@fugood/llama.node 0.3.0 → 0.3.2

package/src/llama.cpp/common/arg.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2006 @@
+#include "arg.h"
+
+#include "log.h"
+#include "sampling.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <regex>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "json-schema-to-grammar.h"
+
+using json = nlohmann::ordered_json;
+
+llama_arg & llama_arg::set_examples(std::initializer_list<enum llama_example> examples) {
+    this->examples = std::move(examples);
+    return *this;
+}
+
+llama_arg & llama_arg::set_env(const char * env) {
+    help = help + "\n(env: " + env + ")";
+    this->env = env;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+llama_arg & llama_arg::set_sparam() {
+    is_sparam = true;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+bool llama_arg::in_example(enum llama_example ex) {
+    return examples.find(ex) != examples.end();
+}
+
+bool llama_arg::get_value_from_env(std::string & output) {
+    if (env == nullptr) return false;
+    char * value = std::getenv(env);
+    if (value) {
+        output = value;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool llama_arg::has_value_from_env() {
+    return env != nullptr && std::getenv(env);
+}
+
+static std::vector<std::string> break_str_into_lines(std::string input, size_t max_char_per_line) {
+    std::vector<std::string> result;
+    std::istringstream iss(input);
+    std::string line;
+    auto add_line = [&](const std::string& l) {
+        if (l.length() <= max_char_per_line) {
+            result.push_back(l);
+        } else {
+            std::istringstream line_stream(l);
+            std::string word, current_line;
+            while (line_stream >> word) {
+                if (current_line.length() + !current_line.empty() + word.length() > max_char_per_line) {
+                    if (!current_line.empty()) result.push_back(current_line);
+                    current_line = word;
+                } else {
+                    current_line += (!current_line.empty() ? " " : "") + word;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!current_line.empty()) result.push_back(current_line);
+        }
+    };
+    while (std::getline(iss, line)) {
+        add_line(line);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::string llama_arg::to_string() {
+    // params for printing to console
+    const static int n_leading_spaces = 40;
+    const static int n_char_per_line_help = 70; // TODO: detect this based on current console
+    std::string leading_spaces(n_leading_spaces, ' ');
+
+    std::ostringstream ss;
+    for (const auto arg : args) {
+        if (arg == args.front()) {
+            if (args.size() == 1) {
+                ss << arg;
+            } else {
+                // first arg is usually abbreviation, we need padding to make it more beautiful
+                auto tmp = std::string(arg) + ", ";
+                auto spaces = std::string(std::max(0, 7 - (int)tmp.size()), ' ');
+                ss << tmp << spaces;
+            }
+        } else {
+            ss << arg << (arg != args.back() ? ", " : "");
+        }
+    }
+    if (value_hint) ss << " " << value_hint;
+    if (value_hint_2) ss << " " << value_hint_2;
+    if (ss.tellp() > n_leading_spaces - 3) {
+        // current line is too long, add new line
+        ss << "\n" << leading_spaces;
+    } else {
+        // padding between arg and help, same line
+        ss << std::string(leading_spaces.size() - ss.tellp(), ' ');
+    }
+    const auto help_lines = break_str_into_lines(help, n_char_per_line_help);
+    for (const auto & line : help_lines) {
+        ss << (&line == &help_lines.front() ? "" : leading_spaces) << line << "\n";
+    }
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+//
+// utils
+//
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#ifdef __MINGW32__
+#define LLAMA_COMMON_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(...) __attribute__((format(gnu_printf, __VA_ARGS__)))
+#else
+#define LLAMA_COMMON_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(...) __attribute__((format(printf, __VA_ARGS__)))
+#endif
+#else
+#define LLAMA_COMMON_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(...)
+#endif
+
+LLAMA_COMMON_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(1, 2)
+static std::string format(const char * fmt, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    va_list ap2;
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    va_copy(ap2, ap);
+    int size = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, ap);
+    GGML_ASSERT(size >= 0 && size < INT_MAX); // NOLINT
+    std::vector<char> buf(size + 1);
+    int size2 = vsnprintf(buf.data(), size + 1, fmt, ap2);
+    GGML_ASSERT(size2 == size);
+    va_end(ap2);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return std::string(buf.data(), size);
+}
+
+static void gpt_params_handle_model_default(gpt_params & params) {
+    if (!params.hf_repo.empty()) {
+        // short-hand to avoid specifying --hf-file -> default it to --model
+        if (params.hf_file.empty()) {
+            if (params.model.empty()) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("error: --hf-repo requires either --hf-file or --model\n");
+            }
+            params.hf_file = params.model;
+        } else if (params.model.empty()) {
+            params.model = fs_get_cache_file(string_split(params.hf_file, '/').back());
+        }
+    } else if (!params.model_url.empty()) {
+        if (params.model.empty()) {
+            auto f = string_split(params.model_url, '#').front();
+            f = string_split(f, '?').front();
+            params.model = fs_get_cache_file(string_split(f, '/').back());
+        }
+    } else if (params.model.empty()) {
+        params.model = DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH;
+    }
+}
+
+//
+// CLI argument parsing functions
+//
+
+static bool gpt_params_parse_ex(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params_context & ctx_arg) {
+    std::string arg;
+    const std::string arg_prefix = "--";
+    gpt_params & params = ctx_arg.params;
+
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, llama_arg *> arg_to_options;
+    for (auto & opt : ctx_arg.options) {
+        for (const auto & arg : opt.args) {
+            arg_to_options[arg] = &opt;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // handle environment variables
+    for (auto & opt : ctx_arg.options) {
+        std::string value;
+        if (opt.get_value_from_env(value)) {
+            try {
+                if (opt.handler_void && (value == "1" || value == "true")) {
+                    opt.handler_void(params);
+                }
+                if (opt.handler_int) {
+                    opt.handler_int(params, std::stoi(value));
+                }
+                if (opt.handler_string) {
+                    opt.handler_string(params, value);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } catch (std::exception & e) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument(format(
+                    "error while handling environment variable \"%s\": %s\n\n", opt.env, e.what()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // handle command line arguments
+    auto check_arg = [&](int i) {
+        if (i+1 >= argc) {
+            throw std::invalid_argument("expected value for argument");
+        }
+    };
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+        const std::string arg_prefix = "--";
+
+        std::string arg = argv[i];
+        if (arg.compare(0, arg_prefix.size(), arg_prefix) == 0) {
+            std::replace(arg.begin(), arg.end(), '_', '-');
+        }
+        if (arg_to_options.find(arg) == arg_to_options.end()) {
+            throw std::invalid_argument(format("error: invalid argument: %s", arg.c_str()));
+        }
+        auto opt = *arg_to_options[arg];
+        if (opt.has_value_from_env()) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "warn: %s environment variable is set, but will be overwritten by command line argument %s\n", opt.env, arg.c_str());
+        }
+        try {
+            if (opt.handler_void) {
+                opt.handler_void(params);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // arg with single value
+            check_arg(i);
+            std::string val = argv[++i];
+            if (opt.handler_int) {
+                opt.handler_int(params, std::stoi(val));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (opt.handler_string) {
+                opt.handler_string(params, val);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // arg with 2 values
+            check_arg(i);
+            std::string val2 = argv[++i];
+            if (opt.handler_str_str) {
+                opt.handler_str_str(params, val, val2);
+                continue;
+            }
+        } catch (std::exception & e) {
+            throw std::invalid_argument(format(
+                "error while handling argument \"%s\": %s\n\n"
+                "usage:\n%s\n\nto show complete usage, run with -h",
+                arg.c_str(), e.what(), arg_to_options[arg]->to_string().c_str()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    postprocess_cpu_params(params.cpuparams, nullptr);
+    postprocess_cpu_params(params.cpuparams_batch, &params.cpuparams);
+    postprocess_cpu_params(params.draft_cpuparams, &params.cpuparams);
+    postprocess_cpu_params(params.draft_cpuparams_batch, &params.cpuparams_batch);
+
+    if (params.prompt_cache_all && (params.interactive || params.interactive_first)) {
+        throw std::invalid_argument("error: --prompt-cache-all not supported in interactive mode yet\n");
+    }
+
+    gpt_params_handle_model_default(params);
+
+    if (params.escape) {
+        string_process_escapes(params.prompt);
+        string_process_escapes(params.input_prefix);
+        string_process_escapes(params.input_suffix);
+        for (auto & antiprompt : params.antiprompt) {
+            string_process_escapes(antiprompt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!params.kv_overrides.empty()) {
+        params.kv_overrides.emplace_back();
+        params.kv_overrides.back().key[0] = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (params.reranking && params.embedding) {
+        throw std::invalid_argument("error: either --embedding or --reranking can be specified, but not both");
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static void gpt_params_print_usage(gpt_params_context & ctx_arg) {
+    auto print_options = [](std::vector<llama_arg *> & options) {
+        for (llama_arg * opt : options) {
+            printf("%s", opt->to_string().c_str());
+        }
+    };
+
+    std::vector<llama_arg *> common_options;
+    std::vector<llama_arg *> sparam_options;
+    std::vector<llama_arg *> specific_options;
+    for (auto & opt : ctx_arg.options) {
+        // in case multiple LLAMA_EXAMPLE_* are set, we prioritize the LLAMA_EXAMPLE_* matching current example
+        if (opt.is_sparam) {
+            sparam_options.push_back(&opt);
+        } else if (opt.in_example(ctx_arg.ex)) {
+            specific_options.push_back(&opt);
+        } else {
+            common_options.push_back(&opt);
+        }
+    }
+    printf("----- common params -----\n\n");
+    print_options(common_options);
+    printf("\n\n----- sampling params -----\n\n");
+    print_options(sparam_options);
+    // TODO: maybe convert enum llama_example to string
+    printf("\n\n----- example-specific params -----\n\n");
+    print_options(specific_options);
+}
+
+bool gpt_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, gpt_params & params, llama_example ex, void(*print_usage)(int, char **)) {
+    auto ctx_arg = gpt_params_parser_init(params, ex, print_usage);
+    const gpt_params params_org = ctx_arg.params; // the example can modify the default params
+
+    try {
+        if (!gpt_params_parse_ex(argc, argv, ctx_arg)) {
+            ctx_arg.params = params_org;
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (ctx_arg.params.usage) {
+            gpt_params_print_usage(ctx_arg);
+            if (ctx_arg.print_usage) {
+                ctx_arg.print_usage(argc, argv);
+            }
+            exit(0);
+        }
+    } catch (const std::invalid_argument & ex) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", ex.what());
+        ctx_arg.params = params_org;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex, void(*print_usage)(int, char **)) {
+    gpt_params_context ctx_arg(params);
+    ctx_arg.print_usage = print_usage;
+    ctx_arg.ex          = ex;
+
+    std::string sampler_type_chars;
+    std::string sampler_type_names;
+    for (const auto & sampler : params.sparams.samplers) {
+        sampler_type_chars += gpt_sampler_type_to_chr(sampler);
+        sampler_type_names += gpt_sampler_type_to_str(sampler) + ";";
+    }
+    sampler_type_names.pop_back();
+
+
+    /**
+     * filter options by example
+     * rules:
+     * - all examples inherit options from LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON
+     * - if LLAMA_EXAMPLE_* is set (other than COMMON), we only show the option in the corresponding example
+     * - if both {LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_*,} are set, we will prioritize the LLAMA_EXAMPLE_* matching current example
+     */
+    auto add_opt = [&](llama_arg arg) {
+        if (arg.in_example(ex) || arg.in_example(LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON)) {
+            ctx_arg.options.push_back(std::move(arg));
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-h", "--help", "--usage"},
+        "print usage and exit",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.usage = true;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--version"},
+        "show version and build info",
+        [](gpt_params &) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "version: %d (%s)\n", LLAMA_BUILD_NUMBER, LLAMA_COMMIT);
+            fprintf(stderr, "built with %s for %s\n", LLAMA_COMPILER, LLAMA_BUILD_TARGET);
+            exit(0);
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--verbose-prompt"},
+        format("print a verbose prompt before generation (default: %s)", params.verbose_prompt ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.verbose_prompt = true;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--no-display-prompt"},
+        format("don't print prompt at generation (default: %s)", !params.display_prompt ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.display_prompt = false;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-co", "--color"},
+        format("colorise output to distinguish prompt and user input from generations (default: %s)", params.use_color ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.use_color = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_INFILL, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LOOKUP}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-t", "--threads"}, "N",
+        format("number of threads to use during generation (default: %d)", params.cpuparams.n_threads),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.cpuparams.n_threads = value;
+            if (params.cpuparams.n_threads <= 0) {
+                params.cpuparams.n_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_THREADS"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-tb", "--threads-batch"}, "N",
+        "number of threads to use during batch and prompt processing (default: same as --threads)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads = value;
+            if (params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads <= 0) {
+                params.cpuparams_batch.n_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+            }
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-td", "--threads-draft"}, "N",
+        "number of threads to use during generation (default: same as --threads)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams.n_threads = value;
+            if (params.draft_cpuparams.n_threads <= 0) {
+                params.draft_cpuparams.n_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-tbd", "--threads-batch-draft"}, "N",
+        "number of threads to use during batch and prompt processing (default: same as --threads-draft)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams_batch.n_threads = value;
+            if (params.draft_cpuparams_batch.n_threads <= 0) {
+                params.draft_cpuparams_batch.n_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-C", "--cpu-mask"}, "M",
+        "CPU affinity mask: arbitrarily long hex. Complements cpu-range (default: \"\")",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & mask) {
+            params.cpuparams.mask_valid = true;
+            if (!parse_cpu_mask(mask, params.cpuparams.cpumask)) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid cpumask");
+            }
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-Cr", "--cpu-range"}, "lo-hi",
+        "range of CPUs for affinity. Complements --cpu-mask",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & range) {
+            params.cpuparams.mask_valid = true;
+            if (!parse_cpu_range(range, params.cpuparams.cpumask)) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid range");
+            }
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--cpu-strict"}, "<0|1>",
+        format("use strict CPU placement (default: %u)\n", (unsigned) params.cpuparams.strict_cpu),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.cpuparams.strict_cpu = std::stoul(value);
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--prio"}, "N",
+        format("set process/thread priority : 0-normal, 1-medium, 2-high, 3-realtime (default: %d)\n", params.cpuparams.priority),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int prio) {
+            if (prio < 0 || prio > 3) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value");
+            }
+            params.cpuparams.priority = (enum ggml_sched_priority) prio;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--poll"}, "<0...100>",
+        format("use polling level to wait for work (0 - no polling, default: %u)\n", (unsigned) params.cpuparams.poll),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.cpuparams.poll = std::stoul(value);
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-Cb", "--cpu-mask-batch"}, "M",
+        "CPU affinity mask: arbitrarily long hex. Complements cpu-range-batch (default: same as --cpu-mask)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & mask) {
+            params.cpuparams_batch.mask_valid = true;
+            if (!parse_cpu_mask(mask, params.cpuparams_batch.cpumask)) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid cpumask");
+            }
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-Crb", "--cpu-range-batch"}, "lo-hi",
+        "ranges of CPUs for affinity. Complements --cpu-mask-batch",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & range) {
+            params.cpuparams_batch.mask_valid = true;
+            if (!parse_cpu_range(range, params.cpuparams_batch.cpumask)) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid range");
+            }
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--cpu-strict-batch"}, "<0|1>",
+        "use strict CPU placement (default: same as --cpu-strict)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.cpuparams_batch.strict_cpu = value;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--prio-batch"}, "N",
+        format("set process/thread priority : 0-normal, 1-medium, 2-high, 3-realtime (default: %d)\n", params.cpuparams_batch.priority),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int prio) {
+            if (prio < 0 || prio > 3) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value");
+            }
+            params.cpuparams_batch.priority = (enum ggml_sched_priority) prio;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--poll-batch"}, "<0|1>",
+        "use polling to wait for work (default: same as --poll)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.cpuparams_batch.poll = value;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-Cd", "--cpu-mask-draft"}, "M",
+        "Draft model CPU affinity mask. Complements cpu-range-draft (default: same as --cpu-mask)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & mask) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams.mask_valid = true;
+            if (!parse_cpu_mask(mask, params.draft_cpuparams.cpumask)) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid cpumask");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-Crd", "--cpu-range-draft"}, "lo-hi",
+        "Ranges of CPUs for affinity. Complements --cpu-mask-draft",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & range) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams.mask_valid = true;
+            if (!parse_cpu_range(range, params.draft_cpuparams.cpumask)) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid range");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--cpu-strict-draft"}, "<0|1>",
+        "Use strict CPU placement for draft model (default: same as --cpu-strict)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams.strict_cpu = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--prio-draft"}, "N",
+        format("set draft process/thread priority : 0-normal, 1-medium, 2-high, 3-realtime (default: %d)\n", params.draft_cpuparams.priority),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int prio) {
+            if (prio < 0 || prio > 3) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value");
+            }
+            params.draft_cpuparams.priority = (enum ggml_sched_priority) prio;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--poll-draft"}, "<0|1>",
+        "Use polling to wait for draft model work (default: same as --poll])",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams.poll = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-Cbd", "--cpu-mask-batch-draft"}, "M",
+        "Draft model CPU affinity mask. Complements cpu-range-draft (default: same as --cpu-mask)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & mask) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams_batch.mask_valid = true;
+            if (!parse_cpu_mask(mask, params.draft_cpuparams_batch.cpumask)) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid cpumask");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-Crbd", "--cpu-range-batch-draft"}, "lo-hi",
+        "Ranges of CPUs for affinity. Complements --cpu-mask-draft-batch)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & range) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams_batch.mask_valid = true;
+            if (!parse_cpu_range(range, params.draft_cpuparams_batch.cpumask)) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid cpumask");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--cpu-strict-batch-draft"}, "<0|1>",
+        "Use strict CPU placement for draft model (default: --cpu-strict-draft)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams_batch.strict_cpu = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--prio-batch-draft"}, "N",
+        format("set draft process/thread priority : 0-normal, 1-medium, 2-high, 3-realtime (default: %d)\n", params.draft_cpuparams_batch.priority),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int prio) {
+            if (prio < 0 || prio > 3) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value");
+            }
+            params.draft_cpuparams_batch.priority = (enum ggml_sched_priority) prio;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--poll-batch-draft"}, "<0|1>",
+        "Use polling to wait for draft model work (default: --poll-draft)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.draft_cpuparams_batch.poll = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--draft"}, "N",
+        format("number of tokens to draft for speculative decoding (default: %d)", params.n_draft),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_draft = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LOOKUP}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ps", "--p-split"}, "N",
+        format("speculative decoding split probability (default: %.1f)", (double)params.p_split),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.p_split = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-lcs", "--lookup-cache-static"}, "FNAME",
+        "path to static lookup cache to use for lookup decoding (not updated by generation)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.lookup_cache_static = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LOOKUP}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-lcd", "--lookup-cache-dynamic"}, "FNAME",
+        "path to dynamic lookup cache to use for lookup decoding (updated by generation)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.lookup_cache_dynamic = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LOOKUP}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-c", "--ctx-size"}, "N",
+        format("size of the prompt context (default: %d, 0 = loaded from model)", params.n_ctx),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_ctx = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CTX_SIZE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-n", "--predict", "--n-predict"}, "N",
+        format("number of tokens to predict (default: %d, -1 = infinity, -2 = until context filled)", params.n_predict),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_predict = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_N_PREDICT"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-b", "--batch-size"}, "N",
+        format("logical maximum batch size (default: %d)", params.n_batch),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_batch = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_BATCH"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ub", "--ubatch-size"}, "N",
+        format("physical maximum batch size (default: %d)", params.n_ubatch),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_ubatch = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_UBATCH"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--keep"}, "N",
+        format("number of tokens to keep from the initial prompt (default: %d, -1 = all)", params.n_keep),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_keep = value;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--no-context-shift"},
+        format("disables context shift on inifinite text generation (default: %s)", params.ctx_shift ? "disabled" : "enabled"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.ctx_shift = false;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_CONTEXT_SHIFT"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--chunks"}, "N",
+        format("max number of chunks to process (default: %d, -1 = all)", params.n_chunks),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_chunks = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_RETRIEVAL}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-fa", "--flash-attn"},
+        format("enable Flash Attention (default: %s)", params.flash_attn ? "enabled" : "disabled"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.flash_attn = true;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_FLASH_ATTN"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-p", "--prompt"}, "PROMPT",
+        ex == LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN
+            ? "prompt to start generation with\nif -cnv is set, this will be used as system prompt"
+            : "prompt to start generation with",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.prompt = value;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--no-perf"},
+        format("disable internal libllama performance timings (default: %s)", params.no_perf ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.no_perf = true;
+            params.sparams.no_perf = true;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_PERF"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-f", "--file"}, "FNAME",
+        "a file containing the prompt (default: none)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::ifstream file(value);
+            if (!file) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("error: failed to open file '%s'\n", value.c_str()));
+            }
+            // store the external file name in params
+            params.prompt_file = value;
+            std::copy(std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(file), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(), back_inserter(params.prompt));
+            if (!params.prompt.empty() && params.prompt.back() == '\n') {
+                params.prompt.pop_back();
+            }
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--in-file"}, "FNAME",
+        "an input file (repeat to specify multiple files)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::ifstream file(value);
+            if (!file) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("error: failed to open file '%s'\n", value.c_str()));
+            }
+            params.in_files.push_back(value);
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-bf", "--binary-file"}, "FNAME",
+        "binary file containing the prompt (default: none)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::ifstream file(value, std::ios::binary);
+            if (!file) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("error: failed to open file '%s'\n", value.c_str()));
+            }
+            // store the external file name in params
+            params.prompt_file = value;
+            std::ostringstream ss;
+            ss << file.rdbuf();
+            params.prompt = ss.str();
+            fprintf(stderr, "Read %zu bytes from binary file %s\n", params.prompt.size(), value.c_str());
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-e", "--escape"},
+        format("process escapes sequences (\\n, \\r, \\t, \\', \\\", \\\\) (default: %s)", params.escape ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.escape = true;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--no-escape"},
+        "do not process escape sequences",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.escape = false;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ptc", "--print-token-count"}, "N",
+        format("print token count every N tokens (default: %d)", params.n_print),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_print = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--prompt-cache"}, "FNAME",
+        "file to cache prompt state for faster startup (default: none)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.path_prompt_cache = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--prompt-cache-all"},
+        "if specified, saves user input and generations to cache as well\n",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.prompt_cache_all = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--prompt-cache-ro"},
+        "if specified, uses the prompt cache but does not update it",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.prompt_cache_ro = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-r", "--reverse-prompt"}, "PROMPT",
+        "halt generation at PROMPT, return control in interactive mode\n",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.antiprompt.emplace_back(value);
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-sp", "--special"},
+        format("special tokens output enabled (default: %s)", params.special ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.special = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-cnv", "--conversation"},
+        format(
+            "run in conversation mode:\n"
+            "- does not print special tokens and suffix/prefix\n"
+            "- interactive mode is also enabled\n"
+            "(default: %s)",
+            params.conversation ? "true" : "false"
+        ),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.conversation = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-i", "--interactive"},
+        format("run in interactive mode (default: %s)", params.interactive ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.interactive = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-if", "--interactive-first"},
+        format("run in interactive mode and wait for input right away (default: %s)", params.interactive_first ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.interactive_first = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-mli", "--multiline-input"},
+        "allows you to write or paste multiple lines without ending each in '\\'",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.multiline_input = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--in-prefix-bos"},
+        "prefix BOS to user inputs, preceding the `--in-prefix` string",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.input_prefix_bos = true;
+            params.enable_chat_template = false;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--in-prefix"}, "STRING",
+        "string to prefix user inputs with (default: empty)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.input_prefix = value;
+            params.enable_chat_template = false;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_INFILL}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--in-suffix"}, "STRING",
+        "string to suffix after user inputs with (default: empty)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.input_suffix = value;
+            params.enable_chat_template = false;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_INFILL}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--no-warmup"},
+        "skip warming up the model with an empty run",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.warmup = false;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--spm-infill"},
+        format(
+            "use Suffix/Prefix/Middle pattern for infill (instead of Prefix/Suffix/Middle) as some models prefer this. (default: %s)",
+            params.spm_infill ? "enabled" : "disabled"
+        ),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.spm_infill = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_INFILL}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--samplers"}, "SAMPLERS",
+        format("samplers that will be used for generation in the order, separated by \';\'\n(default: %s)", sampler_type_names.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            const auto sampler_names = string_split(value, ';');
+            params.sparams.samplers = gpt_sampler_types_from_names(sampler_names, true);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-s", "--seed"}, "SEED",
+        format("RNG seed (default: %d, use random seed for %d)", params.sparams.seed, LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.seed = std::stoul(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--sampling-seq"}, "SEQUENCE",
+        format("simplified sequence for samplers that will be used (default: %s)", sampler_type_chars.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.samplers = gpt_sampler_types_from_chars(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--ignore-eos"},
+        "ignore end of stream token and continue generating (implies --logit-bias EOS-inf)",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.sparams.ignore_eos = true;
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--penalize-nl"},
+        format("penalize newline tokens (default: %s)", params.sparams.penalize_nl ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.sparams.penalize_nl = true;
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--temp"}, "N",
+        format("temperature (default: %.1f)", (double)params.sparams.temp),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.temp = std::stof(value);
+            params.sparams.temp = std::max(params.sparams.temp, 0.0f);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--top-k"}, "N",
+        format("top-k sampling (default: %d, 0 = disabled)", params.sparams.top_k),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.sparams.top_k = value;
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--top-p"}, "N",
+        format("top-p sampling (default: %.1f, 1.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sparams.top_p),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.top_p = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--min-p"}, "N",
+        format("min-p sampling (default: %.1f, 0.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sparams.min_p),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.min_p = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--tfs"}, "N",
+        format("tail free sampling, parameter z (default: %.1f, 1.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sparams.tfs_z),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.tfs_z = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--typical"}, "N",
+        format("locally typical sampling, parameter p (default: %.1f, 1.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sparams.typ_p),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.typ_p = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--repeat-last-n"}, "N",
+        format("last n tokens to consider for penalize (default: %d, 0 = disabled, -1 = ctx_size)", params.sparams.penalty_last_n),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.sparams.penalty_last_n = value;
+            params.sparams.n_prev = std::max(params.sparams.n_prev, params.sparams.penalty_last_n);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--repeat-penalty"}, "N",
+        format("penalize repeat sequence of tokens (default: %.1f, 1.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sparams.penalty_repeat),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.penalty_repeat = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--presence-penalty"}, "N",
+        format("repeat alpha presence penalty (default: %.1f, 0.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sparams.penalty_present),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.penalty_present = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--frequency-penalty"}, "N",
+        format("repeat alpha frequency penalty (default: %.1f, 0.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sparams.penalty_freq),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.penalty_freq = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--dynatemp-range"}, "N",
+        format("dynamic temperature range (default: %.1f, 0.0 = disabled)", (double)params.sparams.dynatemp_range),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.dynatemp_range = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--dynatemp-exp"}, "N",
+        format("dynamic temperature exponent (default: %.1f)", (double)params.sparams.dynatemp_exponent),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.dynatemp_exponent = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--mirostat"}, "N",
+        format("use Mirostat sampling.\nTop K, Nucleus, Tail Free and Locally Typical samplers are ignored if used.\n"
+        "(default: %d, 0 = disabled, 1 = Mirostat, 2 = Mirostat 2.0)", params.sparams.mirostat),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.sparams.mirostat = value;
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--mirostat-lr"}, "N",
+        format("Mirostat learning rate, parameter eta (default: %.1f)", (double)params.sparams.mirostat_eta),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.mirostat_eta = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--mirostat-ent"}, "N",
+        format("Mirostat target entropy, parameter tau (default: %.1f)", (double)params.sparams.mirostat_tau),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.mirostat_tau = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-l", "--logit-bias"}, "TOKEN_ID(+/-)BIAS",
+        "modifies the likelihood of token appearing in the completion,\n"
+        "i.e. `--logit-bias 15043+1` to increase likelihood of token ' Hello',\n"
+        "or `--logit-bias 15043-1` to decrease likelihood of token ' Hello'",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::stringstream ss(value);
+            llama_token key;
+            char sign;
+            std::string value_str;
+            try {
+                if (ss >> key && ss >> sign && std::getline(ss, value_str) && (sign == '+' || sign == '-')) {
+                    const float bias = std::stof(value_str) * ((sign == '-') ? -1.0f : 1.0f);
+                    params.sparams.logit_bias.push_back({key, bias});
+                } else {
+                    throw std::invalid_argument("invalid input format");
+                }
+            } catch (const std::exception&) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid input format");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--grammar"}, "GRAMMAR",
+        format("BNF-like grammar to constrain generations (see samples in grammars/ dir) (default: '%s')", params.sparams.grammar.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.grammar = value;
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--grammar-file"}, "FNAME",
+        "file to read grammar from",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::ifstream file(value);
+            if (!file) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("error: failed to open file '%s'\n", value.c_str()));
+            }
+            std::copy(
+                std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(file),
+                std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(),
+                std::back_inserter(params.sparams.grammar)
+            );
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-j", "--json-schema"}, "SCHEMA",
+        "JSON schema to constrain generations (https://json-schema.org/), e.g. `{}` for any JSON object\nFor schemas w/ external $refs, use --grammar + example/json_schema_to_grammar.py instead",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.sparams.grammar = json_schema_to_grammar(json::parse(value));
+        }
+    ).set_sparam());
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--pooling"}, "{none,mean,cls,last,rank}",
+        "pooling type for embeddings, use model default if unspecified",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            /**/ if (value == "none") { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE; }
+            else if (value == "mean") { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_MEAN; }
+            else if (value == "cls")  { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_CLS;  }
+            else if (value == "last") { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_LAST; }
+            else if (value == "rank") { params.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK; }
+            else { throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_RETRIEVAL, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_POOLING"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--attention"}, "{causal,non,causal}",
+        "attention type for embeddings, use model default if unspecified",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            /**/ if (value == "causal") { params.attention_type = LLAMA_ATTENTION_TYPE_CAUSAL; }
+            else if (value == "non-causal") { params.attention_type = LLAMA_ATTENTION_TYPE_NON_CAUSAL; }
+            else { throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--rope-scaling"}, "{none,linear,yarn}",
+        "RoPE frequency scaling method, defaults to linear unless specified by the model",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            /**/ if (value == "none") { params.rope_scaling_type = LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_NONE; }
+            else if (value == "linear") { params.rope_scaling_type = LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_LINEAR; }
+            else if (value == "yarn") { params.rope_scaling_type = LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_YARN; }
+            else { throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--rope-scale"}, "N",
+        "RoPE context scaling factor, expands context by a factor of N",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.rope_freq_scale = 1.0f / std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_SCALE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--rope-freq-base"}, "N",
+        "RoPE base frequency, used by NTK-aware scaling (default: loaded from model)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.rope_freq_base = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_FREQ_BASE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--rope-freq-scale"}, "N",
+        "RoPE frequency scaling factor, expands context by a factor of 1/N",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.rope_freq_scale = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ROPE_FREQ_SCALE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--yarn-orig-ctx"}, "N",
+        format("YaRN: original context size of model (default: %d = model training context size)", params.yarn_orig_ctx),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.yarn_orig_ctx = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_ORIG_CTX"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--yarn-ext-factor"}, "N",
+        format("YaRN: extrapolation mix factor (default: %.1f, 0.0 = full interpolation)", (double)params.yarn_ext_factor),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.yarn_ext_factor = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_EXT_FACTOR"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--yarn-attn-factor"}, "N",
+        format("YaRN: scale sqrt(t) or attention magnitude (default: %.1f)", (double)params.yarn_attn_factor),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.yarn_attn_factor = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_ATTN_FACTOR"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--yarn-beta-slow"}, "N",
+        format("YaRN: high correction dim or alpha (default: %.1f)", (double)params.yarn_beta_slow),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.yarn_beta_slow = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_BETA_SLOW"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--yarn-beta-fast"}, "N",
+        format("YaRN: low correction dim or beta (default: %.1f)", (double)params.yarn_beta_fast),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.yarn_beta_fast = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_YARN_BETA_FAST"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-gan", "--grp-attn-n"}, "N",
+        format("group-attention factor (default: %d)", params.grp_attn_n),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.grp_attn_n = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_GRP_ATTN_N"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-gaw", "--grp-attn-w"}, "N",
+        format("group-attention width (default: %.1f)", (double)params.grp_attn_w),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.grp_attn_w = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_GRP_ATTN_W"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-dkvc", "--dump-kv-cache"},
+        "verbose print of the KV cache",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.dump_kv_cache = true;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-nkvo", "--no-kv-offload"},
+        "disable KV offload",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.no_kv_offload = true;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_KV_OFFLOAD"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ctk", "--cache-type-k"}, "TYPE",
+        format("KV cache data type for K (default: %s)", params.cache_type_k.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            // TODO: get the type right here
+            params.cache_type_k = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CACHE_TYPE_K"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ctv", "--cache-type-v"}, "TYPE",
+        format("KV cache data type for V (default: %s)", params.cache_type_v.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            // TODO: get the type right here
+            params.cache_type_v = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CACHE_TYPE_V"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--perplexity", "--all-logits"},
+        format("return logits for all tokens in the batch (default: %s)", params.logits_all ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.logits_all = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--hellaswag"},
+        "compute HellaSwag score over random tasks from datafile supplied with -f",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.hellaswag = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--hellaswag-tasks"}, "N",
+        format("number of tasks to use when computing the HellaSwag score (default: %zu)", params.hellaswag_tasks),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.hellaswag_tasks = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--winogrande"},
+        "compute Winogrande score over random tasks from datafile supplied with -f",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.winogrande = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--winogrande-tasks"}, "N",
+        format("number of tasks to use when computing the Winogrande score (default: %zu)", params.winogrande_tasks),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.winogrande_tasks = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--multiple-choice"},
+        "compute multiple choice score over random tasks from datafile supplied with -f",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.multiple_choice = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--multiple-choice-tasks"}, "N",
+        format("number of tasks to use when computing the multiple choice score (default: %zu)", params.multiple_choice_tasks),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.multiple_choice_tasks = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--kl-divergence"},
+        "computes KL-divergence to logits provided via --kl-divergence-base",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.kl_divergence = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--save-all-logits", "--kl-divergence-base"}, "FNAME",
+        "set logits file",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.logits_file = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--ppl-stride"}, "N",
+        format("stride for perplexity calculation (default: %d)", params.ppl_stride),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.ppl_stride = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--ppl-output-type"}, "<0|1>",
+        format("output type for perplexity calculation (default: %d)", params.ppl_output_type),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.ppl_output_type = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PERPLEXITY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-dt", "--defrag-thold"}, "N",
+        format("KV cache defragmentation threshold (default: %.1f, < 0 - disabled)", (double)params.defrag_thold),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.defrag_thold = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_DEFRAG_THOLD"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-np", "--parallel"}, "N",
+        format("number of parallel sequences to decode (default: %d)", params.n_parallel),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_parallel = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_N_PARALLEL"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ns", "--sequences"}, "N",
+        format("number of sequences to decode (default: %d)", params.n_sequences),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_sequences = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PARALLEL}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-cb", "--cont-batching"},
+        format("enable continuous batching (a.k.a dynamic batching) (default: %s)", params.cont_batching ? "enabled" : "disabled"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.cont_batching = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CONT_BATCHING"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-nocb", "--no-cont-batching"},
+        "disable continuous batching",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.cont_batching = false;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_CONT_BATCHING"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--mmproj"}, "FILE",
+        "path to a multimodal projector file for LLaVA. see examples/llava/README.md",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.mmproj = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LLAVA}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--image"}, "FILE",
+        "path to an image file. use with multimodal models. Specify multiple times for batching",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.image.emplace_back(value);
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LLAVA}));
+#ifdef GGML_USE_RPC
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--rpc"}, "SERVERS",
+        "comma separated list of RPC servers",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.rpc_servers = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_RPC"));
+#endif
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--mlock"},
+        "force system to keep model in RAM rather than swapping or compressing",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.use_mlock = true;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_MLOCK"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--no-mmap"},
+        "do not memory-map model (slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.use_mmap = false;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_MMAP"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--numa"}, "TYPE",
+        "attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems\n"
+        "- distribute: spread execution evenly over all nodes\n"
+        "- isolate: only spawn threads on CPUs on the node that execution started on\n"
+        "- numactl: use the CPU map provided by numactl\n"
+        "if run without this previously, it is recommended to drop the system page cache before using this\n"
+        "see https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/issues/1437",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            /**/ if (value == "distribute" || value == "") { params.numa = GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_DISTRIBUTE; }
+            else if (value == "isolate") { params.numa = GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_ISOLATE; }
+            else if (value == "numactl") { params.numa = GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_NUMACTL; }
+            else { throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NUMA"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ngl", "--gpu-layers", "--n-gpu-layers"}, "N",
+        "number of layers to store in VRAM",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_gpu_layers = value;
+            if (!llama_supports_gpu_offload()) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "warning: not compiled with GPU offload support, --gpu-layers option will be ignored\n");
+                fprintf(stderr, "warning: see main README.md for information on enabling GPU BLAS support\n");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_N_GPU_LAYERS"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ngld", "--gpu-layers-draft", "--n-gpu-layers-draft"}, "N",
+        "number of layers to store in VRAM for the draft model",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_gpu_layers_draft = value;
+            if (!llama_supports_gpu_offload()) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "warning: not compiled with GPU offload support, --gpu-layers-draft option will be ignored\n");
+                fprintf(stderr, "warning: see main README.md for information on enabling GPU BLAS support\n");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-sm", "--split-mode"}, "{none,layer,row}",
+        "how to split the model across multiple GPUs, one of:\n"
+        "- none: use one GPU only\n"
+        "- layer (default): split layers and KV across GPUs\n"
+        "- row: split rows across GPUs",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::string arg_next = value;
+            if (arg_next == "none") {
+                params.split_mode = LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_NONE;
+            } else if (arg_next == "layer") {
+                params.split_mode = LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER;
+            } else if (arg_next == "row") {
+#ifdef GGML_USE_SYCL
+                fprintf(stderr, "warning: The split mode value:[row] is not supported by llama.cpp with SYCL. It's developing.\nExit!\n");
+                exit(1);
+#endif // GGML_USE_SYCL
+                params.split_mode = LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_ROW;
+            } else {
+                throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value");
+            }
+            if (!llama_supports_gpu_offload()) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "warning: llama.cpp was compiled without support for GPU offload. Setting the split mode has no effect.\n");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_SPLIT_MODE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ts", "--tensor-split"}, "N0,N1,N2,...",
+        "fraction of the model to offload to each GPU, comma-separated list of proportions, e.g. 3,1",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::string arg_next = value;
+
+            // split string by , and /
+            const std::regex regex{ R"([,/]+)" };
+            std::sregex_token_iterator it{ arg_next.begin(), arg_next.end(), regex, -1 };
+            std::vector<std::string> split_arg{ it, {} };
+            if (split_arg.size() >= llama_max_devices()) {
+                throw std::invalid_argument(
+                    format("got %d input configs, but system only has %d devices", (int)split_arg.size(), (int)llama_max_devices())
+                );
+            }
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < llama_max_devices(); ++i) {
+                if (i < split_arg.size()) {
+                    params.tensor_split[i] = std::stof(split_arg[i]);
+                } else {
+                    params.tensor_split[i] = 0.0f;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!llama_supports_gpu_offload()) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "warning: llama.cpp was compiled without support for GPU offload. Setting a tensor split has no effect.\n");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_TENSOR_SPLIT"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-mg", "--main-gpu"}, "INDEX",
+        format("the GPU to use for the model (with split-mode = none), or for intermediate results and KV (with split-mode = row) (default: %d)", params.main_gpu),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.main_gpu = value;
+            if (!llama_supports_gpu_offload()) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "warning: llama.cpp was compiled without support for GPU offload. Setting the main GPU has no effect.\n");
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_MAIN_GPU"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--check-tensors"},
+        format("check model tensor data for invalid values (default: %s)", params.check_tensors ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.check_tensors = true;
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--override-kv"}, "KEY=TYPE:VALUE",
+        "advanced option to override model metadata by key. may be specified multiple times.\n"
+        "types: int, float, bool, str. example: --override-kv tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token=bool:false",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            if (!string_parse_kv_override(value.c_str(), params.kv_overrides)) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("error: Invalid type for KV override: %s\n", value.c_str()));
+            }
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--lora"}, "FNAME",
+        "path to LoRA adapter (can be repeated to use multiple adapters)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.lora_adapters.push_back({ std::string(value), 1.0 });
+        }
+        // we define this arg on both COMMON and EXPORT_LORA, so when showing help message of export-lora, it will be categorized as "example-specific" arg
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--lora-scaled"}, "FNAME", "SCALE",
+        "path to LoRA adapter with user defined scaling (can be repeated to use multiple adapters)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & fname, const std::string & scale) {
+            params.lora_adapters.push_back({ fname, std::stof(scale) });
+        }
+        // we define this arg on both COMMON and EXPORT_LORA, so when showing help message of export-lora, it will be categorized as "example-specific" arg
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--control-vector"}, "FNAME",
+        "add a control vector\nnote: this argument can be repeated to add multiple control vectors",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.control_vectors.push_back({ 1.0f, value, });
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--control-vector-scaled"}, "FNAME", "SCALE",
+        "add a control vector with user defined scaling SCALE\n"
+        "note: this argument can be repeated to add multiple scaled control vectors",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & fname, const std::string & scale) {
+            params.control_vectors.push_back({ std::stof(scale), fname });
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--control-vector-layer-range"}, "START", "END",
+        "layer range to apply the control vector(s) to, start and end inclusive",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & start, const std::string & end) {
+            params.control_vector_layer_start = std::stoi(start);
+            params.control_vector_layer_end = std::stoi(end);
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-a", "--alias"}, "STRING",
+        "set alias for model name (to be used by REST API)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.model_alias = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ALIAS"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-m", "--model"}, "FNAME",
+        ex == LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA
+            ? std::string("model path from which to load base model")
+            : format(
+                "model path (default: `models/$filename` with filename from `--hf-file` "
+                "or `--model-url` if set, otherwise %s)", DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH
+            ),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.model = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_MODEL"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-md", "--model-draft"}, "FNAME",
+        "draft model for speculative decoding (default: unused)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.model_draft = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-mu", "--model-url"}, "MODEL_URL",
+        "model download url (default: unused)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.model_url = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_MODEL_URL"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-hfr", "--hf-repo"}, "REPO",
+        "Hugging Face model repository (default: unused)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.hf_repo = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_HF_REPO"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-hff", "--hf-file"}, "FILE",
+        "Hugging Face model file (default: unused)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.hf_file = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_HF_FILE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-hft", "--hf-token"}, "TOKEN",
+        "Hugging Face access token (default: value from HF_TOKEN environment variable)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.hf_token = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("HF_TOKEN"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--context-file"}, "FNAME",
+        "file to load context from (repeat to specify multiple files)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::ifstream file(value, std::ios::binary);
+            if (!file) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("error: failed to open file '%s'\n", value.c_str()));
+            }
+            params.context_files.push_back(value);
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_RETRIEVAL}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--chunk-size"}, "N",
+        format("minimum length of embedded text chunks (default: %d)", params.chunk_size),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.chunk_size = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_RETRIEVAL}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--chunk-separator"}, "STRING",
+        format("separator between chunks (default: '%s')", params.chunk_separator.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.chunk_separator = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_RETRIEVAL}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--junk"}, "N",
+        format("number of times to repeat the junk text (default: %d)", params.n_junk),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_junk = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PASSKEY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--pos"}, "N",
+        format("position of the passkey in the junk text (default: %d)", params.i_pos),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.i_pos = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PASSKEY}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-o", "--output", "--output-file"}, "FNAME",
+        format("output file (default: '%s')",
+            ex == LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA
+                ? params.lora_outfile.c_str()
+                : ex == LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR
+                    ? params.cvector_outfile.c_str()
+                    : params.out_file.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.out_file = value;
+            params.cvector_outfile = value;
+            params.lora_outfile = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ofreq", "--output-frequency"}, "N",
+        format("output the imatrix every N iterations (default: %d)", params.n_out_freq),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_out_freq = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--save-frequency"}, "N",
+        format("save an imatrix copy every N iterations (default: %d)", params.n_save_freq),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_save_freq = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--process-output"},
+        format("collect data for the output tensor (default: %s)", params.process_output ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.process_output = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--no-ppl"},
+        format("do not compute perplexity (default: %s)", params.compute_ppl ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.compute_ppl = false;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--chunk", "--from-chunk"}, "N",
+        format("start processing the input from chunk N (default: %d)", params.i_chunk),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.i_chunk = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-pps"},
+        format("is the prompt shared across parallel sequences (default: %s)", params.is_pp_shared ? "true" : "false"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.is_pp_shared = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_BENCH}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-npp"}, "n0,n1,...",
+        "number of prompt tokens",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            auto p = string_split<int>(value, ',');
+            params.n_pp.insert(params.n_pp.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_BENCH}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ntg"}, "n0,n1,...",
+        "number of text generation tokens",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            auto p = string_split<int>(value, ',');
+            params.n_tg.insert(params.n_tg.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_BENCH}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-npl"}, "n0,n1,...",
+        "number of parallel prompts",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            auto p = string_split<int>(value, ',');
+            params.n_pl.insert(params.n_pl.end(), p.begin(), p.end());
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_BENCH}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--embd-normalize"}, "N",
+        format("normalisation for embendings (default: %d) (-1=none, 0=max absolute int16, 1=taxicab, 2=euclidean, >2=p-norm)", params.embd_normalize),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.embd_normalize = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--embd-output-format"}, "FORMAT",
+        "empty = default, \"array\" = [[],[]...], \"json\" = openai style, \"json+\" = same \"json\" + cosine similarity matrix",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.embd_out = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--embd-separator"}, "STRING",
+        "separator of embendings (default \\n) for example \"<#sep#>\"",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.embd_sep = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EMBEDDING}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--host"}, "HOST",
+        format("ip address to listen (default: %s)", params.hostname.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.hostname = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_HOST"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--port"}, "PORT",
+        format("port to listen (default: %d)", params.port),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.port = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_PORT"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--path"}, "PATH",
+        format("path to serve static files from (default: %s)", params.public_path.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.public_path = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_STATIC_PATH"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--embedding", "--embeddings"},
+        format("restrict to only support embedding use case; use only with dedicated embedding models (default: %s)", params.embedding ? "enabled" : "disabled"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.embedding = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_EMBEDDINGS"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--reranking", "--rerank"},
+        format("enable reranking endpoint on server (default: %s)", params.reranking ? "enabled" : "disabled"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.reranking = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_RERANKING"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--api-key"}, "KEY",
+        "API key to use for authentication (default: none)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.api_keys.push_back(value);
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_API_KEY"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--api-key-file"}, "FNAME",
+        "path to file containing API keys (default: none)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::ifstream key_file(value);
+            if (!key_file) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("error: failed to open file '%s'\n", value.c_str()));
+            }
+            std::string key;
+            while (std::getline(key_file, key)) {
+                if (!key.empty()) {
+                        params.api_keys.push_back(key);
+                }
+            }
+            key_file.close();
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--ssl-key-file"}, "FNAME",
+        "path to file a PEM-encoded SSL private key",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.ssl_file_key = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_SSL_KEY_FILE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--ssl-cert-file"}, "FNAME",
+        "path to file a PEM-encoded SSL certificate",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.ssl_file_cert = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_SSL_CERT_FILE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-to", "--timeout"}, "N",
+        format("server read/write timeout in seconds (default: %d)", params.timeout_read),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.timeout_read  = value;
+            params.timeout_write = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_TIMEOUT"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--threads-http"}, "N",
+        format("number of threads used to process HTTP requests (default: %d)", params.n_threads_http),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_threads_http = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_THREADS_HTTP"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-spf", "--system-prompt-file"}, "FNAME",
+        "set a file to load a system prompt (initial prompt of all slots), this is useful for chat applications",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            std::ifstream file(value);
+            if (!file) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("error: failed to open file '%s'\n", value.c_str()));
+            }
+            std::string system_prompt;
+            std::copy(
+                        std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(file),
+                        std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(),
+                        std::back_inserter(system_prompt)
+                        );
+            params.system_prompt = system_prompt;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--metrics"},
+        format("enable prometheus compatible metrics endpoint (default: %s)", params.endpoint_metrics ? "enabled" : "disabled"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.endpoint_metrics = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_ENDPOINT_METRICS"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--no-slots"},
+        format("disables slots monitoring endpoint (default: %s)", params.endpoint_slots ? "enabled" : "disabled"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.endpoint_slots = false;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_NO_ENDPOINT_SLOTS"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--slot-save-path"}, "PATH",
+        "path to save slot kv cache (default: disabled)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.slot_save_path = value;
+            // if doesn't end with DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, add it
+            if (!params.slot_save_path.empty() && params.slot_save_path[params.slot_save_path.size() - 1] != DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) {
+                params.slot_save_path += DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+            }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--chat-template"}, "JINJA_TEMPLATE",
+        "set custom jinja chat template (default: template taken from model's metadata)\n"
+        "if suffix/prefix are specified, template will be disabled\n"
+        "only commonly used templates are accepted:\nhttps://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/wiki/Templates-supported-by-llama_chat_apply_template",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            if (!llama_chat_verify_template(value)) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format(
+                    "error: the supplied chat template is not supported: %s\n"
+                    "note: llama.cpp does not use jinja parser, we only support commonly used templates\n",
+                    value.c_str()
+                ));
+            }
+            params.chat_template = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_CHAT_TEMPLATE"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-sps", "--slot-prompt-similarity"}, "SIMILARITY",
+        format("how much the prompt of a request must match the prompt of a slot in order to use that slot (default: %.2f, 0.0 = disabled)\n", params.slot_prompt_similarity),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.slot_prompt_similarity = std::stof(value);
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--lora-init-without-apply"},
+        format("load LoRA adapters without applying them (apply later via POST /lora-adapters) (default: %s)", params.lora_init_without_apply ? "enabled" : "disabled"),
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.lora_init_without_apply = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--simple-io"},
+        "use basic IO for better compatibility in subprocesses and limited consoles",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.simple_io = true;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_MAIN, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_INFILL}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-ld", "--logdir"}, "LOGDIR",
+        "path under which to save YAML logs (no logging if unset)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.logdir = value;
+
+            if (params.logdir.back() != DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) {
+                params.logdir += DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+            }
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--positive-file"}, "FNAME",
+        format("positive prompts file, one prompt per line (default: '%s')", params.cvector_positive_file.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.cvector_positive_file = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--negative-file"}, "FNAME",
+        format("negative prompts file, one prompt per line (default: '%s')", params.cvector_negative_file.c_str()),
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.cvector_negative_file = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--pca-batch"}, "N",
+        format("batch size used for PCA. Larger batch runs faster, but uses more memory (default: %d)", params.n_pca_batch),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_pca_batch = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--pca-iter"}, "N",
+        format("number of iterations used for PCA (default: %d)", params.n_pca_iterations),
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.n_pca_iterations = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--method"}, "{pca, mean}",
+        "dimensionality reduction method to be used (default: pca)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            /**/ if (value == "pca") { params.cvector_dimre_method = DIMRE_METHOD_PCA; }
+            else if (value == "mean") { params.cvector_dimre_method = DIMRE_METHOD_MEAN; }
+            else { throw std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--output-format"}, "{md,jsonl}",
+        "output format for batched-bench results (default: md)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            /**/ if (value == "jsonl") { params.batched_bench_output_jsonl = true; }
+            else if (value == "md") { params.batched_bench_output_jsonl = false; }
+            else { std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_BENCH}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--log-disable"},
+        "Log disable",
+        [](gpt_params &) {
+            gpt_log_pause(gpt_log_main());
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--log-file"}, "FNAME",
+        "Log to file",
+        [](gpt_params &, const std::string & value) {
+            gpt_log_set_file(gpt_log_main(), value.c_str());
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--log-colors"},
+        "Enable colored logging",
+        [](gpt_params &) {
+            gpt_log_set_colors(gpt_log_main(), true);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_LOG_COLORS"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-v", "--verbose", "--log-verbose"},
+        "Set verbosity level to infinity (i.e. log all messages, useful for debugging)",
+        [](gpt_params & params) {
+            params.verbosity = INT_MAX;
+            gpt_log_set_verbosity_thold(INT_MAX);
+        }
+    ));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"-lv", "--verbosity", "--log-verbosity"}, "N",
+        "Set the verbosity threshold. Messages with a higher verbosity will be ignored.",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value) {
+            params.verbosity = value;
+            gpt_log_set_verbosity_thold(value);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_LOG_VERBOSITY"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--log-prefix"},
+        "Enable prefx in log messages",
+        [](gpt_params &) {
+            gpt_log_set_prefix(gpt_log_main(), true);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_LOG_PREFIX"));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--log-timestamps"},
+        "Enable timestamps in log messages",
+        [](gpt_params &) {
+            gpt_log_set_timestamps(gpt_log_main(), true);
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_LOG_TIMESTAMPS"));
+
+    return ctx_arg;
+}