes;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate a signature for an index based on its columns, uniqueness, and\n   * (normalized) partial-index predicate. Used for functional equivalence\n   * checking (Issue #741) and predicate-drift detection (Issue #1692).\n   *\n   * Note: Column order is preserved because it is semantically significant for\n   * composite indexes. An index on (a, b) is NOT equivalent to (b, a) - they\n   * have different query performance characteristics.\n   *\n   * The trailing predicate component distinguishes partial indexes that share\n   * columns and uniqueness but differ by their `WHERE` clause (e.g. distinct\n   * STI child partial indexes). Callers pass the already-normalized predicate\n   * so both the manifest (desired) and introspected (DB) sides compare equal\n   * for semantically-identical clauses. An empty string means \"no predicate\"\n   * (a non-partial index) and is also used on both sides when predicate\n   * introspection is unavailable, preserving the prior behavior.\n   *\n   * For JSON-path indexes (`@meta({ indexed: true })`) the signature is\n   * derived from the JSON path instead of an empty column list, so the\n   * differ can distinguish two jsonPath indexes against different paths.\n   *\n   * @param idxOrColumns - Either an IndexDefinition or a column array (legacy)\n   * @param uniqueArg - Unique flag (used when first arg is a column array)\n   * @param predicateArg - Normalized partial-index predicate (default '')\n   * @returns Signature string\n   */\n  private getIndexSignature(\n    idxOrColumns: IndexDefinition | string[],\n    uniqueArg?: boolean,\n    predicateArg = '',\n  ): string {\n    if (Array.isArray(idxOrColumns)) {\n      return `${idxOrColumns.join(',')}:${Boolean(uniqueArg)}:${predicateArg}`;\n    }\n    const idx = idxOrColumns;\n    if (isJsonPathIndex(idx) && idx.jsonPath) {\n      return `json:${idx.jsonPath.column}.${idx.jsonPath.path}:${Boolean(idx.unique)}:${predicateArg}`;\n    }\n    return `${(idx.columns ?? []).join(',')}:${Boolean(idx.unique)}:${predicateArg}`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Whether the active engine supports partial indexes (`CREATE INDEX … WHERE`).\n   *\n   * SQLite and PostgreSQL do. DuckDB rejects them outright, and the JSON\n   * adapter is DuckDB-backed, so on those engines a \"partial\" index can only\n   * ever exist as a full index. Treating the predicate as significant there\n   * would (a) flag existing full indexes as false drift and (b) emit\n   * `CREATE INDEX … WHERE` DDL the engine rejects, breaking the migration.\n   * Gating on this keeps both the comparison and the generated DDL aligned\n   * with what the engine actually accepts (a partial index degrades to a\n   * full index), matching the pre-#1692 behavior on those engines.\n   */\n  private supportsPartialIndexes(): boolean {\n    return this.engine === 'sqlite' || this.engine === 'postgres';\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Introspect partial-index predicates for a table, keyed by index name.\n   *\n   * `getTableSchema()` (the @happyvertical/sql introspection) returns only\n   * name/columns/unique, so the `WHERE` predicate is read directly here:\n   *\n   * - PostgreSQL: `pg_indexes.indexdef` carries the full CREATE INDEX text.\n   * - SQLite: the `sqlite_master.sql` column carries the original CREATE INDEX\n   *   text.\n   *\n   * Engines that don't support partial indexes (DuckDB / the DuckDB-backed\n   * JSON adapter) short-circuit to `null` so the comparison stays\n   * predicate-unaware there — see {@link supportsPartialIndexes}.\n   *\n   * Non-partial indexes are omitted from the map (callers treat a missing\n   * entry as the empty predicate). Returns `null` when the catalog query\n   * fails — e.g. an adapter exposing neither catalog — so the index\n   * comparison can fall back to predicate-unaware behavior rather than\n   * flagging every existing partial index as false drift.\n   */\n  private async getDbIndexPredicates(\n    tableName: string,\n  ): Promise<Map<string, string> | null> {\n    if (!this.supportsPartialIndexes()) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    const predicates = new Map<string, string>();\n    try {\n      if (this.engine === 'postgres') {\n        const result = await this.db.query(\n          `SELECT indexname, indexdef FROM pg_indexes WHERE schemaname = 'public' AND tablename = ${this.quoteLiteral(\n            tableName,\n          )}`,\n        );\n        for (const row of result.rows as {\n          indexname?: string;\n          indexdef?: string;\n        }[]) {\n          if (!row.indexname || !row.indexdef) continue;\n          const predicate = extractIndexPredicate(row.indexdef);\n          if (predicate) predicates.set(row.indexname, predicate);\n        }\n        return predicates;\n      }\n\n      // SQLite exposes the `sqlite_master` catalog whose `sql` column preserves\n      // the original CREATE INDEX text. Implicit indexes carry a NULL `sql` and\n      // are skipped. (DuckDB / JSON already short-circuited above.)\n      const result = await this.db.query(\n        `SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'index' AND tbl_name = ${this.quoteLiteral(\n          tableName,\n        )} AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'`,\n      );\n      for (const row of result.rows as {\n        name?: string;\n        sql?: string | null;\n      }[]) {\n        if (!row.name || !row.sql) continue;\n        const predicate = extractIndexPredicate(row.sql);\n        if (predicate) predicates.set(row.name, predicate);\n      }\n      return predicates;\n    } catch (err) {\n      logger.debug(\n        `[SchemaComparer] Partial-index predicate introspection unavailable for ${tableName}; falling back to predicate-unaware index comparison`,\n        { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err) },\n      );\n      return null;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get list of existing tables from database\n   */\n  private async getExistingTables(): Promise<Set<string>> {\n    let query: string;\n    if (this.engine === 'postgres') {\n      query = `SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'public'`;\n    } else {\n      // SQLite and DuckDB both expose the SQLite-compatible `sqlite_master`\n      // catalog — DuckDB ships it as a built-in compatibility view, so a single\n      // introspection query covers both engines. Verified against a live DuckDB\n      // v1.4.3 (json mode): `SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'`\n      // returns user tables with the expected `name` column (#1579).\n      query = `SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'`;\n    }\n\n    const result = await this.db.query(query);\n    const rows = result.rows as { name?: string; table_name?: string }[];\n    return new Set(\n      rows.map((r) => r.name || r.table_name || '').filter(Boolean),\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Normalize SQL types for comparison\n   */\n  private normalizeType(type: string): string {\n    const upper = type\n      .toUpperCase()\n      .trim()\n      .replace(/\\(\\s*\\d+\\s*\\)/g, '');\n\n    // Integer types\n    if (/^(INTEGER|INT|BIGINT|SMALLINT|TINYINT)$/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'INTEGER';\n    }\n\n    // Text types\n    if (/^(TEXT|CLOB|STRING|VARCHAR|CHAR)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'TEXT';\n    }\n\n    // UUID normalizes to its own bucket — deliberately NOT folded into TEXT.\n    // The text<->uuid drift tolerance (R11) is applied at the equality gate\n    // in `compare()` only, so that `isCompatibleTypeUpgrade` (which also\n    // calls normalizeType) still treats `uuid` as distinct from text and\n    // won't mis-classify e.g. `uuid`->`timestamp` as a compatible\n    // \"TEXT->TIMESTAMP\" upgrade.\n    if (/^UUID$/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'UUID';\n    }\n\n    // Decimal types\n    if (/^(REAL|FLOAT|DOUBLE|DECIMAL|NUMERIC|NUMBER)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'REAL';\n    }\n\n    // Boolean types\n    if (/^(BOOLEAN|BOOL)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'BOOLEAN';\n    }\n\n    // PostgreSQL distinguishes instants from timezone-naive wall times. Keep\n    // those in separate comparison buckets so legacy TIMESTAMP columns are\n    // migrated to the TIMESTAMPTZ representation used for JavaScript Date.\n    if (/^(TIMESTAMPTZ|TIMESTAMP\\s+WITH\\s+TIME\\s+ZONE)$/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'TIMESTAMPTZ';\n    }\n\n    // Date/time types without timezone semantics\n    if (\n      /^(DATETIME|TIMESTAMP(?:\\s+WITHOUT\\s+TIME\\s+ZONE)?|DATE|TIME)$/i.test(\n        upper,\n      )\n    ) {\n      return 'TIMESTAMP';\n    }\n\n    // Blob types\n    if (/^(BLOB|BINARY|BYTEA)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'BLOB';\n    }\n\n    // JSON types\n    if (/^(JSON|JSONB)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'JSON';\n    }\n\n    return upper;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if a type change is a safe upgrade that can be auto-migrated.\n   *\n   * SMRT controls the data lifecycle for these columns, so we know:\n   * - TEXT→JSON: The column stores JSON data serialized as text (arrays, objects)\n   * - TEXT/JSON→TIMESTAMP: Legacy system columns stored timestamp strings\n   *   before newer manifests normalized the column type.\n   * - PostgreSQL TIMESTAMP→TIMESTAMPTZ: Legacy SMRT Date values were written\n   *   as UTC ISO wall times, so interpreting the naive value as UTC preserves\n   *   the originally supplied instant.\n   * - INTEGER→REAL: Safe widening of integer to floating point\n   * - TEXT/REAL→INTEGER on PostgreSQL: explicit data-checked repairs for\n   *   legacy integer columns that were previously stored as text/real.\n   *\n   * @param manifestType - The abstract type from the manifest (e.g., 'JSON')\n   * @param dbType - The actual type in the database (e.g., 'TEXT')\n   * @returns true if the change from dbType to manifestType is a safe upgrade\n   */\n  private isCompatibleTypeUpgrade(\n    manifestType: string,\n    dbType: string,\n  ): boolean {\n    const manifest = this.normalizeType(manifestType);\n    const db = this.normalizeType(dbType);\n\n    if (\n      this.engine === 'postgres' &&\n      manifest === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n      ['TIMESTAMP', 'TEXT', 'JSON'].includes(db) &&\n      this.ddlStrategy.mapType('TIMESTAMP') === 'TIMESTAMPTZ'\n    ) {\n      return this.options.postgresTimestampMigration?.legacyTimezone === 'UTC';\n    }\n\n    // TEXT → JSON is safe: SMRT serializes arrays/objects as JSON text\n    // When the manifest says JSON, the data is already valid JSON in TEXT column\n    if (manifest === 'JSON' && db === 'TEXT') {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // JSON → TEXT is also safe (downgrade, but data is preserved as-is)\n    if (manifest === 'TEXT' && db === 'JSON') {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // UUID → TEXT is safe for plain text/provenance fields that were\n    // mistakenly materialized as native uuid: the stored UUID value can be\n    // rendered losslessly as text.\n    if (manifest === 'TEXT' && db === 'UUID') {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // INTEGER → REAL is safe (widening)\n    if (manifest === 'REAL' && db === 'INTEGER') {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // PostgreSQL can safely repair legacy integer columns when the generated\n    // migration validates that every existing value is already an integer.\n    if (\n      this.engine === 'postgres' &&\n      manifest === 'INTEGER' &&\n      (db === 'TEXT' || db === 'REAL')\n    ) {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // TEXT/JSON → TIMESTAMP is a legacy-drift repair. Invalid values fail\n    // explicitly during migration rather than being silently coerced.\n    if (\n      manifest === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n      (db === 'TEXT' || db === 'JSON') &&\n      this.engine !== 'postgres'\n    ) {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate SQL for a type upgrade migration.\n   *\n   * Engine-specific SQL:\n   * - SQLite: TEXT and JSON are equivalent, no-op or comment\n   * - DuckDB: ALTER COLUMN TYPE (native type conversion)\n   * - PostgreSQL: ALTER COLUMN TYPE with USING clause\n   */\n  private generateTypeUpgradeSQL(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition,\n    dbType: string,\n  ): GeneratedTypeUpgradeSQL {\n    const quotedTable = this.quoteIdentifier(tableName);\n    const quotedCol = this.quoteIdentifier(colName);\n    const manifestType = colDef.type;\n\n    // Validate manifestType before mapping\n    const validatedType: SQLDataType = isValidSQLDataType(manifestType)\n      ? manifestType\n      : 'TEXT';\n    const targetType = this.ddlStrategy.mapType(validatedType);\n\n    switch (this.engine) {\n      case 'sqlite':\n        // SQLite has dynamic typing - TEXT and JSON are functionally equivalent\n        // For SQLite, we just return a comment since no actual change is needed\n        if (\n          this.normalizeType(manifestType) === 'JSON' &&\n          this.normalizeType(dbType) === 'TEXT'\n        ) {\n          return {\n            sql: `-- SQLite: ${quotedCol} already stores JSON as TEXT (no change needed)`,\n          };\n        }\n        // For other type upgrades, SQLite requires recreating the table\n        return {\n          sql: `-- SQLite: Type upgrade for ${quotedCol} requires table recreation`,\n        };\n\n      case 'postgres': {\n        // PostgreSQL defaults must be dropped/reset around some type changes\n        // so drift repairs can succeed even when an existing default cannot\n        // be cast automatically to the target type.\n        const manifestNormalized = this.normalizeType(manifestType);\n        const dbNormalized = this.normalizeType(dbType);\n        const preflightSQL =\n          manifestNormalized === 'INTEGER' &&\n          (dbNormalized === 'TEXT' || dbNormalized === 'REAL')\n            ? this.generatePostgresIntegerPreflightSQL(\n                quotedTable,\n                quotedCol,\n                tableName,\n                colName,\n                dbNormalized,\n              )\n            : manifestNormalized === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n                ['TIMESTAMP', 'TEXT', 'JSON'].includes(dbNormalized) &&\n                this.normalizeType(targetType) === 'TIMESTAMPTZ'\n              ? this.generatePostgresTimestampPreflightSQL(tableName, colName)\n              : null;\n        const clauses: string[] = [];\n\n        if (colDef.defaultValue !== undefined) {\n          clauses.push(`ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} DROP DEFAULT`);\n        }\n\n        let typeClause = `ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} TYPE ${targetType}`;\n        if (manifestNormalized === 'JSON' && dbNormalized === 'TEXT') {\n          // #1335: a bare `${col}::jsonb` cast raises \"invalid input syntax for\n          // type json\" on any row whose text is not already valid JSON (e.g. a\n          // legacy enum column holding 'active'). `to_jsonb(col)` instead wraps\n          // ANY text value as a JSON string and never errors, so a genuine\n          // TEXT->JSON widening survives non-JSON legacy data. (Note: with the\n          // json<->text equality tolerance added in this fix, the normal\n          // compare path no longer reaches here; this keeps the SQL safe for\n          // callers that construct a type_upgrade directly.)\n          typeClause += ` USING to_jsonb(${quotedCol})`;\n        } else if (manifestNormalized === 'TEXT' && dbNormalized === 'JSON') {\n          // #1335: a native-json column cast back to text is value-preserving\n          // (`::text` renders the stored JSON as its text form), so this arm is\n          // safe. (Note: like the TEXT->JSON arm above, the json<->text equality\n          // tolerance means the normal compare path no longer reaches here; this\n          // keeps the SQL safe for callers that construct a type_upgrade\n          // directly.)\n          typeClause += ` USING ${quotedCol}::text`;\n        } else if (manifestNormalized === 'TEXT' && dbNormalized === 'UUID') {\n          typeClause += ` USING ${quotedCol}::text`;\n        } else if (\n          manifestNormalized === 'INTEGER' &&\n          dbNormalized === 'TEXT'\n        ) {\n          typeClause += ` USING trim(${quotedCol}::text)::integer`;\n        } else if (\n          manifestNormalized === 'INTEGER' &&\n          dbNormalized === 'REAL'\n        ) {\n          typeClause += ` USING ${quotedCol}::integer`;\n        } else if (\n          manifestNormalized === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n          (dbNormalized === 'TEXT' || dbNormalized === 'JSON')\n        ) {\n          typeClause += ` USING NULLIF(NULLIF(trim(both '\"' from ${quotedCol}::text), ''), 'null')::timestamptz`;\n        } else if (\n          manifestNormalized === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n          dbNormalized === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n          this.normalizeType(targetType) === 'TIMESTAMPTZ'\n        ) {\n          // SMRT's PostgreSQL adapter serialized Date values to UTC ISO strings.\n          // A legacy TIMESTAMP column discarded the trailing offset but kept\n          // that UTC wall time. Reattach UTC explicitly so migration is\n          // deterministic regardless of the database/session timezone.\n          typeClause += ` USING ${quotedCol} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'`;\n        }\n\n        clauses.push(typeClause);\n\n        if (colDef.defaultValue !== undefined) {\n          const formattedDefault = this.ddlStrategy.formatDefaultValue(\n            colDef.defaultValue,\n            validatedType,\n          );\n          const defaultSql =\n            manifestNormalized === 'JSON'\n              ? `${formattedDefault}::${targetType.toLowerCase()}`\n              : formattedDefault;\n          clauses.push(`ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} SET DEFAULT ${defaultSql}`);\n        }\n\n        const alterSql = `ALTER TABLE ${quotedTable} ${clauses.join(', ')}`;\n\n        return preflightSQL\n          ? { sql: alterSql, statements: [preflightSQL, alterSql] }\n          : { sql: alterSql };\n      }\n\n      case 'duckdb':\n        // DuckDB supports ALTER COLUMN TYPE for type conversions\n        return {\n          sql: `ALTER TABLE ${quotedTable} ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} TYPE ${targetType}`,\n        };\n\n      default: {\n        // Escape special characters in type names for safe comment generation\n        const safeDbType = dbType.replace(/[^\\w]/g, '_');\n        const safeManifestType = manifestType.replace(/[^\\w]/g, '_');\n        return {\n          sql: `-- Type upgrade for ${quotedCol}: ${safeDbType} → ${safeManifestType}`,\n        };\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Quote a SQL identifier\n   */\n  private quoteIdentifier(name: string): string {\n    return `\"${name.replace(/\"/g, '\"\"')}\"`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate a PostgreSQL preflight guard for narrowing legacy columns to\n   * INTEGER. PostgreSQL's REAL→INTEGER cast rounds fractional values, so the\n   * generated migration must fail before the ALTER can silently change data.\n   */\n  private generatePostgresIntegerPreflightSQL(\n    quotedTable: string,\n    quotedCol: string,\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n    dbNormalized: string,\n  ): string {\n    const invalidCondition =\n      dbNormalized === 'REAL'\n        ? `${quotedCol} IS NOT NULL AND ${quotedCol} <> trunc(${quotedCol})`\n        : `${quotedCol} IS NOT NULL AND trim(${quotedCol}::text) !~ '^[+-]?[0-9]+$'`;\n    const message = `Cannot convert ${tableName}.${colName} to INTEGER: found non-integer values`;\n\n    return `DO $$ BEGIN IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ${quotedTable} WHERE ${invalidCondition}) THEN RAISE EXCEPTION ${this.quoteLiteral(message)}; END IF; END $$`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Require a UTC migration session before reattaching the offset discarded by\n   * legacy PostgreSQL TIMESTAMP columns. This is a guardrail, not provenance:\n   * operators must also confirm historical default/raw writers used UTC.\n   */\n  private generatePostgresTimestampPreflightSQL(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n  ): string {\n    const message =\n      `Cannot convert ${tableName}.${colName} to TIMESTAMPTZ outside a UTC ` +\n      'PostgreSQL session; confirm historical writers used UTC and SET TIME ZONE UTC';\n    return `DO $$ BEGIN IF upper(current_setting('TimeZone')) NOT IN ('UTC', 'ETC/UTC', 'GMT') THEN RAISE EXCEPTION ${this.quoteLiteral(message)}; END IF; END $$`;\n  }\n\n  private quoteLiteral(value: string): string {\n    return `'${value.replace(/'/g, \"''\")}'`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate SQL for adding a column\n   */\n  private generateAddColumnSQL(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition,\n  ): string {\n    // Build the ADD COLUMN definition inline (main) rather than delegating to\n    // the DDL strategy's generateColumnDefinition: that builder is for CREATE\n    // TABLE and would emit `PRIMARY KEY` (invalid in ALTER ... ADD COLUMN) and\n    // suppress single-column UNIQUE on engines that require inline unique at\n    // table-create time (DuckDB) — but an ADD COLUMN has no inline-constraint\n    // pass, so the UNIQUE must be emitted here. mapType still maps abstract\n    // types per dialect (UUID→native uuid / TEXT — R11); invalid types fall\n    // back to TEXT, matching the compareColumns guard.\n    const validatedType: SQLDataType = isValidSQLDataType(colDef.type)\n      ? colDef.type\n      : 'TEXT';\n    if (!isValidSQLDataType(colDef.type)) {\n      logger.warn(\n        `[SchemaComparer] Invalid manifest type \"${colDef.type}\" for ${tableName}.${colName}, treating as TEXT`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const parts: string[] = [\n      this.quoteIdentifier(colName),\n      this.ddlStrategy.mapType(validatedType),\n    ];\n\n    if (colDef.notNull) {\n      parts.push('NOT NULL');\n    }\n    if (colDef.unique) {\n      parts.push('UNIQUE');\n    }\n    if (colDef.defaultValue !== undefined) {\n      const defaultVal = this.ddlStrategy.formatDefaultValue(\n        colDef.defaultValue,\n        validatedType,\n      );\n      parts.push(`DEFAULT ${defaultVal}`);\n    }\n    if (colDef.check) {\n      parts.push(`CHECK (${colDef.check})`);\n    }\n\n    const columnDefinition = parts.join(' ');\n\n    return `ALTER TABLE ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} ADD COLUMN ${columnDefinition}`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate SQL for dropping a column\n   */\n  private generateDropColumnSQL(tableName: string, colName: string): string {\n    return `ALTER TABLE ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} DROP COLUMN ${this.quoteIdentifier(colName)}`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate SQL for adding an index.\n   *\n   * On engines that support partial indexes (SQLite/PostgreSQL) this mirrors\n   * the canonical CREATE INDEX path in the DDL strategies: a partial index\n   * appends its `WHERE` predicate so a detected predicate add/alter (issue\n   * #1692) recreates the index with the correct partial condition rather than\n   * silently widening it to a full index. On DuckDB / the JSON adapter — which\n   * reject partial indexes — the predicate is dropped so the emitted DDL stays\n   * executable (a partial index degrades to a full index there). The predicate\n   * is trimmed and a redundant leading `WHERE` stripped for robustness.\n   */\n  private generateAddIndexSQL(tableName: string, idx: IndexDefinition): string {\n    const uniqueStr = idx.unique ? 'UNIQUE ' : '';\n    const target = renderIndexTarget(idx, this.engine);\n    let sql = `CREATE ${uniqueStr}INDEX ${this.quoteIdentifier(idx.name)} ON ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} (${target})`;\n    const where = idx.where?.trim().replace(/^WHERE\\s+/i, '');\n    if (this.supportsPartialIndexes() && where) {\n      sql += ` WHERE ${where}`;\n    }\n    return sql;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate SQL for dropping an index.\n   *\n   * This SQL is consumed by the manifest-driven execution path:\n   *\n   * - `db:migrate` runs the SQL we put in `change.sql` directly, with the\n   *   tracker's `executePostgresStatements` adding CONCURRENTLY when\n   *   `--postgres-safe` is on.\n   *\n   * PostgreSQL ends up with `CONCURRENTLY` when it should.\n   * Keeping this method engine-agnostic also means the diff preview text\n   * stays readable (no engine-specific noise) for engines like SQLite\n   * where CONCURRENTLY isn't a thing.\n   */\n  private generateDropIndexSQL(indexName: string): string {\n    return `DROP INDEX IF EXISTS ${this.quoteIdentifier(indexName)}`;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Generate a SchemaDiff from manifest and database\n */\nexport async function generateSchemaDiff(\n  db: DatabaseInterface,\n  manifestSchemas: Record<string, SchemaDefinition>,\n  options: DiffOptions = {},\n): Promise<SchemaDiff> {\n  const comparer = new SchemaComparer(db, options);\n  return comparer.compare(manifestSchemas);\n}\n\n/**\n * Check if a diff has any actionable changes (excluding type mismatches)\n */\nexport function hasActionableChanges(diff: SchemaDiff): boolean {\n  if (diff.added_tables.length > 0) return true;\n  if (diff.dropped_tables.length > 0) return true;\n  return diff.changes.some((c) => c.type !== 'type_mismatch');\n}\n\n/**\n * Get SQL statements from a diff for execution\n */\nexport function getSQLFromDiff(diff: SchemaDiff): string[] {\n  const statements: string[] = [];\n\n  // Add table creation (requires full DDL generation - not included here)\n  // This is typically handled by ensureSchema()\n\n  // Add column and index changes\n  for (const change of diff.changes) {\n    if (change.type !== 'type_mismatch') {\n      statements.push(\n        ...(change.sqlStatements ?? (change.sql ? [change.sql] : [])),\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  return 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Default: false. Orphan\n   * tables are always *reported* via `SchemaDiff.orphan_tables` regardless.\n   */\n  includeDroppedTables?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Emit executable `drop_column` changes for columns that exist in the\n   * database but not in the manifest. Default: false. Orphan columns are\n   * always *reported* as `orphan_column` advisories regardless — a NOT NULL\n   * orphan without a default is flagged as a warning because every ORM\n   * insert (which never supplies the column) will fail on it (#2369).\n   */\n  includeDroppedColumns?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Execute constraint relaxations instead of only reporting them:\n   * `DROP NOT NULL` / `DROP DEFAULT` on live columns that are stricter than\n   * the manifest, and `DROP NOT NULL` on orphan NOT NULL columns. Default:\n   * false — relaxations are reported as advisories with the suggested SQL.\n   * Strengthening repairs (`SET NOT NULL`, `SET DEFAULT`) are always emitted\n   * where the engine supports `ALTER COLUMN` (#2369).\n   */\n  relaxColumns?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Drop indexes that exist in the database but are absent from the manifest\n   * AND are not functionally equivalent to anything in the manifest. Default:\n   * false. The differ always skips primary-key indexes (`*_pkey`) and the\n   * implicit indexes that PostgreSQL creates from inline UNIQUE constraints\n   * (`*_key`) — those are owned by table-level constraints, not by the\n   * index list, and dropping them here would break the constraint.\n   *\n   * Independent of this flag, a redundant single-column index over the\n   * table's primary key that the manifest no longer declares (the legacy\n   * `<table>_id_idx`, #2359) is always dropped: the primary-key constraint\n   * keeps serving every lookup, so the drop can only save write cost.\n   */\n  includeDroppedIndexes?: boolean;\n  /** Ignore type mismatches (just log warnings) */\n  ignoreTypeMismatches?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Explicit engine hint forwarded to `detectEngine` when picking the DDL\n   * strategy used for *existing-table* SQL (ALTER/CREATE INDEX/etc.). Use\n   * this when `db.url` is empty or ambiguous (e.g. JSON adapter, in-memory\n   * wrappers where the URL lives on `db.config?.url`). Without it the\n   * comparer falls back to URL-only detection, which can produce SQLite-\n   * flavored SQL on a connection whose caller meant Postgres or DuckDB.\n   */\n  engineHint?: string;\n  /**\n   * Explicit confirmation that every historical writer of legacy PostgreSQL\n   * Date columns used UTC wall times. Without this acknowledgement,\n   * TIMESTAMP/TEXT/JSON to TIMESTAMPTZ drift is reported as manual rather\n   * than reinterpreted automatically.\n   */\n  postgresTimestampMigration?: { legacyTimezone: 'UTC' };\n}\n\n/**\n * Suffix patterns for indexes that the differ refuses to drop.\n * - `_pkey`: PostgreSQL primary key implicit index.\n * - `_key`: PostgreSQL implicit index for inline `UNIQUE (...)` table\n *   constraints, and the unique index the differ itself creates for a\n *   `unique: true` column added via ADD COLUMN on engines that reject an\n *   inline UNIQUE there (SQLite/DuckDB — see {@link uniqueColumnIndexName}).\n *   Dropping these by name does not drop the underlying constraint on\n *   PostgreSQL, and dropping the constraint requires a separate DDL path\n *   (`ALTER TABLE ... DROP CONSTRAINT`) the differ does not emit today.\n *   Unclaimed `_key` unique indexes are instead *reported* as\n *   `orphan_index` advisories (#2369).\n */\nconst PROTECTED_INDEX_SUFFIXES = ['_pkey', '_key'];\n\nfunction isProtectedDbIndexName(name: string): boolean {\n  return PROTECTED_INDEX_SUFFIXES.some((suffix) => name.endsWith(suffix));\n}\n\n/**\n * Name of the unique index that backs a `unique: true` column. Mirrors the\n * `<table>_<column>_key` name PostgreSQL gives the implicit index of an\n * inline column UNIQUE constraint, so the same column ends up with the same\n * index name on every engine and the orphan-index sweep treats it as\n * constraint-owned.\n */\nexport function uniqueColumnIndexName(\n  tableName: string,\n  columnName: string,\n): string {\n  return `${tableName}_${columnName}_key`;\n}\n\n/**\n * True when a change is report-only: it carries an advisory and no\n * executable statement. Such changes never reach the migration stream.\n */\nexport function isAdvisoryOnlyChange(change: SchemaChange): boolean {\n  if (!change.advisory) return false;\n  const statements = change.sqlStatements ?? (change.sql ? [change.sql] : []);\n  return statements.length === 0;\n}\n\n/**\n * True for an info-level report-only change: listed in `SchemaDiff.changes`\n * for visibility but not counted by `has_changes` (a harmless orphan column,\n * a live default the manifest no longer declares).\n */\nexport function isInfoOnlyChange(change: SchemaChange): boolean {\n  return isAdvisoryOnlyChange(change) && change.advisory?.severity === 'info';\n}\n\n/**\n * True when a change has no executable DDL: `type_mismatch`, an advisory-only\n * change, or a change whose only SQL is an advisory comment (e.g. a SQLite\n * `ALTER COLUMN` the engine cannot perform in place).\n */\nexport function isManualOrAdvisoryChange(change: SchemaChange): boolean {\n  if (change.type === 'type_mismatch') return true;\n  if (isAdvisoryOnlyChange(change)) return true;\n  const statements = change.sqlStatements ?? (change.sql ? [change.sql] : []);\n  return (\n    statements.length > 0 &&\n    statements.every((statement) => statement.trim().startsWith('--'))\n  );\n}\n\nfunction resolveDatabaseUrl(db: DatabaseInterface): string {\n  const dbWithConfig = db as DatabaseInterface & {\n    config?: { url?: string };\n  };\n  return db.url || dbWithConfig.config?.url || '';\n}\n\n/**\n * Normalize a partial-index `WHERE` predicate so semantically-identical\n * clauses from different sources compare equal (issue #1692).\n *\n * The manifest stores predicates roughly as written (`_meta_type = 'Article'`),\n * SQLite/DuckDB echo the original CREATE INDEX text verbatim, and PostgreSQL\n * re-renders them with type casts and extra parentheses\n * (`((_meta_type)::text = 'Article'::text)`). Normalization:\n *\n * - strips a leading `WHERE` keyword,\n * - removes PostgreSQL `::type` casts (single-word type names — the only kind\n *   SMRT-generated partial predicates produce, e.g. `_meta_type::text`),\n * - removes parentheses (SMRT only emits simple `col = 'literal'` predicates,\n *   so grouping carries no meaning here),\n * - lowercases everything OUTSIDE single-quoted string literals (SQL keywords\n *   and identifiers are case-insensitive; literals such as STI discriminator\n *   class names are case-sensitive, so they are preserved verbatim),\n * - collapses whitespace and tightens spacing around comparison operators.\n *\n * Returns '' for an absent/empty predicate (i.e. a non-partial index).\n */\nexport function normalizeIndexPredicate(where?: string | null): string {\n  if (!where) return '';\n  const stripped = where.trim().replace(/^WHERE\\s+/i, '');\n  if (!stripped) return '';\n\n  let out = '';\n  let i = 0;\n  while (i < stripped.length) {\n    if (stripped[i] === \"'\") {\n      // Consume a single-quoted string literal verbatim, honoring the SQL\n      // `''` escape for an embedded quote.\n      let literal = \"'\";\n      i++;\n      while (i < stripped.length) {\n        if (stripped[i] === \"'\") {\n          if (stripped[i + 1] === \"'\") {\n            literal += \"''\";\n            i += 2;\n            continue;\n          }\n          literal += \"'\";\n          i++;\n          break;\n        }\n        literal += stripped[i];\n        i++;\n      }\n      out += literal;\n    } else {\n      let run = '';\n      while (i < stripped.length && stripped[i] !== \"'\") {\n        run += stripped[i];\n        i++;\n      }\n      out += normalizeNonLiteralPredicateRun(run);\n    }\n  }\n  return out;\n}\n\n/**\n * Normalize the non-literal portion of a predicate (everything outside a\n * single-quoted string literal). Type casts and parentheses are dropped,\n * keywords/identifiers are lowercased, and whitespace is canonicalized.\n */\nfunction normalizeNonLiteralPredicateRun(run: string): string {\n  return run\n    .replace(/::[A-Za-z_]\\w*/g, '') // drop single-word PostgreSQL type casts\n    .replace(/[()]/g, '') // drop parentheses\n    .toLowerCase()\n    .replace(/\\s+/g, ' ')\n    .replace(/\\s*([=<>!]+)\\s*/g, '$1') // tighten comparison operators\n    .trim();\n}\n\n/**\n * Extract the normalized partial-index predicate from a `CREATE INDEX`\n * statement — the `WHERE` tail that follows the column-list close paren.\n * Works for both SQLite/DuckDB `sqlite_master.sql` text and PostgreSQL\n * `pg_indexes.indexdef`. Returns '' for a non-partial index.\n */\nexport function extractIndexPredicate(createIndexSql: string): string {\n  // The predicate is the tail after the column-list ')': `... (cols) WHERE x`.\n  // Anchoring on `) WHERE` (rather than a bare `WHERE`) avoids matching a\n  // column literally named \"where\" inside the indexed column list.\n  const match = createIndexSql.match(/\\)\\s*WHERE\\s+([\\s\\S]+?)\\s*;?\\s*$/i);\n  if (!match) return '';\n  return normalizeIndexPredicate(match[1]);\n}\n\n/**\n * Canonical form of a column default for drift comparison (#2369).\n *\n * The manifest side is the DDL fragment `formatDefaultValue()` would emit\n * (`'anon'`, `0`, `TRUE`, `'{}'`, `current_timestamp`); the database side is\n * whatever the catalog reports, which each engine renders differently:\n * PostgreSQL appends casts (`'anon'::text`, `'{}'::jsonb`, `'-1'::integer`)\n * and upper-cases `CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`, DuckDB wraps booleans\n * (`CAST('t' AS BOOLEAN)`), SQLite echoes the literal verbatim. Both sides\n * are reduced by the *manifest column type* to a `{kind, key}` pair:\n *\n * - `none`   — no default (`undefined`, empty, or the `NULL` keyword)\n * - `now`    — the current-timestamp family (`current_timestamp`, `now()`,\n *              `transaction_timestamp()`, `datetime('now')`)\n * - `number` — numeric columns, compared by numeric value\n * - `bool`   — boolean columns (`true`/`false`/`t`/`f`/`1`/`0`)\n * - `text`   — string literal contents (JSON columns compare the parsed\n *              value when both sides parse)\n * - `func`   — other function calls / keywords, compared lowercase and\n *              whitespace-collapsed\n * - `raw`    — could not be classified; callers must skip the comparison\n *              rather than risk a false positive\n */\nexport function canonicalizeDefault(\n  fragment: string | undefined,\n  columnType: SQLDataType,\n): {\n  kind: 'none' | 'now' | 'number' | 'bool' | 'text' | 'func' | 'raw';\n  key: string;\n} {\n  if (fragment === undefined) return { kind: 'none', key: '' };\n  let s = fragment.trim();\n  if (s === '') return { kind: 'none', key: '' };\n\n  // Unwrap DuckDB `CAST(<inner> AS <type>)` and PostgreSQL trailing casts /\n  // outer parentheses. Loop because forms can nest (`('x'::text)::text`).\n  for (let guard = 0; guard < 8; guard++) {\n    const before = s;\n    const castMatch = s.match(/^CAST\\s*\\((.*)\\s+AS\\s+[A-Za-z_][\\w\\s()]*\\)$/is);\n    if (castMatch) s = castMatch[1].trim();\n    if (s.startsWith('(') && s.endsWith(')')) s = s.slice(1, -1).trim();\n    // Trailing PostgreSQL cast: `::type`, `::character varying`, `::type[]`,\n    // `::timestamp with time zone`, `::numeric(10,2)`.\n    s = s\n      .replace(/::[A-Za-z_][\\w ]*(\\(\\s*\\d+(\\s*,\\s*\\d+)?\\s*\\))?(\\[\\])?\\s*$/i, '')\n      .trim();\n    if (s === before) break;\n  }\n\n  if (/^null$/i.test(s)) return { kind: 'none', key: '' };\n\n  const lower = s.toLowerCase().replace(/\\s+/g, ' ');\n  if (\n    lower === 'current_timestamp' ||\n    lower === 'current_timestamp()' ||\n    lower === 'now()' ||\n    lower === 'transaction_timestamp()' ||\n    lower === \"datetime('now')\" ||\n    lower === 'localtimestamp'\n  ) {\n    return { kind: 'now', key: 'now' };\n  }\n\n  const upperType = String(columnType).toUpperCase();\n  const isNumericType =\n    upperType === 'INTEGER' || upperType === 'REAL' || upperType === 'DECIMAL';\n  const isBooleanType = upperType === 'BOOLEAN';\n  const isJsonType = upperType === 'JSON';\n\n  // String literal (single-quoted, '' escape).\n  const literalMatch = s.match(/^'((?:[^']|'')*)'$/s);\n  const literal =\n    literalMatch !== null ? literalMatch[1].replace(/''/g, \"'\") : null;\n\n  if (isBooleanType) {\n    const token = (literal ?? s).trim().toLowerCase();\n    if (['true', 't', '1', 'yes', 'on'].includes(token))\n      return { kind: 'bool', key: 'true' };\n    if (['false', 'f', '0', 'no', 'off'].includes(token))\n      return { kind: 'bool', key: 'false' };\n    return { kind: 'raw', key: lower };\n  }\n\n  if (isNumericType) {\n    const token = (literal ?? s).trim();\n    if (/^[+-]?(\\d+\\.?\\d*|\\.\\d+)([eE][+-]?\\d+)?$/.test(token)) {\n      return { kind: 'number', key: String(Number(token)) };\n    }\n    if (literal !== null) {\n      return { kind: 'text', key: literal };\n    }\n    // Not a numeric literal — fall through to function/keyword detection\n    // (e.g. `nextval('seq'::regclass)`).\n  }\n\n  if (literal !== null) {\n    if (isJsonType) {\n      try {\n        return { kind: 'text', key: JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(literal)) };\n      } catch {\n        // Not JSON — compare as plain text below.\n      }\n    }\n    return { kind: 'text', key: literal };\n  }\n\n  // Bare numeric literal on a non-numeric column (e.g. SQLite `DEFAULT 0` on\n  // a TEXT column) — compare textually.\n  if (/^[+-]?(\\d+\\.?\\d*|\\.\\d+)$/.test(s)) {\n    return { kind: 'text', key: String(Number(s)) };\n  }\n\n  // Function call / keyword.\n  if (/^[A-Za-z_][\\w.]*\\s*\\(.*\\)$/s.test(s) || /^[A-Za-z_]\\w*$/.test(s)) {\n    return { kind: 'func', key: lower };\n  }\n\n  return { kind: 'raw', key: lower };\n}\n\n/**\n * SchemaComparer class for comparing manifest schemas to database\n */\nexport class SchemaComparer {\n  private db: DatabaseInterface;\n  private options: DiffOptions;\n  private engine: DatabaseEngine;\n  private ddlStrategy: ReturnType<typeof getDDLStrategy>;\n\n  constructor(db: DatabaseInterface, options: DiffOptions = {}) {\n    this.db = db;\n    this.options = {\n      includeDroppedTables: false,\n      includeDroppedColumns: false,\n      includeDroppedIndexes: false,\n      ignoreTypeMismatches: false,\n      ...options,\n    };\n    // Use the shared detectEngine utility for consistent detection.\n    // Handles :memory:, .json, and other edge cases. The JSON adapter is\n    // detected structurally (it exposes `exportTable`) because its url can be\n    // empty; otherwise fall back to URL-based detection, where `engineHint`\n    // lets callers override when `db.url` is empty or points at an adapter\n    // whose engine isn't obvious from the URL alone (some in-memory wrappers).\n    this.engine =\n      typeof (this.db as { exportTable?: unknown }).exportTable === 'function'\n        ? 'json'\n        : detectEngine(resolveDatabaseUrl(this.db), this.options.engineHint);\n    this.ddlStrategy = getDDLStrategy(this.engine);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compare manifest schemas to database and return differences\n   */\n  async compare(\n    manifestSchemas: Record<string, SchemaDefinition>,\n  ): Promise<SchemaDiff> {\n    const diff: SchemaDiff = {\n      added_tables: [],\n      dropped_tables: [],\n      changes: [],\n      has_changes: false,\n    };\n\n    // Get list of existing tables\n    const existingTables = await this.getExistingTables();\n\n    // Check each manifest schema against database\n    for (const [tableName, schema] of Object.entries(manifestSchemas)) {\n      if (!existingTables.has(tableName)) {\n        // Table doesn't exist - add to added_tables\n        diff.added_tables.push(schema);\n        diff.has_changes = true;\n      } else {\n        // Table exists - compare columns and indexes\n        const tableChanges = await this.compareTable(tableName, schema);\n        if (tableChanges.length > 0) {\n          diff.changes.push(...tableChanges);\n          // Info-level report-only notes (a harmless orphan column, a stale\n          // default the manifest no longer declares) are listed but do not\n          // make the schema \"changed\": executable, manual, and warning-level\n          // findings do (#2369).\n          if (tableChanges.some((change) => !isInfoOnlyChange(change))) {\n            diff.has_changes = true;\n          }\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Orphan tables are always reported (never silently retained); the\n    // executable DROP TABLE stays opt-in via `includeDroppedTables` (#2369).\n    const orphanTables: string[] = [];\n    for (const tableName of existingTables) {\n      // Skip system tables\n      if (tableName.startsWith('_smrt_') || tableName.startsWith('sqlite_')) {\n        continue;\n      }\n      if (!manifestSchemas[tableName]) {\n        orphanTables.push(tableName);\n      }\n    }\n    orphanTables.sort();\n    diff.orphan_tables = orphanTables;\n    if (this.options.includeDroppedTables && orphanTables.length > 0) {\n      diff.dropped_tables.push(...orphanTables);\n      diff.has_changes = true;\n    }\n\n    return diff;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compare a single table's schema to manifest\n   */\n  async compareTable(\n    tableName: string,\n    manifest: SchemaDefinition,\n  ): Promise<SchemaChange[]> {\n    const changes: SchemaChange[] = [];\n\n    // Get current table schema from database\n    const dbSchema = await this.db.getTableSchema?.(tableName);\n    if (!dbSchema) {\n      // Table doesn't exist - this is an add_table case\n      return changes;\n    }\n\n    // Compare columns\n    const columnChanges = await this.compareColumns(\n      tableName,\n      manifest,\n      dbSchema,\n    );\n    // #2370: SQLite cannot change a column's type in place. Turn the\n    // \"requires table recreation\" placeholders those comparisons emit into an\n    // executable table rebuild (see `./sqlite-rebuild.ts`); anything the\n    // rebuild can't do safely stays manual drift, as before. The planner only\n    // consumes `type_upgrade` placeholders — SQLite `alter_column`\n    // nullability/default drift (#2369) stays manual until the rebuild also\n    // rewrites constraints.\n    changes.push(\n      ...(this.engine === 'sqlite'\n        ? await planSqliteTableRebuilds({\n            db: this.db,\n            tableName,\n            changes: columnChanges,\n            mapType: (type) => this.ddlStrategy.mapType(type),\n          })\n        : columnChanges),\n    );\n\n    // Partial-index predicates are not surfaced by `getTableSchema()` (the\n    // @happyvertical/sql introspection returns only name/columns/unique), so\n    // introspect them separately. Without this, two indexes on the same\n    // column(s) that differ only by their WHERE clause — e.g. distinct STI\n    // child partial indexes — would compare equal and the differ would miss\n    // adds/drops/changes of the predicate (issue #1692).\n    const dbIndexPredicates = await this.getDbIndexPredicates(tableName);\n\n    // Compare indexes\n    const indexChanges = this.compareIndexes(\n      tableName,\n      manifest,\n      dbSchema,\n      dbIndexPredicates,\n    );\n    changes.push(...indexChanges);\n\n    return changes;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compare columns between manifest and database.\n   *\n   * Three families of drift (#2369):\n   *\n   * 1. **Missing column** — emit `add_column` with an executable plan for the\n   *    engine (see {@link generateAddColumnChanges}).\n   * 2. **Existing column** — type drift (as before), then nullability and\n   *    default drift (see {@link compareColumnConstraints}).\n   * 3. **Orphan column** (in DB, not in manifest) — always reported. With\n   *    `includeDroppedColumns` it becomes an executable `drop_column`; a\n   *    NOT NULL orphan without a default is a `warning` advisory because ORM\n   *    inserts never supply it and will fail (`23502`); with `relaxColumns`\n   *    that orphan gets an executable `DROP NOT NULL` where the engine allows.\n   */\n  private async compareColumns(\n    tableName: string,\n    manifest: SchemaDefinition,\n    dbSchema: SqlTableSchemaInfo,\n  ): Promise<SchemaChange[]> {\n    const changes: SchemaChange[] = [];\n    const dbColumnNames = new Set(Object.keys(dbSchema.columns));\n\n    // Check for new and modified columns\n    for (const [colName, colDef] of Object.entries(manifest.columns)) {\n      if (!dbColumnNames.has(colName)) {\n        // Column doesn't exist - add it\n        changes.push(\n          ...(await this.generateAddColumnChanges(tableName, colName, colDef)),\n        );\n      } else {\n        // Column exists - check for type mismatch\n        const dbCol = dbSchema.columns[colName];\n        let typeDrifted = false;\n\n        // Map manifest's abstract type to engine-specific type\n        // e.g., JSON → TEXT for SQLite, JSON → JSONB for PostgreSQL\n        // Validate the manifest type before mapping\n        const manifestType = colDef.type;\n        if (!isValidSQLDataType(manifestType)) {\n          // Invalid manifest type - treat as TEXT (safest fallback)\n          logger.warn(\n            `[SchemaComparer] Invalid manifest type \"${manifestType}\" for ${tableName}.${colName}, treating as TEXT`,\n          );\n        }\n        const validatedType: SQLDataType = isValidSQLDataType(manifestType)\n          ? manifestType\n          : 'TEXT';\n        const expectedEngineType = this.ddlStrategy.mapType(validatedType);\n        const normalizedExpected = this.normalizeType(expectedEngineType);\n        const normalizedActual = this.normalizeType(dbCol.type);\n\n        // R11: native `uuid` and `text` are interchangeable for SMRT-owned\n        // identifiers/references, but not for arbitrary provenance text. Keep\n        // the tolerance directional:\n        //   - manifest UUID + DB text is tolerated for structural ID/ref\n        //     columns so old deployments are not forced into native UUID.\n        //   - manifest TEXT + DB uuid is tolerated only for structural ID/ref\n        //     columns that are intentionally UUID-compatible.\n        // Plain TEXT columns with DB uuid now surface as repairable drift.\n        const isUuidTextEquivalent = this.isUuidTextEquivalentColumn(\n          colName,\n          colDef,\n          normalizedExpected,\n          normalizedActual,\n        );\n\n        // #1335: native `json`/`jsonb` (DB) and `text` (manifest) are\n        // interchangeable for SMRT — the convention is to serialize JSON values\n        // into TEXT columns, and a native-json column already holds exactly that\n        // data. So the differ must NOT flag a json<->text difference in EITHER\n        // direction:\n        //   - manifest TEXT vs DB json   (native-json column, text-convention manifest)\n        //   - manifest JSON vs DB text   (the canary case: an enum/plain field\n        //     mis-inferred as JSON by a downstream scanner, sitting on a real\n        //     `text` column holding bare values like 'active')\n        // Generating an ALTER here is pure churn at best and data-destroying at\n        // worst: `status::jsonb` on a column holding 'active' raises\n        // \"invalid input syntax for type json\" and aborts the whole atomic\n        // migration. Like the uuid/text tolerance, this lives at the equality\n        // gate only (not in `normalizeType`) so `isCompatibleTypeUpgrade` still\n        // treats JSON and TEXT as distinct buckets for OTHER upgrade paths.\n        const isJsonTextEquivalent =\n          (normalizedExpected === 'JSON' && normalizedActual === 'TEXT') ||\n          (normalizedExpected === 'TEXT' && normalizedActual === 'JSON');\n\n        if (\n          normalizedExpected !== normalizedActual &&\n          !isUuidTextEquivalent &&\n          !isJsonTextEquivalent\n        ) {\n          typeDrifted = true;\n          // Check if this is a safe type upgrade that SMRT can handle\n          // Since SMRT owns the data lifecycle, we know the intent from the manifest\n          if (this.isCompatibleTypeUpgrade(colDef.type, dbCol.type)) {\n            // Generate type upgrade SQL\n            const generatedSQL = this.generateTypeUpgradeSQL(\n              tableName,\n              colName,\n              colDef,\n              dbCol.type,\n            );\n            changes.push({\n              type: 'type_upgrade',\n              table: tableName,\n              name: colName,\n              column: colDef,\n              mismatch: {\n                expected: colDef.type,\n                actual: dbCol.type,\n              },\n              sql: generatedSQL.sql,\n              ...(generatedSQL.statements\n                ? { sqlStatements: generatedSQL.statements }\n                : {}),\n            });\n          } else if (!this.options.ignoreTypeMismatches) {\n            changes.push({\n              type: 'type_mismatch',\n              table: tableName,\n              name: colName,\n              mismatch: {\n                expected: colDef.type,\n                actual: dbCol.type,\n              },\n            });\n          }\n        }\n\n        // Nullability / default drift. Skipped while the type itself is\n        // drifting: a type repair rewrites the default (PostgreSQL DROP/SET\n        // DEFAULT around ALTER TYPE) and an incompatible mismatch needs a\n        // manual migration anyway, so constraint drift on top would only be\n        // noise until the type is settled.\n        if (!typeDrifted) {\n          changes.push(\n            ...(await this.compareColumnConstraints(\n              tableName,\n              colName,\n              colDef,\n              validatedType,\n              dbCol,\n            )),\n          );\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Orphan columns: always reported, dropped only on request (#2369).\n    const manifestColumnNames = new Set(Object.keys(manifest.columns));\n    for (const colName of dbColumnNames) {\n      if (manifestColumnNames.has(colName)) continue;\n      const dbCol = dbSchema.columns[colName];\n      if (this.options.includeDroppedColumns) {\n        changes.push({\n          type: 'drop_column',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: colName,\n          mismatch: {\n            expected: '(not in manifest)',\n            actual: this.describeDbColumn(dbCol),\n          },\n          sql: this.generateDropColumnSQL(tableName, colName),\n        });\n        continue;\n      }\n      changes.push(this.describeOrphanColumn(tableName, colName, dbCol));\n    }\n\n    return changes;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compare nullability and default between a manifest column and the live\n   * column, emitting `alter_column` changes (#2369).\n   *\n   * Rules:\n   * - Primary-key columns are owned by the PK constraint (SQLite reports a\n   *   `TEXT PRIMARY KEY` as nullable while PostgreSQL/DuckDB imply NOT NULL),\n   *   so they are skipped entirely.\n   * - Strengthening (`SET NOT NULL`, `SET DEFAULT`) is emitted as executable\n   *   SQL on engines with `ALTER COLUMN` (PostgreSQL/DuckDB). A `SET NOT NULL`\n   *   is preceded by a backfill of the manifest default when there is one;\n   *   without a default the live data is probed and, if NULLs exist, the\n   *   change is reported as manual with the suggested backfill instead of\n   *   emitting an ALTER the engine would reject mid-batch.\n   * - Relaxing (`DROP NOT NULL`, `DROP DEFAULT`) is reported as an advisory\n   *   unless `relaxColumns` is set, in which case it is executable.\n   * - SQLite has no `ALTER COLUMN`; every alteration is reported as manual\n   *   (advisory-comment SQL) until the table-rebuild path (#2370) lands.\n   * - Defaults are compared through {@link canonicalizeDefault}; when either\n   *   side cannot be canonicalized the comparison is skipped rather than\n   *   risking a false positive that would churn every run.\n   */\n  private async compareColumnConstraints(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition,\n    validatedType: SQLDataType,\n    dbCol: SqlTableSchemaInfo['columns'][string],\n  ): Promise<SchemaChange[]> {\n    if (colDef.primaryKey || dbCol.primaryKey) {\n      return [];\n    }\n\n    const changes: SchemaChange[] = [];\n    const manifestNotNull = colDef.notNull === true;\n    const dbNotNull = dbCol.notNull === true;\n    const manifestDefaultSql =\n      colDef.defaultValue !== undefined\n        ? this.ddlStrategy.formatDefaultValue(\n            colDef.defaultValue,\n            validatedType,\n          )\n        : undefined;\n    const manifestDefaultCanon = canonicalizeDefault(\n      manifestDefaultSql,\n      validatedType,\n    );\n    const dbDefaultCanon = canonicalizeDefault(\n      dbCol.defaultValue === null || dbCol.defaultValue === undefined\n        ? undefined\n        : String(dbCol.defaultValue),\n      validatedType,\n    );\n    // A manifest `null` default renders as the SQL NULL keyword, i.e. \"no\n    // default\" — same bucket as an absent default.\n    const hasManifestDefault = manifestDefaultCanon.kind !== 'none';\n    const defaultsComparable =\n      manifestDefaultCanon.kind !== 'raw' && dbDefaultCanon.kind !== 'raw';\n    const defaultDrifted =\n      defaultsComparable &&\n      `${manifestDefaultCanon.kind}:${manifestDefaultCanon.key}` !==\n        `${dbDefaultCanon.kind}:${dbDefaultCanon.key}`;\n    const dbHasDefault = dbDefaultCanon.kind !== 'none';\n\n    // --- Default drift ---------------------------------------------------\n    if (defaultDrifted) {\n      if (hasManifestDefault && manifestDefaultSql !== undefined) {\n        changes.push(\n          this.buildAlterColumnChange({\n            tableName,\n            colName,\n            colDef,\n            alteration: 'set_default',\n            expected: `DEFAULT ${manifestDefaultSql}`,\n            actual: dbHasDefault\n              ? `DEFAULT ${String(dbCol.defaultValue)}`\n              : '(no default)',\n            statements: this.supportsAlterColumn()\n              ? [\n                  this.generateSetDefaultSQL(\n                    tableName,\n                    colName,\n                    manifestDefaultSql,\n                    validatedType,\n                  ),\n                ]\n              : null,\n          }),\n        );\n      } else if (dbHasDefault) {\n        // Live column carries a default the manifest no longer declares.\n        changes.push(\n          this.buildAlterColumnChange({\n            tableName,\n            colName,\n            colDef,\n            alteration: 'drop_default',\n            expected: '(no default)',\n            actual: `DEFAULT ${String(dbCol.defaultValue)}`,\n            statements: this.supportsAlterColumn()\n              ? [\n                  `ALTER TABLE ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} ALTER COLUMN ${this.quoteIdentifier(colName)} DROP DEFAULT`,\n                ]\n              : null,\n            relaxation: {\n              severity: 'info',\n              message: `${tableName}.${colName} has a live default (${String(dbCol.defaultValue)}) the manifest no longer declares; inserts that omit the column keep receiving it. ${this.relaxHint('drop it')}`,\n            },\n          }),\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    // --- Nullability drift -----------------------------------------------\n    if (manifestNotNull && !dbNotNull) {\n      const quotedTable = this.quoteIdentifier(tableName);\n      const quotedCol = this.quoteIdentifier(colName);\n      const setNotNull = `ALTER TABLE ${quotedTable} ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} SET NOT NULL`;\n      if (!this.supportsAlterColumn()) {\n        changes.push(\n          this.buildAlterColumnChange({\n            tableName,\n            colName,\n            colDef,\n            alteration: 'set_not_null',\n            expected: 'NOT NULL',\n            actual: 'NULL',\n            statements: null,\n          }),\n        );\n      } else if (hasManifestDefault && manifestDefaultSql !== undefined) {\n        // Backfill NULLs with the manifest default so the constraint can be\n        // enforced on a populated table, then tighten.\n        changes.push(\n          this.buildAlterColumnChange({\n            tableName,\n            colName,\n            colDef,\n            alteration: 'set_not_null',\n            expected: 'NOT NULL',\n            actual: 'NULL',\n            statements: [\n              `UPDATE ${quotedTable} SET ${quotedCol} = ${manifestDefaultSql} WHERE ${quotedCol} IS NULL`,\n              setNotNull,\n            ],\n          }),\n        );\n      } else if (await this.columnHasNulls(tableName, colName)) {\n        // No default to backfill with and live NULLs exist: the engine would\n        // reject SET NOT NULL and abort the whole atomic batch. Report it\n        // with the exact remediation instead.\n        changes.push({\n          type: 'alter_column',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: colName,\n          column: colDef,\n          alteration: 'set_not_null',\n          mismatch: { expected: 'NOT NULL', actual: 'NULL' },\n          sql: `-- ${tableName}.${colName} is required by the manifest but live rows hold NULL and the column has no default to backfill; UPDATE those rows, then run: ${setNotNull}`,\n          advisory: {\n            severity: 'warning',\n            message: `${tableName}.${colName} is required by the manifest but live rows hold NULL and there is no default to backfill. Backfill the NULLs, then rerun db:migrate (or declare a default on the field).`,\n            suggestedSql: [\n              `UPDATE ${quotedTable} SET ${quotedCol} = <value> WHERE ${quotedCol} IS NULL`,\n              setNotNull,\n            ],\n          },\n        });\n      } else {\n        changes.push(\n          this.buildAlterColumnChange({\n            tableName,\n            colName,\n            colDef,\n            alteration: 'set_not_null',\n            expected: 'NOT NULL',\n            actual: 'NULL',\n            statements: [setNotNull],\n          }),\n        );\n      }\n    } else if (!manifestNotNull && dbNotNull) {\n      changes.push(\n        this.buildAlterColumnChange({\n          tableName,\n          colName,\n          colDef,\n          alteration: 'drop_not_null',\n          expected: 'NULL',\n          actual: 'NOT NULL',\n          statements: this.supportsAlterColumn()\n            ? [\n                `ALTER TABLE ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} ALTER COLUMN ${this.quoteIdentifier(colName)} DROP NOT NULL`,\n              ]\n            : null,\n          relaxation: {\n            severity: 'warning',\n            message: `${tableName}.${colName} is NOT NULL in the database but nullable in the manifest; writes that store NULL will fail. ${this.relaxHint('drop the constraint')}`,\n          },\n        }),\n      );\n    }\n\n    return changes;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Assemble an `alter_column` change.\n   *\n   * - `statements: null` means the engine cannot alter the column in place\n   *   (SQLite): the change is reported as manual with advisory-comment SQL.\n   * - `relaxation` marks a weakening change: without `relaxColumns` it is\n   *   emitted as a report-only advisory (no SQL); with it, the statements are\n   *   executable.\n   */\n  private buildAlterColumnChange(input: {\n    tableName: string;\n    colName: string;\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition;\n    alteration: ColumnAlteration;\n    expected: string;\n    actual: string;\n    statements: string[] | null;\n    relaxation?: { severity: 'warning' | 'info'; message: string };\n  }): SchemaChange {\n    const {\n      tableName,\n      colName,\n      colDef,\n      alteration,\n      expected,\n      actual,\n      statements,\n      relaxation,\n    } = input;\n    const base: SchemaChange = {\n      type: 'alter_column',\n      table: tableName,\n      name: colName,\n      column: colDef,\n      alteration,\n      mismatch: { expected, actual },\n    };\n\n    if (relaxation && !this.options.relaxColumns) {\n      return {\n        ...base,\n        advisory: {\n          severity: relaxation.severity,\n          message: relaxation.message,\n          suggestedSql: statements ?? [\n            `-- SQLite cannot ALTER COLUMN; ${alteration === 'drop_not_null' ? 'dropping NOT NULL' : 'dropping the default'} requires a table rebuild (#2370)`,\n          ],\n        },\n      };\n    }\n\n    if (statements === null) {\n      const what =\n        alteration === 'set_not_null'\n          ? `enforcing NOT NULL on ${colName}`\n          : alteration === 'drop_not_null'\n            ? `dropping NOT NULL from ${colName}`\n            : alteration === 'set_default'\n              ? `setting the default on ${colName}`\n              : `dropping the default from ${colName}`;\n      return {\n        ...base,\n        sql: `-- SQLite: ${what} requires table recreation (expected ${expected}, found ${actual}; #2370)`,\n      };\n    }\n\n    return {\n      ...base,\n      sql: statements[statements.length - 1],\n      ...(statements.length > 1 ? { sqlStatements: statements } : {}),\n    };\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Describe a DB column that has no manifest counterpart. Blocking when it\n   * is NOT NULL without a default: ORM inserts never supply it, so every\n   * insert fails with a not-null violation while `db:status` would otherwise\n   * say the schema is in sync (#2369).\n   */\n  private describeOrphanColumn(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n    dbCol: SqlTableSchemaInfo['columns'][string],\n  ): SchemaChange {\n    const dbHasDefault =\n      dbCol.defaultValue !== null && dbCol.defaultValue !== undefined;\n    const blocking = dbCol.notNull === true && !dbHasDefault;\n    const quotedTable = this.quoteIdentifier(tableName);\n    const quotedCol = this.quoteIdentifier(colName);\n    const dropSql = `ALTER TABLE ${quotedTable} DROP COLUMN ${quotedCol}`;\n    const relaxSql = `ALTER TABLE ${quotedTable} ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} DROP NOT NULL`;\n    const shape = this.describeDbColumn(dbCol);\n    const base: SchemaChange = {\n      type: 'orphan_column',\n      table: tableName,\n      name: colName,\n      mismatch: { expected: '(not in manifest)', actual: shape },\n    };\n\n    if (!blocking) {\n      return {\n        ...base,\n        advisory: {\n          severity: 'info',\n          message: `${tableName}.${colName} exists in the database but not in the manifest (${shape}). Harmless for inserts; pass includeDroppedColumns / --drop-columns to drop it.`,\n          suggestedSql: [dropSql],\n        },\n      };\n    }\n\n    if (this.options.relaxColumns && this.supportsAlterColumn()) {\n      // Opted-in, engine can relax in place: make it executable so inserts\n      // keep working without destroying the column's data.\n      return {\n        type: 'alter_column',\n        table: tableName,\n        name: colName,\n        alteration: 'drop_not_null',\n        mismatch: { expected: '(not in manifest)', actual: shape },\n        sql: relaxSql,\n      };\n    }\n\n    const fix = this.supportsAlterColumn()\n      ? `Pass relaxColumns / --relax-columns to drop the NOT NULL (keeps data), or includeDroppedColumns / --drop-columns to drop the column.`\n      : `SQLite cannot drop NOT NULL in place; pass includeDroppedColumns / --drop-columns to drop the column (or rebuild the table, #2370).`;\n    return {\n      ...base,\n      advisory: {\n        severity: 'warning',\n        message: `${tableName}.${colName} is NOT NULL without a default and is not in the manifest — every ORM insert into ${tableName} will fail (not-null violation). ${fix}`,\n        suggestedSql: this.supportsAlterColumn()\n          ? [relaxSql, dropSql]\n          : [dropSql],\n      },\n    };\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remediation hint for a relaxation advisory. On engines with `ALTER\n   * COLUMN` the flag executes it; SQLite cannot relax in place, so the hint\n   * says so instead of implying the flag will act (#2370).\n   */\n  private relaxHint(action: string): string {\n    return this.supportsAlterColumn()\n      ? `Pass relaxColumns / --relax-columns to ${action}.`\n      : `SQLite cannot ${action} in place (no ALTER COLUMN); it requires a table rebuild (#2370) — relaxColumns / --relax-columns only reports it as manual here.`;\n  }\n\n  private describeDbColumn(\n    dbCol: SqlTableSchemaInfo['columns'][string],\n  ): string {\n    const parts = [String(dbCol.type ?? '').toUpperCase() || 'UNKNOWN'];\n    if (dbCol.notNull) parts.push('NOT NULL');\n    if (dbCol.defaultValue !== null && dbCol.defaultValue !== undefined) {\n      parts.push(`DEFAULT ${String(dbCol.defaultValue)}`);\n    }\n    return parts.join(' ');\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Whether the engine can alter nullability/defaults of an existing column\n   * in place. SQLite cannot (`ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN` does not exist);\n   * PostgreSQL, DuckDB and the DuckDB-backed JSON adapter can.\n   */\n  private supportsAlterColumn(): boolean {\n    return this.engine !== 'sqlite';\n  }\n\n  private generateSetDefaultSQL(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n    formattedDefault: string,\n    validatedType: SQLDataType,\n  ): string {\n    // Mirror the type-upgrade path: PostgreSQL JSON defaults are cast so the\n    // stored default is the jsonb literal rather than an untyped string.\n    const defaultSql =\n      this.engine === 'postgres' && this.normalizeType(validatedType) === 'JSON'\n        ? `${formattedDefault}::${this.ddlStrategy.mapType(validatedType).toLowerCase()}`\n        : formattedDefault;\n    return `ALTER TABLE ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} ALTER COLUMN ${this.quoteIdentifier(colName)} SET DEFAULT ${defaultSql}`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Live-data probe: does the table hold any row? Used to decide whether an\n   * added required column without a default can be enforced NOT NULL right\n   * away. Errors (adapter without raw query, etc.) resolve to `true` so the\n   * caller takes the conservative path.\n   */\n  private async tableHasRows(tableName: string): Promise<boolean> {\n    try {\n      const result = await this.db.query(\n        `SELECT 1 AS present FROM ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} LIMIT 1`,\n      );\n      return (result.rows?.length ?? 0) > 0;\n    } catch (err) {\n      logger.debug(\n        `[SchemaComparer] Row probe unavailable for ${tableName}; assuming populated`,\n        { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err) },\n      );\n      return true;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Live-data probe: does the column hold any NULL? Used before emitting a\n   * `SET NOT NULL` that has no default to backfill with. Errors resolve to\n   * `true` (conservative: report instead of emitting an ALTER that fails).\n   */\n  private async columnHasNulls(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n  ): Promise<boolean> {\n    try {\n      const result = await this.db.query(\n        `SELECT 1 AS present FROM ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} WHERE ${this.quoteIdentifier(colName)} IS NULL LIMIT 1`,\n      );\n      return (result.rows?.length ?? 0) > 0;\n    } catch (err) {\n      logger.debug(\n        `[SchemaComparer] NULL probe unavailable for ${tableName}.${colName}; assuming NULLs exist`,\n        { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err) },\n      );\n      return true;\n    }\n  }\n\n  private isUuidTextEquivalentColumn(\n    columnName: string,\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition,\n    normalizedExpected: string,\n    normalizedActual: string,\n  ): boolean {\n    const expectedUuidActualText =\n      normalizedExpected === 'UUID' && normalizedActual === 'TEXT';\n    const expectedTextActualUuid =\n      normalizedExpected === 'TEXT' && normalizedActual === 'UUID';\n\n    if (!expectedUuidActualText && !expectedTextActualUuid) {\n      return false;\n    }\n\n    return this.isStructuralUuidCompatibleColumn(columnName, colDef);\n  }\n\n  private isStructuralUuidCompatibleColumn(\n    columnName: string,\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition,\n  ): boolean {\n    return (\n      colDef.primaryKey === true ||\n      Boolean(colDef.foreignKey) ||\n      colDef.referenceKind === 'id' ||\n      colDef.referenceKind === 'foreignKey' ||\n      colDef.referenceKind === 'crossPackageRef' ||\n      colDef.referenceKind === 'tenantId' ||\n      (columnName === 'id' && colDef.type === 'TEXT')\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Compare indexes between manifest and database\n   *\n   * Four classes of drift the differ now detects:\n   *\n   * 1. **Missing index** — manifest has an index neither the DB has by name\n   *    nor any equivalent-by-signature. Emit `add_index`. (Issue #741: the\n   *    signature check protects against creating duplicates when STI child\n   *    classes register indexes with different name prefixes.)\n   *\n   * 2. **Same-name shape drift** — DB has an index with the manifest's name,\n   *    but its columns, uniqueness flag, or partial-index `WHERE` predicate\n   *    differ. This covers the uniqueness flip in issue #1165\n   *    (`tenants_slug_context_meta_type_idx` materialized non-unique while\n   *    the manifest declares it unique) and the predicate drift in issue\n   *    #1692 (a partial index whose `WHERE` clause was added, removed, or\n   *    altered). Emit `drop_index` + `add_index` so the next migrate cycle\n   *    recreates it with the correct shape.\n   *\n   * 3. **Orphan in DB** — DB has an index with no manifest counterpart by\n   *    name and no signature equivalent. Emit `drop_index` *only* when the\n   *    caller opts in via `includeDroppedIndexes`, and even then never for\n   *    PostgreSQL implicit indexes (`*_pkey`, `*_key`) — those are owned by\n   *    table-level constraints and need a separate `DROP CONSTRAINT` path\n   *    that the differ does not emit yet. One exception is unconditional: a\n   *    redundant single-column index over the live primary key (the legacy\n   *    `<table>_id_idx`, #2359) is dropped even without the opt-in, because\n   *    the primary-key constraint already serves it.\n   *\n   * 4. **Partial-index predicate drift / collision** — two indexes on the\n   *    same column(s) and uniqueness that differ only by their `WHERE`\n   *    predicate (e.g. distinct STI child partial indexes) are no longer\n   *    collapsed to one signature, so the signature-equivalence path (b)\n   *    won't claim one for the other.\n   *\n   * @param dbIndexPredicates - Normalized `WHERE` predicate per DB index\n   *   name from {@link getDbIndexPredicates}. `null` means predicate\n   *   introspection was unavailable for this engine/adapter, in which case\n   *   the comparison falls back to predicate-unaware signatures (the prior\n   *   behavior) so existing partial indexes are never flagged as false drift.\n   */\n  private compareIndexes(\n    tableName: string,\n    manifest: SchemaDefinition,\n    dbSchema: SqlTableSchemaInfo,\n    dbIndexPredicates: Map<string, string> | null = null,\n  ): SchemaChange[] {\n    const changes: SchemaChange[] = [];\n\n    // Only fold predicates into signatures when we actually read them back\n    // from the live DB. If introspection was unavailable both sides use the\n    // empty predicate, which reproduces the prior column+unique-only behavior\n    // and cannot manufacture false positives on existing partial indexes.\n    const predicateAware = dbIndexPredicates !== null;\n    const dbPredicateFor = (name: string): string =>\n      predicateAware ? (dbIndexPredicates?.get(name) ?? '') : '';\n    const manifestPredicateFor = (idx: IndexDefinition): string =>\n      predicateAware ? normalizeIndexPredicate(idx.where) : '';\n\n    // An STI subtype-scoped UNIQUE index (`unique: true` declared only on a\n    // descendant, #2359) has no faithful shape on an engine without partial\n    // indexes: degrading it to a full unique index would enforce one\n    // subtype's constraint across every sibling's rows, so it is skipped\n    // there — same as the DuckDB DDL strategy — rather than compared or\n    // created. Other partial indexes keep degrading to full ones as before.\n    const manifestIndexes = this.supportsPartialIndexes()\n      ? manifest.indexes\n      : manifest.indexes.filter((idx) => !isStiSubtypeUniqueIndex(idx));\n\n    // The live table's primary-key columns, for the redundant-PK-index\n    // sweep below.\n    const primaryKeyColumns = Object.entries(dbSchema.columns)\n      .filter(([, column]) => column.primaryKey === true)\n      .map(([name]) => name);\n\n    // Index DB indexes by name and by signature for fast lookup.\n    // dbIndexSignatures groups *all* DB index names sharing a signature so\n    // duplicates under different names all get claimed by a single matching\n    // manifest entry — otherwise the orphan sweep would drop the un-claimed\n    // siblings even though they are functionally equivalent to the manifest.\n    const dbIndexesByName = new Map<\n      string,\n      { columns: string[]; unique: boolean }\n    >();\n    const dbIndexSignatures = new Map<string, Set<string>>();\n    for (const idx of dbSchema.indexes) {\n      const unique = idx.unique ?? false;\n      dbIndexesByName.set(idx.name, { columns: idx.columns, unique });\n      const signature = this.getIndexSignature(\n        idx.columns,\n        unique,\n        dbPredicateFor(idx.name),\n      );\n      let bucket = dbIndexSignatures.get(signature);\n      if (!bucket) {\n        bucket = new Set();\n        dbIndexSignatures.set(signature, bucket);\n      }\n      bucket.add(idx.name);\n    }\n\n    // Manifest signatures — used during the orphan sweep to skip DB indexes\n    // that match a manifest entry's signature even if no specific manifest\n    // entry \"claimed\" them by name.\n    const manifestSignatureSet = new Set<string>();\n    for (const idx of manifestIndexes) {\n      manifestSignatureSet.add(\n        this.getIndexSignature(idx, undefined, manifestPredicateFor(idx)),\n      );\n    }\n\n    // Track which DB indexes a manifest entry has claimed, so the orphan\n    // pass below doesn't re-flag indexes that match by signature alone.\n    const claimedDbIndexes = new Set<string>();\n\n    for (const idx of manifestIndexes) {\n      const manifestSignature = this.getIndexSignature(\n        idx,\n        undefined,\n        manifestPredicateFor(idx),\n      );\n\n      // (a) Same name in DB — verify shape matches.\n      const dbByName = dbIndexesByName.get(idx.name);\n      if (dbByName) {\n        claimedDbIndexes.add(idx.name);\n\n        // JSON-path indexes (`@meta({ indexed: true })`) cannot be reliably\n        // compared by DB introspection — SQLite expression indexes surface\n        // as `[null]` columns, so the signature would always mismatch and\n        // every diff run would emit drop+recreate. Trust the name match\n        // here; if the json path itself changes, the index name changes\n        // too (we encode the field name into it), so a name match is a\n        // stronger guarantee than the column list for this index family.\n        if (isJsonPathIndex(idx)) {\n          continue;\n        }\n\n        const dbSignature = this.getIndexSignature(\n          dbByName.columns,\n          dbByName.unique,\n          dbPredicateFor(idx.name),\n        );\n        if (dbSignature === manifestSignature) {\n          continue; // Same name, same shape — nothing to do.\n        }\n\n        // Same name, drifted shape. Most often this is a uniqueness flip\n        // (issue #1165: 3-column index materialized non-unique). Recreate.\n        //\n        // Rollback caveat: the auto-generated DOWN script for the\n        // `add_index` half drops the (newly correct) index, and the\n        // `drop_index` half has no DOWN. Rolling back a recreate leaves\n        // the table without the index entirely instead of restoring the\n        // wrong-shape original. Capturing the original shape would\n        // require richer DB introspection than the differ currently has,\n        // so this asymmetry is accepted — the failure mode after an\n        // un-rolled-back recreate is \"missing index\" rather than\n        // \"permanently broken UPSERT,\" which is recoverable.\n        changes.push({\n          type: 'drop_index',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: idx.name,\n          sql: this.generateDropIndexSQL(idx.name),\n        });\n        changes.push({\n          type: 'add_index',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: idx.name,\n          index: idx,\n          sql: this.generateAddIndexSQL(tableName, idx),\n        });\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      // (b) Different name in DB but functionally equivalent — keep as-is.\n      // Claim *every* DB name sharing this signature so duplicate-shape\n      // indexes (e.g., a stale `<name>_idx` plus the implicit `<name>_key`\n      // from the same constraint) all survive the orphan sweep.\n      const equivalentIndexNames = dbIndexSignatures.get(manifestSignature);\n      if (equivalentIndexNames && equivalentIndexNames.size > 0) {\n        for (const name of equivalentIndexNames) {\n          claimedDbIndexes.add(name);\n        }\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      // (c) Genuinely missing — add it.\n      changes.push({\n        type: 'add_index',\n        table: tableName,\n        name: idx.name,\n        index: idx,\n        sql: this.generateAddIndexSQL(tableName, idx),\n      });\n    }\n\n    // Orphan-index sweep. Three tiers:\n    //\n    // - A redundant primary-key index — a non-unique single-column index over\n    //   the table's sole primary-key column that the manifest no longer\n    //   declares — is dropped unconditionally. Every generator path used to\n    //   emit `<table>_id_idx` beside the engine's own primary-key index\n    //   (#2359, A5); the constraint keeps serving every lookup, so the drop\n    //   is a pure write-cost saving and `db:migrate` cleans it up without\n    //   `--drop-indexes`.\n    // - Unclaimed constraint-owned unique indexes (`*_key`) are never dropped\n    //   but always *reported* (#2369) — a stale inline UNIQUE keeps rejecting\n    //   duplicates the model now allows.\n    // - Everything else is dropped only when the caller opts in via\n    //   includeDroppedIndexes.\n    for (const idx of dbSchema.indexes) {\n      if (claimedDbIndexes.has(idx.name)) continue;\n\n      // Belt-and-suspenders: even if a DB index wasn't formally claimed\n      // by a manifest entry (e.g., shape-drift recreate consumed the\n      // claim slot), don't drop it if its signature still matches\n      // something the manifest declares. That would contradict the\n      // option doc (\"not functionally equivalent to anything in the\n      // manifest\") and risk dropping a still-needed index.\n      const idxSignature = this.getIndexSignature(\n        idx.columns,\n        idx.unique ?? false,\n        dbPredicateFor(idx.name),\n      );\n      if (manifestSignatureSet.has(idxSignature)) continue;\n\n      if (isProtectedDbIndexName(idx.name)) {\n        if (!idx.unique || idx.name.endsWith('_pkey')) continue;\n        // A unique constraint index whose column(s) the manifest no longer\n        // declares unique (column `unique: true` flipped off, or the field\n        // was renamed/removed). Column-level `unique` is not represented in\n        // `manifest.indexes`, so check the column definitions too.\n        const backedByUniqueColumn =\n          idx.columns.length === 1 &&\n          manifest.columns[idx.columns[0]]?.unique === true;\n        if (backedByUniqueColumn) continue;\n        const cols = idx.columns.map((c) => this.quoteIdentifier(c)).join(', ');\n        changes.push({\n          type: 'orphan_index',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: idx.name,\n          mismatch: {\n            expected: '(not in manifest)',\n            actual: `UNIQUE (${idx.columns.join(', ')})`,\n          },\n          advisory: {\n            severity: 'warning',\n            message: `Unique constraint ${idx.name} on ${tableName}(${idx.columns.join(', ')}) is no longer declared by the manifest; duplicate values the model now allows will still be rejected. Drop it manually.`,\n            suggestedSql:\n              this.engine === 'postgres'\n                ? [\n                    `ALTER TABLE ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} DROP CONSTRAINT IF EXISTS ${this.quoteIdentifier(idx.name)}`,\n                    `DROP INDEX IF EXISTS ${this.quoteIdentifier(idx.name)} -- if it is a plain unique index on ${cols} rather than a constraint`,\n                  ]\n                : [this.generateDropIndexSQL(idx.name)],\n          },\n        });\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      // \"Sole primary-key column\": a single-column index on one column of\n      // a COMPOSITE primary key is not redundant (the PK index only serves\n      // prefixes), so require the table to have exactly one PK column.\n      // Non-unique only: the legacy `<table>_id_idx` never was unique, and a\n      // UNIQUE single-column index on the PK may be the index that backs a\n      // custom-named PRIMARY KEY constraint on PostgreSQL (only `*_pkey` is\n      // filtered by introspection) — `DROP INDEX` on it fails and, because\n      // migrate is atomic, would roll back the whole batch (#2359).\n      const redundantPrimaryKeyIndex =\n        idx.unique !== true &&\n        idx.columns.length === 1 &&\n        dbPredicateFor(idx.name) === '' &&\n        primaryKeyColumns.length === 1 &&\n        primaryKeyColumns[0] === idx.columns[0];\n      if (!redundantPrimaryKeyIndex && !this.options.includeDroppedIndexes) {\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      changes.push({\n        type: 'drop_index',\n        table: tableName,\n        name: idx.name,\n        sql: this.generateDropIndexSQL(idx.name),\n      });\n    }\n\n    return changes;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate a signature for an index based on its columns, uniqueness, and\n   * (normalized) partial-index predicate. Used for functional equivalence\n   * checking (Issue #741) and predicate-drift detection (Issue #1692).\n   *\n   * Note: Column order is preserved because it is semantically significant for\n   * composite indexes. An index on (a, b) is NOT equivalent to (b, a) - they\n   * have different query performance characteristics.\n   *\n   * The trailing predicate component distinguishes partial indexes that share\n   * columns and uniqueness but differ by their `WHERE` clause (e.g. distinct\n   * STI child partial indexes). Callers pass the already-normalized predicate\n   * so both the manifest (desired) and introspected (DB) sides compare equal\n   * for semantically-identical clauses. An empty string means \"no predicate\"\n   * (a non-partial index) and is also used on both sides when predicate\n   * introspection is unavailable, preserving the prior behavior.\n   *\n   * For JSON-path indexes (`@meta({ indexed: true })`) the signature is\n   * derived from the JSON path instead of an empty column list, so the\n   * differ can distinguish two jsonPath indexes against different paths.\n   *\n   * @param idxOrColumns - Either an IndexDefinition or a column array (legacy)\n   * @param uniqueArg - Unique flag (used when first arg is a column array)\n   * @param predicateArg - Normalized partial-index predicate (default '')\n   * @returns Signature string\n   */\n  private getIndexSignature(\n    idxOrColumns: IndexDefinition | string[],\n    uniqueArg?: boolean,\n    predicateArg = '',\n  ): string {\n    if (Array.isArray(idxOrColumns)) {\n      return `${idxOrColumns.join(',')}:${Boolean(uniqueArg)}:${predicateArg}`;\n    }\n    const idx = idxOrColumns;\n    if (isJsonPathIndex(idx) && idx.jsonPath) {\n      return `json:${idx.jsonPath.column}.${idx.jsonPath.path}:${Boolean(idx.unique)}:${predicateArg}`;\n    }\n    return `${(idx.columns ?? []).join(',')}:${Boolean(idx.unique)}:${predicateArg}`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Whether the active engine supports partial indexes (`CREATE INDEX … WHERE`).\n   *\n   * SQLite and PostgreSQL do. DuckDB rejects them outright, and the JSON\n   * adapter is DuckDB-backed, so on those engines a \"partial\" index can only\n   * ever exist as a full index. Treating the predicate as significant there\n   * would (a) flag existing full indexes as false drift and (b) emit\n   * `CREATE INDEX … WHERE` DDL the engine rejects, breaking the migration.\n   * Gating on this keeps both the comparison and the generated DDL aligned\n   * with what the engine actually accepts (a partial index degrades to a\n   * full index), matching the pre-#1692 behavior on those engines.\n   */\n  private supportsPartialIndexes(): boolean {\n    return this.engine === 'sqlite' || this.engine === 'postgres';\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Introspect partial-index predicates for a table, keyed by index name.\n   *\n   * `getTableSchema()` (the @happyvertical/sql introspection) returns only\n   * name/columns/unique, so the `WHERE` predicate is read directly here:\n   *\n   * - PostgreSQL: `pg_indexes.indexdef` carries the full CREATE INDEX text.\n   * - SQLite: the `sqlite_master.sql` column carries the original CREATE INDEX\n   *   text.\n   *\n   * Engines that don't support partial indexes (DuckDB / the DuckDB-backed\n   * JSON adapter) short-circuit to `null` so the comparison stays\n   * predicate-unaware there — see {@link supportsPartialIndexes}.\n   *\n   * Non-partial indexes are omitted from the map (callers treat a missing\n   * entry as the empty predicate). Returns `null` when the catalog query\n   * fails — e.g. an adapter exposing neither catalog — so the index\n   * comparison can fall back to predicate-unaware behavior rather than\n   * flagging every existing partial index as false drift.\n   */\n  private async getDbIndexPredicates(\n    tableName: string,\n  ): Promise<Map<string, string> | null> {\n    if (!this.supportsPartialIndexes()) {\n      return null;\n    }\n    const predicates = new Map<string, string>();\n    try {\n      if (this.engine === 'postgres') {\n        const result = await this.db.query(\n          `SELECT indexname, indexdef FROM pg_indexes WHERE schemaname = 'public' AND tablename = ${this.quoteLiteral(\n            tableName,\n          )}`,\n        );\n        for (const row of result.rows as {\n          indexname?: string;\n          indexdef?: string;\n        }[]) {\n          if (!row.indexname || !row.indexdef) continue;\n          const predicate = extractIndexPredicate(row.indexdef);\n          if (predicate) predicates.set(row.indexname, predicate);\n        }\n        return predicates;\n      }\n\n      // SQLite exposes the `sqlite_master` catalog whose `sql` column preserves\n      // the original CREATE INDEX text. Implicit indexes carry a NULL `sql` and\n      // are skipped. (DuckDB / JSON already short-circuited above.)\n      const result = await this.db.query(\n        `SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'index' AND tbl_name = ${this.quoteLiteral(\n          tableName,\n        )} AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'`,\n      );\n      for (const row of result.rows as {\n        name?: string;\n        sql?: string | null;\n      }[]) {\n        if (!row.name || !row.sql) continue;\n        const predicate = extractIndexPredicate(row.sql);\n        if (predicate) predicates.set(row.name, predicate);\n      }\n      return predicates;\n    } catch (err) {\n      logger.debug(\n        `[SchemaComparer] Partial-index predicate introspection unavailable for ${tableName}; falling back to predicate-unaware index comparison`,\n        { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err) },\n      );\n      return null;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get list of existing tables from database\n   */\n  private async getExistingTables(): Promise<Set<string>> {\n    let query: string;\n    if (this.engine === 'postgres') {\n      query = `SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'public'`;\n    } else {\n      // SQLite and DuckDB both expose the SQLite-compatible `sqlite_master`\n      // catalog — DuckDB ships it as a built-in compatibility view, so a single\n      // introspection query covers both engines. Verified against a live DuckDB\n      // v1.4.3 (json mode): `SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'`\n      // returns user tables with the expected `name` column (#1579).\n      query = `SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'`;\n    }\n\n    const result = await this.db.query(query);\n    const rows = result.rows as { name?: string; table_name?: string }[];\n    return new Set(\n      rows.map((r) => r.name || r.table_name || '').filter(Boolean),\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Normalize SQL types for comparison\n   */\n  private normalizeType(type: string): string {\n    const upper = type\n      .toUpperCase()\n      .trim()\n      .replace(/\\(\\s*\\d+\\s*\\)/g, '');\n\n    // Integer types\n    if (/^(INTEGER|INT|BIGINT|SMALLINT|TINYINT)$/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'INTEGER';\n    }\n\n    // Text types\n    if (/^(TEXT|CLOB|STRING|VARCHAR|CHAR)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'TEXT';\n    }\n\n    // UUID normalizes to its own bucket — deliberately NOT folded into TEXT.\n    // The text<->uuid drift tolerance (R11) is applied at the equality gate\n    // in `compare()` only, so that `isCompatibleTypeUpgrade` (which also\n    // calls normalizeType) still treats `uuid` as distinct from text and\n    // won't mis-classify e.g. `uuid`->`timestamp` as a compatible\n    // \"TEXT->TIMESTAMP\" upgrade.\n    if (/^UUID$/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'UUID';\n    }\n\n    // Decimal types\n    if (/^(REAL|FLOAT|DOUBLE|DECIMAL|NUMERIC|NUMBER)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'REAL';\n    }\n\n    // Boolean types\n    if (/^(BOOLEAN|BOOL)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'BOOLEAN';\n    }\n\n    // PostgreSQL distinguishes instants from timezone-naive wall times. Keep\n    // those in separate comparison buckets so legacy TIMESTAMP columns are\n    // migrated to the TIMESTAMPTZ representation used for JavaScript Date.\n    if (/^(TIMESTAMPTZ|TIMESTAMP\\s+WITH\\s+TIME\\s+ZONE)$/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'TIMESTAMPTZ';\n    }\n\n    // Date/time types without timezone semantics\n    if (\n      /^(DATETIME|TIMESTAMP(?:\\s+WITHOUT\\s+TIME\\s+ZONE)?|DATE|TIME)$/i.test(\n        upper,\n      )\n    ) {\n      return 'TIMESTAMP';\n    }\n\n    // Blob types\n    if (/^(BLOB|BINARY|BYTEA)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'BLOB';\n    }\n\n    // JSON types\n    if (/^(JSON|JSONB)/i.test(upper)) {\n      return 'JSON';\n    }\n\n    return upper;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if a type change is a safe upgrade that can be auto-migrated.\n   *\n   * SMRT controls the data lifecycle for these columns, so we know:\n   * - TEXT→JSON: The column stores JSON data serialized as text (arrays, objects)\n   * - TEXT/JSON→TIMESTAMP: Legacy system columns stored timestamp strings\n   *   before newer manifests normalized the column type.\n   * - PostgreSQL TIMESTAMP→TIMESTAMPTZ: Legacy SMRT Date values were written\n   *   as UTC ISO wall times, so interpreting the naive value as UTC preserves\n   *   the originally supplied instant.\n   * - INTEGER→REAL: Safe widening of integer to floating point\n   * - TEXT/REAL→INTEGER on PostgreSQL: explicit data-checked repairs for\n   *   legacy integer columns that were previously stored as text/real.\n   *\n   * @param manifestType - The abstract type from the manifest (e.g., 'JSON')\n   * @param dbType - The actual type in the database (e.g., 'TEXT')\n   * @returns true if the change from dbType to manifestType is a safe upgrade\n   */\n  private isCompatibleTypeUpgrade(\n    manifestType: string,\n    dbType: string,\n  ): boolean {\n    const manifest = this.normalizeType(manifestType);\n    const db = this.normalizeType(dbType);\n\n    if (\n      this.engine === 'postgres' &&\n      manifest === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n      ['TIMESTAMP', 'TEXT', 'JSON'].includes(db) &&\n      this.ddlStrategy.mapType('TIMESTAMP') === 'TIMESTAMPTZ'\n    ) {\n      return this.options.postgresTimestampMigration?.legacyTimezone === 'UTC';\n    }\n\n    // TEXT → JSON is safe: SMRT serializes arrays/objects as JSON text\n    // When the manifest says JSON, the data is already valid JSON in TEXT column\n    if (manifest === 'JSON' && db === 'TEXT') {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // JSON → TEXT is also safe (downgrade, but data is preserved as-is)\n    if (manifest === 'TEXT' && db === 'JSON') {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // UUID → TEXT is safe for plain text/provenance fields that were\n    // mistakenly materialized as native uuid: the stored UUID value can be\n    // rendered losslessly as text.\n    if (manifest === 'TEXT' && db === 'UUID') {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // INTEGER → REAL is safe (widening)\n    if (manifest === 'REAL' && db === 'INTEGER') {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // PostgreSQL can safely repair legacy integer columns when the generated\n    // migration validates that every existing value is already an integer.\n    if (\n      this.engine === 'postgres' &&\n      manifest === 'INTEGER' &&\n      (db === 'TEXT' || db === 'REAL')\n    ) {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    // TEXT/JSON → TIMESTAMP is a legacy-drift repair. Invalid values fail\n    // explicitly during migration rather than being silently coerced.\n    if (\n      manifest === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n      (db === 'TEXT' || db === 'JSON') &&\n      this.engine !== 'postgres'\n    ) {\n      return true;\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate SQL for a type upgrade migration.\n   *\n   * Engine-specific SQL:\n   * - SQLite: TEXT and JSON are equivalent, no-op or comment\n   * - DuckDB: ALTER COLUMN TYPE (native type conversion)\n   * - PostgreSQL: ALTER COLUMN TYPE with USING clause\n   */\n  private generateTypeUpgradeSQL(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition,\n    dbType: string,\n  ): GeneratedTypeUpgradeSQL {\n    const quotedTable = this.quoteIdentifier(tableName);\n    const quotedCol = this.quoteIdentifier(colName);\n    const manifestType = colDef.type;\n\n    // Validate manifestType before mapping\n    const validatedType: SQLDataType = isValidSQLDataType(manifestType)\n      ? manifestType\n      : 'TEXT';\n    const targetType = this.ddlStrategy.mapType(validatedType);\n\n    switch (this.engine) {\n      case 'sqlite':\n        // SQLite has dynamic typing - TEXT and JSON are functionally equivalent\n        // For SQLite, we just return a comment since no actual change is needed\n        if (\n          this.normalizeType(manifestType) === 'JSON' &&\n          this.normalizeType(dbType) === 'TEXT'\n        ) {\n          return {\n            sql: `-- SQLite: ${quotedCol} already stores JSON as TEXT (no change needed)`,\n          };\n        }\n        // Every other upgrade needs the whole table rebuilt. `compareTable`\n        // replaces this placeholder with the executable plan (#2370); it\n        // survives only when the rebuild is unsafe or unavailable, and then\n        // means the same thing it always did — manual intervention.\n        return { sql: sqliteRebuildPlaceholderSql(colName) };\n\n      case 'postgres': {\n        // PostgreSQL defaults must be dropped/reset around some type changes\n        // so drift repairs can succeed even when an existing default cannot\n        // be cast automatically to the target type.\n        const manifestNormalized = this.normalizeType(manifestType);\n        const dbNormalized = this.normalizeType(dbType);\n        const preflightSQL =\n          manifestNormalized === 'INTEGER' &&\n          (dbNormalized === 'TEXT' || dbNormalized === 'REAL')\n            ? this.generatePostgresIntegerPreflightSQL(\n                quotedTable,\n                quotedCol,\n                tableName,\n                colName,\n                dbNormalized,\n              )\n            : manifestNormalized === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n                ['TIMESTAMP', 'TEXT', 'JSON'].includes(dbNormalized) &&\n                this.normalizeType(targetType) === 'TIMESTAMPTZ'\n              ? this.generatePostgresTimestampPreflightSQL(tableName, colName)\n              : null;\n        const clauses: string[] = [];\n\n        if (colDef.defaultValue !== undefined) {\n          clauses.push(`ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} DROP DEFAULT`);\n        }\n\n        let typeClause = `ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} TYPE ${targetType}`;\n        if (manifestNormalized === 'JSON' && dbNormalized === 'TEXT') {\n          // #1335: a bare `${col}::jsonb` cast raises \"invalid input syntax for\n          // type json\" on any row whose text is not already valid JSON (e.g. a\n          // legacy enum column holding 'active'). `to_jsonb(col)` instead wraps\n          // ANY text value as a JSON string and never errors, so a genuine\n          // TEXT->JSON widening survives non-JSON legacy data. (Note: with the\n          // json<->text equality tolerance added in this fix, the normal\n          // compare path no longer reaches here; this keeps the SQL safe for\n          // callers that construct a type_upgrade directly.)\n          typeClause += ` USING to_jsonb(${quotedCol})`;\n        } else if (manifestNormalized === 'TEXT' && dbNormalized === 'JSON') {\n          // #1335: a native-json column cast back to text is value-preserving\n          // (`::text` renders the stored JSON as its text form), so this arm is\n          // safe. (Note: like the TEXT->JSON arm above, the json<->text equality\n          // tolerance means the normal compare path no longer reaches here; this\n          // keeps the SQL safe for callers that construct a type_upgrade\n          // directly.)\n          typeClause += ` USING ${quotedCol}::text`;\n        } else if (manifestNormalized === 'TEXT' && dbNormalized === 'UUID') {\n          typeClause += ` USING ${quotedCol}::text`;\n        } else if (\n          manifestNormalized === 'INTEGER' &&\n          dbNormalized === 'TEXT'\n        ) {\n          typeClause += ` USING trim(${quotedCol}::text)::integer`;\n        } else if (\n          manifestNormalized === 'INTEGER' &&\n          dbNormalized === 'REAL'\n        ) {\n          typeClause += ` USING ${quotedCol}::integer`;\n        } else if (\n          manifestNormalized === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n          (dbNormalized === 'TEXT' || dbNormalized === 'JSON')\n        ) {\n          typeClause += ` USING NULLIF(NULLIF(trim(both '\"' from ${quotedCol}::text), ''), 'null')::timestamptz`;\n        } else if (\n          manifestNormalized === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n          dbNormalized === 'TIMESTAMP' &&\n          this.normalizeType(targetType) === 'TIMESTAMPTZ'\n        ) {\n          // SMRT's PostgreSQL adapter serialized Date values to UTC ISO strings.\n          // A legacy TIMESTAMP column discarded the trailing offset but kept\n          // that UTC wall time. Reattach UTC explicitly so migration is\n          // deterministic regardless of the database/session timezone.\n          typeClause += ` USING ${quotedCol} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'`;\n        }\n\n        clauses.push(typeClause);\n\n        if (colDef.defaultValue !== undefined) {\n          const formattedDefault = this.ddlStrategy.formatDefaultValue(\n            colDef.defaultValue,\n            validatedType,\n          );\n          const defaultSql =\n            manifestNormalized === 'JSON'\n              ? `${formattedDefault}::${targetType.toLowerCase()}`\n              : formattedDefault;\n          clauses.push(`ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} SET DEFAULT ${defaultSql}`);\n        }\n\n        const alterSql = `ALTER TABLE ${quotedTable} ${clauses.join(', ')}`;\n\n        return preflightSQL\n          ? { sql: alterSql, statements: [preflightSQL, alterSql] }\n          : { sql: alterSql };\n      }\n\n      case 'duckdb':\n        // DuckDB supports ALTER COLUMN TYPE for type conversions\n        return {\n          sql: `ALTER TABLE ${quotedTable} ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} TYPE ${targetType}`,\n        };\n\n      default: {\n        // Escape special characters in type names for safe comment generation\n        const safeDbType = dbType.replace(/[^\\w]/g, '_');\n        const safeManifestType = manifestType.replace(/[^\\w]/g, '_');\n        return {\n          sql: `-- Type upgrade for ${quotedCol}: ${safeDbType} → ${safeManifestType}`,\n        };\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Quote a SQL identifier\n   */\n  private quoteIdentifier(name: string): string {\n    return `\"${name.replace(/\"/g, '\"\"')}\"`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate a PostgreSQL preflight guard for narrowing legacy columns to\n   * INTEGER. PostgreSQL's REAL→INTEGER cast rounds fractional values, so the\n   * generated migration must fail before the ALTER can silently change data.\n   */\n  private generatePostgresIntegerPreflightSQL(\n    quotedTable: string,\n    quotedCol: string,\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n    dbNormalized: string,\n  ): string {\n    const invalidCondition =\n      dbNormalized === 'REAL'\n        ? `${quotedCol} IS NOT NULL AND ${quotedCol} <> trunc(${quotedCol})`\n        : `${quotedCol} IS NOT NULL AND trim(${quotedCol}::text) !~ '^[+-]?[0-9]+$'`;\n    const message = `Cannot convert ${tableName}.${colName} to INTEGER: found non-integer values`;\n\n    return `DO $$ BEGIN IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ${quotedTable} WHERE ${invalidCondition}) THEN RAISE EXCEPTION ${this.quoteLiteral(message)}; END IF; END $$`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Require a UTC migration session before reattaching the offset discarded by\n   * legacy PostgreSQL TIMESTAMP columns. This is a guardrail, not provenance:\n   * operators must also confirm historical default/raw writers used UTC.\n   */\n  private generatePostgresTimestampPreflightSQL(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n  ): string {\n    const message =\n      `Cannot convert ${tableName}.${colName} to TIMESTAMPTZ outside a UTC ` +\n      'PostgreSQL session; confirm historical writers used UTC and SET TIME ZONE UTC';\n    return `DO $$ BEGIN IF upper(current_setting('TimeZone')) NOT IN ('UTC', 'ETC/UTC', 'GMT') THEN RAISE EXCEPTION ${this.quoteLiteral(message)}; END IF; END $$`;\n  }\n\n  private quoteLiteral(value: string): string {\n    return `'${value.replace(/'/g, \"''\")}'`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Plan the changes that add a missing column so the emitted DDL is\n   * executable on the active engine (#2369).\n   *\n   * Engines disagree on what `ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN` may carry inline\n   * (probed on SQLite 3.4x/3.5x, DuckDB 1.4.x, PostgreSQL 16/17):\n   *\n   * | clause          | SQLite                         | DuckDB   | PostgreSQL          |\n   * |-----------------|--------------------------------|----------|---------------------|\n   * | NOT NULL + DEF  | ok                             | rejected | ok                  |\n   * | NOT NULL, no DEF| ok on empty, rejected populated| rejected | ok empty, rej. pop. |\n   * | UNIQUE          | rejected                       | rejected | ok                  |\n   * | DEFAULT         | ok                             | ok       | ok                  |\n   * | CHECK           | ok                             | rejected | ok                  |\n   *\n   * so the plan is:\n   * - `NOT NULL` with a default: inline on SQLite/PostgreSQL (existing rows\n   *   receive the default); DuckDB adds with `DEFAULT` then a separate\n   *   `ALTER COLUMN ... SET NOT NULL`.\n   * - `NOT NULL` without a default: enforced only when the table is empty\n   *   (inline on SQLite/PostgreSQL, `SET NOT NULL` step on DuckDB). On a\n   *   populated table there is nothing to backfill with, so the column is\n   *   added nullable and a manual `alter_column` (`set_not_null`) is reported\n   *   with the exact remediation instead of emitting DDL every engine rejects.\n   * - `UNIQUE`: inline on PostgreSQL (a real constraint); SQLite/DuckDB get a\n   *   separate `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX <table>_<col>_key` (the PostgreSQL\n   *   constraint-index name, so the orphan sweep leaves it alone).\n   * - `CHECK`: inline where accepted; DuckDB rejects it in ADD COLUMN, so it\n   *   is dropped there with a warning (SMRT's generators never emit `check`).\n   *\n   * The primary `add_column` change carries the whole plan in\n   * `sqlStatements` (and the last statement in `sql`) so both the CLI and the\n   * orchestrator execute it as one unit.\n   */\n  private async generateAddColumnChanges(\n    tableName: string,\n    colName: string,\n    colDef: ColumnDefinition,\n  ): Promise<SchemaChange[]> {\n    // mapType maps abstract types per dialect (UUID→native uuid / TEXT — R11);\n    // invalid types fall back to TEXT, matching the compareColumns guard.\n    const validatedType: SQLDataType = isValidSQLDataType(colDef.type)\n      ? colDef.type\n      : 'TEXT';\n    if (!isValidSQLDataType(colDef.type)) {\n      logger.warn(\n        `[SchemaComparer] Invalid manifest type \"${colDef.type}\" for ${tableName}.${colName}, treating as TEXT`,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const quotedTable = this.quoteIdentifier(tableName);\n    const quotedCol = this.quoteIdentifier(colName);\n    const parts: string[] = [\n      quotedCol,\n      this.ddlStrategy.mapType(validatedType),\n    ];\n    const followUps: string[] = [];\n    const extraChanges: SchemaChange[] = [];\n\n    const hasDefault =\n      colDef.defaultValue !== undefined && colDef.defaultValue !== null;\n    const formattedDefault = hasDefault\n      ? this.ddlStrategy.formatDefaultValue(colDef.defaultValue, validatedType)\n      : undefined;\n    const inlineConstraintsAllowed =\n      this.engine !== 'duckdb' && this.engine !== 'json';\n    const setNotNull = `ALTER TABLE ${quotedTable} ALTER COLUMN ${quotedCol} SET NOT NULL`;\n\n    let enforceNotNull = false;\n    if (colDef.notNull) {\n      if (hasDefault) {\n        enforceNotNull = true;\n      } else if (!(await this.tableHasRows(tableName))) {\n        enforceNotNull = true;\n      } else {\n        // Populated table, no default: nothing to backfill with. Add the\n        // column nullable and report the constraint as a manual follow-up.\n        extraChanges.push({\n          type: 'alter_column',\n          table: tableName,\n          name: colName,\n          column: colDef,\n          alteration: 'set_not_null',\n          mismatch: { expected: 'NOT NULL', actual: 'NULL' },\n          sql: `-- ${tableName}.${colName} is required by the manifest but has no default to backfill existing rows; the column is added nullable. Backfill it, then run: ${setNotNull}`,\n          advisory: {\n            severity: 'warning',\n            message: `${tableName}.${colName} is required by the manifest but has no default, and ${tableName} already holds rows — no engine can add it NOT NULL. It is added nullable; backfill it, then rerun db:migrate (or declare a default on the field).`,\n            suggestedSql: [\n              `UPDATE ${quotedTable} SET ${quotedCol} = <value> WHERE ${quotedCol} IS NULL`,\n              this.supportsAlterColumn()\n                ? setNotNull\n                : `-- SQLite: enforcing NOT NULL afterwards requires a table rebuild (#2370)`,\n            ],\n          },\n        });\n      }\n    }\n\n    if (enforceNotNull && inlineConstraintsAllowed) {\n      parts.push('NOT NULL');\n    }\n    if (colDef.unique && this.engine === 'postgres') {\n      parts.push('UNIQUE');\n    }\n    if (formattedDefault !== undefined) {\n      parts.push(`DEFAULT ${formattedDefault}`);\n    }\n    if (colDef.check) {\n      if (inlineConstraintsAllowed) {\n        parts.push(`CHECK (${colDef.check})`);\n      } else {\n        logger.warn(\n          `[SchemaComparer] ${this.engine} rejects CHECK constraints in ADD COLUMN; ${tableName}.${colName} is added without CHECK (${colDef.check})`,\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    const addColumn = `ALTER TABLE ${quotedTable} ADD COLUMN ${parts.join(' ')}`;\n\n    if (enforceNotNull && !inlineConstraintsAllowed) {\n      followUps.push(setNotNull);\n    }\n    if (colDef.unique && this.engine !== 'postgres') {\n      followUps.push(\n        `CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ${this.quoteIdentifier(uniqueColumnIndexName(tableName, colName))} ON ${quotedTable} (${quotedCol})`,\n      );\n      // DuckDB has no `ADD CONSTRAINT`, so this is the only way to add\n      // uniqueness to an existing table there. The DuckDB strategy's\n      // `requiresInlineUnique()` note (DuckDB #12684: ON CONFLICT ignored\n      // separate unique indexes) no longer holds on the bundled DuckDB 1.4.x —\n      // `INSERT … ON CONFLICT (col) DO UPDATE` resolves through this index;\n      // the #2369 DuckDB test pins that. Older DuckDB builds may still need\n      // the inline form for upserts on such a column.\n    }\n\n    const statements = [addColumn, ...followUps];\n    const primary: SchemaChange = {\n      type: 'add_column',\n      table: tableName,\n      name: colName,\n      column: colDef,\n      // `sql` stays the ADD COLUMN itself for single-statement consumers;\n      // `sqlStatements` carries the full ordered plan when there is more.\n      sql: addColumn,\n      ...(statements.length > 1 ? { sqlStatements: statements } : {}),\n    };\n\n    return [primary, ...extraChanges];\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate SQL for dropping a column\n   */\n  private generateDropColumnSQL(tableName: string, colName: string): string {\n    return `ALTER TABLE ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} DROP COLUMN ${this.quoteIdentifier(colName)}`;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate SQL for adding an index.\n   *\n   * On engines that support partial indexes (SQLite/PostgreSQL) this mirrors\n   * the canonical CREATE INDEX path in the DDL strategies: a partial index\n   * appends its `WHERE` predicate so a detected predicate add/alter (issue\n   * #1692) recreates the index with the correct partial condition rather than\n   * silently widening it to a full index. On DuckDB / the JSON adapter — which\n   * reject partial indexes — the predicate is dropped so the emitted DDL stays\n   * executable (a partial index degrades to a full index there). The predicate\n   * is trimmed and a redundant leading `WHERE` stripped for robustness.\n   *\n   * `IF NOT EXISTS` matches the canonical `generateIndexes()` DDL path and\n   * makes a retry after a partially applied batch repair the schema instead of\n   * erroring on the indexes that did land (issue #2362). All three engines\n   * (SQLite, PostgreSQL, DuckDB) accept the clause.\n   */\n  private generateAddIndexSQL(tableName: string, idx: IndexDefinition): string {\n    const uniqueStr = idx.unique ? 'UNIQUE ' : '';\n    const target = renderIndexTarget(idx, this.engine);\n    let sql = `CREATE ${uniqueStr}INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ${this.quoteIdentifier(idx.name)} ON ${this.quoteIdentifier(tableName)} (${target})`;\n    const where = idx.where?.trim().replace(/^WHERE\\s+/i, '');\n    if (this.supportsPartialIndexes() && where) {\n      sql += ` WHERE ${where}`;\n    }\n    return sql;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate SQL for dropping an index.\n   *\n   * This SQL is consumed by the manifest-driven execution path:\n   *\n   * - `db:migrate` runs the SQL we put in `change.sql` directly, with the\n   *   tracker's `executePostgresStatements` adding CONCURRENTLY when\n   *   `--postgres-safe` is on.\n   *\n   * PostgreSQL ends up with `CONCURRENTLY` when it should.\n   * Keeping this method engine-agnostic also means the diff preview text\n   * stays readable (no engine-specific noise) for engines like SQLite\n   * where CONCURRENTLY isn't a thing.\n   */\n  private generateDropIndexSQL(indexName: string): string {\n    return `DROP INDEX IF EXISTS ${this.quoteIdentifier(indexName)}`;\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Generate a SchemaDiff from manifest and database\n */\nexport async function generateSchemaDiff(\n  db: DatabaseInterface,\n  manifestSchemas: Record<string, SchemaDefinition>,\n  options: DiffOptions = {},\n): Promise<SchemaDiff> {\n  const comparer = new SchemaComparer(db, options);\n  return comparer.compare(manifestSchemas);\n}\n\n/**\n * Check if a diff has any actionable changes — a table to create or drop, or\n * a change with executable DDL. Incompatible type mismatches, report-only\n * advisories (orphan columns/indexes, relaxations the caller has not opted\n * into) and comment-only changes (SQLite in-place limitations, live data\n * blocking a repair) are not actionable; they surface through\n * `unactionableChanges` / the CLI's manual bucket instead.\n */\nexport function hasActionableChanges(diff: SchemaDiff): boolean {\n  if (diff.added_tables.length > 0) return true;\n  if (diff.dropped_tables.length > 0) return true;\n  return diff.changes.some((c) => !isManualOrAdvisoryChange(c));\n}\n\n/**\n * Get SQL statements from a diff for execution. Advisory-only changes carry\n * no statements and are skipped; comment-only statements (SQLite in-place\n * limitations) pass through unchanged so callers can filter them the way\n * they already do for `type_upgrade`.\n */\nexport function getSQLFromDiff(diff: SchemaDiff): string[] {\n  const statements: string[] = [];\n\n  // Add table creation (requires full DDL generation - not included here)\n  // This is typically handled by ensureSchema()\n\n  // Add column and index changes\n  for (const change of diff.changes) {\n    if (change.type !== 'type_mismatch' && !isAdvisoryOnlyChange(change)) {\n      statements.push(\n        ...(change.sqlStatements ?? (change.sql ? 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package/dist/migrations/generator.d.ts

@@ -49,10 +49,19 @@ export declare class MigrationGenerator {
         includeDown?: boolean;
         packageName?: string;
         /**
-         * Ignore cached manifest DDL and materialize structured columns for the
-         * selected engine. Framework-owned executable paths should enable this;
-         * the default preserves the published custom-DDL contract while still
-         * materializing bare PostgreSQL TIMESTAMP columns as TIMESTAMPTZ.
+         * Render new tables from their structured columns through the engine's
+         * DDL strategy (default, `true`) — the same renderer `db:migrate` uses,
+         * so column types, indexes and triggers match what the differ expects
+         * on the next run.
+         *
+         * @deprecated Passing `false` re-enables the retired cached-`ddl` string
+         * path for the CREATE TABLE only (#2358): it emits the manifest's
+         * engine-neutral CREATE TABLE with only bare PostgreSQL `TIMESTAMP`
+         * rewritten, so `REAL`/`JSON` drift on PostgreSQL. The table's indexes
+         * and triggers are still rendered through the engine strategy either
+         * way — the flag never suppresses them. Schemas that expose no
+         * structured columns always fall back to their cached `ddl` regardless
+         * of this flag.
          */
         materializeStructuredSchema?: boolean;
     });
@@ -84,6 +93,16 @@ export declare class MigrationGenerator {
      * Generate CREATE TABLE SQL from schema definition
      */
     private generateCreateTable;
+    /**
+     * Generate the CREATE INDEX statements for a new table through the engine
+     * strategy (partial `WHERE`, JSON-path targets, inline-UNIQUE engines).
+     */
+    private generateTableIndexes;
+    /**
+     * Generate the CREATE TRIGGER statements for a new table (engines without
+     * trigger support return none).
+     */
+    private generateTableTriggers;
     /**
      * Generate DROP TABLE SQL
      */
@@ -116,6 +135,14 @@ export declare class MigrationGenerator {
      * Format a default value for SQL
      */
     private formatDefaultValue;
+    /**
+     * Terminate a statement with exactly one `;` for the SQL file format.
+     *
+     * Strategy-rendered statements (`generateCreateTable`, `generateIndexes`,
+     * `generateTriggers`) already end with `;`, while differ-produced ALTERs do
+     * not — appending unconditionally wrote `;;` (#2406 review).
+     */
+    private terminateStatement;
     /**
      * Escape template literal content
      */

package/dist/migrations/generator.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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