@gordon.gan/specflow 1.4.0-beta → 1.4.2-beta

package/skills/database/mysql/references/09-advanced-features.md

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+# 高级特性 (Advanced Features)
+
+## 简介
+
+MySQL 提供视图、CTE、存储过程/函数、触发器、事务与锁、分区表等高级特性，用于满足复杂业务需求和性能优化。
+
+## 视图 (View)
+
+视图是存储的查询定义，不存储数据，使用时会展开为底层查询执行。
+
+### 创建与使用
+
+```sql
+-- 创建视图
+CREATE VIEW user_order_summary AS
+SELECT u.id, u.name, COUNT(o.id) AS order_count, SUM(o.amount) AS total_amount
+FROM user u
+LEFT JOIN `order` o ON u.id = o.user_id
+GROUP BY u.id;
+
+-- 使用视图（像普通表一样查询）
+SELECT * FROM user_order_summary WHERE order_count > 5;
+
+-- 可更新视图（需满足条件）
+UPDATE active_user SET email = 'new@example.com' WHERE id = 1;
+
+-- 查看视图定义
+SHOW CREATE VIEW user_order_summary;
+
+-- 删除视图
+DROP VIEW IF EXISTS user_order_summary;
+```
+
+### 视图限制
+
+| 限制 | 说明 |
+|------|------|
+| 不可更新条件 | 含 DISTINCT、聚合、GROUP BY、HAVING、UNION 的视图不可更新 |
+| 性能 | 与直接查询无异（视图不存储数据） |
+| 算法 | `ALGORITHM = MERGE | TEMPTABLE | UNDEFINED` |
+
+**业务场景**：封装复杂查询逻辑、简化报表查询、提供权限控制层。
+
+## CTE (Common Table Expression, MySQL 8.0+)
+
+CTE 提供临时结果集的命名引用，可读性更高，支持递归。
+
+### 基础 CTE
+
+```sql
+WITH dept_avg AS (
+  SELECT dept_id, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
+  FROM employee
+  GROUP BY dept_id
+)
+SELECT e.name, e.salary, da.avg_salary
+FROM employee e
+JOIN dept_avg da ON e.dept_id = da.dept_id
+WHERE e.salary > da.avg_salary;
+```
+
+### 递归 CTE — 树形结构查询
+
+```sql
+WITH RECURSIVE sub_depts AS (
+  -- 基础节点（根部门）
+  SELECT id, name, parent_id, 1 AS level
+  FROM department
+  WHERE parent_id IS NULL
+
+  UNION ALL
+
+  -- 递归子节点
+  SELECT d.id, d.name, d.parent_id, sd.level + 1
+  FROM department d
+  JOIN sub_depts sd ON d.parent_id = sd.id
+)
+SELECT * FROM sub_depts ORDER BY level, id;
+```
+
+**业务场景**：
+- 递归 CTE 查询组织树、分类树、评论树
+- CTE 替代派生表，提高可读性并支持多次引用
+
+## 存储过程与存储函数
+
+### 存储过程
+
+封装多条 SQL，支持事务控制、IN/OUT 参数、错误处理。
+
+```sql
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE PROCEDURE transfer_funds(
+  IN from_account INT,
+  IN to_account INT,
+  IN amount DECIMAL(10, 2),
+  OUT result_code INT,
+  OUT result_msg VARCHAR(200)
+)
+BEGIN
+  DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION
+  BEGIN
+    ROLLBACK;
+    SET result_code = -1;
+    SET result_msg = '转账失败，事务回滚';
+  END;
+
+  START TRANSACTION;
+    UPDATE account SET balance = balance - amount 
+    WHERE id = from_account AND balance >= amount;
+    
+    IF ROW_COUNT() = 0 THEN
+      SET result_code = -2;
+      SET result_msg = '余额不足';
+      ROLLBACK;
+    ELSE
+      UPDATE account SET balance = balance + amount WHERE id = to_account;
+      SET result_code = 0;
+      SET result_msg = '转账成功';
+      COMMIT;
+    END IF;
+END //
+DELIMITER ;
+
+-- 调用
+CALL transfer_funds(1, 2, 100.00, @code, @msg);
+SELECT @code, @msg;
+```
+
+### 存储函数
+
+返回单值的函数，可在 SQL 中直接使用。
+
+```sql
+DELIMITER //
+CREATE FUNCTION get_order_count(user_id INT) RETURNS INT
+READS SQL DATA
+BEGIN
+  DECLARE cnt INT;
+  SELECT COUNT(*) INTO cnt FROM `order` WHERE user_id = user_id;
+  RETURN cnt;
+END //
+DELIMITER ;
+
+-- 使用
+SELECT name, get_order_count(id) AS order_count FROM user;
+```
+
+### 存储过程 vs 函数
+
+| 特性 | 存储过程 | 存储函数 |
+|------|---------|---------|
+| 返回值 | 多个 OUT 参数 | 单个返回值 |
+| 调用方式 | `CALL proc()` | `SELECT func()` 或 SQL 中直接使用 |
+| 事务控制 | ✅ 支持 | ❌ 不支持 |
+| SQL 中使用 | ❌ | ✅ |
+
+**业务场景**：存储过程适合转账、库存核减等事务性操作。但现代应用主要在应用层（如 Spring/Go）实现业务逻辑。
+
+## 触发器 (Trigger)
+
+### 基本语法
+
+```sql
+-- CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name
+-- {BEFORE | AFTER} {INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE}
+-- ON table_name FOR EACH ROW
+-- trigger_body
+```
+
+### 常见用例
+
+```sql
+-- 1. 自动更新时间
+CREATE TRIGGER before_user_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON user
+FOR EACH ROW
+SET NEW.updated_at = NOW();
+
+-- 2. 审计日志
+CREATE TRIGGER after_order_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON `order`
+FOR EACH ROW
+INSERT INTO audit_log (table_name, action, old_data, new_data)
+VALUES ('order', 'UPDATE',
+  JSON_OBJECT('status', OLD.status, 'amount', OLD.amount),
+  JSON_OBJECT('status', NEW.status, 'amount', NEW.amount));
+
+-- 3. 防止重复签到
+CREATE TRIGGER before_signin_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON signin
+FOR EACH ROW
+BEGIN
+  DECLARE cnt INT;
+  SELECT COUNT(*) INTO cnt FROM signin
+  WHERE user_id = NEW.user_id AND DATE(created_at) = CURDATE();
+  IF cnt > 0 THEN
+    SIGNAL SQLSTATE '45000' SET MESSAGE_TEXT = '今日已签到';
+  END IF;
+END;
+```
+
+### 触发器注意事项
+
+| 问题 | 说明 |
+|------|------|
+| 隐性执行 | 排查问题困难（"魔法"行为） |
+| 性能影响 | 过多触发器影响 DML 性能 |
+| 错误回滚 | 触发器中的错误会回滚外层事务 |
+| 嵌套复杂度 | 不建议在触发器中调用存储过程 |
+
+**优先在应用层实现业务逻辑**，触发器仅用于审计、自动更新时间等必要场景。
+
+## 事务与锁
+
+### ACID 特性
+
+| 特性 | 含义 | MySQL 实现 |
+|------|------|-----------|
+| 原子性 (A) | 事务全部成功或全部回滚 | undo log |
+| 一致性 (C) | 事务前后数据一致 | 约束 + 事务 |
+| 隔离性 (I) | 事务间互相隔离 | MVCC + 锁 |
+| 持久性 (D) | 提交后数据持久保存 | redo log |
+
+### 事务隔离级别
+
+| 隔离级别 | 脏读 | 不可重复读 | 幻读 | 默认？ |
+|---------|------|-----------|------|-------|
+| READ UNCOMMITTED | ✅ 可能 | ✅ 可能 | ✅ 可能 | ❌ |
+| READ COMMITTED | ❌ | ✅ 可能 | ✅ 可能 | ❌（多数公司用） |
+| REPEATABLE READ | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ 可能 | ✅ MySQL 默认 |
+| SERIALIZABLE | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ | ❌（性能差） |
+
+### 事务使用
+
+```sql
+START TRANSACTION;
+  UPDATE account SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE id = 1;
+  UPDATE account SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE id = 2;
+  -- 成功
+  COMMIT;
+  -- 或失败
+  ROLLBACK;
+
+-- 保存点
+START TRANSACTION;
+  INSERT INTO log VALUES ('step1');
+  SAVEPOINT sp1;
+  INSERT INTO log VALUES ('step2');  -- 出错
+  ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT sp1;        -- 回退到 sp1
+  INSERT INTO log VALUES ('step3');
+COMMIT;
+```
+
+### 锁类型
+
+| 锁类型 | 说明 | SQL |
+|--------|------|-----|
+| 共享锁 (S) | 允许其他事务读，禁止写 | `SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE` |
+| 排他锁 (X) | 禁止其他事务读写 | `SELECT ... FOR UPDATE` |
+| 表锁 (READ) | 其他会话可读不可写 | `LOCK TABLES user READ;` |
+| 表锁 (WRITE) | 其他会话不可读写 | `LOCK TABLES user WRITE;` |
+| 乐观锁 | 应用层版本号控制 | `UPDATE SET version+1 WHERE version=:old` |
+
+### 死锁避免
+
+1. **固定访问顺序**：所有事务按相同顺序访问表
+2. **缩短事务时间**：不要在一个事务内执行大量无关操作
+3. **降低隔离级别**：SERIALIZABLE → REPEATABLE READ → READ COMMITTED
+4. **查看死锁**：`SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS;`
+
+## 分区表 (Partitioning)
+
+### 分区类型
+
+| 分区类型 | 说明 | 典型场景 |
+|---------|------|---------|
+| RANGE | 按范围分区（最常用） | 时间范围：订单按年/月分区 |
+| LIST | 按值列表分区 | 区域：按 region_id 分区 |
+| HASH | 按哈希函数分区 | 均匀分布：按 id MOD N |
+| KEY | 类似 HASH，MySQL 内部哈希 | 类似 HASH |
+
+### RANGE 分区
+
+```sql
+CREATE TABLE orders_partitioned (
+  id BIGINT NOT NULL,
+  user_id INT NOT NULL,
+  amount DECIMAL(10, 2),
+  created_at DATETIME NOT NULL
+) PARTITION BY RANGE (YEAR(created_at)) (
+  PARTITION p2022 VALUES LESS THAN (2023),
+  PARTITION p2023 VALUES LESS THAN (2024),
+  PARTITION p2024 VALUES LESS THAN (2025),
+  PARTITION p_future VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
+);
+
+-- 添加分区
+ALTER TABLE orders_partitioned ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p2025 VALUES LESS THAN (2026));
+
+-- 删除分区（极快）
+ALTER TABLE orders_partitioned DROP PARTITION p2022;
+```
+
+### LIST / HASH / KEY 分区
+
+```sql
+-- LIST 分区（按区域）
+CREATE TABLE user_region (
+  id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(50), region_id INT NOT NULL
+) PARTITION BY LIST (region_id) (
+  PARTITION p_north VALUES IN (1, 2, 3),
+  PARTITION p_south VALUES IN (4, 5, 6)
+);
+
+-- HASH 分区（按哈希）
+CREATE TABLE logs (
+  id INT NOT NULL, log_data TEXT, created_at DATETIME
+) PARTITION BY HASH (id) PARTITIONS 8;
+
+-- KEY 分区
+CREATE TABLE sessions (
+  id INT NOT NULL, session_data TEXT
+) PARTITION BY KEY (id) PARTITIONS 4;
+```
+
+### 分区修剪 (Partition Pruning)
+
+查询自动只扫描相关分区：
+
+```sql
+EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders_partitioned WHERE created_at >= '2024-01-01';
+-- 只扫描 p2024, p_future
+
+ALTER TABLE orders_partitioned TRUNCATE PARTITION p2022;  -- 快速清理历史数据
+```
+
+### 分区注意事项
+
+| 注意点 | 说明 |
+|--------|------|
+| 分区列必须包含在主键中 | MySQL 硬限制 |
+| 分区数建议 | ≤ 1024，单个分区 ≥ 10GB 时效果明显 |
+| 不是越多越好 | 过多分区增加元数据开销 |
+| 最大适用 | 数据归档场景（按时间删除旧分区极快） |

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