@ericrisco/rsc 3.3.1 → 3.5.0

package/skills/ux/upstream/ux-designer/references/06-interaction-design.md

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+# Interaction Design
+
+Interaction design (IxD) focuses on creating engaging interfaces with well-thought-out behaviors—how the system responds to user actions.
+
+---
+
+## Contents
+
+- Micro-interactions
+- Feedback States
+- Animation Principles
+- Loading States
+- Gesture Design
+- Transitions
+- Reduced Motion
+- Haptic Feedback
+- 2026 Trends
+- Common Mistakes
+- Sources
+
+---
+
+## Micro-interactions
+
+Small, contained moments that accomplish a single task while enhancing the user experience.
+
+### Dan Saffer's Four Components
+
+#### 1. Trigger
+What initiates the micro-interaction.
+
+**User Triggers:**
+- Click/tap
+- Swipe
+- Hover
+- Scroll
+- Voice command
+- Keyboard input
+
+**System Triggers:**
+- Time-based (notification)
+- Location-based
+- Data changes
+- Error conditions
+
+#### 2. Rules
+What happens once triggered.
+
+```
+Example: Like button
+1. User taps heart icon
+2. Icon changes to filled state
+3. Color changes to red
+4. Counter increments
+5. Animation plays
+6. Haptic feedback (mobile)
+7. Data sent to server
+```
+
+#### 3. Feedback
+How the system communicates what's happening.
+
+**Visual:** Color, shape, position changes
+**Auditory:** Sounds, voice
+**Haptic:** Vibration, force feedback
+**Motion:** Animation
+
+#### 4. Loops and Modes
+How the interaction changes over time or in different states.
+
+```
+Loops:
+- First use vs. repeated use
+- Decay over time
+- Escalation
+
+Modes:
+- Light/dark mode
+- Editing mode
+- Offline mode
+```
+
+---
+
+## Feedback States
+
+### Button States
+
+```css
+/* Default state */
+.button {
+  background: #0066cc;
+  color: white;
+}
+
+/* Hover state (desktop) */
+.button:hover {
+  background: #0052a3;
+}
+
+/* Focus state (keyboard navigation) */
+.button:focus-visible {
+  outline: 2px solid #0066cc;
+  outline-offset: 2px;
+}
+
+/* Active/pressed state */
+.button:active {
+  background: #004080;
+  transform: scale(0.98);
+}
+
+/* Disabled state */
+.button:disabled {
+  background: #cccccc;
+  cursor: not-allowed;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+/* Loading state */
+.button.loading {
+  pointer-events: none;
+  /* Show spinner */
+}
+```
+
+### Form Field States
+
+```css
+/* Default */
+.input { border: 1px solid #ccc; }
+
+/* Focus */
+.input:focus { border-color: #0066cc; box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(0,102,204,0.2); }
+
+/* Valid */
+.input:valid { border-color: #28a745; }
+
+/* Invalid */
+.input:invalid { border-color: #dc3545; }
+
+/* Disabled */
+.input:disabled { background: #f5f5f5; cursor: not-allowed; }
+```
+
+### System States
+
+| State | Visual Indicator | User Action |
+|-------|-----------------|-------------|
+| Loading | Spinner, skeleton, progress bar | Wait |
+| Success | Green check, confirmation message | Continue |
+| Error | Red alert, error message | Correct and retry |
+| Warning | Yellow/orange alert | Proceed with caution |
+| Empty | Illustration, helpful message | Add content |
+| Offline | Banner, cached indicator | Limited functionality |
+
+---
+
+## Animation Principles
+
+### Timing
+
+```css
+/* Natural feeling durations */
+.quick { transition-duration: 100ms; }   /* Hovers, immediate feedback */
+.normal { transition-duration: 200ms; }  /* Standard transitions */
+.smooth { transition-duration: 300ms; }  /* Panel transitions */
+.slow { transition-duration: 500ms; }    /* Large/complex animations */
+
+/* Maximum for focused attention */
+.complex { animation-duration: 500ms; }  /* Don't exceed 500ms typically */
+```
+
+### Easing Functions
+
+```css
+/* Standard easing curves */
+.ease-out { transition-timing-function: ease-out; }
+/* Fast start, slow end - entering elements */
+
+.ease-in { transition-timing-function: ease-in; }
+/* Slow start, fast end - exiting elements */
+
+.ease-in-out { transition-timing-function: ease-in-out; }
+/* Smooth start and end - moving elements */
+
+/* Custom bezier curves */
+.bounce { transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.68, -0.55, 0.265, 1.55); }
+```
+
+### The 12 Principles of Animation (Disney)
+
+Applied to UI:
+
+1. **Squash and Stretch** - Subtle scaling on press
+2. **Anticipation** - Brief pause before action
+3. **Staging** - Direct attention to important elements
+4. **Straight Ahead/Pose to Pose** - Keyframe animations
+5. **Follow Through/Overlapping** - Elements don't stop all at once
+6. **Slow In/Slow Out** - Easing functions
+7. **Arc** - Natural curved motion paths
+8. **Secondary Action** - Supporting animations
+9. **Timing** - Speed conveys weight and emotion
+10. **Exaggeration** - Subtle emphasis (don't overdo)
+11. **Solid Drawing** - 3D consistency
+12. **Appeal** - Pleasing, polished animations
+
+---
+
+## Loading States
+
+### Skeleton Screens
+
+```html
+<div class="card skeleton">
+  <div class="skeleton-image"></div>
+  <div class="skeleton-title"></div>
+  <div class="skeleton-text"></div>
+  <div class="skeleton-text short"></div>
+</div>
+
+<style>
+.skeleton * {
+  background: linear-gradient(
+    90deg,
+    #f0f0f0 25%,
+    #e0e0e0 50%,
+    #f0f0f0 75%
+  );
+  background-size: 200% 100%;
+  animation: shimmer 1.5s infinite;
+}
+
+@keyframes shimmer {
+  0% { background-position: 200% 0; }
+  100% { background-position: -200% 0; }
+}
+</style>
+```
+
+### Progress Indicators
+
+```
+Determinate (known duration):
+┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
+│████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░  45%      │
+└──────────────────────────────────────┘
+
+Indeterminate (unknown duration):
+┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
+│    ████████░░░░░░                    │ (moving)
+└──────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+### Spinner Guidelines
+
+- Show after 300ms delay (avoid flash for fast operations)
+- Use on buttons during submission
+- Disable interaction during loading
+- Provide cancel option for long operations
+
+---
+
+## Gesture Design
+
+### Standard Touch Gestures
+
+| Gesture | Action | Example |
+|---------|--------|---------|
+| Tap | Select, activate | Button press |
+| Double tap | Zoom, like | Photo zoom |
+| Long press | Context menu | Delete options |
+| Swipe | Navigate, dismiss | Page turn, delete |
+| Pinch | Zoom | Map, photo |
+| Rotate | Rotate object | Image editing |
+| Drag | Move, reorder | List sorting |
+
+### Gesture Best Practices
+
+```
+1. Provide visual affordances
+   - Swipe indicators
+   - Drag handles
+   - Touch hints
+
+2. Offer alternatives (WCAG 2.5.7)
+   - Buttons for swipe actions
+   - Menus for gestures
+   - Keyboard equivalents
+
+3. Give feedback
+   - Haptic response
+   - Visual confirmation
+   - Sound (optional)
+
+4. Allow undo
+   - Swipe to delete → Undo button
+   - Accidental gestures happen
+```
+
+---
+
+## Transitions
+
+### Page Transitions
+
+```css
+/* Fade transition */
+.page-enter {
+  opacity: 0;
+}
+.page-enter-active {
+  opacity: 1;
+  transition: opacity 200ms ease-out;
+}
+.page-exit {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+.page-exit-active {
+  opacity: 0;
+  transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;
+}
+
+/* Slide transition */
+.page-enter {
+  transform: translateX(100%);
+}
+.page-enter-active {
+  transform: translateX(0);
+  transition: transform 300ms ease-out;
+}
+```
+
+### Modal Transitions
+
+```css
+/* Backdrop */
+.backdrop {
+  opacity: 0;
+  transition: opacity 200ms ease;
+}
+.backdrop.open {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+/* Modal */
+.modal {
+  transform: scale(0.95);
+  opacity: 0;
+  transition: transform 200ms ease, opacity 200ms ease;
+}
+.modal.open {
+  transform: scale(1);
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+```
+
+### Accordion/Collapse
+
+```css
+.accordion-content {
+  max-height: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  transition: max-height 300ms ease-out;
+}
+.accordion-content.open {
+  max-height: 500px; /* Use calculated height for best results */
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Reduced Motion
+
+### Respecting User Preferences
+
+```css
+/* Check user preference */
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  *,
+  *::before,
+  *::after {
+    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
+    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
+    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
+    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Alternative: provide reduced but not eliminated motion */
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  .animated {
+    animation: none;
+    transition: opacity 0.01ms;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### When to Reduce Motion
+
+- Vestibular disorders
+- Motion sickness
+- Cognitive load reduction
+- Battery/performance concerns
+
+---
+
+## Haptic Feedback
+
+### Mobile Haptics
+
+```javascript
+// Web Vibration API
+if ('vibrate' in navigator) {
+  // Single vibration (ms)
+  navigator.vibrate(50);
+
+  // Pattern: vibrate, pause, vibrate
+  navigator.vibrate([50, 100, 50]);
+}
+```
+
+### Haptic Patterns
+
+| Action | Pattern | Feel |
+|--------|---------|------|
+| Success | Short, light | Confirmation |
+| Error | Two quick pulses | Alert |
+| Selection | Very short | Tactile |
+| Warning | Medium, strong | Attention |
+
+---
+
+## 2026 Trends
+
+### Functional Motion (motion earns its keep)
+The dominant 2026 framing: motion should **guide, not flash**. Every animation must
+do a job—orient the user, show cause and effect, or maintain spatial continuity—
+otherwise it's decoration that adds cognitive load. Reserve flourish for moments
+that matter (success, first-run delight); keep everyday transitions calm and quick.
+
+- Use motion to **explain state change** (where did this come from / go to?)
+- Use motion to **direct attention** to what just changed
+- Use motion to **preserve context** across views (shared-element transitions)
+- Cut motion that exists only to look impressive—calm interfaces win in 2026
+
+### Giving Users Control Over Motion
+`prefers-reduced-motion` (see [Reduced Motion](#reduced-motion) above) is the
+baseline, but it's an OS-level all-or-nothing switch many users never set. Mature
+products add an **explicit in-product "Reduce motion" toggle** in settings so users
+can dial motion down without touching system preferences.
+
+```
+Settings → Accessibility → Motion
+  ○ Full motion (default)
+  ● Reduced motion   ← respects this even if OS pref is unset
+  ○ Off
+```
+
+- Default to the OS preference, then let the in-app setting override it
+- Persist the choice per user/device; apply it everywhere, not just key screens
+- Treat "reduced" as *reduced* (instant fades) not *broken* (no feedback at all)
+
+### AI-Driven Interactions
+- Predictive UI that anticipates needs (offered, never forced)
+- Personalized micro-interactions
+- Adaptive animation complexity tuned to device performance
+
+### Voice + Multimodal
+- Multimodal feedback (voice confirms visual action)
+- Combining voice, touch, pointer, and keyboard input
+- See [24-voice-and-multimodal.md](24-voice-and-multimodal.md) for depth
+
+---
+
+## Common Mistakes
+
+1. **Too much animation** - Distracting, performance issues
+2. **Too fast/slow** - Feels broken or sluggish
+3. **No feedback** - Users unsure if action worked
+4. **Inconsistent timing** - Jarring experience
+5. **Ignoring reduced motion** - Accessibility failure
+6. **Blocking content** - Loading spinners over everything
+7. **No cancel option** - Trapped in loading state
+8. **Overusing haptics** - Annoying, drains battery
+
+---
+
+## Sources
+
+- Saffer, D. (2013). "Microinteractions: Designing with Details"
+- Material Design Motion Guidelines
+- Apple Human Interface Guidelines - Motion
+- [UXDesign.cc - Motion Design](https://uxdesign.cc/)
+- [CSS Tricks - Animation](https://css-tricks.com/tag/animation/)