@gordon.gan/specflow 1.4.0-beta → 1.4.2-beta

package/skills/database/oracle/references/05-performance-tuning.md

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+# 性能调优 — AWR / ASH / ADDM / DBMS_XPLAN
+
+## EXPLAIN PLAN / DBMS_XPLAN
+
+```sql
+-- 生成执行计划
+EXPLAIN PLAN FOR
+SELECT d.department_name, e.last_name, e.salary
+FROM departments d JOIN employees e ON d.department_id = e.department_id
+WHERE e.salary > 10000;
+
+-- 查看执行计划
+SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY);
+
+-- 查看实际执行计划（带统计信息）
+SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY_CURSOR(sql_id => 'abc123', format => 'ALLSTATS LAST'));
+
+-- 格式化选项
+SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY(format => 'BASIC'));    -- 基本
+SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY(format => 'TYPICAL'));  -- 典型（默认）
+SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY(format => 'ALL'));      -- 全部
+SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_XPLAN.DISPLAY(format => 'ADVANCED')); -- 高级（含提示）
+
+-- 查找高消耗 SQL
+SELECT sql_id, ROUND(elapsed_time/1000,2) AS elapsed_ms,
+       cpu_time, buffer_gets, executions,
+       SUBSTR(sql_text, 1, 200) AS sql_text_short
+FROM v$sql
+WHERE elapsed_time > 0 AND executions > 0
+ORDER BY elapsed_time DESC FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY;
+```
+
+## AWR（Automatic Workload Repository）
+
+```sql
+-- 生成 AWR 报告（HTML 格式）
+SELECT * FROM TABLE(DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.AWR_REPORT_HTML(
+    l_dbid     => (SELECT dbid FROM v$database),
+    l_inst_num => 1,
+    l_bid      => 100,    -- 起始快照 ID
+    l_eid      => 110,    -- 结束快照 ID
+    l_options  => 0
+));
+
+-- 创建 AWR 快照
+EXEC DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.CREATE_SNAPSHOT();
+
+-- 修改 AWR 保留策略（默认 8 天）
+EXEC DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.MODIFY_SNAPSHOT_SETTINGS(retention => 14400);   -- 10天
+EXEC DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.MODIFY_SNAPSHOT_SETTINGS(interval => 60);       -- 间隔 60 分钟
+```
+
+## ASH（Active Session History）
+
+```sql
+-- 最近 10 分钟的 Top 等待事件
+SELECT event, COUNT(*) AS cnt,
+       ROUND(COUNT(*) * 100.0 / SUM(COUNT(*)) OVER (), 2) AS pct
+FROM v$active_session_history
+WHERE sample_time > SYSTIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '10' MINUTE
+GROUP BY event ORDER BY cnt DESC;
+
+-- Top SQL（基于 ASH）
+SELECT sql_id, COUNT(*) AS hits,
+       ROUND(COUNT(*) * 100.0 / SUM(COUNT(*)) OVER (), 2) AS pct
+FROM v$active_session_history
+WHERE sample_time > SYSTIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '10' MINUTE AND sql_id IS NOT NULL
+GROUP BY sql_id ORDER BY hits DESC FETCH FIRST 5 ROWS ONLY;
+```
+
+## ADDM（Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor）
+
+```sql
+DECLARE
+    v_task_name VARCHAR2(30);
+BEGIN
+    v_task_name := 'MY_ADDM_TASK';
+    DBMS_ADDM.ANALYZE_DB(
+        task_name => v_task_name,
+        begin_snapshot => 100,
+        end_snapshot => 110
+    );
+END;
+/
+```
+
+## SQL Tuning Advisor
+
+```sql
+DECLARE
+    v_task_name VARCHAR2(30);
+BEGIN
+    v_task_name := DBMS_SQLTUNE.CREATE_TUNING_TASK(
+        sql_id      => 'abc123xyz4567',
+        scope       => DBMS_SQLTUNE.SCOPE_COMPREHENSIVE,
+        time_limit  => 300,
+        task_name   => 'tune_sql_abc123'
+    );
+    DBMS_SQLTUNE.EXECUTE_TUNING_TASK(task_name => v_task_name);
+END;
+/
+
+-- 查看调优建议
+SELECT DBMS_SQLTUNE.REPORT_TUNING_TASK(task_name => 'tune_sql_abc123') FROM DUAL;
+
+-- 接受 SQL Profile
+EXEC DBMS_SQLTUNE.ACCEPT_SQL_PROFILE(task_name => 'tune_sql_abc123');
+```
+
+## DBMS_STATS — 统计信息
+
+```sql
+-- 收集表级统计信息
+EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(
+    ownname => 'HR', tabname => 'EMPLOYEES',
+    estimate_percent => DBMS_STATS.AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE,
+    cascade => TRUE, degree => DBMS_STATS.AUTO_DEGREE,
+    method_opt => 'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO'
+);
+
+-- 收集模式级统计信息
+EXEC DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS(ownname => 'HR', options => 'GATHER AUTO');
+
+-- 锁定/解锁统计信息
+EXEC DBMS_STATS.LOCK_TABLE_STATS('HR', 'EMPLOYEES');
+EXEC DBMS_STATS.UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS('HR', 'EMPLOYEES');
+
+-- 恢复历史统计信息
+EXEC DBMS_STATS.RESTORE_TABLE_STATS('HR', 'EMPLOYEES', SYSTIMESTAMP - 7);
+
+-- 查看统计信息
+SELECT table_name, num_rows, blocks, avg_row_len, last_analyzed
+FROM dba_tab_statistics WHERE owner = 'HR' AND table_name = 'EMPLOYEES';
+```
+
+## SPM（SQL Plan Management）
+
+```sql
+-- 加载执行计划到 SPM
+DECLARE v_plans_loaded PLS_INTEGER;
+BEGIN
+    v_plans_loaded := DBMS_SPM.LOAD_PLANS_FROM_CURSOR_CACHE(sql_id => 'abc123xyz4567');
+END;
+/
+
+-- 查看 SPM 基线
+SELECT sql_handle, plan_name, enabled, accepted, fixed FROM dba_sql_plan_baselines;
+
+-- 演变计划
+SELECT DBMS_SPM.EVOLVE_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE(sql_handle => 'SQL_handle_here', verify => 'YES') FROM DUAL;
+
+-- 固定计划
+DECLARE v_fixed PLS_INTEGER;
+BEGIN
+    v_fixed := DBMS_SPM.ALTER_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE(
+        sql_handle => 'SQL_handle_here', plan_name => 'SQL_PLAN_xxxxx',
+        attribute_name => 'FIXED', attribute_value => 'YES');
+END;
+/
+
+-- SPM 配置
+ALTER SYSTEM SET optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines = FALSE;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines = TRUE;
+```

package/skills/database/oracle/references/06-backup-recovery.md

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+# 备份与恢复 — RMAN / EXPDP / IMPDP / 归档
+
+## RMAN 备份
+
+```sql
+-- 连接 RMAN
+-- rman target /
+
+-- 全库备份（含归档日志）
+RMAN> BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG DELETE INPUT;
+
+-- 增量备份 Level 0（基础）
+RMAN> BACKUP INCREMENTAL LEVEL 0 DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;
+
+-- 增量备份 Level 1（差异）
+RMAN> BACKUP INCREMENTAL LEVEL 1 DATABASE;
+
+-- 表空间备份
+RMAN> BACKUP TABLESPACE tbs_app_data;
+
+-- 数据文件备份
+RMAN> BACKUP DATAFILE '/u01/oradata/orcl/app_data01.dbf';
+
+-- 控制文件/归档日志备份
+RMAN> BACKUP CURRENT CONTROLFILE;
+RMAN> BACKUP ARCHIVELOG ALL DELETE INPUT;
+```
+
+## RMAN 恢复
+
+```sql
+-- 全库恢复
+RMAN> STARTUP MOUNT;
+RMAN> RESTORE DATABASE;
+RMAN> RECOVER DATABASE;
+RMAN> ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
+
+-- 时间点恢复（不完全恢复）
+RMAN> STARTUP MOUNT;
+RMAN> RESTORE DATABASE UNTIL TIME "TO_DATE('2024-08-15 14:00:00','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')";
+RMAN> RECOVER DATABASE UNTIL TIME "...";
+RMAN> ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS;
+
+-- 表空间恢复
+RMAN> SQL "ALTER TABLESPACE tbs_app_data OFFLINE IMMEDIATE";
+RMAN> RESTORE TABLESPACE tbs_app_data;
+RMAN> RECOVER TABLESPACE tbs_app_data;
+RMAN> SQL "ALTER TABLESPACE tbs_app_data ONLINE";
+
+-- 验证备份
+RMAN> RESTORE DATABASE VALIDATE;
+
+-- 备份策略配置
+RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;
+RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
+RMAN> CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION ON;
+```
+
+## 逻辑备份（EXPDP / IMPDP）
+
+```sql
+-- 导出全库
+-- expdp system/password DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=full_export.dmp FULL=Y
+
+-- 导出指定模式
+-- expdp system/password DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=hr_export.dmp SCHEMAS=HR
+
+-- 导出指定表
+-- expdp hr/password DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=emp_export.dmp TABLES=employees,departments
+
+-- 条件导出
+-- expdp hr/password DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=emp_dept50.dmp TABLES=employees QUERY='employees:"WHERE department_id = 50"'
+
+-- 并行导出
+-- expdp hr/password DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=hr_%U.dmp SCHEMAS=HR PARALLEL=4
+
+-- 全库导入
+-- impdp system/password DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=full_export.dmp FULL=Y
+
+-- 导入并重映射表空间/模式
+-- impdp system/password DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=hr_export.dmp REMAP_SCHEMAS=HR:HR_NEW REMAP_TABLESPACE=USERS:TBS_APP_DATA
+
+-- 跳过已存在对象
+-- impdp hr/password DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=hr_export.dmp TABLE_EXISTS_ACTION=SKIP
+-- TABLE_EXISTS_ACTION: SKIP / APPEND / TRUNCATE / REPLACE
+```
+
+## 归档日志模式
+
+```sql
+-- 查看当前日志模式
+SELECT log_mode FROM v$database;
+
+-- 启用归档日志模式
+SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
+STARTUP MOUNT;
+ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
+ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
+
+-- 禁用归档日志模式
+SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
+STARTUP MOUNT;
+ALTER DATABASE NOARCHIVELOG;
+ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
+
+-- 归档日志管理
+ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/u01/archivelog/orcl' SCOPE=BOTH;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET log_archive_format='orcl_%t_%s_%r.arc' SCOPE=SPFILE;
+ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;
+
+-- 查看归档日志
+SELECT * FROM v$archived_log ORDER BY sequence#;
+SELECT * FROM v$recovery_file_dest;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET db_recovery_file_dest_size = 200G;
+```

package/skills/database/oracle/references/07-dataguard-rac.md

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+# Data Guard / RAC
+
+## Data Guard 物理备库
+
+### 主库配置
+
+```sql
+ALTER DATABASE FORCE LOGGING;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(PRIMARY,STANDBY)' SCOPE=BOTH;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='LOCATION=/u01/archivelog/orcl VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PRIMARY' SCOPE=BOTH;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=standby_host:1521/orcl LGWR ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=STANDBY' SCOPE=BOTH;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE SCOPE=BOTH;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET FAL_CLIENT='PRIMARY' SCOPE=BOTH;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET FAL_SERVER='STANDBY' SCOPE=BOTH;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='/u01/oradata/orcl/','/u02/oradata/orcl/' SCOPE=SPFILE;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='/u01/oradata/orcl/','/u02/oradata/orcl/' SCOPE=SPFILE;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO SCOPE=BOTH;
+```
+
+### 创建物理备库
+
+```sql
+-- 使用 RMAN DUPLICATE
+-- DUPLICATE TARGET DATABASE FOR STANDBY FROM ACTIVE DATABASE;
+
+-- 备库启用实时应用
+ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE USING CURRENT LOGFILE DISCONNECT;
+```
+
+### 角色切换
+
+```sql
+-- Switchover（计划内切换，不丢数据）
+-- 主库：
+ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO STANDBY;
+SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE; STARTUP MOUNT;
+-- 备库：
+ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY;
+ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
+
+-- Failover（故障切换）
+ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE FINISH;
+ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY;
+ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
+
+-- Active Data Guard（备库只读打开）
+ALTER DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY;
+ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT;
+```
+
+## RAC（Real Application Clusters）
+
+```sql
+-- 查看 RAC 实例
+SELECT instance_name, instance_number, host_name, status FROM gv$instance;
+
+-- 查看 RAC 节点
+SELECT * FROM gv$active_services;
+
+-- 查看 ASM 磁盘组
+SELECT * FROM gv$asm_diskgroup;
+
+-- 全局等待事件
+SELECT inst_id, event, COUNT(*) AS cnt, ROUND(AVG(wait_time_micro)) AS avg_wait_us
+FROM gv$session WHERE wait_class != 'Idle'
+GROUP BY inst_id, event ORDER BY cnt DESC;
+
+-- RAC 序列配置（避免争用）
+CREATE SEQUENCE seq_order_no START WITH 1 CACHE 1000 NOORDER;
+
+-- RAC 关键初始化参数
+-- cluster_database = TRUE
+-- instance_number = 1
+-- thread = 1
+-- undo_tablespace = UNDOTBS1
+```

package/skills/database/oracle/references/08-security.md

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+# 安全与权限 — 用户 / FGA / VPD / TDE / 数据脱敏
+
+## 用户 / 角色 / 权限
+
+```sql
+-- 创建用户
+CREATE USER app_user IDENTIFIED BY "StrongPassword123!"
+    DEFAULT TABLESPACE tbs_app_data
+    TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP
+    QUOTA UNLIMITED ON tbs_app_data;
+
+-- 创建角色
+CREATE ROLE app_read_role;
+CREATE ROLE app_write_role;
+
+-- 系统权限
+GRANT CREATE SESSION TO app_user;
+GRANT CREATE TABLE, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE VIEW, CREATE SEQUENCE TO app_user;
+
+-- 对象权限
+GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON hr.employees TO app_write_role;
+GRANT SELECT ON hr.employees TO app_read_role;
+GRANT EXECUTE ON hr.emp_mgmt TO app_admin_role;
+
+-- 角色授予用户
+GRANT app_read_role TO app_user;
+
+-- 撤销
+REVOKE DELETE ON hr.employees FROM app_write_role;
+
+-- 查看用户权限
+SELECT * FROM dba_sys_privs WHERE grantee = 'APP_USER';
+SELECT * FROM dba_tab_privs WHERE grantee = 'APP_USER';
+SELECT * FROM dba_role_privs WHERE grantee = 'APP_USER';
+
+-- 配置文件（Profile）
+CREATE PROFILE app_profile LIMIT
+    SESSIONS_PER_USER      5
+    IDLE_TIME             30
+    CONNECT_TIME         480
+    FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS  5
+    PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME     1
+    PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME    90
+    PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME    7;
+
+-- 用户管理
+ALTER USER app_user ACCOUNT LOCK;
+ALTER USER app_user ACCOUNT UNLOCK;
+ALTER USER app_user PASSWORD EXPIRE;
+```
+
+## FGA（Fine-Grained Auditing）— 细粒度审计
+
+```sql
+-- 创建 FGA 策略（审计高工资访问）
+BEGIN
+    DBMS_FGA.ADD_POLICY(
+        object_schema   => 'HR',
+        object_name     => 'EMPLOYEES',
+        policy_name     => 'AUDIT_SALARY_ACCESS',
+        audit_condition => 'salary > 10000',
+        audit_column    => 'SALARY, COMMISSION_PCT',
+        enable          => TRUE,
+        statement_types => 'SELECT, UPDATE',
+        audit_trail     => DBMS_FGA.XML + DBMS_FGA.EXTENDED
+    );
+END;
+/
+
+-- 查看 FGA 审计日志
+SELECT timestamp, db_user, object_schema, object_name, sql_text
+FROM dba_fga_audit_trail WHERE object_name = 'EMPLOYEES'
+ORDER BY timestamp DESC;
+
+-- 管理 FGA 策略
+BEGIN
+    DBMS_FGA.DISABLE_POLICY('HR', 'EMPLOYEES', 'AUDIT_SALARY_ACCESS');
+    DBMS_FGA.ENABLE_POLICY('HR', 'EMPLOYEES', 'AUDIT_SALARY_ACCESS');
+    DBMS_FGA.DROP_POLICY('HR', 'EMPLOYEES', 'AUDIT_SALARY_ACCESS');
+END;
+/
+```
+
+## VPD（Virtual Private Database）— 虚拟私有数据库
+
+```sql
+-- 1. 创建策略函数
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dept_access_policy(
+    p_schema VARCHAR2, p_object VARCHAR2
+) RETURN VARCHAR2 AS
+    v_dept_id NUMBER;
+BEGIN
+    IF SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'ISDBA') = 'TRUE' THEN
+        RETURN '1=1';
+    END IF;
+    v_dept_id := SYS_CONTEXT('USER_CTX', 'DEPARTMENT_ID');
+    IF v_dept_id IS NOT NULL THEN
+        RETURN 'department_id = ' || v_dept_id;
+    ELSE
+        RETURN '1=0';
+    END IF;
+END;
+/
+
+-- 2. 应用策略到表
+BEGIN
+    DBMS_RLS.ADD_POLICY(
+        object_schema   => 'HR',
+        object_name     => 'EMPLOYEES',
+        policy_name     => 'DEPT_ACCESS_POLICY',
+        function_schema => 'HR',
+        policy_function => 'dept_access_policy',
+        statement_types => 'SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE',
+        update_check    => TRUE,
+        enable          => TRUE
+    );
+END;
+/
+
+-- 查看 VPD 策略
+SELECT * FROM dba_policies WHERE object_name = 'EMPLOYEES';
+
+-- 移除
+EXEC DBMS_RLS.DROP_POLICY('HR', 'EMPLOYEES', 'DEPT_ACCESS_POLICY');
+```
+
+## TDE（Transparent Data Encryption）— 透明数据加密
+
+```sql
+-- 打开钱包
+ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEYSTORE OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "wallet_password";
+ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEY IDENTIFIED BY "wallet_password" WITH BACKUP;
+
+-- 创建加密表空间
+CREATE TABLESPACE tbs_encrypted
+    DATAFILE '/u01/oradata/orcl/encrypted01.dbf' SIZE 5G
+    ENCRYPTION USING 'AES256'
+    DEFAULT STORAGE(ENCRYPT);
+
+-- 列级加密
+CREATE TABLE credit_cards (
+    card_id     NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY,
+    customer_id NUMBER(10),
+    card_number VARCHAR2(16) ENCRYPT USING 'AES256',
+    cvv         VARCHAR2(4) ENCRYPT,
+    expiry_date DATE
+);
+```
+
+## 数据脱敏（Data Redaction）
+
+```sql
+-- 创建 Redaction Policy
+BEGIN
+    DBMS_REDACT.ADD_POLICY(
+        object_schema       => 'HR',
+        object_name         => 'CREDIT_CARDS',
+        policy_name         => 'REDACT_CC_NUM',
+        column_name         => 'CARD_NUMBER',
+        function_type       => DBMS_REDACT.PARTIAL,
+        function_parameters => 'VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV,VVVV-XXXX-XXXX-VVVV,*,1,4',
+        expression          => 'SYS_CONTEXT(''USERENV'', ''SESSION_USER'') != ''APP_ADMIN'''
+    );
+END;
+/
+
+-- 查看脱敏策略
+SELECT * FROM redaction_policies;
+SELECT * FROM redaction_columns;
+```

package/skills/database/oracle/references/09-sql-syntax.md

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+# SQL 语法详解（Oracle 特有语法）
+
+## 数据类型
+
+| 数据类型 | 说明 | 最大长度 | 业务场景 |
+|---------|------|---------|---------|
+| **VARCHAR2(n)** | 可变长字符串 | 4000B（12c+ 32767） | 用户名、邮箱 |
+| **NVARCHAR2(n)** | Unicode 可变长字符串 | 4000 字符 | 多语言文本 |
+| **CLOB** | 字符大对象 | (4GB-1)*block_size | 文章、JSON |
+| **NUMBER(p,s)** | 数值 | 38 位十进制 | 金额、数量 |
+| **BINARY_FLOAT** | 32位浮点 | ~7位有效数字 | 科学计算 |
+| **BINARY_DOUBLE** | 64位浮点 | ~15位有效数字 | 高精度计算 |
+| **DATE** | 日期时间（精确到秒） | 4712BC~9999AD | 订单时间 |
+| **TIMESTAMP** | 日期时间（精确到纳秒） | 同 DATE + 小数秒 | 高精度时间戳 |
+| **INTERVAL** | 时间间隔 | - | 耗时统计 |
+| **RAW(n)** | 二进制数据 | 2000 字节 | GUID、散列值 |
+
+## DDL
+
+```sql
+-- CREATE TABLE 约束
+CREATE TABLE users (
+    user_id  NUMBER(10) GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
+    username VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
+    email    VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+    status   VARCHAR2(10) DEFAULT 'ACTIVE',
+    CONSTRAINT ck_users_status CHECK (status IN ('ACTIVE','INACTIVE','LOCKED'))
+);
+
+-- 虚拟列
+CREATE TABLE products (
+    product_id  NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY,
+    unit_price  NUMBER(10,2),
+    quantity    NUMBER(10),
+    total_value NUMBER(10,2) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (unit_price * quantity) VIRTUAL
+);
+
+-- 序列
+CREATE SEQUENCE seq_orders START WITH 10000 INCREMENT BY 1 CACHE 100 NOORDER;
+
+-- 同义词
+CREATE SYNONYM emp FOR hr.employees;
+CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM dept FOR hr.departments;
+```
+
+## DML
+
+```sql
+-- MERGE（UPSERT）
+MERGE INTO products p USING staging_products s ON (p.product_id = s.product_id)
+WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET p.price = s.price, p.updated_at = SYSDATE
+WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (product_id, product_name, price) VALUES (s.product_id, s.product_name, s.price);
+
+-- INSERT ALL（多表插入）
+INSERT ALL
+    WHEN salary > 10000 THEN INTO emp_active (employee_id, salary)
+    WHEN salary <= 10000 THEN INTO emp_archive (employee_id, salary)
+SELECT employee_id, salary FROM employees;
+
+-- CONNECT BY（层次查询）
+SELECT employee_id, last_name, LEVEL,
+       SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(last_name, ' -> ') AS path
+FROM employees
+START WITH manager_id IS NULL
+CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id
+ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name;
+
+-- 生成日期序列
+SELECT DATE '2024-01-01' + LEVEL - 1 AS day FROM DUAL
+CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 31;
+
+-- FLASHBACK QUERY
+SELECT * FROM employees AS OF TIMESTAMP (SYSTIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '15' MINUTE);
+SELECT * FROM employees AS OF SCN 1234567;
+```
+
+## SELECT 特有语法
+
+```sql
+-- WITH（CTE）
+WITH dept_salary AS (
+    SELECT department_id, SUM(salary) AS total_salary FROM employees GROUP BY department_id
+)
+SELECT * FROM dept_salary ORDER BY total_salary DESC;
+
+-- 递归 CTE
+WITH org_tree(employee_id, manager_id, last_name, lvl) AS (
+    SELECT employee_id, manager_id, last_name, 1 FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL
+    UNION ALL
+    SELECT e.employee_id, e.manager_id, e.last_name, t.lvl + 1
+    FROM employees e JOIN org_tree t ON e.manager_id = t.employee_id
+)
+SELECT * FROM org_tree;
+
+-- PIVOT（行转列）
+SELECT * FROM (
+    SELECT department_id, EXTRACT(MONTH FROM hire_date) AS hire_month FROM employees
+) PIVOT (
+    COUNT(*) FOR hire_month IN (1 AS JAN, 2 AS FEB, 3 AS MAR)
+);
+
+-- LISTAGG（列转字符串）
+SELECT department_id,
+       LISTAGG(last_name, ', ') WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY hire_date) AS emp_list
+FROM employees GROUP BY department_id;
+-- 19c+ 支持超长处理
+LISTAGG(last_name, ', ' ON OVERFLOW TRUNCATE '...' WITH COUNT)
+
+-- MODEL 子句
+SELECT region, product, year, sales FROM sales_data
+MODEL PARTITION BY (region) DIMENSION BY (product, year) MEASURES (sales)
+RULES ( sales['TOTAL',2024] = sales['TOTAL',2023] * 1.1 );
+
+-- MATCH_RECOGNIZE（12c+ 模式匹配）
+SELECT * FROM stock_prices
+MATCH_RECOGNIZE (
+    PARTITION BY symbol ORDER BY trade_date
+    MEASURES FIRST(price) AS start_price, LAST(price) AS end_price
+    ONE ROW PER MATCH PATTERN (up{3,})
+    DEFINE up AS price > PREV(price)
+);
+```
+
+## 伪列
+
+| 伪列 | 说明 | 使用场景 |
+|------|------|---------|
+| **ROWNUM** | 行号（先筛选后排序） | Top-N、分页 |
+| **ROWID** | 物理行地址 | 最快行定位 |
+| **LEVEL** | 层次查询层级 | CONNECT BY |
+| **CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE** | 循环检测 | 层次查询 |
+| **CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF** | 叶子节点 | 层次查询 |
+| **ORA_ROWSCN** | 行最后修改 SCN | 数据变更检测 |
+
+```sql
+-- ROWNUM 正确用法
+SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC) WHERE ROWNUM <= 10;
+-- 12c+ 推荐
+SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY;
+
+-- ROWID 最快行定位
+SELECT * FROM employees WHERE ROWID = 'AAAR3qAAEAAAACvAAA';
+```
+
+## 集合操作
+
+```sql
+-- UNION / UNION ALL / INTERSECT / MINUS
+SELECT department_id FROM departments
+MINUS
+SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;  -- 没有员工的部门
+```