@ericrisco/rsc 3.3.1 → 3.5.0

package/skills/ux/upstream/ux-designer/references/25b-barcode-scanner-workflows.md

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+# Scanner-Driven Workflows
+
+Warehouse, logistics, retail POS, field service, and healthcare apps where the **scan is
+the primary input**. The devices are rugged handhelds, ring scanners, keyboard-wedge USB or
+Bluetooth scanners, and fixed-mount or presentation scanners. The worker's eyes are on the
+shelf, the parcel, or the patient, and their hands are busy, often gloved. Throughput is
+high: GS1 targets 40–70 items per minute at POS. An unclear failure turns into a
+workaround, and in healthcare workarounds hurt people.
+
+This file also holds the **symbology and GS1 primer** that the other barcode files link to.
+
+> Consumer camera scanning: [25a-barcode-camera-scanning.md](25a-barcode-camera-scanning.md).
+> Showing codes for others to scan: [25c-barcode-display.md](25c-barcode-display.md).
+> Offline and sync UI in general: [12b-conflict-resolution-sync.md](12b-conflict-resolution-sync.md).
+
+---
+
+## Contents
+
+- Devices & What They Mean for UX
+- Scan-First Design
+- Input Capture: Wedge vs. Intent/SDK
+- Scan Routing
+- Eyes-Free Feedback
+- Error Recovery
+- Verification Patterns & Healthcare (BCMA)
+- Batch, Counters & Undo
+- Manual Entry Fallback & Audit
+- Screen Design for the Floor
+- Offline, Retries & Idempotency
+- Training & Multilingual Crews
+- Symbology & GS1 Primer
+- Quick Checklist
+- Common Mistakes
+- Sources
+
+---
+
+## Devices & What They Mean for UX
+
+| Device | How scans arrive | UX consequence |
+|---|---|---|
+| Rugged Android handheld (Zebra, Honeywell) | Vendor service: Zebra DataWedge, Honeywell Scan Wedge / Intent API / SDK | Prefer intent/SDK delivery; hardware trigger works on every screen |
+| Ring / wearable scanner (Zebra RS5100, ProGlove) | Bluetooth to a host device | Eyes aren't on the host screen. Route feedback to the wearable (haptic, LED) |
+| USB/BT keyboard-wedge scanner | Keystrokes, like a keyboard | Needs a focused field; the browser can't tell it from typing; keyboard-layout issues |
+| Fixed-mount / POS presentation | Continuous or presentation mode | Dedupe the same code staying in view; dual-marked items |
+| Phone camera inside an ops app | Camera SDK | Fallback only. Turn it off when the device has a scanner (D365 "Scan with camera") |
+
+**NFC/RFID** complement barcodes rather than replacing them. HF/NFC suits a deliberate tap
+(badges, patient or asset tags). UHF RFID reads many tags without line of sight. DataWedge
+reports `source=rfid` through the same intent, so one handler can accept both.
+
+## Scan-First Design
+
+- **The scan is the navigation.** Each step asks for one thing, the scan answers it, and
+  the app moves on. Tapping is the exception.
+- **Name the expected scan** in a large step prompt: "Scan location", "Scan item",
+  "Scan pallet LP". Not a generic "Scan or enter here". Microsoft replaced that
+  placeholder in the D365 warehouse app.
+- **One scan, many fields.** A GS1 code carries GTIN, batch, expiry, and quantity together.
+  Parse it and fill every field it covers, and show the screen only when the worker needs
+  to act (D365 multi-field GS1 policy with auto-submit).
+- Show the **current task context** (order, location, remaining qty) at a size readable
+  at arm's length. The worker glances at it; they don't read it.
+
+## Input Capture: Wedge vs. Intent/SDK
+
+| | Keyboard wedge (keystroke output) | Intent / SDK |
+|---|---|---|
+| Setup | None; works in any text field | App integration per vendor |
+| Needs focus in a field | **Yes** | No; works over dialogs and on any screen |
+| Symbology known | Only via a configured AIM prefix | Yes (`label_type`, `aimId`) |
+| Control chars (GS 0x1D) | Often lost, especially in web apps | Raw bytes available (`decode_data`) |
+| Keyboard-layout bugs | Yes | No |
+
+**Prefer intent/SDK** on dedicated devices. Use a wedge when you must: web apps, desktop
+POS, BYO scanners.
+
+**Wedge rules:**
+- **Suppress the soft keyboard** on scan fields with `inputmode="none"`. Don't use
+  `readonly`, because a readonly field ignores the scanner's keystrokes too.
+- **Configure a suffix** (Enter or Tab) to end the scan. Microsoft recommends letting the
+  *device* send Enter instead of auto-submitting in the app, because vendors differ: the
+  same app auto-submits on Zebra but waits for confirmation on Honeywell.
+- **Configure a prefix** (AIM symbology ID or a custom one). It identifies scans far more
+  reliably than timing, and it tells GS1 data apart from plain data.
+- **Keyboard layout:** the scanner maps characters using its *own* keyboard-country
+  setting (US by default). On a German host, Y and Z swap and punctuation breaks. If
+  a scan fails format validation, say "Scanner keyboard layout may not match" instead
+  of "Item not found".
+- Scanner keystrokes can trigger browser shortcuts. Capture and consume them during a scan burst.
+- **Honeywell** opens URL barcodes in the browser by default (`DATA_PROCESSOR_LAUNCH_BROWSER`
+  = true), so no read event reaches your app. Turn it off for GS1 Digital Link or URL codes.
+- **Zebra** keystroke output doesn't deliver control characters as key events to web
+  apps by default. GS1 separators vanish (see the primer).
+
+**Telling a wedge scan from typing** (use only when you can't use a prefix or intent).
+The thresholds are defaults from the widely used onScan.js library, not a standard.
+Calibrate them per device. Timing breaks with configured inter-character delays (DataWedge allows
+up to 1000 ms), slow Bluetooth HID, and remote-desktop sessions.
+
+```js
+// Timing heuristic: humans type ~100-200 ms/char, scanners burst in a few ms/char.
+const MAX_GAP = 30, MIN_LEN = 6;            // onScan.js defaults; calibrate per device
+let buf = '', last = 0;
+addEventListener('keydown', e => {
+  if (e.timeStamp - last > MAX_GAP * 3) buf = '';   // long gap -> new burst
+  last = e.timeStamp;
+  if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === 'Tab') {
+    if (buf.length >= MIN_LEN) { e.preventDefault(); onScan(buf); }
+    buf = ''; return;
+  }
+  if (e.key.length === 1) buf += e.key;     // printable only; GS (0x1D) may not arrive
+}, true);                                   // capture phase: independent of focus
+```
+
+This doesn't stop the characters from also landing in a focused input. Route the scan
+explicitly, or clear the field on detection.
+
+## Scan Routing
+
+- **Route by content, not only by focus.** Check the symbology or prefix, parse the payload,
+  then decide: SSCC → pallet, GTIN → item, location-label pattern → location. The focused
+  field is a hint, not the only rule.
+- **Global listener.** A scan must work while an error, confirmation, or options dialog is
+  open. D365 added a dedicated global listener after dialogs were swallowing scans.
+- **Transient UI never steals focus.** A success toast on iOS once left the D365 scanner
+  stuck in a non-ready state.
+- **Unexpected type at this step** (e.g. a location scanned when the step wants an item):
+  say what was scanned and what's expected ("That's location A-12-03. Scan the item.").
+  If the intent is clear, offer the jump.
+- **Unknown GS1 AIs:** skip the element rather than rejecting the whole scan (Microsoft's
+  recommended setting). Log it.
+- Keep the scan button for scanning only. OCR, RFID, and other capture methods get their own
+  controls (SAP Fiori).
+
+## Eyes-Free Feedback
+
+Every scan produces **sound + haptic + visual** feedback, distinct for each outcome, and
+readable without looking closely at the screen.
+
+| Outcome | Sound | Haptic | Visual |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Accepted | Short, high beep | Short single pulse | Full-screen green flash ~1 s + ✓ + value |
+| Warning (accepted, check something) | Distinct mid tone | Two short pulses | Amber banner + text |
+| Rejected / mismatch | Low, long, or repeated tones | Long or double pulse | Red full-screen state + ✕ + reason; stays until acknowledged or rescanned |
+
+- The conventions come from Zebra's classic beeper codes (short high = good decode; long
+  low = error), D365/ProGlove wearable haptics (single crisp pulse = OK; double pulse =
+  "stop and check the screen"), and the DataWedge decode screen notification (green overlay,
+  1000 ms default, adjustable 500–1500 ms).
+- **Never colour alone** (WCAG 1.4.1). Pair colour with an icon, text, and a sound and
+  haptic pattern that differ per outcome.
+- **Too fast:** if the system can't keep up, say so with a distinct alert and "rescan"
+  (D365 added exactly this).
+- Give **per-user volume and vibration settings** (D365: vibration 0–5, sound 0–10, separate
+  success/failure/warning sounds). Floors are loud, and hospital wards are quiet at night.
+- **Meaningless beeps get muted.** In Koppel's BCMA study, staff disabling audio alarms was a
+  workaround, and confusing alert beeps and noise were listed as causes. Keep the sound
+  vocabulary small and distinct.
+- Wearables: send the result to the ring or glove (LED + haptic). The host screen may be in a
+  pocket or on a cart.
+
+## Error Recovery
+
+| Situation | Handling |
+|---|---|
+| Wrong item for this pick | Block. Show expected vs scanned (name + image), error feedback, require a rescan. No "accept anyway" without a reasoned, audited override |
+| Duplicate scan | Same code in view: same-symbol timeout. Same code via two channels (wedge + intent both on): dedupe (D365 duplicate-scan protection). Intentional repeat: count it and show the new total |
+| Unknown code | Show the raw value and symbology, and offer manual lookup or "report label". Never add unknown barcodes to the master data on the spot (see ISMP below) |
+| Over-scan (qty exceeded) | Stop at the limit, show "10 of 10 — this one is extra", and offer to put it back or report it |
+| Invalid format / check digit | "Couldn't read that correctly — rescan", not "Not found". Possibly a short read or layout issue |
+| Server error | Show the server's **specific** message. D365 had to fix a generic failure message that hid it |
+
+- **No modal traps.** Error states clear with the next valid scan or a trigger press, not only
+  by tapping a small OK button with gloves on.
+- **Crowded labels:** enable picklist mode (decode only what's under the crosshair) or ask
+  the user to cover the other codes.
+- **Dual-marked retail items** (1D + 2D within 50 mm): count them once.
+
+## Verification Patterns & Healthcare (BCMA)
+
+**Warehouse:** location → item → quantity confirmation, where each scan verifies the
+previous instruction. A confirmation scan (D365 "ProductConfirmation") is cheaper than
+a mis-pick.
+
+**Barcode medication administration** is the best-studied scanning workflow:
+- **Poon et al., NEJM 2010** (14,041 administrations): with BCMA + eMAR, non-timing
+  administration errors fell 41.4%, potential ADEs from them fell 50.8%, timing errors fell
+  27.3%, and transcription errors were eliminated. Errors were reduced, not eliminated.
+- **Koppel et al., JAMIA 2008:** 15 workaround types and 31 causes. Patient wristbands were
+  taped to carts, doorjambs, or belt rings; a single package was scanned for several doses;
+  documentation happened before administration; audio alarms were disabled. Causes included
+  unreadable or crinkled labels, chewed wristbands, non-barcoded meds, dying batteries, poor
+  Wi-Fi, and emergencies.
+- **van der Veen et al., JAMIA 2018:** workarounds in 66% of administrations, with 3.06×
+  the odds of error. The most common were not scanning at all, and no wristband.
+- **ISMP:** hard-stop product scanning; overrides only for real emergencies; track compliance
+  and override rates; fix the barriers behind workarounds. In an ISMP case, adding
+  unscannable barcodes on the fly let a strength mismatch (15 mg vs 5 mg) get overridden.
+
+**Design takeaways:**
+- Make **compliance easier than the workaround**: bedside wristband reprint, a flow that
+  works offline, and readable feedback in dim rooms.
+- Scan the patient *and* the medication. A manual-key path must still run the same
+  verification.
+- Overrides are visible, need a selected reason, and are audited.
+- US drug barcodes are changing: the FDA's 2026 final rule moves to a 12-digit NDC and allows
+  2D barcodes (effective 2033, with a transition to 2036). Parsers must accept both NDC
+  lengths and 2D symbols.
+
+## Batch, Counters & Undo
+
+- **Continuous scanning:** show a running count and the **last scanned value** prominently.
+  Allow **one-tap undo of the last scan** in a non-modal way. (There's no published standard;
+  this is the common pattern.)
+- **Batch round trips.** Sending a server request per scan doesn't scale at many scans per
+  second (Microsoft's multi-scan pages). Collect scans locally and submit them in one call
+  with per-item results.
+- **Multi-barcode capture** (Zebra NG SimulScan) reads several codes per trigger. Show
+  which codes were read and which were missed on a visual of the label.
+- **Quantity from the scan** can override the default ("PO for 10, scanned 5"), but only
+  when configured, and the difference is shown.
+
+## Manual Entry Fallback & Audit
+
+- **Every scan step has a manual path.** Labels get crinkled, smudged, torn, missing, or
+  printed on a curved surface (ISMP asked manufacturers to stop printing across round
+  surfaces).
+- **Validate typed and scanned values the same way:** check digit, field ranges (month
+  01–12), length limits, numeric-only fields.
+- Use a numeric keypad for numeric IDs (`inputmode="numeric"`), and support external numpads.
+- **Record the input method** (scan vs manual vs override) with a reason. Track the manual
+  and override rate per user, site, and product. A rising rate points to a bad label or a
+  broken flow, not a bad worker.
+
+## Screen Design for the Floor
+
+- **Scalable UI.** D365 gives text scale 70–400% and button scale 50–200%, plus a
+  high-contrast theme. Offer comparable ranges.
+- **Handedness.** Let the user put the primary button bottom-right or bottom-left (D365
+  "best button position").
+- **Gloves.** Glove sensitivity is a *device* touch-panel mode (Zebra: glove, wet, finger).
+  The app's part is larger targets. The bare-hand baseline is ~9 mm (48dp; Parhi et al.
+  found 9.2–9.6 mm for one-handed thumb use). The "15–20 mm for gloves" figures are vendor
+  blog heuristics, so test with the real gloves.
+- **Sunlight and freezers.** Reflections collapse contrast. Use a high-contrast theme,
+  heavy weights, no light-grey text, and never colour-only state.
+- **Hardware trigger** scans from every screen, and a trigger press must never activate an
+  on-screen button by accident (D365 fixed a trigger submitting a summary step).
+- **Product photo** on pick steps allows visual confirmation alongside the scan.
+- **Shared devices:** make the signed-in worker obvious (name plus a per-user colour theme, as in D365).
+- Small truck-mount and vehicle screens (~640 px) need their own layout.
+
+## Offline, Retries & Idempotency
+
+- **Every scan transaction gets a client ID, and the server dedupes it.** D365 once resent
+  a submitted page after a timeout without telling the worker, which could complete warehouse
+  work twice.
+- **Tell the worker about retries**, and never silently resubmit.
+- **Keep in-progress state** when the network drops. Don't bounce the worker to sign-in and
+  lose the task (another D365 fix).
+- Wi-Fi dead zones cause workarounds (Koppel), so offline or degraded mode is a requirement.
+  Queue scans locally with a visible pending count, sync with per-item results, and show
+  conflicts (e.g. stock already moved) as a reviewable list. See
+  [12b](12b-conflict-resolution-sync.md).
+
+## Training & Multilingual Crews
+
+There's little research here; these are heuristics:
+- Scan-driven steps need less reading. Short verbs plus icons, and sound and haptics that
+  carry meaning without language.
+- **Language per user, not per device.** Shared devices change hands every shift.
+- Step instructions that can be switched off once learned (D365 "Don't show again").
+- Test RTL layouts for the crews you actually have.
+- Inadequate training is a documented cause of workarounds (Koppel). Build a practice or
+  sandbox mode.
+
+---
+
+## Symbology & GS1 Primer
+
+### Symbologies
+
+| Symbology | AIM ID | Typical use |
+|---|---|---|
+| EAN-13 / UPC-A / UPC-E | `]E0` | Retail item at POS |
+| EAN-8 | `]E4` | Small retail items |
+| ITF-14 | `]I1` (scanner checked the check digit) / `]I0` | Outer cartons |
+| GS1-128 | `]C1` | Logistics labels: SSCC, batch, expiry |
+| Code 128 (non-GS1) | `]C0` | Internal IDs |
+| Code 39 | `]A0` | Legacy internal |
+| GS1 DataBar | `]e0` | Fresh food, coupons |
+| GS1 DataMatrix | `]d2` | Healthcare UDI, pharma |
+| Data Matrix with GS1 Digital Link | `]d1` | Retail 2D |
+| QR with GS1 Digital Link / GS1 QR | `]Q1` / `]Q3` | Retail 2D, consumer links |
+| PDF417 | — | IDs, tickets, boarding passes |
+
+- AIM identifiers are **generated by the decoder**, not stored in the symbol, and they're
+  case-sensitive. Have the scanner prefix them so the app can tell `]C1` (GS1) from `]C0`
+  (plain) without guessing.
+- **Enable only the symbologies the screen needs.** Zebra recommends disabling every
+  decoder the app doesn't need, to improve scanning performance. Honeywell likewise warns
+  that enabling everything degrades decoding. Use per-screen profiles (DataWedge profiles
+  bind to the app or activity).
+- **Short reads:** ITF and Code 39 without a fixed length or check digit can decode a
+  fragment as a valid shorter number. If you must enable them, restrict lengths.
+- 1D laser scanners can't read 2D codes or (reliably) screens. See [25c](25c-barcode-display.md).
+
+### GS1 element strings
+
+- Element strings look like `(01)09521101530001(17)210119(10)AB-123`. The parentheses
+  exist **only in the human-readable text**, never in the data.
+- **FNC1 in the first position** marks a GS1 symbol. Variable-length fields are ended by a
+  separator, which **decodes as `<GS>` (ASCII 29, 0x1D)**. GS1 warns that receiving systems
+  often mangle it, and keyboard wedges often drop it. Configure the scanner to substitute a
+  printable character (e.g. `~`), or use intent or raw-byte delivery.
+- **Predefined-length AIs** are recognised by their first two digits only: 00, 01, 02, 11–17,
+  20, 31–36, 41. Every other AI needs a separator unless it comes last, **even if its own
+  definition says "fixed length"**.
+- Common AIs:
+
+  | AI | Meaning | Format |
+  |---|---|---|
+  | 00 | SSCC (logistic unit) | 18 digits |
+  | 01 | GTIN | 14 digits |
+  | 10 | Batch/lot | up to 20 alphanumeric |
+  | 17 | Expiry date | YYMMDD |
+  | 21 | Serial number | up to 20 alphanumeric |
+  | 30 | Variable count | up to 8 digits |
+  | 310n | Net weight, kg (n = decimals) | 6 digits |
+
+- **Dates:** YYMMDD, with the century resolved within −49 to +50 years of today. **DD = 00
+  means the last day of the month** (`160200` = 2016-02-29). Show the resolved date, never
+  the raw "00".
+
+### Check digits
+
+- GS1 mod-10 algorithm for GTIN, GLN, and SSCC: weight the digits ×3, ×1 alternately,
+  **starting with ×3 at the rightmost data digit**, sum them, and subtract the sum from the
+  next multiple of 10. It catches all single-digit errors and most adjacent transpositions.
+- **The scanner usually does not check it.** EAN/UPC readers verify the check digit, and
+  ITF-14 does only when the AIM ID is `]I1`. For GS1-128, DataBar, DataMatrix, QR, and
+  DotCode, the symbol's own error detection guarantees the *decode* but not the GTIN.
+  GS1 says the application **shall** verify it. Validate typed entries the same way.
+
+### GS1 Digital Link
+
+- A URI form of GS1 data, e.g. `https://id.gs1.org/01/09520123456788/10/ABC123?17=180426`.
+  The primary key (01 GTIN, 00 SSCC, 414 GLN) and its qualifiers (10, 21) go in the path,
+  and attributes (17 expiry) go in the query. The GTIN is always zero-padded to 14 digits.
+- **Any domain** may host it. Parse by path syntax, not by the `id.gs1.org` domain.
+- The same code serves the shopper's phone (opens a web page) and the POS (reads the GTIN).
+  The POS app must **not** open a browser (see the Honeywell default above).
+
+### Sunrise 2027 (2D at retail POS)
+
+- GS1's goal: retail POS globally able to read the GTIN from both linear and 2D codes by
+  the **end of 2027**. Accepted 2D forms are GS1 DataMatrix, and Data Matrix or QR carrying
+  GS1 Digital Link.
+- It's a milestone, not a switch-off. Products keep the linear barcode until 90% of POS
+  systems are 2D-capable, so POS must **dedupe dual-marked items**.
+- The opportunity is the extra data at the till: block sales of expired items, flag recalled
+  batches.
+
+---
+
+## Quick Checklist
+
+- [ ] Each step names the expected scan; one GS1 scan fills every field it covers
+- [ ] Intent/SDK delivery on dedicated devices; wedge fields use `inputmode="none"` and a suffix
+- [ ] Scanner prefix (AIM ID) configured; scans routed by content and type, not only focus
+- [ ] Scans work over dialogs; toasts and transient UI never steal focus
+- [ ] Distinct success/warning/error sound + haptic + full-screen visual; not colour-only
+- [ ] Wrong / duplicate / unknown / over-scan each have a specific message and a rescan path; no modal traps
+- [ ] Only needed symbologies enabled, per screen; ITF/Code 39 length-restricted
+- [ ] App verifies check digits; GS separator survives the input path; DD=00 dates resolved
+- [ ] Manual entry on every step, validated like scans, logged with method and reason
+- [ ] Overrides reasoned, audited, and rate-tracked
+- [ ] Client transaction IDs + server dedupe; no silent resubmits; offline queue with pending count
+- [ ] Text/button scaling, handedness, high contrast, large targets tested with gloves
+- [ ] Per-user language and sound/vibration settings on shared devices
+
+## Common Mistakes
+
+- A generic "Scan or enter" prompt on every step
+- Scans lost because focus left the input, or a dialog was open
+- Soft keyboard popping up over the screen on every scan field
+- One beep for everything, or silence. Workers mute feedback that means nothing
+- A red flash as the only sign of an error
+- An error dialog that needs a precise tap to dismiss before the next scan
+- Enabling every symbology "to be safe", which is slower and risks short reads
+- Trusting the scanner to validate the GTIN check digit
+- Hard-coding `id.gs1.org` or stripping GS characters in a GS1 parser
+- Letting staff register unknown barcodes on the spot (the ISMP strength-mismatch case)
+- A manual-entry path that skips the verification the scan would have done
+- Silent retry after a timeout, completing the work twice
+- Treating a high override rate as a training problem instead of a label or flow problem
+
+---
+
+## Sources
+
+- [GS1 General Specifications](https://www.gs1.org/standards/barcodes-epcrfid-id-keys/gs1-general-specifications) (§5.1.3 symbology IDs, §7.2.7 check digit verification, §7.8 separators, §7.9 check digit) · [GS1 Digital Link URI syntax](https://ref.gs1.org/standards/digital-link/uri-syntax/) · [GS1 2D in retail](https://ref.gs1.org/guidelines/2d-in-retail/) · [GS1 US Sunrise 2027](https://www.gs1us.org/industries-and-insights/by-topic/sunrise-2027)
+- [Zebra DataWedge — intent output](https://techdocs.zebra.com/datawedge/latest/guide/output/intent/) · [keystroke output](https://techdocs.zebra.com/datawedge/latest/guide/output/keystroke/) · [barcode input & feedback](https://techdocs.zebra.com/datawedge/latest/guide/input/barcode/) · [profiles](https://techdocs.zebra.com/datawedge/latest/guide/profiles/)
+- [Honeywell Mobility SDK](https://sps.honeywell.com/us/en/software/productivity/development-tools/mobility-sdk-android) · [Honeywell — keyboard layout](https://sps-support.honeywell.com/s/article/Scanner-does-not-support-my-keyboard-layout-wrong-characters-are-displayed)
+- [Microsoft D365 Warehouse Management — GS1 barcodes](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365/supply-chain/warehousing/gs1-barcodes) · [auto-submit behavior](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365/supply-chain/warehousing/warehouse-app-autosubmit-behavior) · [haptic feedback](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365/supply-chain/warehousing/warehouse-app-haptic-feedback) · [user settings](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365/supply-chain/warehousing/warehouse-app-user-settings-themes) · [what's new](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics365/supply-chain/warehousing/warehouse-app-whats-new) · [multi-scan pages](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics-365/blog/it-professional/2018/12/20/customizing-the-warehouse-mobile-app-multi-scan-pages/)
+- [MDN — inputmode](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/inputmode) · [onScan.js](https://github.com/axenox/onscan.js)
+- [Poon et al., NEJM 2010 — BCMA and eMAR](https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0907115) · [Koppel et al., JAMIA 2008 — BCMA workarounds](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2442264) · [van der Veen et al., JAMIA 2018](https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-abstract/25/4/385/4091349) · [ISMP workaround case (NABP)](https://nabp.pharmacy/news/blog/regulatory_news/ismp-common-workaround-contributes-to-override-of-barcode-alert/) · [ISMP — round surfaces](https://home.ecri.org/blogs/ismp-news/ismp-calls-for-manufacturers-to-stop-printing-medication-barcodes-across-round-surfaces)
+- [FDA 2026 NDC format and barcode rule](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/03/05/2026-04368/revising-the-national-drug-code-format-and-drug-label-barcode-requirements) · [21 CFR 201.25](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-201/subpart-A/section-201.25)
+- [Parhi et al. 2006 — target size for one-handed thumb use](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2006/01/parhi-mobileHCI06.pdf) · [Zebra touch panel modes](https://docs.zebra.com/us/en/mobile-computers/handheld/tc5-series/tc52-product-reference-guide/settings/display-settings/setting-touch-panel-mode.html)
+- [RFID in healthcare scoping review](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9398041/)