@forgeax/engine-runtime 0.1.23 → 0.1.24

package/src/__tests__/skin-palette-extract.cases.unit.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+// @ts-nocheck — merged file: indexed-access checks cascade across noUncheckedIndexedAccess for blocks originally outside src/ rootDir
+// Consolidated by feat-20260609-test-pool-startup-reduction-merge-tiny-test-files
+// biome-ignore-all lint/complexity/noUselessLoneBlockStatements: block-scope isolation between merged source files (consolidation paradigm)
+//
+// Source files (N=44):
+//   - packages/runtime/__tests__/antialias-from-f32.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/bloom-gating.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/camera-antialias.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/camera-bloom.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/camera-clear-schema.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/camera-ortho.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/fxaa-intermediate-texture.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/fxaa-pipeline.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/ibl-pipeline-cache.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/ibl-runtime-probe.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/render-system-record-warn-once.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/shadow-skip-non-triangle.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/skin-errors-kebab-case.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/skybox-error.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/skybox-shader-compile.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/skylight-bind-group.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/skylight-component.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/skylight-fallback-path.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/skylight-pipeline-layout.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/tonemap-hdr-target.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/tonemap-pipeline-split.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/zero-camera-clear-fallback.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/components/__tests__/skin.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/advance-animation-player.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/graph-skybox.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/propagate-transforms.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/skin-cap-gate.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/skin-instances-coexist.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/skin-palette-extract.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/skin-pipeline-routing.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/skybox-extract.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/sprite-animation-tick-boundary.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/sprite-animation-tick-clamp.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/sprite-animation-tick-frame-duration-negative.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/sprite-animation-tick-frame-duration-zero.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/sprite-animation-tick-loop.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/sprite-animation-tick-override-probe.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/sprite-animation-tick-regions-mismatch.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/tonemap.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/transparent-sort-config-get.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/transparent-sort-config-set.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/systems/__tests__/transparent-sort.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/render-system-multi-material.test.ts
+//   - packages/runtime/src/__tests__/render-system-record-submesh.test.ts
+//
+// Paradigm: each block-scope wraps a source file. ancestorTitles[0] is the
+// source-preserved inner describe (NOT the source filename for these 3 files
+// — recovery path: vitest report ancestorTitles -> grep this file -> upstream
+// `// ─── from <name>.test.ts ───` block separator -> source filename).
+// Top-level imports merged + deduped.
+
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { resolve } from 'node:path';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { AnimationPlayer } from '@forgeax/engine-animation';
+import type { AssetRuntimeErrorCode } from '@forgeax/engine-assets-runtime';
+import { AssetRegistry } from '@forgeax/engine-assets-runtime';
+import type { EntityHandle, World as WorldType } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs';
+import { ENTITY_NULL_RAW, World } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs';
+import { SpriteAnimationInvalidError } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs/projection';
+import { mat4, vec3 } from '@forgeax/engine-math';
+import type { RenderErrorCode, Renderer as RendererType } from '@forgeax/engine-render';
+import {
+  ANTIALIAS_FXAA,
+  ANTIALIAS_NONE,
+  BLOOM_DISABLED,
+  BLOOM_ENABLED,
+  CAMERA_PROJECTION_ORTHOGRAPHIC,
+  CAMERA_PROJECTION_PERSPECTIVE,
+  Camera,
+  MeshFilter,
+  MeshRenderer,
+  SkyboxBackground,
+  Skylight,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-render';
+import type { BindGroupEntry, Buffer, Sampler, Texture, TextureView } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import { ok as rhiOk } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import { ChildOf, Name, propagateTransforms, Transform } from '@forgeax/engine-scene';
+import { TONEMAP_LUMINANCE_EPSILON } from '@forgeax/engine-shader';
+import type { SkinErrorCode } from '@forgeax/engine-skinning';
+import {
+  Skin,
+  SkinInstancesCoexistForbiddenError,
+  SkinJointCountExceededError,
+  SkinJointDespawnedError,
+  SkinJointPathUnresolvedError,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-skinning';
+import type {
+  Handle,
+  MaterialAsset,
+  MeshAsset,
+  SkeletonAsset,
+  TextureFormat,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-types';
+import { toShared } from '@forgeax/engine-types';
+import { afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { worldInternal } from '../../../ecs/src/world-internal';
+import {
+  SPRITE_PLAYBACK_MODE_CLAMP,
+  SPRITE_PLAYBACK_MODE_LOOP,
+  SpriteAnimation,
+  SpriteRegionOverride,
+} from '../../../render/src/components';
+import {
+  type CameraProjection,
+  cameraProjectionFromF32,
+} from '../../../render/src/components/camera';
+import {
+  assembleMaterialWithSkylightEntries,
+  createSkylightFallback,
+  mergeSkylightIntoMaterialBgl,
+} from '../../../render/src/ibl/skylight-bind-group';
+import { buildPbrPipelineLayouts, buildUnlitMaterialBgl } from '../../../render/src/pbr-pipeline';
+import { INSTANCE_STORAGE_STRIDE_FLOATS } from '../../../render/src/record/mesh-ssbo';
+import { selectSwapChainFormat } from '../../../render/src/render-system';
+import { createSkinPaletteAllocator } from '../../../render/src/systems/skin-palette-allocator';
+import type { TransparentEntry } from '../../../render/src/systems/transparent-sort-config';
+import { standardMaterialShaderVariants } from './helpers/standard-material-manifest';
+import { drawWithOwners } from './renderer-test-utils';
+
+function componentFieldType(component: { fields: Record<string, { type: string }> }, name: string) {
+  return component.fields[name]?.type;
+}
+
+function componentFieldDefault(
+  component: { fields: Record<string, { default?: unknown }> },
+  name: string,
+) {
+  return component.fields[name]?.default;
+}
+
+function componentSchemaTypes(component: { fields: Record<string, { type: string }> }) {
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(component.fields).map(([name, field]) => [name, field.type]),
+  );
+}
+
+afterEach(() => vi.restoreAllMocks());
+
+type RendererErrorObservation = {
+  readonly code: string;
+  readonly detail?: unknown;
+  readonly hint?: string;
+};
+
+function unwrapRendererError(value: unknown): RendererErrorObservation {
+  let current = value as RendererErrorObservation;
+  while (
+    current.detail !== undefined &&
+    typeof current.detail === 'object' &&
+    current.detail !== null
+  ) {
+    const cause = (current.detail as { cause?: unknown }).cause;
+    if (
+      cause === undefined ||
+      typeof cause !== 'object' ||
+      cause === null ||
+      typeof (cause as { code?: unknown }).code !== 'string'
+    ) {
+      break;
+    }
+    current = cause as RendererErrorObservation;
+  }
+  return current;
+}
+
+function subscribeRendererErrors(
+  renderer: RendererType,
+  listener: (error: RendererErrorObservation) => void,
+): () => void {
+  return renderer.subscribe((event) => {
+    if (event.kind === 'error') listener(unwrapRendererError(event.error));
+  });
+}
+
+function drawPublished(renderer: RendererType, world: WorldType) {
+  const attached = renderer.attach(world);
+  if (!attached.ok) throw attached.error;
+  world.update().unwrap();
+  return drawWithOwners(renderer, world);
+}
+
+// feat-20260704-runtime-tier1-decomposition M2 / w12: reconstitute the
+// eliminated top-level RuntimeErrorCode aggregate union (D-3) as a test-local
+// alias so the exhaustive-switch bodies below stay byte-identical (AC-09).
+type RuntimeLayerErrorCode = RenderErrorCode | AssetRuntimeErrorCode | SkinErrorCode;
+
+import {
+  AnimationTargetId,
+  bindAnimationTargets,
+  advanceAnimationPlayer as canonicalAdvanceAnimationPlayer,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-animation';
+import { deriveAnimationTargetId } from '@forgeax/engine-animation/target-id';
+import { DeviceScope } from '../../../render/src/device/device-scope';
+import { GpuBuffer } from '../../../render/src/gpu-resource';
+import { getOrCreateIblCache, hasIblCache } from '../../../render/src/ibl/IblPipelineCache';
+import {
+  disposeInstanceBuffers,
+  type InstanceBufferCacheEntry,
+} from '../../../render/src/instance-buffer-cache';
+import { standardPipeline as urpPipeline } from '../../../render/src/pipeline/standard-pipeline';
+import { ZERO_CAMERA_CLEAR_FALLBACK } from '../../../render/src/record/frame-snapshot';
+import {
+  warnMultiLightDirectional,
+  warnMultiLightPoint,
+  warnMultiLightSpot,
+} from '../../../render/src/record/helpers';
+import type { CameraSnapshot } from '../../../render/src/render-contract';
+import {
+  type ExtractedLights,
+  extractFrame,
+  extractFrames,
+  prepareExtractContext,
+} from '../../../render/src/render-system-extract';
+import {
+  getTransparentSortConfig,
+  setTransparentSortConfig,
+  TRANSPARENT_SORT_CONFIG_KEY,
+  TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_Y,
+  TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_YZ,
+  TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_Z,
+} from '../../../render/src/systems/transparent-sort-config';
+import { spriteAnimationTickSystem } from '../systems/sprite-animation-tick';
+import { REC709_LUMA_WEIGHTS, tonemapReinhardLuminance } from '../systems/tonemap';
+import { transparentSortEntries } from '../systems/transparent-sort';
+import { makeMockShaderRegistry } from './helpers/mock-shader-registry';
+
+void [
+  ANTIALIAS_FXAA,
+  ANTIALIAS_NONE,
+  AnimationPlayer,
+  AnimationTargetId,
+  AssetRegistry,
+  BLOOM_DISABLED,
+  BLOOM_ENABLED,
+  CAMERA_PROJECTION_ORTHOGRAPHIC,
+  CAMERA_PROJECTION_PERSPECTIVE,
+  Camera,
+  ChildOf,
+  DeviceScope,
+  ENTITY_NULL_RAW,
+  GpuBuffer,
+  INSTANCE_STORAGE_STRIDE_FLOATS,
+  MeshFilter,
+  MeshRenderer,
+  Name,
+  REC709_LUMA_WEIGHTS,
+  SPRITE_PLAYBACK_MODE_CLAMP,
+  SPRITE_PLAYBACK_MODE_LOOP,
+  Skin,
+  SkinInstancesCoexistForbiddenError,
+  SkinJointCountExceededError,
+  SkinJointDespawnedError,
+  SkinJointPathUnresolvedError,
+  SkyboxBackground,
+  Skylight,
+  SpriteAnimation,
+  SpriteAnimationInvalidError,
+  SpriteRegionOverride,
+  TONEMAP_LUMINANCE_EPSILON,
+  TRANSPARENT_SORT_CONFIG_KEY,
+  TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_Y,
+  TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_YZ,
+  TRANSPARENT_SORT_MODE_LAYER_Z,
+  Transform,
+  World,
+  ZERO_CAMERA_CLEAR_FALLBACK,
+  afterEach,
+  assembleMaterialWithSkylightEntries,
+  beforeAll,
+  beforeEach,
+  bindAnimationTargets,
+  buildPbrPipelineLayouts,
+  buildUnlitMaterialBgl,
+  cameraProjectionFromF32,
+  canonicalAdvanceAnimationPlayer,
+  componentFieldDefault,
+  componentFieldType,
+  componentSchemaTypes,
+  createSkinPaletteAllocator,
+  createSkylightFallback,
+  deriveAnimationTargetId,
+  describe,
+  disposeInstanceBuffers,
+  drawPublished,
+  drawWithOwners,
+  expect,
+  extractFrame,
+  extractFrames,
+  fileURLToPath,
+  getOrCreateIblCache,
+  getTransparentSortConfig,
+  hasIblCache,
+  it,
+  makeMockShaderRegistry,
+  mat4,
+  mergeSkylightIntoMaterialBgl,
+  prepareExtractContext,
+  propagateTransforms,
+  readFileSync,
+  resolve,
+  rhiOk,
+  selectSwapChainFormat,
+  setTransparentSortConfig,
+  spriteAnimationTickSystem,
+  standardMaterialShaderVariants,
+  subscribeRendererErrors,
+  toShared,
+  tonemapReinhardLuminance,
+  transparentSortEntries,
+  unwrapRendererError,
+  urpPipeline,
+  vec3,
+  vi,
+  warnMultiLightDirectional,
+  warnMultiLightPoint,
+  warnMultiLightSpot,
+  worldInternal,
+];
+type __MergedKeep =
+  | AssetRuntimeErrorCode
+  | BindGroupEntry
+  | Buffer
+  | CameraProjection
+  | CameraSnapshot
+  | EntityHandle
+  | ExtractedLights
+  | Handle
+  | InstanceBufferCacheEntry
+  | MaterialAsset
+  | MeshAsset
+  | RenderErrorCode
+  | RendererErrorObservation
+  | RendererType
+  | RuntimeLayerErrorCode
+  | Sampler
+  | SkeletonAsset
+  | SkinErrorCode
+  | Texture
+  | TextureFormat
+  | TextureView
+  | TransparentEntry
+  | WorldType;
+
+{
+  // --- from skin-palette-extract.test.ts ---
+
+  // We test the allocator logic directly by mocking the RhiDevice.
+  // The createSkinPaletteAllocator function takes a real RhiDevice,
+  // but we can test allocateSlice and writeJointPalette through the
+  // public API after a real device is provided.
+  // For unit-testing grow/overflow logic, we test the allocator helper
+  // functions extracted from the implementation.
+
+  const MAX_BINDING = 128 * 1024 * 1024; // 128 MiB
+
+  describe('skin palette allocator', () => {
+    function mockDevice(capacity: number = MAX_BINDING) {
+      const buffers: Array<{ size: number }> = [];
+      const written: Array<{ offset: number; data: Float32Array }> = [];
+      return {
+        device: {
+          createBuffer: (desc: { size: number; usage: number; mappedAtCreation: boolean }) => {
+            if (desc.size > capacity) {
+              return { ok: false, error: new Error('limit-exceeded') };
+            }
+            const buf = { size: desc.size, _id: buffers.length };
+            buffers.push(buf);
+            return { ok: true, value: buf };
+          },
+          queue: {
+            writeBuffer: (_buf: unknown, offset: number, data: Float32Array) => {
+              written.push({ offset, data });
+              return { ok: true };
+            },
+          },
+        } as unknown as Parameters<typeof createSkinPaletteAllocator>[0],
+        buffers,
+        written,
+      };
+    }
+
+    it('allocateSlice returns correct byteOffset and jointCount', () => {
+      const { device } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, MAX_BINDING);
+      const slice = alloc.allocateSlice(5);
+      expect(slice.jointCount).toBe(5);
+      expect(slice.byteOffset).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it('consecutive allocations stack offsets rounded up to 256-byte alignment', () => {
+      const { device } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, MAX_BINDING);
+      const s1 = alloc.allocateSlice(3);
+      expect(s1.jointCount).toBe(3);
+      expect(s1.byteOffset).toBe(0);
+      const s2 = alloc.allocateSlice(2);
+      expect(s2.jointCount).toBe(2);
+      // 3 joints * 64 = 192, rounded up to the 256-byte dynamic-offset
+      // alignment (WebGPU minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment) -> 256, NOT 192.
+      expect(s2.byteOffset).toBe(256);
+    });
+
+    // Regression for the hellforge crash: a skinned char with 33 joints made
+    // the 1st slice's tight footprint 33*64 = 2112, which is not a multiple of
+    // 256 (2112 = 256 * 8.25). The 2nd slice then bound at dynOffset 2112 and
+    // tripped `Dynamic Offset[1] (2112) is not 256 byte aligned` at draw time.
+    // Every slice's byteOffset must be 256-aligned regardless of joint count.
+    it('every slice byteOffset stays 256-aligned even for non-aligned joint counts', () => {
+      const { device } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, 262144);
+      // Joint counts whose *64 footprint is NOT a multiple of 256:
+      // 33*64=2112, 17*64=1088, 5*64=320 — all misaligned pre-fix.
+      const offsets = [33, 17, 5, 40].map((jc) => alloc.allocateSlice(jc).byteOffset);
+      expect(offsets[0]).toBe(0);
+      for (const off of offsets) {
+        expect(off % 256).toBe(0);
+      }
+      // Offsets must also be strictly increasing (no overlap after rounding).
+      for (let i = 1; i < offsets.length; i++) {
+        // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: fixed-length map above
+        expect(offsets[i]!).toBeGreaterThan(offsets[i - 1]!);
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('resetForFrame rewinds cursor', () => {
+      const { device } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, MAX_BINDING);
+      alloc.allocateSlice(10);
+      alloc.resetForFrame();
+      const s = alloc.allocateSlice(1);
+      expect(s.byteOffset).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it('grow allocates buffer lazily on first request', () => {
+      const { device, buffers } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, MAX_BINDING);
+      // M6: allocator.buffer field retired in favour of per-slice
+      // `slice.buffer` (uniform fallback path needs per-entity buffers).
+      // Lazy allocation surface is now: 0 buffers before first
+      // allocateSlice, >=1 buffer after.
+      expect(buffers.length).toBe(0);
+      const slice = alloc.allocateSlice(1);
+      expect(slice.buffer).toBeDefined();
+      expect(buffers.length).toBe(1);
+      // Initial capacity = MAX_JOINTS * 64 = 255 * 64 = 16320 (storage
+      // path's first grow step; uniform fallback would also start at
+      // exactly 16320 since each pool entry equals one binding window).
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      expect(buffers[0]!.size).toBe(255 * 64);
+    });
+
+    it('grow at 1.5x when binding window exceeds capacity', () => {
+      const { device, buffers } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, MAX_BINDING);
+      // First alloc (offset=0): needed = 0 + bindingWindowBytes (16320)
+      // -> grow to 16320 exactly (initial = 255 * 64).
+      alloc.allocateSlice(255);
+      expect(buffers.length).toBe(1);
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      expect(buffers[0]!.size).toBe(16320);
+      // Second alloc (offset=255*64=16320): needed = 16320 + 16320 = 32640.
+      // 1.5x grow: 16320 -> 24576 -> 36864 (smallest aligned >= 32640).
+      alloc.allocateSlice(100);
+      expect(buffers.length).toBe(2);
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      expect(buffers[1]!.size).toBe(36864);
+    });
+
+    // M6 regression gate: the bug that this fix repairs reproduces here as
+    // a SkinPaletteOverflowError under the old allocator (cap=16320, grow
+    // gated on `cursor + jointCount * 64`). Under the new allocator the
+    // 2nd entity would need `offset=1536 + window=16320 = 17856 B`, so a
+    // cap of 16320 must reject during grow -- but a realistic device cap
+    // (storage limit / uniform spec floor 64 KiB) must accept it.
+    it('two skin entities at byteOffset 0 and 1536 stay within buffer (M6)', () => {
+      const { device, buffers } = mockDevice();
+      // 64 KiB == WebGPU spec floor for maxUniformBufferBindingSize.
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, 65536);
+      const s0 = alloc.allocateSlice(24); // Fox: 24 joints
+      const s1 = alloc.allocateSlice(24);
+      expect(s0.byteOffset).toBe(0);
+      expect(s1.byteOffset).toBe(24 * 64); // 1536, matches the WebGPU error
+      // The allocator must satisfy `buffer.size >= byteOffset + window`
+      // for every slice so `setBindGroup(_, _, [_, dynOffset=1536])` with
+      // an `entry.size = 16320` BG passes `dynOffset + entry.size <=
+      // buffer.size` validation.
+      const lastBuf = buffers[buffers.length - 1];
+      expect(lastBuf?.size).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(s1.byteOffset + 255 * 64);
+    });
+
+    it('overflow fails-fast with SkinPaletteOverflowError', () => {
+      // Cap below one binding window (16320) -> first allocateSlice grows
+      // and overflows.
+      const { device } = mockDevice(1000);
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, 1000);
+      expect(() => alloc.allocateSlice(20)).toThrow();
+    });
+
+    it('overflow fails-fast when 2nd entity would breach cap (M6)', () => {
+      // Cap == one binding window. First entity (offset=0) fits, second
+      // entity (offset=1536) would need 17856 B and must throw.
+      const { device } = mockDevice(16320);
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, 16320);
+      alloc.allocateSlice(24); // offset=0, fits in 16320
+      expect(() => alloc.allocateSlice(24)).toThrow(); // offset=1536, needs 17856 > 16320
+    });
+
+    // M6 uniform fallback path: each slice gets its OWN 16320 B UBO
+    // (the cap=16384 storage-buffer-disabled browser case). Slice
+    // byteOffset is always 0; slice.buffer is path-specific.
+    it('uniform fallback: each entity gets its own buffer + byteOffset 0 (M6)', () => {
+      const { device, buffers } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, 16384, /* useStorageBuffer */ false);
+      expect(alloc.useStorageBuffer).toBe(false);
+      const s0 = alloc.allocateSlice(24);
+      const s1 = alloc.allocateSlice(24);
+      const s2 = alloc.allocateSlice(24);
+      expect(s0.byteOffset).toBe(0);
+      expect(s1.byteOffset).toBe(0);
+      expect(s2.byteOffset).toBe(0);
+      expect(s0.buffer).not.toBe(s1.buffer);
+      expect(s1.buffer).not.toBe(s2.buffer);
+      expect(s0.buffer).not.toBe(s2.buffer);
+      // Three entities -> three distinct UBOs of size = bindingWindowBytes.
+      expect(buffers.length).toBe(3);
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      expect(buffers[0]!.size).toBe(16320);
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      expect(buffers[1]!.size).toBe(16320);
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      expect(buffers[2]!.size).toBe(16320);
+    });
+
+    it('uniform fallback: pool reuses buffers across frames (M6)', () => {
+      const { device, buffers } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, 16384, false);
+      // Frame 1: 3 entities -> 3 buffers minted.
+      const f1s0 = alloc.allocateSlice(10);
+      const f1s1 = alloc.allocateSlice(10);
+      const f1s2 = alloc.allocateSlice(10);
+      expect(buffers.length).toBe(3);
+      // Frame 2: reset + same-shape walk -> pool round-robin, no new
+      // createBuffer calls. Slices reuse the exact same buffer objects.
+      alloc.resetForFrame();
+      const f2s0 = alloc.allocateSlice(10);
+      const f2s1 = alloc.allocateSlice(10);
+      const f2s2 = alloc.allocateSlice(10);
+      expect(buffers.length).toBe(3); // unchanged
+      expect(f2s0.buffer).toBe(f1s0.buffer);
+      expect(f2s1.buffer).toBe(f1s1.buffer);
+      expect(f2s2.buffer).toBe(f1s2.buffer);
+    });
+
+    it('CPU premul writes correct mat4 values', () => {
+      const { device, written } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, MAX_BINDING);
+      // Identity joint_world * identity IBM = identity
+      const jw = mat4.create();
+      mat4.identity(jw);
+      // IBM: identity matrix
+      const ibm = new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]);
+      const slice = alloc.allocateSlice(1);
+      alloc.writeJointPalette(slice, [ibm], [jw]);
+      expect(written.length).toBe(1);
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      expect(written[0]!.offset).toBe(slice.byteOffset);
+      // Expected: identity mat4 in column-major order
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      const payload = written[0]!.data;
+      expect(payload[0]).toBeCloseTo(1); // col 0 row 0
+      expect(payload[1]).toBeCloseTo(0);
+      expect(payload[2]).toBeCloseTo(0);
+      expect(payload[3]).toBeCloseTo(0);
+      expect(payload[4]).toBeCloseTo(0); // col 1 row 0
+      expect(payload[5]).toBeCloseTo(1);
+      expect(payload[15]).toBeCloseTo(1); // col 3 row 3
+    });
+
+    it('CPU premul: joint_world * IBM multiplication is correct', () => {
+      const { device, written } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, MAX_BINDING);
+      // joint_world: translate (2, 0, 0)
+      const jw = mat4.create();
+      mat4.translate(jw, mat4.identity(mat4.create()), [2, 0, 0]);
+      // IBM: identity
+      const ibm = new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]);
+      const slice = alloc.allocateSlice(1);
+      alloc.writeJointPalette(slice, [ibm], [jw]);
+
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      const payload = written[0]!.data;
+      // Column 3 should have translation (2, 0, 0, 1)
+      // Column-major: element 12 = col 3 row 0 = tx
+      expect(payload[12]).toBeCloseTo(2);
+      expect(payload[13]).toBeCloseTo(0);
+      expect(payload[14]).toBeCloseTo(0);
+      expect(payload[15]).toBeCloseTo(1);
+    });
+
+    // feat-20260601 w12/w13: skin joint world matrices now flow from the resolved
+    // `Transform.world` column array view (a raw 16-float `Float32Array`, written
+    // by propagateTransforms) straight into the allocator's `readonly Mat4[]`
+    // jointWorlds parameter -- zero recompose from decomposed TRS. The allocator
+    // contract is unchanged; this guards that a bare Transform.world-shaped
+    // Float32Array premultiplies against the IBM exactly like a `mat4.create()`.
+    it('accepts a Transform.world-shaped Float32Array as a joint world matrix', () => {
+      const { device, written } = mockDevice();
+      const alloc = createSkinPaletteAllocator(device, MAX_BINDING);
+      // A Transform.world view is a plain 16-float column-major Float32Array.
+      // Here: translation (0, 3, 0) -- the shape a `world._getArrayView(joint,
+      // Transform, 'world')` read returns after propagate.
+      const jointWorldView = new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 1]);
+      const ibm = new Float32Array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]);
+      const slice = alloc.allocateSlice(1);
+      alloc.writeJointPalette(
+        slice,
+        [ibm],
+        [jointWorldView as unknown as Parameters<typeof alloc.writeJointPalette>[2][number]],
+      );
+
+      // biome-ignore lint/style/noNonNullAssertion: controlled test context
+      const payload = written[0]!.data;
+      expect(payload[12]).toBeCloseTo(0);
+      expect(payload[13]).toBeCloseTo(3);
+      expect(payload[14]).toBeCloseTo(0);
+      expect(payload[15]).toBeCloseTo(1);
+    });
+  });
+}