@gordon.gan/specflow 1.3.3-beta → 1.4.1

package/skills/database/oracle/references/01-functions-string.md

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+# 字符串 / 数字 / NULL 处理函数
+
+## 字符串函数
+
+```sql
+-- CONCAT / || — 字符串连接
+SELECT 'Hello' || ' ' || 'World' FROM DUAL;          -- Hello World (推荐 ||)
+
+-- SUBSTR — 截取子串
+SELECT SUBSTR('Oracle Database', 1, 6) FROM DUAL;    -- Oracle
+SELECT SUBSTR('Oracle Database', 8) FROM DUAL;       -- Database
+
+-- INSTR — 查找子串位置
+SELECT INSTR('oracleoracle', 'oracle') FROM DUAL;               -- 1
+SELECT INSTR('oracleoracle', 'oracle', 1, 2) FROM DUAL;         -- 7（第 2 次出现）
+
+-- LPAD / RPAD — 左/右填充
+SELECT LPAD('123', 10, '*') FROM DUAL;                           -- *******123
+SELECT RPAD('Oracle', 10, '-.-') FROM DUAL;                      -- Oracle-.-.-
+
+-- TRIM / LTRIM / RTRIM — 去除空格/字符
+SELECT TRIM('  Hello  ') FROM DUAL;                              -- Hello
+SELECT LTRIM('xxxHello', 'x') FROM DUAL;                         -- Hello
+SELECT RTRIM('Hello...', '.') FROM DUAL;                         -- Hello
+
+-- REPLACE — 替换子串
+SELECT REPLACE('Oracle Database 19c', '19c', '23c') FROM DUAL;  -- Oracle Database 23c
+
+-- TRANSLATE — 字符级替换
+SELECT TRANSLATE('12345', '123', 'abc') FROM DUAL;               -- abc45
+
+-- 正则表达式系列
+-- REGEXP_LIKE  — 正则匹配
+SELECT * FROM employees WHERE REGEXP_LIKE(email, '^[A-Z]');
+-- REGEXP_SUBSTR — 正则提取子串
+SELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR('contact@oracle.com', '@[^.]+\\.com') FROM DUAL;
+-- REGEXP_REPLACE — 正则替换（手机号脱敏）
+SELECT REGEXP_REPLACE('13812345678', '(\d{3})\d{4}(\d{4})', '\1****\2') FROM DUAL;
+-- REGEXP_INSTR  — 正则查找位置
+SELECT REGEXP_INSTR('Hello World', '[aeiou]') FROM DUAL;         -- 2
+```
+
+## 数字函数
+
+```sql
+-- ROUND — 四舍五入
+SELECT ROUND(123.4567) FROM DUAL;      -- 123
+SELECT ROUND(123.4567, 2) FROM DUAL;   -- 123.46
+SELECT ROUND(123.4567, -2) FROM DUAL;  -- 100
+
+-- TRUNC — 截断（不四舍五入）
+SELECT TRUNC(123.4567) FROM DUAL;      -- 123
+SELECT TRUNC(123.4567, 2) FROM DUAL;   -- 123.45
+
+-- MOD — 取模
+SELECT MOD(10, 3) FROM DUAL;           -- 1
+
+-- ABS / CEIL / FLOOR
+SELECT ABS(-10) FROM DUAL;             -- 10
+SELECT CEIL(3.14) FROM DUAL;           -- 4
+SELECT FLOOR(3.14) FROM DUAL;          -- 3
+
+-- POWER / SQRT
+SELECT POWER(2, 10) FROM DUAL;         -- 1024
+SELECT SQRT(144) FROM DUAL;            -- 12
+
+-- GREATEST / LEAST
+SELECT GREATEST(10, 20, 5, 30) FROM DUAL;  -- 30
+SELECT LEAST(10, 20, 5, 30) FROM DUAL;     -- 5
+```
+
+## NULL 处理函数
+
+```sql
+-- NVL — 空值替换（2 个参数）
+SELECT last_name, NVL(commission_pct, 0) AS commission FROM employees;
+
+-- NVL2 — 空值条件（3 个参数）
+SELECT last_name, NVL2(commission_pct, '有佣金', '无佣金') AS status FROM employees;
+
+-- COALESCE — 返回第一个非空值（可变参数）
+SELECT COALESCE(phone_number, email, '无联系方式') AS contact FROM employees;
+
+-- NULLIF — 两值相等返回 NULL
+SELECT NULLIF('A', 'B') FROM DUAL;  -- 'A'
+SELECT NULLIF('A', 'A') FROM DUAL;  -- NULL
+
+-- LNNVL — 反转条件结果（对 NULL 敏感）
+SELECT * FROM employees WHERE LNNVL(commission_pct > 0.2);
+-- 等价于: WHERE commission_pct IS NULL OR commission_pct <= 0.2
+```

package/skills/database/oracle/references/02-functions-date.md

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+# 日期 / 转换函数
+
+## 日期函数
+
+```sql
+-- 当前日期时间
+SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;              -- 当前系统日期时间
+SELECT CURRENT_DATE FROM DUAL;         -- 当前会话时区日期时间
+SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;         -- 当前系统时间戳（带时区）
+
+-- EXTRACT — 提取日期部分
+SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
+SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
+SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
+SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM SYSTIMESTAMP) FROM DUAL;
+
+-- TO_DATE — 字符串转日期
+SELECT TO_DATE('2024-01-15', 'YYYY-MM-DD') FROM DUAL;
+SELECT TO_DATE('2024/01/15 14:30:00', 'YYYY/MM/DD HH24:MI:SS') FROM DUAL;
+SELECT TO_DATE('15-JAN-24', 'DD-MON-YY') FROM DUAL;
+
+-- TO_CHAR — 日期格式化
+SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY-MM-DD') FROM DUAL;
+SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') FROM DUAL;
+SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'MONTH DD, YYYY') FROM DUAL;
+SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'Dy') FROM DUAL;    -- 星期缩写
+
+-- ADD_MONTHS — 加减月份
+SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE, 3) FROM DUAL;
+SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE, -6) FROM DUAL;
+
+-- MONTHS_BETWEEN — 月份间隔
+SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(DATE '2024-12-31', DATE '2024-01-01') FROM DUAL;
+
+-- LAST_DAY — 月末日期
+SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
+
+-- NEXT_DAY — 下一个星期几
+SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE, 'FRIDAY') FROM DUAL;
+
+-- TRUNC 日期版 — 截断到指定精度
+SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;                          -- 当天 00:00:00
+SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'MONTH') FROM DUAL;                 -- 当月第一天
+SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'YEAR') FROM DUAL;                  -- 当年第一天
+SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'IW') FROM DUAL;                    -- 当周周一（ISO 周）
+
+-- 时间间隔
+SELECT SYSDATE + TO_YMINTERVAL('01-06') FROM DUAL;        -- 加 1年6个月
+SELECT SYSDATE + TO_DSINTERVAL('3 12:00:00') FROM DUAL;   -- 加 3天12小时
+```
+
+## 转换函数
+
+```sql
+-- TO_CHAR — 数字格式化
+SELECT TO_CHAR(1234567.89, 'FM999,999,999.00') FROM DUAL;  -- 1,234,567.89
+SELECT TO_CHAR(1234567.89, 'FML999,999,999.00') FROM DUAL; -- $1,234,567.89
+
+-- TO_NUMBER — 字符串转数字
+SELECT TO_NUMBER('1,234.56', '999,999.99') FROM DUAL;     -- 1234.56
+
+-- CAST — ANSI SQL 标准类型转换
+SELECT CAST('12345' AS NUMBER) FROM DUAL;
+SELECT CAST('2024-01-15' AS DATE) FROM DUAL;
+
+-- CONVERT — 字符集转换
+SELECT CONVERT('Oracle', 'AL32UTF8', 'ZHS16GBK') FROM DUAL;
+
+-- SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP / TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN — SCN 与时间互转
+SELECT SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(ORA_ROWSCN) FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 100;
+```

package/skills/database/oracle/references/03-analytic-functions.md

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+# 分析函数（窗口函数）+ 聚合
+
+分析函数是 Oracle 最强大的功能之一，在不改变行数的情况下进行聚合计算。
+
+## 聚合函数
+
+```sql
+-- 基础聚合
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees;                     -- 总行数
+SELECT COUNT(commission_pct) FROM employees;        -- 非 NULL 行数
+SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;
+SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;
+SELECT MAX(hire_date) FROM employees;
+SELECT MIN(hire_date) FROM employees;
+
+-- MEDIAN — 中位数
+SELECT MEDIAN(salary) FROM employees;
+
+-- STATS_MODE — 众数
+SELECT STATS_MODE(department_id) FROM employees;
+
+-- GROUP BY ROLLUP / CUBE（小计+总计）
+SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary)
+FROM employees
+WHERE department_id IN (50, 80)
+GROUP BY ROLLUP(department_id, job_id);   -- 小计 + 总计
+
+SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary)
+FROM employees
+WHERE department_id IN (50, 80)
+GROUP BY CUBE(department_id, job_id);    -- 所有维度小计
+
+-- GROUPING — 区分 NULL 是数据值还是小计行
+SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary),
+       CASE WHEN GROUPING(department_id)=1 THEN '总计'
+            WHEN GROUPING(job_id)=1 THEN '小计'
+            ELSE '明细'
+       END AS rollup_level
+FROM employees GROUP BY ROLLUP(department_id, job_id);
+```
+
+## 分析函数（窗口函数）
+
+### 排序函数
+
+```sql
+-- ROW_NUMBER — 唯一序号
+SELECT department_id, last_name, salary,
+       ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY salary DESC) AS seq
+FROM employees;
+
+-- RANK / DENSE_RANK — 排名（允许并列）
+SELECT department_id, last_name, salary,
+       RANK()       OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY salary DESC) AS rank,
+       DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY salary DESC) AS dense_rank
+FROM employees;
+-- RANK: 1,2,2,4   DENSE_RANK: 1,2,2,3
+
+-- NTILE — 分桶
+SELECT customer_id, amount,
+       NTILE(5) OVER (ORDER BY amount DESC) AS bucket
+FROM orders;
+```
+
+### 前后行访问
+
+```sql
+-- LAG — 访问前一行（环比计算）
+SELECT hire_date, salary,
+       LAG(salary, 1, 0) OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) AS prev_salary,
+       salary - LAG(salary, 1, 0) OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) AS diff
+FROM employees;
+
+-- LEAD — 访问后一行
+SELECT hire_date, salary,
+       LEAD(salary, 1) OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) AS next_salary
+FROM employees;
+```
+
+### 窗口聚合
+
+```sql
+-- FIRST_VALUE / LAST_VALUE — 窗口首尾行
+SELECT department_id, last_name, salary,
+       FIRST_VALUE(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department_id
+           ORDER BY salary DESC ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS max_in_dept
+FROM employees;
+
+-- 累计求和
+SELECT sale_date, amount,
+       SUM(amount) OVER (ORDER BY sale_date) AS running_total
+FROM daily_sales;
+
+-- 移动平均（7 日）
+SELECT sale_date, amount,
+       AVG(amount) OVER (ORDER BY sale_date ROWS BETWEEN 6 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS moving_avg_7d
+FROM daily_sales;
+
+-- RATIO_TO_REPORT — 占比
+SELECT department_id, last_name, salary,
+       RATIO_TO_REPORT(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department_id) AS pct_of_dept
+FROM employees;
+```

package/skills/database/oracle/references/04-plsql-guide.md

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+# PL/SQL 详解
+
+PL/SQL（Procedural Language/SQL）是 Oracle 的扩展 SQL，支持变量、条件、循环、异常处理等过程式编程。
+
+## 块结构
+
+```sql
+DECLARE
+    v_employee_id employees.employee_id%TYPE;
+    v_salary      employees.salary%TYPE := 5000;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT employee_id, salary INTO v_employee_id, v_salary
+    FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 100;
+    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('员工 ' || v_employee_id || ' 工资: ' || v_salary);
+EXCEPTION
+    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
+        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('未找到员工');
+    WHEN OTHERS THEN
+        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('错误: ' || SQLERRM);
+END;
+/
+```
+
+## 游标 (Cursor)
+
+```sql
+-- 隐式游标（SELECT INTO）
+DECLARE v_name employees.last_name%TYPE;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT last_name INTO v_name FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 100;
+EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN NULL;
+END;
+/
+
+-- 显式游标
+DECLARE
+    CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT employee_id, last_name FROM employees WHERE department_id = 50;
+    v_emp emp_cursor%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    OPEN emp_cursor;
+    LOOP
+        FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_emp;
+        EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;
+        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_emp.last_name);
+    END LOOP;
+    CLOSE emp_cursor;
+END;
+/
+
+-- CURSOR FOR LOOP（最简洁）
+BEGIN
+    FOR rec IN (SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE department_id = 50)
+    LOOP
+        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec.last_name || ' 工资: ' || rec.salary);
+    END LOOP;
+END;
+/
+
+-- REF CURSOR（动态游标）
+DECLARE
+    TYPE refcur IS REF CURSOR;
+    c_ref refcur;
+    v_id   employees.employee_id%TYPE;
+    v_name employees.last_name%TYPE;
+BEGIN
+    OPEN c_ref FOR 'SELECT employee_id, last_name FROM employees WHERE department_id = :d' USING 50;
+    LOOP
+        FETCH c_ref INTO v_id, v_name;
+        EXIT WHEN c_ref%NOTFOUND;
+    END LOOP;
+    CLOSE c_ref;
+END;
+/
+
+-- SYS_REFCURSOR 函数返回
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_employees(p_dept_id NUMBER) RETURN SYS_REFCURSOR AS
+    c SYS_REFCURSOR;
+BEGIN
+    OPEN c FOR SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id = p_dept_id;
+    RETURN c;
+END;
+/
+```
+
+## 存储过程与函数
+
+```sql
+-- 存储过程
+CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_salary(
+    p_employee_id IN employees.employee_id%TYPE,
+    p_percent     IN NUMBER
+) AS
+    v_old_salary employees.salary%TYPE;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT salary INTO v_old_salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id FOR UPDATE;
+    UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * (1 + p_percent / 100) WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id;
+    COMMIT;
+EXCEPTION
+    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '员工不存在');
+    WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE;
+END update_salary;
+/
+
+-- 函数（必须有返回值）
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_annual_salary(p_employee_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER AS
+    v_salary employees.salary%TYPE;
+    v_commission employees.commission_pct%TYPE;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT salary, NVL(commission_pct, 0) INTO v_salary, v_commission
+    FROM employees WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id;
+    RETURN v_salary * 12 + v_salary * v_commission;
+END get_annual_salary;
+/
+
+-- DETERMINISTIC 函数（可用于函数索引）
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION calculate_tax(p_amount NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER DETERMINISTIC AS
+BEGIN
+    RETURN p_amount * 0.13;
+END;
+/
+```
+
+## 包 (Package)
+
+```sql
+-- 包规范（公开接口）
+CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_mgmt AS
+    c_max_salary CONSTANT NUMBER := 50000;
+    FUNCTION get_salary(p_emp_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER;
+    PROCEDURE raise_salary(p_emp_id NUMBER, p_pct NUMBER);
+    PROCEDURE hire_employee(p_last_name VARCHAR2, p_email VARCHAR2, p_job_id VARCHAR2, p_salary NUMBER);
+    PROCEDURE set_debug(p_mode BOOLEAN);
+    PROCEDURE set_debug(p_mode VARCHAR2);  -- 重载
+END emp_mgmt;
+/
+
+-- 包体（实现）
+CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_mgmt AS
+    v_last_action VARCHAR2(100);  -- 私有变量
+
+    FUNCTION get_salary(p_emp_id NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
+        v_sal employees.salary%TYPE;
+    BEGIN
+        SELECT salary INTO v_sal FROM employees WHERE employee_id = p_emp_id;
+        RETURN v_sal;
+    EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RETURN NULL;
+    END;
+
+    PROCEDURE raise_salary(p_emp_id NUMBER, p_pct NUMBER) IS
+    BEGIN
+        UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * (1 + p_pct/100) WHERE employee_id = p_emp_id;
+        v_last_action := 'Raised salary for ' || p_emp_id;
+    END;
+
+    PROCEDURE hire_employee(p_last_name VARCHAR2, p_email VARCHAR2, p_job_id VARCHAR2, p_salary NUMBER) IS
+    BEGIN
+        INSERT INTO employees(employee_id, last_name, email, job_id, salary, hire_date)
+        VALUES (employees_seq.NEXTVAL, p_last_name, p_email, p_job_id, p_salary, SYSDATE);
+        v_last_action := 'Hired ' || p_last_name;
+    END;
+
+    PROCEDURE set_debug(p_mode BOOLEAN) IS BEGIN g_debug_mode := p_mode; END;
+    PROCEDURE set_debug(p_mode VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN g_debug_mode := UPPER(p_mode) = 'ON'; END;
+
+    -- 包初始化（首次引用时执行一次）
+    BEGIN
+        v_last_action := 'Package initialized';
+    END;
+END emp_mgmt;
+/
+```
+
+## 触发器 (Trigger)
+
+```sql
+-- DML 行级触发器（工资变更审计）
+CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_emp_salary_audit
+    BEFORE UPDATE OF salary ON employees FOR EACH ROW
+    WHEN (OLD.salary != NEW.salary)
+BEGIN
+    INSERT INTO salary_audit_log(employee_id, old_salary, new_salary, changed_by, changed_at)
+    VALUES (:OLD.employee_id, :OLD.salary, :NEW.salary, USER, SYSDATE);
+END;
+/
+
+-- 语句级触发器（非工作时间禁止修改）
+CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_no_dml_nonbusiness
+    BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON employees
+BEGIN
+    IF TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DY') IN ('SAT', 'SUN') OR
+       TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24')) NOT BETWEEN 9 AND 18 THEN
+        RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '非工作时间禁止修改');
+    END IF;
+END;
+/
+
+-- INSTEAD OF 触发器（视图 DML）
+CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_v_emp_dept_ioi
+    INSTEAD OF INSERT ON v_emp_dept FOR EACH ROW
+BEGIN
+    INSERT INTO employees(employee_id, last_name, salary, department_id)
+    VALUES (:NEW.employee_id, :NEW.last_name, :NEW.salary,
+            (SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE department_name = :NEW.department_name));
+END;
+/
+
+-- 登录审计触发器
+CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_logon_audit
+    AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE
+BEGIN
+    INSERT INTO logon_audit_log(session_id, user_name, logon_time)
+    VALUES (SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'SESSIONID'), USER, SYSDATE);
+END;
+/
+```
+
+## 异常处理
+
+```sql
+-- 预定义异常
+EXCEPTION
+    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN ...
+    WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN ...
+    WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN ...
+    WHEN VALUE_ERROR THEN ...
+    WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN ...
+    WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); RAISE;
+
+-- 自定义异常
+DECLARE
+    e_salary_too_high EXCEPTION;
+    PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(e_salary_too_high, -20001);
+BEGIN
+    IF v_salary > 50000 THEN RAISE e_salary_too_high; END IF;
+EXCEPTION WHEN e_salary_too_high THEN ... END;
+
+-- RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR
+RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, '订单已取消', TRUE);
+```
+
+## 集合类型
+
+```sql
+-- 关联数组（Index-By Table）
+DECLARE
+    TYPE dept_name_tab IS TABLE OF departments.department_name%TYPE INDEX BY PLS_INTEGER;
+    t_dept_names dept_name_tab;
+BEGIN
+    FOR rec IN (SELECT department_id, department_name FROM departments)
+    LOOP t_dept_names(rec.department_id) := rec.department_name; END LOOP;
+END;
+/
+
+-- 嵌套表
+CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE phone_list AS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(20);
+/
+DECLARE t_phones phone_list := phone_list('13800138000', '13900139000');
+BEGIN t_phones.EXTEND(1); t_phones(3) := '13700137000'; END;
+/
+
+-- VARRAY（定长数组）
+CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE score_list IS VARRAY(10) OF NUMBER;
+/
+
+-- 集合方法: EXISTS, COUNT, LIMIT, FIRST/LAST, PRIOR/NEXT, EXTEND, TRIM, DELETE
+```
+
+## 动态 SQL
+
+```sql
+-- EXECUTE IMMEDIATE（简单动态 SQL）
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION count_rows(p_table_name VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER AS
+    v_sql VARCHAR2(200); v_cnt NUMBER;
+BEGIN
+    v_sql := 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ' || p_table_name;
+    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE v_sql INTO v_cnt;
+    RETURN v_cnt;
+END;
+/
+
+-- 带绑定变量（防 SQL 注入）
+EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE employee_id = :id' INTO v_name USING 100;
+
+-- FORALL（批量 DML，提升性能）
+DECLARE
+    TYPE id_list IS TABLE OF employees.employee_id%TYPE;
+    t_ids id_list := id_list(100, 101, 102);
+BEGIN
+    FORALL i IN t_ids.FIRST..t_ids.LAST
+        UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE employee_id = t_ids(i);
+    COMMIT;
+END;
+/
+
+-- BULK COLLECT（批量读取）
+DECLARE
+    TYPE emp_tab IS TABLE OF employees%ROWTYPE;
+    t_emps emp_tab;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT * BULK COLLECT INTO t_emps FROM employees WHERE department_id = 50;
+END;
+/
+```