@epic-web/workshop-app 4.0.0

package/node_modules/chai/lib/chai/core/assertions.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3937 @@
+/*!
+ * chai
+ * http://chaijs.com
+ * Copyright(c) 2011-2014 Jake Luer <jake@alogicalparadox.com>
+ * MIT Licensed
+ */
+
+import {Assertion} from '../assertion.js';
+import {AssertionError} from 'assertion-error';
+import * as _ from '../utils/index.js';
+
+const {flag} = _;
+
+/**
+ * ### Language Chains
+ *
+ * The following are provided as chainable getters to improve the readability
+ * of your assertions.
+ *
+ * **Chains**
+ *
+ * - to
+ * - be
+ * - been
+ * - is
+ * - that
+ * - which
+ * - and
+ * - has
+ * - have
+ * - with
+ * - at
+ * - of
+ * - same
+ * - but
+ * - does
+ * - still
+ * - also
+ *
+ * @name language chains
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+[ 'to', 'be', 'been', 'is'
+, 'and', 'has', 'have', 'with'
+, 'that', 'which', 'at', 'of'
+, 'same', 'but', 'does', 'still', "also" ].forEach(function (chain) {
+  Assertion.addProperty(chain);
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .not
+ *
+ * Negates all assertions that follow in the chain.
+ *
+ *     expect(function () {}).to.not.throw();
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.have.property('b');
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.be.an('array').that.does.not.include(3);
+ *
+ * Just because you can negate any assertion with `.not` doesn't mean you
+ * should. With great power comes great responsibility. It's often best to
+ * assert that the one expected output was produced, rather than asserting
+ * that one of countless unexpected outputs wasn't produced. See individual
+ * assertions for specific guidance.
+ *
+ *     expect(2).to.equal(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(2).to.not.equal(1); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * @name not
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('not', function () {
+  flag(this, 'negate', true);
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .deep
+ *
+ * Causes all `.equal`, `.include`, `.members`, `.keys`, and `.property`
+ * assertions that follow in the chain to use deep equality instead of strict
+ * (`===`) equality. See the `deep-eql` project page for info on the deep
+ * equality algorithm: https://github.com/chaijs/deep-eql.
+ *
+ *     // Target object deeply (but not strictly) equals `{a: 1}`
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.deep.equal({a: 1});
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.equal({a: 1});
+ *
+ *     // Target array deeply (but not strictly) includes `{a: 1}`
+ *     expect([{a: 1}]).to.deep.include({a: 1});
+ *     expect([{a: 1}]).to.not.include({a: 1});
+ *
+ *     // Target object deeply (but not strictly) includes `x: {a: 1}`
+ *     expect({x: {a: 1}}).to.deep.include({x: {a: 1}});
+ *     expect({x: {a: 1}}).to.not.include({x: {a: 1}});
+ *
+ *     // Target array deeply (but not strictly) has member `{a: 1}`
+ *     expect([{a: 1}]).to.have.deep.members([{a: 1}]);
+ *     expect([{a: 1}]).to.not.have.members([{a: 1}]);
+ *
+ *     // Target set deeply (but not strictly) has key `{a: 1}`
+ *     expect(new Set([{a: 1}])).to.have.deep.keys([{a: 1}]);
+ *     expect(new Set([{a: 1}])).to.not.have.keys([{a: 1}]);
+ *
+ *     // Target object deeply (but not strictly) has property `x: {a: 1}`
+ *     expect({x: {a: 1}}).to.have.deep.property('x', {a: 1});
+ *     expect({x: {a: 1}}).to.not.have.property('x', {a: 1});
+ *
+ * @name deep
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('deep', function () {
+  flag(this, 'deep', true);
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .nested
+ *
+ * Enables dot- and bracket-notation in all `.property` and `.include`
+ * assertions that follow in the chain.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: {b: ['x', 'y']}}).to.have.nested.property('a.b[1]');
+ *     expect({a: {b: ['x', 'y']}}).to.nested.include({'a.b[1]': 'y'});
+ *
+ * If `.` or `[]` are part of an actual property name, they can be escaped by
+ * adding two backslashes before them.
+ *
+ *     expect({'.a': {'[b]': 'x'}}).to.have.nested.property('\\.a.\\[b\\]');
+ *     expect({'.a': {'[b]': 'x'}}).to.nested.include({'\\.a.\\[b\\]': 'x'});
+ *
+ * `.nested` cannot be combined with `.own`.
+ *
+ * @name nested
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('nested', function () {
+  flag(this, 'nested', true);
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .own
+ *
+ * Causes all `.property` and `.include` assertions that follow in the chain
+ * to ignore inherited properties.
+ *
+ *     Object.prototype.b = 2;
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.own.property('a');
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.property('b');
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.have.own.property('b');
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.own.include({a: 1});
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.include({b: 2}).but.not.own.include({b: 2});
+ *
+ * `.own` cannot be combined with `.nested`.
+ *
+ * @name own
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('own', function () {
+  flag(this, 'own', true);
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .ordered
+ *
+ * Causes all `.members` assertions that follow in the chain to require that
+ * members be in the same order.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.have.ordered.members([1, 2])
+ *       .but.not.have.ordered.members([2, 1]);
+ *
+ * When `.include` and `.ordered` are combined, the ordering begins at the
+ * start of both arrays.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.include.ordered.members([1, 2])
+ *       .but.not.include.ordered.members([2, 3]);
+ *
+ * @name ordered
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('ordered', function () {
+  flag(this, 'ordered', true);
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .any
+ *
+ * Causes all `.keys` assertions that follow in the chain to only require that
+ * the target have at least one of the given keys. This is the opposite of
+ * `.all`, which requires that the target have all of the given keys.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.not.have.any.keys('c', 'd');
+ *
+ * See the `.keys` doc for guidance on when to use `.any` or `.all`.
+ *
+ * @name any
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('any', function () {
+  flag(this, 'any', true);
+  flag(this, 'all', false);
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .all
+ *
+ * Causes all `.keys` assertions that follow in the chain to require that the
+ * target have all of the given keys. This is the opposite of `.any`, which
+ * only requires that the target have at least one of the given keys.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.have.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *
+ * Note that `.all` is used by default when neither `.all` nor `.any` are
+ * added earlier in the chain. However, it's often best to add `.all` anyway
+ * because it improves readability.
+ *
+ * See the `.keys` doc for guidance on when to use `.any` or `.all`.
+ *
+ * @name all
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('all', function () {
+  flag(this, 'all', true);
+  flag(this, 'any', false);
+});
+
+const functionTypes = {
+  'function': ['function', 'asyncfunction', 'generatorfunction', 'asyncgeneratorfunction'],
+  'asyncfunction': ['asyncfunction', 'asyncgeneratorfunction'],
+  'generatorfunction': ['generatorfunction', 'asyncgeneratorfunction'],
+  'asyncgeneratorfunction': ['asyncgeneratorfunction']
+}
+
+/**
+ * ### .a(type[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target's type is equal to the given string `type`. Types
+ * are case insensitive. See the utility file `./type-detect.js` for info on the
+ * type detection algorithm.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.be.a('string');
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.be.an('object');
+ *     expect(null).to.be.a('null');
+ *     expect(undefined).to.be.an('undefined');
+ *     expect(new Error).to.be.an('error');
+ *     expect(Promise.resolve()).to.be.a('promise');
+ *     expect(new Float32Array).to.be.a('float32array');
+ *     expect(Symbol()).to.be.a('symbol');
+ *
+ * `.a` supports objects that have a custom type set via `Symbol.toStringTag`.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {
+ *       [Symbol.toStringTag]: 'myCustomType'
+ *     };
+ *
+ *     expect(myObj).to.be.a('myCustomType').but.not.an('object');
+ *
+ * It's often best to use `.a` to check a target's type before making more
+ * assertions on the same target. That way, you avoid unexpected behavior from
+ * any assertion that does different things based on the target's type.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.be.an('array').that.includes(2);
+ *     expect([]).to.be.an('array').that.is.empty;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.a`. However, it's often best to
+ * assert that the target is the expected type, rather than asserting that it
+ * isn't one of many unexpected types.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.be.a('string'); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.not.be.an('array'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.a` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message to
+ * show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the second
+ * argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.be.a('string', 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(1, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.a('string');
+ *
+ * `.a` can also be used as a language chain to improve the readability of
+ * your assertions.
+ *
+ *     expect({b: 2}).to.have.a.property('b');
+ *
+ * The alias `.an` can be used interchangeably with `.a`.
+ *
+ * @name a
+ * @alias an
+ * @param {String} type
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+function an (type, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  type = type.toLowerCase();
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , article = ~[ 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' ].indexOf(type.charAt(0)) ? 'an ' : 'a ';
+
+  const detectedType = _.type(obj).toLowerCase();
+
+  if (functionTypes['function'].includes(type)) {
+    this.assert(
+        functionTypes[type].includes(detectedType)
+      , 'expected #{this} to be ' + article + type
+      , 'expected #{this} not to be ' + article + type
+    );
+  } else {
+    this.assert(
+      type === detectedType
+      , 'expected #{this} to be ' + article + type
+      , 'expected #{this} not to be ' + article + type
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+Assertion.addChainableMethod('an', an);
+Assertion.addChainableMethod('a', an);
+
+/**
+ * ### .include(val[, msg])
+ *
+ * When the target is a string, `.include` asserts that the given string `val`
+ * is a substring of the target.
+ *
+ *     expect('foobar').to.include('foo');
+ *
+ * When the target is an array, `.include` asserts that the given `val` is a
+ * member of the target.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.include(2);
+ *
+ * When the target is an object, `.include` asserts that the given object
+ * `val`'s properties are a subset of the target's properties.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}).to.include({a: 1, b: 2});
+ *
+ * When the target is a Set or WeakSet, `.include` asserts that the given `val` is a
+ * member of the target. SameValueZero equality algorithm is used.
+ *
+ *     expect(new Set([1, 2])).to.include(2);
+ *
+ * When the target is a Map, `.include` asserts that the given `val` is one of
+ * the values of the target. SameValueZero equality algorithm is used.
+ *
+ *     expect(new Map([['a', 1], ['b', 2]])).to.include(2);
+ *
+ * Because `.include` does different things based on the target's type, it's
+ * important to check the target's type before using `.include`. See the `.a`
+ * doc for info on testing a target's type.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.be.an('array').that.includes(2);
+ *
+ * By default, strict (`===`) equality is used to compare array members and
+ * object properties. Add `.deep` earlier in the chain to use deep equality
+ * instead (WeakSet targets are not supported). See the `deep-eql` project
+ * page for info on the deep equality algorithm: https://github.com/chaijs/deep-eql.
+ *
+ *     // Target array deeply (but not strictly) includes `{a: 1}`
+ *     expect([{a: 1}]).to.deep.include({a: 1});
+ *     expect([{a: 1}]).to.not.include({a: 1});
+ *
+ *     // Target object deeply (but not strictly) includes `x: {a: 1}`
+ *     expect({x: {a: 1}}).to.deep.include({x: {a: 1}});
+ *     expect({x: {a: 1}}).to.not.include({x: {a: 1}});
+ *
+ * By default, all of the target's properties are searched when working with
+ * objects. This includes properties that are inherited and/or non-enumerable.
+ * Add `.own` earlier in the chain to exclude the target's inherited
+ * properties from the search.
+ *
+ *     Object.prototype.b = 2;
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.own.include({a: 1});
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.include({b: 2}).but.not.own.include({b: 2});
+ *
+ * Note that a target object is always only searched for `val`'s own
+ * enumerable properties.
+ *
+ * `.deep` and `.own` can be combined.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: {b: 2}}).to.deep.own.include({a: {b: 2}});
+ *
+ * Add `.nested` earlier in the chain to enable dot- and bracket-notation when
+ * referencing nested properties.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: {b: ['x', 'y']}}).to.nested.include({'a.b[1]': 'y'});
+ *
+ * If `.` or `[]` are part of an actual property name, they can be escaped by
+ * adding two backslashes before them.
+ *
+ *     expect({'.a': {'[b]': 2}}).to.nested.include({'\\.a.\\[b\\]': 2});
+ *
+ * `.deep` and `.nested` can be combined.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: {b: [{c: 3}]}}).to.deep.nested.include({'a.b[0]': {c: 3}});
+ *
+ * `.own` and `.nested` cannot be combined.
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.include`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foobar').to.not.include('taco');
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.not.include(4);
+ *
+ * However, it's dangerous to negate `.include` when the target is an object.
+ * The problem is that it creates uncertain expectations by asserting that the
+ * target object doesn't have all of `val`'s key/value pairs but may or may
+ * not have some of them. It's often best to identify the exact output that's
+ * expected, and then write an assertion that only accepts that exact output.
+ *
+ * When the target object isn't even expected to have `val`'s keys, it's
+ * often best to assert exactly that.
+ *
+ *     expect({c: 3}).to.not.have.any.keys('a', 'b'); // Recommended
+ *     expect({c: 3}).to.not.include({a: 1, b: 2}); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When the target object is expected to have `val`'s keys, it's often best to
+ * assert that each of the properties has its expected value, rather than
+ * asserting that each property doesn't have one of many unexpected values.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 3, b: 4}).to.include({a: 3, b: 4}); // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 3, b: 4}).to.not.include({a: 1, b: 2}); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.include` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.include(4, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3], 'nooo why fail??').to.include(4);
+ *
+ * `.include` can also be used as a language chain, causing all `.members` and
+ * `.keys` assertions that follow in the chain to require the target to be a
+ * superset of the expected set, rather than an identical set. Note that
+ * `.members` ignores duplicates in the subset when `.include` is added.
+ *
+ *     // Target object's keys are a superset of ['a', 'b'] but not identical
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}).to.include.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}).to.not.have.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *
+ *     // Target array is a superset of [1, 2] but not identical
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.include.members([1, 2]);
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.not.have.members([1, 2]);
+ *
+ *     // Duplicates in the subset are ignored
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.include.members([1, 2, 2, 2]);
+ *
+ * Note that adding `.any` earlier in the chain causes the `.keys` assertion
+ * to ignore `.include`.
+ *
+ *     // Both assertions are identical
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.include.any.keys('a', 'b');
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.any.keys('a', 'b');
+ *
+ * The aliases `.includes`, `.contain`, and `.contains` can be used
+ * interchangeably with `.include`.
+ *
+ * @name include
+ * @alias contain
+ * @alias includes
+ * @alias contains
+ * @param {Mixed} val
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function SameValueZero(a, b) {
+  return (_.isNaN(a) && _.isNaN(b)) || a === b;
+}
+
+function includeChainingBehavior () {
+  flag(this, 'contains', true);
+}
+
+function include (val, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , objType = _.type(obj).toLowerCase()
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , negate = flag(this, 'negate')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , isDeep = flag(this, 'deep')
+    , descriptor = isDeep ? 'deep ' : ''
+    , isEql = isDeep ? flag(this, 'eql') : SameValueZero;
+
+  flagMsg = flagMsg ? flagMsg + ': ' : '';
+
+  var included = false;
+
+  switch (objType) {
+    case 'string':
+      included = obj.indexOf(val) !== -1;
+      break;
+
+    case 'weakset':
+      if (isDeep) {
+        throw new AssertionError(
+          flagMsg + 'unable to use .deep.include with WeakSet',
+          undefined,
+          ssfi
+        );
+      }
+
+      included = obj.has(val);
+      break;
+
+    case 'map':
+      obj.forEach(function (item) {
+        included = included || isEql(item, val);
+      });
+      break;
+
+    case 'set':
+      if (isDeep) {
+        obj.forEach(function (item) {
+          included = included || isEql(item, val);
+        });
+      } else {
+        included = obj.has(val);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'array':
+      if (isDeep) {
+        included = obj.some(function (item) {
+          return isEql(item, val);
+        })
+      } else {
+        included = obj.indexOf(val) !== -1;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      // This block is for asserting a subset of properties in an object.
+      // `_.expectTypes` isn't used here because `.include` should work with
+      // objects with a custom `@@toStringTag`.
+      if (val !== Object(val)) {
+        throw new AssertionError(
+          flagMsg + 'the given combination of arguments ('
+          + objType + ' and '
+          + _.type(val).toLowerCase() + ')'
+          + ' is invalid for this assertion. '
+          + 'You can use an array, a map, an object, a set, a string, '
+          + 'or a weakset instead of a '
+          + _.type(val).toLowerCase(),
+          undefined,
+          ssfi
+        );
+      }
+
+      var props = Object.keys(val)
+        , firstErr = null
+        , numErrs = 0;
+
+      props.forEach(function (prop) {
+        var propAssertion = new Assertion(obj);
+        _.transferFlags(this, propAssertion, true);
+        flag(propAssertion, 'lockSsfi', true);
+
+        if (!negate || props.length === 1) {
+          propAssertion.property(prop, val[prop]);
+          return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+          propAssertion.property(prop, val[prop]);
+        } catch (err) {
+          if (!_.checkError.compatibleConstructor(err, AssertionError)) {
+            throw err;
+          }
+          if (firstErr === null) firstErr = err;
+          numErrs++;
+        }
+      }, this);
+
+      // When validating .not.include with multiple properties, we only want
+      // to throw an assertion error if all of the properties are included,
+      // in which case we throw the first property assertion error that we
+      // encountered.
+      if (negate && props.length > 1 && numErrs === props.length) {
+        throw firstErr;
+      }
+      return;
+  }
+
+  // Assert inclusion in collection or substring in a string.
+  this.assert(
+    included
+    , 'expected #{this} to ' + descriptor + 'include ' + _.inspect(val)
+    , 'expected #{this} to not ' + descriptor + 'include ' + _.inspect(val));
+}
+
+Assertion.addChainableMethod('include', include, includeChainingBehavior);
+Assertion.addChainableMethod('contain', include, includeChainingBehavior);
+Assertion.addChainableMethod('contains', include, includeChainingBehavior);
+Assertion.addChainableMethod('includes', include, includeChainingBehavior);
+
+/**
+ * ### .ok
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is a truthy value (considered `true` in boolean context).
+ * However, it's often best to assert that the target is strictly (`===`) or
+ * deeply equal to its expected value.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.be.ok; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(true).to.be.true; // Recommended
+ *     expect(true).to.be.ok; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.ok`.
+ *
+ *     expect(0).to.equal(0); // Recommended
+ *     expect(0).to.not.be.ok; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(false).to.be.false; // Recommended
+ *     expect(false).to.not.be.ok; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(null).to.be.null; // Recommended
+ *     expect(null).to.not.be.ok; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(undefined).to.be.undefined; // Recommended
+ *     expect(undefined).to.not.be.ok; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(false, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.ok;
+ *
+ * @name ok
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('ok', function () {
+  this.assert(
+      flag(this, 'object')
+    , 'expected #{this} to be truthy'
+    , 'expected #{this} to be falsy');
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .true
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is strictly (`===`) equal to `true`.
+ *
+ *     expect(true).to.be.true;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.true`. However, it's often best
+ * to assert that the target is equal to its expected value, rather than not
+ * equal to `true`.
+ *
+ *     expect(false).to.be.false; // Recommended
+ *     expect(false).to.not.be.true; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.true; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(false, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.true;
+ *
+ * @name true
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('true', function () {
+  this.assert(
+      true === flag(this, 'object')
+    , 'expected #{this} to be true'
+    , 'expected #{this} to be false'
+    , flag(this, 'negate') ? false : true
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .callable
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target a callable function.
+ *
+ *     expect(console.log).to.be.callable;
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect('not a function', 'nooo why fail??').to.be.callable;
+ *
+ * @name callable
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+Assertion.addProperty('callable', function () {
+  const val = flag(this, 'object')
+  const ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+  const message = flag(this, 'message')
+  const msg = message ? `${message}: ` : ''
+  const negate = flag(this, 'negate');
+
+  const assertionMessage = negate ?
+    `${msg}expected ${_.inspect(val)} not to be a callable function` : 
+    `${msg}expected ${_.inspect(val)} to be a callable function`;
+
+  const isCallable = ['Function', 'AsyncFunction', 'GeneratorFunction', 'AsyncGeneratorFunction'].includes(_.type(val));
+
+  if ((isCallable && negate) || (!isCallable && !negate)) {
+    throw new AssertionError(
+      assertionMessage,
+      undefined,
+      ssfi
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .false
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is strictly (`===`) equal to `false`.
+ *
+ *     expect(false).to.be.false;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.false`. However, it's often
+ * best to assert that the target is equal to its expected value, rather than
+ * not equal to `false`.
+ *
+ *     expect(true).to.be.true; // Recommended
+ *     expect(true).to.not.be.false; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.false; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(true, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.false;
+ *
+ * @name false
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('false', function () {
+  this.assert(
+      false === flag(this, 'object')
+    , 'expected #{this} to be false'
+    , 'expected #{this} to be true'
+    , flag(this, 'negate') ? true : false
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .null
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is strictly (`===`) equal to `null`.
+ *
+ *     expect(null).to.be.null;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.null`. However, it's often best
+ * to assert that the target is equal to its expected value, rather than not
+ * equal to `null`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.null; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(42, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.null;
+ *
+ * @name null
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('null', function () {
+  this.assert(
+      null === flag(this, 'object')
+    , 'expected #{this} to be null'
+    , 'expected #{this} not to be null'
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .undefined
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is strictly (`===`) equal to `undefined`.
+ *
+ *     expect(undefined).to.be.undefined;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.undefined`. However, it's often
+ * best to assert that the target is equal to its expected value, rather than
+ * not equal to `undefined`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.undefined; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(42, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.undefined;
+ *
+ * @name undefined
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('undefined', function () {
+  this.assert(
+      undefined === flag(this, 'object')
+    , 'expected #{this} to be undefined'
+    , 'expected #{this} not to be undefined'
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .NaN
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is exactly `NaN`.
+ *
+ *     expect(NaN).to.be.NaN;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.NaN`. However, it's often best
+ * to assert that the target is equal to its expected value, rather than not
+ * equal to `NaN`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.equal('foo'); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.not.be.NaN; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(42, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.NaN;
+ *
+ * @name NaN
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('NaN', function () {
+  this.assert(
+      _.isNaN(flag(this, 'object'))
+      , 'expected #{this} to be NaN'
+      , 'expected #{this} not to be NaN'
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .exist
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is not strictly (`===`) equal to either `null` or
+ * `undefined`. However, it's often best to assert that the target is equal to
+ * its expected value.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.exist; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(0).to.equal(0); // Recommended
+ *     expect(0).to.exist; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.exist`.
+ *
+ *     expect(null).to.be.null; // Recommended
+ *     expect(null).to.not.exist; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(undefined).to.be.undefined; // Recommended
+ *     expect(undefined).to.not.exist; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(null, 'nooo why fail??').to.exist;
+ *
+ * The alias `.exists` can be used interchangeably with `.exist`.
+ *
+ * @name exist
+ * @alias exists
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertExist () {
+  var val = flag(this, 'object');
+  this.assert(
+      val !== null && val !== undefined
+    , 'expected #{this} to exist'
+    , 'expected #{this} to not exist'
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addProperty('exist', assertExist);
+Assertion.addProperty('exists', assertExist);
+
+/**
+ * ### .empty
+ *
+ * When the target is a string or array, `.empty` asserts that the target's
+ * `length` property is strictly (`===`) equal to `0`.
+ *
+ *     expect([]).to.be.empty;
+ *     expect('').to.be.empty;
+ *
+ * When the target is a map or set, `.empty` asserts that the target's `size`
+ * property is strictly equal to `0`.
+ *
+ *     expect(new Set()).to.be.empty;
+ *     expect(new Map()).to.be.empty;
+ *
+ * When the target is a non-function object, `.empty` asserts that the target
+ * doesn't have any own enumerable properties. Properties with Symbol-based
+ * keys are excluded from the count.
+ *
+ *     expect({}).to.be.empty;
+ *
+ * Because `.empty` does different things based on the target's type, it's
+ * important to check the target's type before using `.empty`. See the `.a`
+ * doc for info on testing a target's type.
+ *
+ *     expect([]).to.be.an('array').that.is.empty;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.empty`. However, it's often
+ * best to assert that the target contains its expected number of values,
+ * rather than asserting that it's not empty.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.not.be.empty; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(new Set([1, 2, 3])).to.have.property('size', 3); // Recommended
+ *     expect(new Set([1, 2, 3])).to.not.be.empty; // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(Object.keys({a: 1})).to.have.lengthOf(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.be.empty; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3], 'nooo why fail??').to.be.empty;
+ *
+ * @name empty
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('empty', function () {
+  var val = flag(this, 'object')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , itemsCount;
+
+  flagMsg = flagMsg ? flagMsg + ': ' : '';
+
+  switch (_.type(val).toLowerCase()) {
+    case 'array':
+    case 'string':
+      itemsCount = val.length;
+      break;
+    case 'map':
+    case 'set':
+      itemsCount = val.size;
+      break;
+    case 'weakmap':
+    case 'weakset':
+      throw new AssertionError(
+        flagMsg + '.empty was passed a weak collection',
+        undefined,
+        ssfi
+      );
+    case 'function':
+      var msg = flagMsg + '.empty was passed a function ' + _.getName(val);
+      throw new AssertionError(msg.trim(), undefined, ssfi);
+    default:
+      if (val !== Object(val)) {
+        throw new AssertionError(
+          flagMsg + '.empty was passed non-string primitive ' + _.inspect(val),
+          undefined,
+          ssfi
+        );
+      }
+      itemsCount = Object.keys(val).length;
+  }
+
+  this.assert(
+      0 === itemsCount
+    , 'expected #{this} to be empty'
+    , 'expected #{this} not to be empty'
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .arguments
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is an `arguments` object.
+ *
+ *     function test () {
+ *       expect(arguments).to.be.arguments;
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     test();
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.arguments`. However, it's often
+ * best to assert which type the target is expected to be, rather than
+ * asserting that it’s not an `arguments` object.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.be.a('string'); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.not.be.arguments; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect({}, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.arguments;
+ *
+ * The alias `.Arguments` can be used interchangeably with `.arguments`.
+ *
+ * @name arguments
+ * @alias Arguments
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function checkArguments () {
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , type = _.type(obj);
+  this.assert(
+      'Arguments' === type
+    , 'expected #{this} to be arguments but got ' + type
+    , 'expected #{this} to not be arguments'
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addProperty('arguments', checkArguments);
+Assertion.addProperty('Arguments', checkArguments);
+
+/**
+ * ### .equal(val[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is strictly (`===`) equal to the given `val`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1);
+ *     expect('foo').to.equal('foo');
+ *
+ * Add `.deep` earlier in the chain to use deep equality instead. See the
+ * `deep-eql` project page for info on the deep equality algorithm:
+ * https://github.com/chaijs/deep-eql.
+ *
+ *     // Target object deeply (but not strictly) equals `{a: 1}`
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.deep.equal({a: 1});
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.equal({a: 1});
+ *
+ *     // Target array deeply (but not strictly) equals `[1, 2]`
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.deep.equal([1, 2]);
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.not.equal([1, 2]);
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.equal`. However, it's often
+ * best to assert that the target is equal to its expected value, rather than
+ * not equal to one of countless unexpected values.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.not.equal(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.equal` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message
+ * to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the
+ * second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(2, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(1, 'nooo why fail??').to.equal(2);
+ *
+ * The aliases `.equals` and `eq` can be used interchangeably with `.equal`.
+ *
+ * @name equal
+ * @alias equals
+ * @alias eq
+ * @param {Mixed} val
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertEqual (val, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+  if (flag(this, 'deep')) {
+    var prevLockSsfi = flag(this, 'lockSsfi');
+    flag(this, 'lockSsfi', true);
+    this.eql(val);
+    flag(this, 'lockSsfi', prevLockSsfi);
+  } else {
+    this.assert(
+        val === obj
+      , 'expected #{this} to equal #{exp}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not equal #{exp}'
+      , val
+      , this._obj
+      , true
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('equal', assertEqual);
+Assertion.addMethod('equals', assertEqual);
+Assertion.addMethod('eq', assertEqual);
+
+/**
+ * ### .eql(obj[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is deeply equal to the given `obj`. See the
+ * `deep-eql` project page for info on the deep equality algorithm:
+ * https://github.com/chaijs/deep-eql.
+ *
+ *     // Target object is deeply (but not strictly) equal to {a: 1}
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.eql({a: 1}).but.not.equal({a: 1});
+ *
+ *     // Target array is deeply (but not strictly) equal to [1, 2]
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.eql([1, 2]).but.not.equal([1, 2]);
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.eql`. However, it's often best
+ * to assert that the target is deeply equal to its expected value, rather
+ * than not deeply equal to one of countless unexpected values.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.eql({a: 1}); // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.eql({b: 2}); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.eql` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message
+ * to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the
+ * second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.eql({b: 2}, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect({a: 1}, 'nooo why fail??').to.eql({b: 2});
+ *
+ * The alias `.eqls` can be used interchangeably with `.eql`.
+ *
+ * The `.deep.equal` assertion is almost identical to `.eql` but with one
+ * difference: `.deep.equal` causes deep equality comparisons to also be used
+ * for any other assertions that follow in the chain.
+ *
+ * @name eql
+ * @alias eqls
+ * @param {Mixed} obj
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertEql(obj, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var eql = flag(this, 'eql');
+  this.assert(
+      eql(obj, flag(this, 'object'))
+    , 'expected #{this} to deeply equal #{exp}'
+    , 'expected #{this} to not deeply equal #{exp}'
+    , obj
+    , this._obj
+    , true
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('eql', assertEql);
+Assertion.addMethod('eqls', assertEql);
+
+/**
+ * ### .above(n[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is a number or a date greater than the given number or date `n` respectively.
+ * However, it's often best to assert that the target is equal to its expected
+ * value.
+ *
+ *     expect(2).to.equal(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(2).to.be.above(1); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.lengthOf` earlier in the chain to assert that the target's `length`
+ * or `size` is greater than the given number `n`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf.above(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.above(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.above`.
+ *
+ *     expect(2).to.equal(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.above(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.above` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message
+ * to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the
+ * second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.be.above(2, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(1, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.above(2);
+ *
+ * The aliases `.gt` and `.greaterThan` can be used interchangeably with
+ * `.above`.
+ *
+ * @name above
+ * @alias gt
+ * @alias greaterThan
+ * @param {Number} n
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertAbove (n, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , doLength = flag(this, 'doLength')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , msgPrefix = ((flagMsg) ? flagMsg + ': ' : '')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , objType = _.type(obj).toLowerCase()
+    , nType = _.type(n).toLowerCase()
+    , errorMessage
+    , shouldThrow = true;
+
+  if (doLength && objType !== 'map' && objType !== 'set') {
+    new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.have.property('length');
+  }
+
+  if (!doLength && (objType === 'date' && nType !== 'date')) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the argument to above must be a date';
+  } else if (nType !== 'number' && (doLength || objType === 'number')) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the argument to above must be a number';
+  } else if (!doLength && (objType !== 'date' && objType !== 'number')) {
+    var printObj = (objType === 'string') ? "'" + obj + "'" : obj;
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'expected ' + printObj + ' to be a number or a date';
+  } else {
+    shouldThrow = false;
+  }
+
+  if (shouldThrow) {
+    throw new AssertionError(errorMessage, undefined, ssfi);
+  }
+
+  if (doLength) {
+    var descriptor = 'length'
+      , itemsCount;
+    if (objType === 'map' || objType === 'set') {
+      descriptor = 'size';
+      itemsCount = obj.size;
+    } else {
+      itemsCount = obj.length;
+    }
+    this.assert(
+        itemsCount > n
+      , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + ' above #{exp} but got #{act}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not have a ' + descriptor + ' above #{exp}'
+      , n
+      , itemsCount
+    );
+  } else {
+    this.assert(
+        obj > n
+      , 'expected #{this} to be above #{exp}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to be at most #{exp}'
+      , n
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('above', assertAbove);
+Assertion.addMethod('gt', assertAbove);
+Assertion.addMethod('greaterThan', assertAbove);
+
+/**
+ * ### .least(n[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is a number or a date greater than or equal to the given
+ * number or date `n` respectively. However, it's often best to assert that the target is equal to
+ * its expected value.
+ *
+ *     expect(2).to.equal(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(2).to.be.at.least(1); // Not recommended
+ *     expect(2).to.be.at.least(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.lengthOf` earlier in the chain to assert that the target's `length`
+ * or `size` is greater than or equal to the given number `n`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf.at.least(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.at.least(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.least`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.at.least(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.least` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message
+ * to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the
+ * second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.be.at.least(2, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(1, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.at.least(2);
+ *
+ * The aliases `.gte` and `.greaterThanOrEqual` can be used interchangeably with
+ * `.least`.
+ *
+ * @name least
+ * @alias gte
+ * @alias greaterThanOrEqual
+ * @param {Number} n
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertLeast (n, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , doLength = flag(this, 'doLength')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , msgPrefix = ((flagMsg) ? flagMsg + ': ' : '')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , objType = _.type(obj).toLowerCase()
+    , nType = _.type(n).toLowerCase()
+    , errorMessage
+    , shouldThrow = true;
+
+  if (doLength && objType !== 'map' && objType !== 'set') {
+    new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.have.property('length');
+  }
+
+  if (!doLength && (objType === 'date' && nType !== 'date')) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the argument to least must be a date';
+  } else if (nType !== 'number' && (doLength || objType === 'number')) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the argument to least must be a number';
+  } else if (!doLength && (objType !== 'date' && objType !== 'number')) {
+    var printObj = (objType === 'string') ? "'" + obj + "'" : obj;
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'expected ' + printObj + ' to be a number or a date';
+  } else {
+    shouldThrow = false;
+  }
+
+  if (shouldThrow) {
+    throw new AssertionError(errorMessage, undefined, ssfi);
+  }
+
+  if (doLength) {
+    var descriptor = 'length'
+      , itemsCount;
+    if (objType === 'map' || objType === 'set') {
+      descriptor = 'size';
+      itemsCount = obj.size;
+    } else {
+      itemsCount = obj.length;
+    }
+    this.assert(
+        itemsCount >= n
+      , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + ' at least #{exp} but got #{act}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + ' below #{exp}'
+      , n
+      , itemsCount
+    );
+  } else {
+    this.assert(
+        obj >= n
+      , 'expected #{this} to be at least #{exp}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to be below #{exp}'
+      , n
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('least', assertLeast);
+Assertion.addMethod('gte', assertLeast);
+Assertion.addMethod('greaterThanOrEqual', assertLeast);
+
+/**
+ * ### .below(n[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is a number or a date less than the given number or date `n` respectively.
+ * However, it's often best to assert that the target is equal to its expected
+ * value.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.be.below(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.lengthOf` earlier in the chain to assert that the target's `length`
+ * or `size` is less than the given number `n`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf.below(4); // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.length(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.below(4); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.below`.
+ *
+ *     expect(2).to.equal(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(2).to.not.be.below(1); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.below` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message
+ * to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the
+ * second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(2).to.be.below(1, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(2, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.below(1);
+ *
+ * The aliases `.lt` and `.lessThan` can be used interchangeably with
+ * `.below`.
+ *
+ * @name below
+ * @alias lt
+ * @alias lessThan
+ * @param {Number} n
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertBelow (n, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , doLength = flag(this, 'doLength')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , msgPrefix = ((flagMsg) ? flagMsg + ': ' : '')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , objType = _.type(obj).toLowerCase()
+    , nType = _.type(n).toLowerCase()
+    , errorMessage
+    , shouldThrow = true;
+
+  if (doLength && objType !== 'map' && objType !== 'set') {
+    new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.have.property('length');
+  }
+
+  if (!doLength && (objType === 'date' && nType !== 'date')) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the argument to below must be a date';
+  } else if (nType !== 'number' && (doLength || objType === 'number')) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the argument to below must be a number';
+  } else if (!doLength && (objType !== 'date' && objType !== 'number')) {
+    var printObj = (objType === 'string') ? "'" + obj + "'" : obj;
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'expected ' + printObj + ' to be a number or a date';
+  } else {
+    shouldThrow = false;
+  }
+
+  if (shouldThrow) {
+    throw new AssertionError(errorMessage, undefined, ssfi);
+  }
+
+  if (doLength) {
+    var descriptor = 'length'
+      , itemsCount;
+    if (objType === 'map' || objType === 'set') {
+      descriptor = 'size';
+      itemsCount = obj.size;
+    } else {
+      itemsCount = obj.length;
+    }
+    this.assert(
+        itemsCount < n
+      , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + ' below #{exp} but got #{act}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not have a ' + descriptor + ' below #{exp}'
+      , n
+      , itemsCount
+    );
+  } else {
+    this.assert(
+        obj < n
+      , 'expected #{this} to be below #{exp}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to be at least #{exp}'
+      , n
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('below', assertBelow);
+Assertion.addMethod('lt', assertBelow);
+Assertion.addMethod('lessThan', assertBelow);
+
+/**
+ * ### .most(n[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is a number or a date less than or equal to the given number
+ * or date `n` respectively. However, it's often best to assert that the target is equal to its
+ * expected value.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.be.at.most(2); // Not recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.be.at.most(1); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.lengthOf` earlier in the chain to assert that the target's `length`
+ * or `size` is less than or equal to the given number `n`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf.at.most(4); // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.at.most(4); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.most`.
+ *
+ *     expect(2).to.equal(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(2).to.not.be.at.most(1); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.most` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message
+ * to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the
+ * second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(2).to.be.at.most(1, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(2, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.at.most(1);
+ *
+ * The aliases `.lte` and `.lessThanOrEqual` can be used interchangeably with
+ * `.most`.
+ *
+ * @name most
+ * @alias lte
+ * @alias lessThanOrEqual
+ * @param {Number} n
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertMost (n, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , doLength = flag(this, 'doLength')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , msgPrefix = ((flagMsg) ? flagMsg + ': ' : '')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , objType = _.type(obj).toLowerCase()
+    , nType = _.type(n).toLowerCase()
+    , errorMessage
+    , shouldThrow = true;
+
+  if (doLength && objType !== 'map' && objType !== 'set') {
+    new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.have.property('length');
+  }
+
+  if (!doLength && (objType === 'date' && nType !== 'date')) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the argument to most must be a date';
+  } else if (nType !== 'number' && (doLength || objType === 'number')) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the argument to most must be a number';
+  } else if (!doLength && (objType !== 'date' && objType !== 'number')) {
+    var printObj = (objType === 'string') ? "'" + obj + "'" : obj;
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'expected ' + printObj + ' to be a number or a date';
+  } else {
+    shouldThrow = false;
+  }
+
+  if (shouldThrow) {
+    throw new AssertionError(errorMessage, undefined, ssfi);
+  }
+
+  if (doLength) {
+    var descriptor = 'length'
+      , itemsCount;
+    if (objType === 'map' || objType === 'set') {
+      descriptor = 'size';
+      itemsCount = obj.size;
+    } else {
+      itemsCount = obj.length;
+    }
+    this.assert(
+        itemsCount <= n
+      , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + ' at most #{exp} but got #{act}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + ' above #{exp}'
+      , n
+      , itemsCount
+    );
+  } else {
+    this.assert(
+        obj <= n
+      , 'expected #{this} to be at most #{exp}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to be above #{exp}'
+      , n
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('most', assertMost);
+Assertion.addMethod('lte', assertMost);
+Assertion.addMethod('lessThanOrEqual', assertMost);
+
+/**
+ * ### .within(start, finish[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is a number or a date greater than or equal to the given
+ * number or date `start`, and less than or equal to the given number or date `finish` respectively.
+ * However, it's often best to assert that the target is equal to its expected
+ * value.
+ *
+ *     expect(2).to.equal(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(2).to.be.within(1, 3); // Not recommended
+ *     expect(2).to.be.within(2, 3); // Not recommended
+ *     expect(2).to.be.within(1, 2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.lengthOf` earlier in the chain to assert that the target's `length`
+ * or `size` is greater than or equal to the given number `start`, and less
+ * than or equal to the given number `finish`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf.within(2, 4); // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.within(2, 4); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.within`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.within(2, 4); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.within` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(4).to.be.within(1, 3, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(4, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.within(1, 3);
+ *
+ * @name within
+ * @param {Number} start lower bound inclusive
+ * @param {Number} finish upper bound inclusive
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addMethod('within', function (start, finish, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , doLength = flag(this, 'doLength')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , msgPrefix = ((flagMsg) ? flagMsg + ': ' : '')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , objType = _.type(obj).toLowerCase()
+    , startType = _.type(start).toLowerCase()
+    , finishType = _.type(finish).toLowerCase()
+    , errorMessage
+    , shouldThrow = true
+    , range = (startType === 'date' && finishType === 'date')
+        ? start.toISOString() + '..' + finish.toISOString()
+        : start + '..' + finish;
+
+  if (doLength && objType !== 'map' && objType !== 'set') {
+    new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.have.property('length');
+  }
+
+  if (!doLength && (objType === 'date' && (startType !== 'date' || finishType !== 'date'))) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the arguments to within must be dates';
+  } else if ((startType !== 'number' || finishType !== 'number') && (doLength || objType === 'number')) {
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'the arguments to within must be numbers';
+  } else if (!doLength && (objType !== 'date' && objType !== 'number')) {
+    var printObj = (objType === 'string') ? "'" + obj + "'" : obj;
+    errorMessage = msgPrefix + 'expected ' + printObj + ' to be a number or a date';
+  } else {
+    shouldThrow = false;
+  }
+
+  if (shouldThrow) {
+    throw new AssertionError(errorMessage, undefined, ssfi);
+  }
+
+  if (doLength) {
+    var descriptor = 'length'
+      , itemsCount;
+    if (objType === 'map' || objType === 'set') {
+      descriptor = 'size';
+      itemsCount = obj.size;
+    } else {
+      itemsCount = obj.length;
+    }
+    this.assert(
+        itemsCount >= start && itemsCount <= finish
+      , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + ' within ' + range
+      , 'expected #{this} to not have a ' + descriptor + ' within ' + range
+    );
+  } else {
+    this.assert(
+        obj >= start && obj <= finish
+      , 'expected #{this} to be within ' + range
+      , 'expected #{this} to not be within ' + range
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .instanceof(constructor[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is an instance of the given `constructor`.
+ *
+ *     function Cat () { }
+ *
+ *     expect(new Cat()).to.be.an.instanceof(Cat);
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.be.an.instanceof(Array);
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.instanceof`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.be.an.instanceof(Array);
+ *
+ * `.instanceof` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.be.an.instanceof(Array, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(1, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.an.instanceof(Array);
+ *
+ * Due to limitations in ES5, `.instanceof` may not always work as expected
+ * when using a transpiler such as Babel or TypeScript. In particular, it may
+ * produce unexpected results when subclassing built-in object such as
+ * `Array`, `Error`, and `Map`. See your transpiler's docs for details:
+ *
+ * - ([Babel](https://babeljs.io/docs/usage/caveats/#classes))
+ * - ([TypeScript](https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/Breaking-Changes#extending-built-ins-like-error-array-and-map-may-no-longer-work))
+ *
+ * The alias `.instanceOf` can be used interchangeably with `.instanceof`.
+ *
+ * @name instanceof
+ * @param {Constructor} constructor
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @alias instanceOf
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertInstanceOf (constructor, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+
+  var target = flag(this, 'object')
+  var ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi');
+  var flagMsg = flag(this, 'message');
+
+  try {
+    var isInstanceOf = target instanceof constructor;
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (err instanceof TypeError) {
+      flagMsg = flagMsg ? flagMsg + ': ' : '';
+      throw new AssertionError(
+        flagMsg + 'The instanceof assertion needs a constructor but '
+          + _.type(constructor) + ' was given.',
+        undefined,
+        ssfi
+      );
+    }
+    throw err;
+  }
+
+  var name = _.getName(constructor);
+  if (name == null) {
+    name = 'an unnamed constructor';
+  }
+
+  this.assert(
+      isInstanceOf
+    , 'expected #{this} to be an instance of ' + name
+    , 'expected #{this} to not be an instance of ' + name
+  );
+};
+
+Assertion.addMethod('instanceof', assertInstanceOf);
+Assertion.addMethod('instanceOf', assertInstanceOf);
+
+/**
+ * ### .property(name[, val[, msg]])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target has a property with the given key `name`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.property('a');
+ *
+ * When `val` is provided, `.property` also asserts that the property's value
+ * is equal to the given `val`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.property('a', 1);
+ *
+ * By default, strict (`===`) equality is used. Add `.deep` earlier in the
+ * chain to use deep equality instead. See the `deep-eql` project page for
+ * info on the deep equality algorithm: https://github.com/chaijs/deep-eql.
+ *
+ *     // Target object deeply (but not strictly) has property `x: {a: 1}`
+ *     expect({x: {a: 1}}).to.have.deep.property('x', {a: 1});
+ *     expect({x: {a: 1}}).to.not.have.property('x', {a: 1});
+ *
+ * The target's enumerable and non-enumerable properties are always included
+ * in the search. By default, both own and inherited properties are included.
+ * Add `.own` earlier in the chain to exclude inherited properties from the
+ * search.
+ *
+ *     Object.prototype.b = 2;
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.own.property('a');
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.own.property('a', 1);
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.property('b');
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.have.own.property('b');
+ *
+ * `.deep` and `.own` can be combined.
+ *
+ *     expect({x: {a: 1}}).to.have.deep.own.property('x', {a: 1});
+ *
+ * Add `.nested` earlier in the chain to enable dot- and bracket-notation when
+ * referencing nested properties.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: {b: ['x', 'y']}}).to.have.nested.property('a.b[1]');
+ *     expect({a: {b: ['x', 'y']}}).to.have.nested.property('a.b[1]', 'y');
+ *
+ * If `.` or `[]` are part of an actual property name, they can be escaped by
+ * adding two backslashes before them.
+ *
+ *     expect({'.a': {'[b]': 'x'}}).to.have.nested.property('\\.a.\\[b\\]');
+ *
+ * `.deep` and `.nested` can be combined.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: {b: [{c: 3}]}})
+ *       .to.have.deep.nested.property('a.b[0]', {c: 3});
+ *
+ * `.own` and `.nested` cannot be combined.
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.property`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.have.property('b');
+ *
+ * However, it's dangerous to negate `.property` when providing `val`. The
+ * problem is that it creates uncertain expectations by asserting that the
+ * target either doesn't have a property with the given key `name`, or that it
+ * does have a property with the given key `name` but its value isn't equal to
+ * the given `val`. It's often best to identify the exact output that's
+ * expected, and then write an assertion that only accepts that exact output.
+ *
+ * When the target isn't expected to have a property with the given key
+ * `name`, it's often best to assert exactly that.
+ *
+ *     expect({b: 2}).to.not.have.property('a'); // Recommended
+ *     expect({b: 2}).to.not.have.property('a', 1); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When the target is expected to have a property with the given key `name`,
+ * it's often best to assert that the property has its expected value, rather
+ * than asserting that it doesn't have one of many unexpected values.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 3}).to.have.property('a', 3); // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 3}).to.not.have.property('a', 1); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.property` changes the target of any assertions that follow in the chain
+ * to be the value of the property from the original target object.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.property('a').that.is.a('number');
+ *
+ * `.property` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`. When not providing `val`, only use the
+ * second form.
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.property('a', 2, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect({a: 1}, 'nooo why fail??').to.have.property('a', 2);
+ *     expect({a: 1}, 'nooo why fail??').to.have.property('b');
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.property('b', undefined, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *
+ * The above assertion isn't the same thing as not providing `val`. Instead,
+ * it's asserting that the target object has a `b` property that's equal to
+ * `undefined`.
+ *
+ * The assertions `.ownProperty` and `.haveOwnProperty` can be used
+ * interchangeably with `.own.property`.
+ *
+ * @name property
+ * @param {String} name
+ * @param {Mixed} val (optional)
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @returns value of property for chaining
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertProperty (name, val, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+
+  var isNested = flag(this, 'nested')
+    , isOwn = flag(this, 'own')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , nameType = typeof name;
+
+  flagMsg = flagMsg ? flagMsg + ': ' : '';
+
+  if (isNested) {
+    if (nameType !== 'string') {
+      throw new AssertionError(
+        flagMsg + 'the argument to property must be a string when using nested syntax',
+        undefined,
+        ssfi
+      );
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (nameType !== 'string' && nameType !== 'number' && nameType !== 'symbol') {
+      throw new AssertionError(
+        flagMsg + 'the argument to property must be a string, number, or symbol',
+        undefined,
+        ssfi
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (isNested && isOwn) {
+    throw new AssertionError(
+      flagMsg + 'The "nested" and "own" flags cannot be combined.',
+      undefined,
+      ssfi
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (obj === null || obj === undefined) {
+    throw new AssertionError(
+      flagMsg + 'Target cannot be null or undefined.',
+      undefined,
+      ssfi
+    );
+  }
+
+  var isDeep = flag(this, 'deep')
+    , negate = flag(this, 'negate')
+    , pathInfo = isNested ? _.getPathInfo(obj, name) : null
+    , value = isNested ? pathInfo.value : obj[name]
+    , isEql = isDeep ? flag(this, 'eql') : (val1, val2) => val1 === val2;
+
+  var descriptor = '';
+  if (isDeep) descriptor += 'deep ';
+  if (isOwn) descriptor += 'own ';
+  if (isNested) descriptor += 'nested ';
+  descriptor += 'property ';
+
+  var hasProperty;
+  if (isOwn) hasProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, name);
+  else if (isNested) hasProperty = pathInfo.exists;
+  else hasProperty = _.hasProperty(obj, name);
+
+  // When performing a negated assertion for both name and val, merely having
+  // a property with the given name isn't enough to cause the assertion to
+  // fail. It must both have a property with the given name, and the value of
+  // that property must equal the given val. Therefore, skip this assertion in
+  // favor of the next.
+  if (!negate || arguments.length === 1) {
+    this.assert(
+        hasProperty
+      , 'expected #{this} to have ' + descriptor + _.inspect(name)
+      , 'expected #{this} to not have ' + descriptor + _.inspect(name));
+  }
+
+  if (arguments.length > 1) {
+    this.assert(
+      hasProperty && isEql(val, value)
+      , 'expected #{this} to have ' + descriptor + _.inspect(name) + ' of #{exp}, but got #{act}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not have ' + descriptor + _.inspect(name) + ' of #{act}'
+      , val
+      , value
+    );
+  }
+
+  flag(this, 'object', value);
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('property', assertProperty);
+
+function assertOwnProperty (name, value, msg) {
+  flag(this, 'own', true);
+  assertProperty.apply(this, arguments);
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('ownProperty', assertOwnProperty);
+Assertion.addMethod('haveOwnProperty', assertOwnProperty);
+
+/**
+ * ### .ownPropertyDescriptor(name[, descriptor[, msg]])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target has its own property descriptor with the given key
+ * `name`. Enumerable and non-enumerable properties are included in the
+ * search.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('a');
+ *
+ * When `descriptor` is provided, `.ownPropertyDescriptor` also asserts that
+ * the property's descriptor is deeply equal to the given `descriptor`. See
+ * the `deep-eql` project page for info on the deep equality algorithm:
+ * https://github.com/chaijs/deep-eql.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('a', {
+ *       configurable: true,
+ *       enumerable: true,
+ *       writable: true,
+ *       value: 1,
+ *     });
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.ownPropertyDescriptor`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('b');
+ *
+ * However, it's dangerous to negate `.ownPropertyDescriptor` when providing
+ * a `descriptor`. The problem is that it creates uncertain expectations by
+ * asserting that the target either doesn't have a property descriptor with
+ * the given key `name`, or that it does have a property descriptor with the
+ * given key `name` but it’s not deeply equal to the given `descriptor`. It's
+ * often best to identify the exact output that's expected, and then write an
+ * assertion that only accepts that exact output.
+ *
+ * When the target isn't expected to have a property descriptor with the given
+ * key `name`, it's often best to assert exactly that.
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect({b: 2}).to.not.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('a');
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended
+ *     expect({b: 2}).to.not.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('a', {
+ *       configurable: true,
+ *       enumerable: true,
+ *       writable: true,
+ *       value: 1,
+ *     });
+ *
+ * When the target is expected to have a property descriptor with the given
+ * key `name`, it's often best to assert that the property has its expected
+ * descriptor, rather than asserting that it doesn't have one of many
+ * unexpected descriptors.
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 3}).to.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('a', {
+ *       configurable: true,
+ *       enumerable: true,
+ *       writable: true,
+ *       value: 3,
+ *     });
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended
+ *     expect({a: 3}).to.not.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('a', {
+ *       configurable: true,
+ *       enumerable: true,
+ *       writable: true,
+ *       value: 1,
+ *     });
+ *
+ * `.ownPropertyDescriptor` changes the target of any assertions that follow
+ * in the chain to be the value of the property descriptor from the original
+ * target object.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('a')
+ *       .that.has.property('enumerable', true);
+ *
+ * `.ownPropertyDescriptor` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a
+ * custom error message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also
+ * be given as the second argument to `expect`. When not providing
+ * `descriptor`, only use the second form.
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('a', {
+ *       configurable: true,
+ *       enumerable: true,
+ *       writable: true,
+ *       value: 2,
+ *     }, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 1}, 'nooo why fail??').to.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('a', {
+ *       configurable: true,
+ *       enumerable: true,
+ *       writable: true,
+ *       value: 2,
+ *     });
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 1}, 'nooo why fail??').to.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('b');
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended
+ *     expect({a: 1})
+ *       .to.have.ownPropertyDescriptor('b', undefined, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *
+ * The above assertion isn't the same thing as not providing `descriptor`.
+ * Instead, it's asserting that the target object has a `b` property
+ * descriptor that's deeply equal to `undefined`.
+ *
+ * The alias `.haveOwnPropertyDescriptor` can be used interchangeably with
+ * `.ownPropertyDescriptor`.
+ *
+ * @name ownPropertyDescriptor
+ * @alias haveOwnPropertyDescriptor
+ * @param {String} name
+ * @param {Object} descriptor _optional_
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertOwnPropertyDescriptor (name, descriptor, msg) {
+  if (typeof descriptor === 'string') {
+    msg = descriptor;
+    descriptor = null;
+  }
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+  var actualDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object(obj), name);
+  var eql = flag(this, 'eql');
+  if (actualDescriptor && descriptor) {
+    this.assert(
+        eql(descriptor, actualDescriptor)
+      , 'expected the own property descriptor for ' + _.inspect(name) + ' on #{this} to match ' + _.inspect(descriptor) + ', got ' + _.inspect(actualDescriptor)
+      , 'expected the own property descriptor for ' + _.inspect(name) + ' on #{this} to not match ' + _.inspect(descriptor)
+      , descriptor
+      , actualDescriptor
+      , true
+    );
+  } else {
+    this.assert(
+        actualDescriptor
+      , 'expected #{this} to have an own property descriptor for ' + _.inspect(name)
+      , 'expected #{this} to not have an own property descriptor for ' + _.inspect(name)
+    );
+  }
+  flag(this, 'object', actualDescriptor);
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('ownPropertyDescriptor', assertOwnPropertyDescriptor);
+Assertion.addMethod('haveOwnPropertyDescriptor', assertOwnPropertyDescriptor);
+
+/**
+ * ### .lengthOf(n[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target's `length` or `size` is equal to the given number
+ * `n`.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf(3);
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf(3);
+ *     expect(new Set([1, 2, 3])).to.have.lengthOf(3);
+ *     expect(new Map([['a', 1], ['b', 2], ['c', 3]])).to.have.lengthOf(3);
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.lengthOf`. However, it's often
+ * best to assert that the target's `length` property is equal to its expected
+ * value, rather than not equal to one of many unexpected values.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.have.lengthOf(3); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.not.have.lengthOf(4); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.lengthOf` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf(2, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3], 'nooo why fail??').to.have.lengthOf(2);
+ *
+ * `.lengthOf` can also be used as a language chain, causing all `.above`,
+ * `.below`, `.least`, `.most`, and `.within` assertions that follow in the
+ * chain to use the target's `length` property as the target. However, it's
+ * often best to assert that the target's `length` property is equal to its
+ * expected length, rather than asserting that its `length` property falls
+ * within some range of values.
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf(3);
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.above(2);
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.below(4);
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.at.least(3);
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.at.most(3);
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.lengthOf.within(2,4);
+ *
+ * Due to a compatibility issue, the alias `.length` can't be chained directly
+ * off of an uninvoked method such as `.a`. Therefore, `.length` can't be used
+ * interchangeably with `.lengthOf` in every situation. It's recommended to
+ * always use `.lengthOf` instead of `.length`.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.a.length(3); // incompatible; throws error
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.a.lengthOf(3);  // passes as expected
+ *
+ * @name lengthOf
+ * @alias length
+ * @param {Number} n
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertLengthChain () {
+  flag(this, 'doLength', true);
+}
+
+function assertLength (n, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , objType = _.type(obj).toLowerCase()
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , descriptor = 'length'
+    , itemsCount;
+
+  switch (objType) {
+    case 'map':
+    case 'set':
+      descriptor = 'size';
+      itemsCount = obj.size;
+      break;
+    default:
+      new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.have.property('length');
+      itemsCount = obj.length;
+  }
+
+  this.assert(
+      itemsCount == n
+    , 'expected #{this} to have a ' + descriptor + ' of #{exp} but got #{act}'
+    , 'expected #{this} to not have a ' + descriptor + ' of #{act}'
+    , n
+    , itemsCount
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addChainableMethod('length', assertLength, assertLengthChain);
+Assertion.addChainableMethod('lengthOf', assertLength, assertLengthChain);
+
+/**
+ * ### .match(re[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target matches the given regular expression `re`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foobar').to.match(/^foo/);
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.match`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foobar').to.not.match(/taco/);
+ *
+ * `.match` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message
+ * to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the
+ * second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foobar').to.match(/taco/, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect('foobar', 'nooo why fail??').to.match(/taco/);
+ *
+ * The alias `.matches` can be used interchangeably with `.match`.
+ *
+ * @name match
+ * @alias matches
+ * @param {RegExp} re
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+function assertMatch(re, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+  this.assert(
+      re.exec(obj)
+    , 'expected #{this} to match ' + re
+    , 'expected #{this} not to match ' + re
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('match', assertMatch);
+Assertion.addMethod('matches', assertMatch);
+
+/**
+ * ### .string(str[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target string contains the given substring `str`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foobar').to.have.string('bar');
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.string`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foobar').to.not.have.string('taco');
+ *
+ * `.string` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foobar').to.have.string('taco', 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect('foobar', 'nooo why fail??').to.have.string('taco');
+ *
+ * @name string
+ * @param {String} str
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addMethod('string', function (str, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi');
+  new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('string');
+
+  this.assert(
+      ~obj.indexOf(str)
+    , 'expected #{this} to contain ' + _.inspect(str)
+    , 'expected #{this} to not contain ' + _.inspect(str)
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .keys(key1[, key2[, ...]])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target object, array, map, or set has the given keys. Only
+ * the target's own inherited properties are included in the search.
+ *
+ * When the target is an object or array, keys can be provided as one or more
+ * string arguments, a single array argument, or a single object argument. In
+ * the latter case, only the keys in the given object matter; the values are
+ * ignored.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.have.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *     expect(['x', 'y']).to.have.all.keys(0, 1);
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.have.all.keys(['a', 'b']);
+ *     expect(['x', 'y']).to.have.all.keys([0, 1]);
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.have.all.keys({a: 4, b: 5}); // ignore 4 and 5
+ *     expect(['x', 'y']).to.have.all.keys({0: 4, 1: 5}); // ignore 4 and 5
+ *
+ * When the target is a map or set, each key must be provided as a separate
+ * argument.
+ *
+ *     expect(new Map([['a', 1], ['b', 2]])).to.have.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *     expect(new Set(['a', 'b'])).to.have.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *
+ * Because `.keys` does different things based on the target's type, it's
+ * important to check the target's type before using `.keys`. See the `.a` doc
+ * for info on testing a target's type.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.be.an('object').that.has.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *
+ * By default, strict (`===`) equality is used to compare keys of maps and
+ * sets. Add `.deep` earlier in the chain to use deep equality instead. See
+ * the `deep-eql` project page for info on the deep equality algorithm:
+ * https://github.com/chaijs/deep-eql.
+ *
+ *     // Target set deeply (but not strictly) has key `{a: 1}`
+ *     expect(new Set([{a: 1}])).to.have.all.deep.keys([{a: 1}]);
+ *     expect(new Set([{a: 1}])).to.not.have.all.keys([{a: 1}]);
+ *
+ * By default, the target must have all of the given keys and no more. Add
+ * `.any` earlier in the chain to only require that the target have at least
+ * one of the given keys. Also, add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate
+ * `.keys`. It's often best to add `.any` when negating `.keys`, and to use
+ * `.all` when asserting `.keys` without negation.
+ *
+ * When negating `.keys`, `.any` is preferred because `.not.any.keys` asserts
+ * exactly what's expected of the output, whereas `.not.all.keys` creates
+ * uncertain expectations.
+ *
+ *     // Recommended; asserts that target doesn't have any of the given keys
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.not.have.any.keys('c', 'd');
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended; asserts that target doesn't have all of the given
+ *     // keys but may or may not have some of them
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.not.have.all.keys('c', 'd');
+ *
+ * When asserting `.keys` without negation, `.all` is preferred because
+ * `.all.keys` asserts exactly what's expected of the output, whereas
+ * `.any.keys` creates uncertain expectations.
+ *
+ *     // Recommended; asserts that target has all the given keys
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.have.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended; asserts that target has at least one of the given
+ *     // keys but may or may not have more of them
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.have.any.keys('a', 'b');
+ *
+ * Note that `.all` is used by default when neither `.all` nor `.any` appear
+ * earlier in the chain. However, it's often best to add `.all` anyway because
+ * it improves readability.
+ *
+ *     // Both assertions are identical
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.have.all.keys('a', 'b'); // Recommended
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2}).to.have.keys('a', 'b'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.include` earlier in the chain to require that the target's keys be a
+ * superset of the expected keys, rather than identical sets.
+ *
+ *     // Target object's keys are a superset of ['a', 'b'] but not identical
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}).to.include.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *     expect({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}).to.not.have.all.keys('a', 'b');
+ *
+ * However, if `.any` and `.include` are combined, only the `.any` takes
+ * effect. The `.include` is ignored in this case.
+ *
+ *     // Both assertions are identical
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.have.any.keys('a', 'b');
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.include.any.keys('a', 'b');
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}, 'nooo why fail??').to.have.key('b');
+ *
+ * The alias `.key` can be used interchangeably with `.keys`.
+ *
+ * @name keys
+ * @alias key
+ * @param {...String|Array|Object} keys
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertKeys (keys) {
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , objType = _.type(obj)
+    , keysType = _.type(keys)
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , isDeep = flag(this, 'deep')
+    , str
+    , deepStr = ''
+    , actual
+    , ok = true
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message');
+
+  flagMsg = flagMsg ? flagMsg + ': ' : '';
+  var mixedArgsMsg = flagMsg + 'when testing keys against an object or an array you must give a single Array|Object|String argument or multiple String arguments';
+
+  if (objType === 'Map' || objType === 'Set') {
+    deepStr = isDeep ? 'deeply ' : '';
+    actual = [];
+
+    // Map and Set '.keys' aren't supported in IE 11. Therefore, use .forEach.
+    obj.forEach(function (val, key) { actual.push(key) });
+
+    if (keysType !== 'Array') {
+      keys = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
+    }
+  } else {
+    actual = _.getOwnEnumerableProperties(obj);
+
+    switch (keysType) {
+      case 'Array':
+        if (arguments.length > 1) {
+          throw new AssertionError(mixedArgsMsg, undefined, ssfi);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 'Object':
+        if (arguments.length > 1) {
+          throw new AssertionError(mixedArgsMsg, undefined, ssfi);
+        }
+        keys = Object.keys(keys);
+        break;
+      default:
+        keys = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
+    }
+
+    // Only stringify non-Symbols because Symbols would become "Symbol()"
+    keys = keys.map(function (val) {
+      return typeof val === 'symbol' ? val : String(val);
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (!keys.length) {
+    throw new AssertionError(flagMsg + 'keys required', undefined, ssfi);
+  }
+
+  var len = keys.length
+    , any = flag(this, 'any')
+    , all = flag(this, 'all')
+    , expected = keys
+    , isEql = isDeep ? flag(this, 'eql') : (val1, val2) => val1 === val2;
+
+  if (!any && !all) {
+    all = true;
+  }
+
+  // Has any
+  if (any) {
+    ok = expected.some(function(expectedKey) {
+      return actual.some(function(actualKey) {
+        return isEql(expectedKey, actualKey);
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Has all
+  if (all) {
+    ok = expected.every(function(expectedKey) {
+      return actual.some(function(actualKey) {
+        return isEql(expectedKey, actualKey);
+      });
+    });
+
+    if (!flag(this, 'contains')) {
+      ok = ok && keys.length == actual.length;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Key string
+  if (len > 1) {
+    keys = keys.map(function(key) {
+      return _.inspect(key);
+    });
+    var last = keys.pop();
+    if (all) {
+      str = keys.join(', ') + ', and ' + last;
+    }
+    if (any) {
+      str = keys.join(', ') + ', or ' + last;
+    }
+  } else {
+    str = _.inspect(keys[0]);
+  }
+
+  // Form
+  str = (len > 1 ? 'keys ' : 'key ') + str;
+
+  // Have / include
+  str = (flag(this, 'contains') ? 'contain ' : 'have ') + str;
+
+  // Assertion
+  this.assert(
+      ok
+    , 'expected #{this} to ' + deepStr + str
+    , 'expected #{this} to not ' + deepStr + str
+    , expected.slice(0).sort(_.compareByInspect)
+    , actual.sort(_.compareByInspect)
+    , true
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('keys', assertKeys);
+Assertion.addMethod('key', assertKeys);
+
+/**
+ * ### .throw([errorLike], [errMsgMatcher], [msg])
+ *
+ * When no arguments are provided, `.throw` invokes the target function and
+ * asserts that an error is thrown.
+ *
+ *     var badFn = function () { throw new TypeError('Illegal salmon!'); };
+ *
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw();
+ *
+ * When one argument is provided, and it's an error constructor, `.throw`
+ * invokes the target function and asserts that an error is thrown that's an
+ * instance of that error constructor.
+ *
+ *     var badFn = function () { throw new TypeError('Illegal salmon!'); };
+ *
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw(TypeError);
+ *
+ * When one argument is provided, and it's an error instance, `.throw` invokes
+ * the target function and asserts that an error is thrown that's strictly
+ * (`===`) equal to that error instance.
+ *
+ *     var err = new TypeError('Illegal salmon!');
+ *     var badFn = function () { throw err; };
+ *
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw(err);
+ *
+ * When one argument is provided, and it's a string, `.throw` invokes the
+ * target function and asserts that an error is thrown with a message that
+ * contains that string.
+ *
+ *     var badFn = function () { throw new TypeError('Illegal salmon!'); };
+ *
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw('salmon');
+ *
+ * When one argument is provided, and it's a regular expression, `.throw`
+ * invokes the target function and asserts that an error is thrown with a
+ * message that matches that regular expression.
+ *
+ *     var badFn = function () { throw new TypeError('Illegal salmon!'); };
+ *
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw(/salmon/);
+ *
+ * When two arguments are provided, and the first is an error instance or
+ * constructor, and the second is a string or regular expression, `.throw`
+ * invokes the function and asserts that an error is thrown that fulfills both
+ * conditions as described above.
+ *
+ *     var err = new TypeError('Illegal salmon!');
+ *     var badFn = function () { throw err; };
+ *
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw(TypeError, 'salmon');
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw(TypeError, /salmon/);
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw(err, 'salmon');
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw(err, /salmon/);
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.throw`.
+ *
+ *     var goodFn = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(goodFn).to.not.throw();
+ *
+ * However, it's dangerous to negate `.throw` when providing any arguments.
+ * The problem is that it creates uncertain expectations by asserting that the
+ * target either doesn't throw an error, or that it throws an error but of a
+ * different type than the given type, or that it throws an error of the given
+ * type but with a message that doesn't include the given string. It's often
+ * best to identify the exact output that's expected, and then write an
+ * assertion that only accepts that exact output.
+ *
+ * When the target isn't expected to throw an error, it's often best to assert
+ * exactly that.
+ *
+ *     var goodFn = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(goodFn).to.not.throw(); // Recommended
+ *     expect(goodFn).to.not.throw(ReferenceError, 'x'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When the target is expected to throw an error, it's often best to assert
+ * that the error is of its expected type, and has a message that includes an
+ * expected string, rather than asserting that it doesn't have one of many
+ * unexpected types, and doesn't have a message that includes some string.
+ *
+ *     var badFn = function () { throw new TypeError('Illegal salmon!'); };
+ *
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw(TypeError, 'salmon'); // Recommended
+ *     expect(badFn).to.not.throw(ReferenceError, 'x'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.throw` changes the target of any assertions that follow in the chain to
+ * be the error object that's thrown.
+ *
+ *     var err = new TypeError('Illegal salmon!');
+ *     err.code = 42;
+ *     var badFn = function () { throw err; };
+ *
+ *     expect(badFn).to.throw(TypeError).with.property('code', 42);
+ *
+ * `.throw` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message
+ * to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the
+ * second argument to `expect`. When not providing two arguments, always use
+ * the second form.
+ *
+ *     var goodFn = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(goodFn).to.throw(TypeError, 'x', 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(goodFn, 'nooo why fail??').to.throw();
+ *
+ * Due to limitations in ES5, `.throw` may not always work as expected when
+ * using a transpiler such as Babel or TypeScript. In particular, it may
+ * produce unexpected results when subclassing the built-in `Error` object and
+ * then passing the subclassed constructor to `.throw`. See your transpiler's
+ * docs for details:
+ *
+ * - ([Babel](https://babeljs.io/docs/usage/caveats/#classes))
+ * - ([TypeScript](https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/Breaking-Changes#extending-built-ins-like-error-array-and-map-may-no-longer-work))
+ *
+ * Beware of some common mistakes when using the `throw` assertion. One common
+ * mistake is to accidentally invoke the function yourself instead of letting
+ * the `throw` assertion invoke the function for you. For example, when
+ * testing if a function named `fn` throws, provide `fn` instead of `fn()` as
+ * the target for the assertion.
+ *
+ *     expect(fn).to.throw();     // Good! Tests `fn` as desired
+ *     expect(fn()).to.throw();   // Bad! Tests result of `fn()`, not `fn`
+ *
+ * If you need to assert that your function `fn` throws when passed certain
+ * arguments, then wrap a call to `fn` inside of another function.
+ *
+ *     expect(function () { fn(42); }).to.throw();  // Function expression
+ *     expect(() => fn(42)).to.throw();             // ES6 arrow function
+ *
+ * Another common mistake is to provide an object method (or any stand-alone
+ * function that relies on `this`) as the target of the assertion. Doing so is
+ * problematic because the `this` context will be lost when the function is
+ * invoked by `.throw`; there's no way for it to know what `this` is supposed
+ * to be. There are two ways around this problem. One solution is to wrap the
+ * method or function call inside of another function. Another solution is to
+ * use `bind`.
+ *
+ *     expect(function () { cat.meow(); }).to.throw();  // Function expression
+ *     expect(() => cat.meow()).to.throw();             // ES6 arrow function
+ *     expect(cat.meow.bind(cat)).to.throw();           // Bind
+ *
+ * Finally, it's worth mentioning that it's a best practice in JavaScript to
+ * only throw `Error` and derivatives of `Error` such as `ReferenceError`,
+ * `TypeError`, and user-defined objects that extend `Error`. No other type of
+ * value will generate a stack trace when initialized. With that said, the
+ * `throw` assertion does technically support any type of value being thrown,
+ * not just `Error` and its derivatives.
+ *
+ * The aliases `.throws` and `.Throw` can be used interchangeably with
+ * `.throw`.
+ *
+ * @name throw
+ * @alias throws
+ * @alias Throw
+ * @param {Error|ErrorConstructor} errorLike
+ * @param {String|RegExp} errMsgMatcher error message
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error#Error_types
+ * @returns error for chaining (null if no error)
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertThrows (errorLike, errMsgMatcher, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , negate = flag(this, 'negate') || false;
+  new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('function');
+
+  if (errorLike instanceof RegExp || typeof errorLike === 'string') {
+    errMsgMatcher = errorLike;
+    errorLike = null;
+  }
+
+  var caughtErr;
+  try {
+    obj();
+  } catch (err) {
+    caughtErr = err;
+  }
+
+  // If we have the negate flag enabled and at least one valid argument it means we do expect an error
+  // but we want it to match a given set of criteria
+  var everyArgIsUndefined = errorLike === undefined && errMsgMatcher === undefined;
+
+  // If we've got the negate flag enabled and both args, we should only fail if both aren't compatible
+  // See Issue #551 and PR #683@GitHub
+  var everyArgIsDefined = Boolean(errorLike && errMsgMatcher);
+  var errorLikeFail = false;
+  var errMsgMatcherFail = false;
+
+  // Checking if error was thrown
+  if (everyArgIsUndefined || !everyArgIsUndefined && !negate) {
+    // We need this to display results correctly according to their types
+    var errorLikeString = 'an error';
+    if (errorLike instanceof Error) {
+      errorLikeString = '#{exp}';
+    } else if (errorLike) {
+      errorLikeString = _.checkError.getConstructorName(errorLike);
+    }
+
+    this.assert(
+        caughtErr
+      , 'expected #{this} to throw ' + errorLikeString
+      , 'expected #{this} to not throw an error but #{act} was thrown'
+      , errorLike && errorLike.toString()
+      , (caughtErr instanceof Error ?
+          caughtErr.toString() : (typeof caughtErr === 'string' ? caughtErr : caughtErr &&
+                                  _.checkError.getConstructorName(caughtErr)))
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (errorLike && caughtErr) {
+    // We should compare instances only if `errorLike` is an instance of `Error`
+    if (errorLike instanceof Error) {
+      var isCompatibleInstance = _.checkError.compatibleInstance(caughtErr, errorLike);
+
+      if (isCompatibleInstance === negate) {
+        // These checks were created to ensure we won't fail too soon when we've got both args and a negate
+        // See Issue #551 and PR #683@GitHub
+        if (everyArgIsDefined && negate) {
+          errorLikeFail = true;
+        } else {
+          this.assert(
+              negate
+            , 'expected #{this} to throw #{exp} but #{act} was thrown'
+            , 'expected #{this} to not throw #{exp}' + (caughtErr && !negate ? ' but #{act} was thrown' : '')
+            , errorLike.toString()
+            , caughtErr.toString()
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    var isCompatibleConstructor = _.checkError.compatibleConstructor(caughtErr, errorLike);
+    if (isCompatibleConstructor === negate) {
+      if (everyArgIsDefined && negate) {
+          errorLikeFail = true;
+      } else {
+        this.assert(
+            negate
+          , 'expected #{this} to throw #{exp} but #{act} was thrown'
+          , 'expected #{this} to not throw #{exp}' + (caughtErr ? ' but #{act} was thrown' : '')
+          , (errorLike instanceof Error ? errorLike.toString() : errorLike && _.checkError.getConstructorName(errorLike))
+          , (caughtErr instanceof Error ? caughtErr.toString() : caughtErr && _.checkError.getConstructorName(caughtErr))
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (caughtErr && errMsgMatcher !== undefined && errMsgMatcher !== null) {
+    // Here we check compatible messages
+    var placeholder = 'including';
+    if (errMsgMatcher instanceof RegExp) {
+      placeholder = 'matching'
+    }
+
+    var isCompatibleMessage = _.checkError.compatibleMessage(caughtErr, errMsgMatcher);
+    if (isCompatibleMessage === negate) {
+      if (everyArgIsDefined && negate) {
+          errMsgMatcherFail = true;
+      } else {
+        this.assert(
+          negate
+          , 'expected #{this} to throw error ' + placeholder + ' #{exp} but got #{act}'
+          , 'expected #{this} to throw error not ' + placeholder + ' #{exp}'
+          ,  errMsgMatcher
+          ,  _.checkError.getMessage(caughtErr)
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If both assertions failed and both should've matched we throw an error
+  if (errorLikeFail && errMsgMatcherFail) {
+    this.assert(
+      negate
+      , 'expected #{this} to throw #{exp} but #{act} was thrown'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not throw #{exp}' + (caughtErr ? ' but #{act} was thrown' : '')
+      , (errorLike instanceof Error ? errorLike.toString() : errorLike && _.checkError.getConstructorName(errorLike))
+      , (caughtErr instanceof Error ? caughtErr.toString() : caughtErr && _.checkError.getConstructorName(caughtErr))
+    );
+  }
+
+  flag(this, 'object', caughtErr);
+};
+
+Assertion.addMethod('throw', assertThrows);
+Assertion.addMethod('throws', assertThrows);
+Assertion.addMethod('Throw', assertThrows);
+
+/**
+ * ### .respondTo(method[, msg])
+ *
+ * When the target is a non-function object, `.respondTo` asserts that the
+ * target has a method with the given name `method`. The method can be own or
+ * inherited, and it can be enumerable or non-enumerable.
+ *
+ *     function Cat () {}
+ *     Cat.prototype.meow = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(new Cat()).to.respondTo('meow');
+ *
+ * When the target is a function, `.respondTo` asserts that the target's
+ * `prototype` property has a method with the given name `method`. Again, the
+ * method can be own or inherited, and it can be enumerable or non-enumerable.
+ *
+ *     function Cat () {}
+ *     Cat.prototype.meow = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(Cat).to.respondTo('meow');
+ *
+ * Add `.itself` earlier in the chain to force `.respondTo` to treat the
+ * target as a non-function object, even if it's a function. Thus, it asserts
+ * that the target has a method with the given name `method`, rather than
+ * asserting that the target's `prototype` property has a method with the
+ * given name `method`.
+ *
+ *     function Cat () {}
+ *     Cat.prototype.meow = function () {};
+ *     Cat.hiss = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(Cat).itself.to.respondTo('hiss').but.not.respondTo('meow');
+ *
+ * When not adding `.itself`, it's important to check the target's type before
+ * using `.respondTo`. See the `.a` doc for info on checking a target's type.
+ *
+ *     function Cat () {}
+ *     Cat.prototype.meow = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(new Cat()).to.be.an('object').that.respondsTo('meow');
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.respondTo`.
+ *
+ *     function Dog () {}
+ *     Dog.prototype.bark = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(new Dog()).to.not.respondTo('meow');
+ *
+ * `.respondTo` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect({}).to.respondTo('meow', 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect({}, 'nooo why fail??').to.respondTo('meow');
+ *
+ * The alias `.respondsTo` can be used interchangeably with `.respondTo`.
+ *
+ * @name respondTo
+ * @alias respondsTo
+ * @param {String} method
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function respondTo (method, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , itself = flag(this, 'itself')
+    , context = ('function' === typeof obj && !itself)
+      ? obj.prototype[method]
+      : obj[method];
+
+  this.assert(
+      'function' === typeof context
+    , 'expected #{this} to respond to ' + _.inspect(method)
+    , 'expected #{this} to not respond to ' + _.inspect(method)
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('respondTo', respondTo);
+Assertion.addMethod('respondsTo', respondTo);
+
+/**
+ * ### .itself
+ *
+ * Forces all `.respondTo` assertions that follow in the chain to behave as if
+ * the target is a non-function object, even if it's a function. Thus, it
+ * causes `.respondTo` to assert that the target has a method with the given
+ * name, rather than asserting that the target's `prototype` property has a
+ * method with the given name.
+ *
+ *     function Cat () {}
+ *     Cat.prototype.meow = function () {};
+ *     Cat.hiss = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(Cat).itself.to.respondTo('hiss').but.not.respondTo('meow');
+ *
+ * @name itself
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('itself', function () {
+  flag(this, 'itself', true);
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .satisfy(matcher[, msg])
+ *
+ * Invokes the given `matcher` function with the target being passed as the
+ * first argument, and asserts that the value returned is truthy.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.satisfy(function(num) {
+ *       return num > 0;
+ *     });
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.satisfy`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.not.satisfy(function(num) {
+ *       return num > 2;
+ *     });
+ *
+ * `.satisfy` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.satisfy(function(num) {
+ *       return num > 2;
+ *     }, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *
+ *     expect(1, 'nooo why fail??').to.satisfy(function(num) {
+ *       return num > 2;
+ *     });
+ *
+ * The alias `.satisfies` can be used interchangeably with `.satisfy`.
+ *
+ * @name satisfy
+ * @alias satisfies
+ * @param {Function} matcher
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function satisfy (matcher, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+  var result = matcher(obj);
+  this.assert(
+      result
+    , 'expected #{this} to satisfy ' + _.objDisplay(matcher)
+    , 'expected #{this} to not satisfy' + _.objDisplay(matcher)
+    , flag(this, 'negate') ? false : true
+    , result
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('satisfy', satisfy);
+Assertion.addMethod('satisfies', satisfy);
+
+/**
+ * ### .closeTo(expected, delta[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is a number that's within a given +/- `delta` range
+ * of the given number `expected`. However, it's often best to assert that the
+ * target is equal to its expected value.
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect(1.5).to.equal(1.5);
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended
+ *     expect(1.5).to.be.closeTo(1, 0.5);
+ *     expect(1.5).to.be.closeTo(2, 0.5);
+ *     expect(1.5).to.be.closeTo(1, 1);
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.closeTo`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1.5).to.equal(1.5); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1.5).to.not.be.closeTo(3, 1); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.closeTo` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1.5).to.be.closeTo(3, 1, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(1.5, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.closeTo(3, 1);
+ *
+ * The alias `.approximately` can be used interchangeably with `.closeTo`.
+ *
+ * @name closeTo
+ * @alias approximately
+ * @param {Number} expected
+ * @param {Number} delta
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function closeTo(expected, delta, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi');
+
+  new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('number');
+  if (typeof expected !== 'number' || typeof delta !== 'number') {
+    flagMsg = flagMsg ? flagMsg + ': ' : '';
+    var deltaMessage = delta === undefined ? ", and a delta is required" : "";
+    throw new AssertionError(
+        flagMsg + 'the arguments to closeTo or approximately must be numbers' + deltaMessage,
+        undefined,
+        ssfi
+    );
+  }
+
+  this.assert(
+      Math.abs(obj - expected) <= delta
+    , 'expected #{this} to be close to ' + expected + ' +/- ' + delta
+    , 'expected #{this} not to be close to ' + expected + ' +/- ' + delta
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('closeTo', closeTo);
+Assertion.addMethod('approximately', closeTo);
+
+// Note: Duplicates are ignored if testing for inclusion instead of sameness.
+function isSubsetOf(_subset, _superset, cmp, contains, ordered) {
+  let superset = Array.from(_superset);
+  let subset = Array.from(_subset);
+  if (!contains) {
+    if (subset.length !== superset.length) return false;
+    superset = superset.slice();
+  }
+
+  return subset.every(function(elem, idx) {
+    if (ordered) return cmp ? cmp(elem, superset[idx]) : elem === superset[idx];
+
+    if (!cmp) {
+      var matchIdx = superset.indexOf(elem);
+      if (matchIdx === -1) return false;
+
+      // Remove match from superset so not counted twice if duplicate in subset.
+      if (!contains) superset.splice(matchIdx, 1);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return superset.some(function(elem2, matchIdx) {
+      if (!cmp(elem, elem2)) return false;
+
+      // Remove match from superset so not counted twice if duplicate in subset.
+      if (!contains) superset.splice(matchIdx, 1);
+      return true;
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * ### .members(set[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target array has the same members as the given array
+ * `set`.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.members([2, 1, 3]);
+ *     expect([1, 2, 2]).to.have.members([2, 1, 2]);
+ *
+ * By default, members are compared using strict (`===`) equality. Add `.deep`
+ * earlier in the chain to use deep equality instead. See the `deep-eql`
+ * project page for info on the deep equality algorithm:
+ * https://github.com/chaijs/deep-eql.
+ *
+ *     // Target array deeply (but not strictly) has member `{a: 1}`
+ *     expect([{a: 1}]).to.have.deep.members([{a: 1}]);
+ *     expect([{a: 1}]).to.not.have.members([{a: 1}]);
+ *
+ * By default, order doesn't matter. Add `.ordered` earlier in the chain to
+ * require that members appear in the same order.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.ordered.members([1, 2, 3]);
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.have.members([2, 1, 3])
+ *       .but.not.ordered.members([2, 1, 3]);
+ *
+ * By default, both arrays must be the same size. Add `.include` earlier in
+ * the chain to require that the target's members be a superset of the
+ * expected members. Note that duplicates are ignored in the subset when
+ * `.include` is added.
+ *
+ *     // Target array is a superset of [1, 2] but not identical
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.include.members([1, 2]);
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.not.have.members([1, 2]);
+ *
+ *     // Duplicates in the subset are ignored
+ *     expect([1, 2, 3]).to.include.members([1, 2, 2, 2]);
+ *
+ * `.deep`, `.ordered`, and `.include` can all be combined. However, if
+ * `.include` and `.ordered` are combined, the ordering begins at the start of
+ * both arrays.
+ *
+ *     expect([{a: 1}, {b: 2}, {c: 3}])
+ *       .to.include.deep.ordered.members([{a: 1}, {b: 2}])
+ *       .but.not.include.deep.ordered.members([{b: 2}, {c: 3}]);
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.members`. However, it's
+ * dangerous to do so. The problem is that it creates uncertain expectations
+ * by asserting that the target array doesn't have all of the same members as
+ * the given array `set` but may or may not have some of them. It's often best
+ * to identify the exact output that's expected, and then write an assertion
+ * that only accepts that exact output.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.not.include(3).and.not.include(4); // Recommended
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.not.have.members([3, 4]); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.members` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.have.members([1, 2, 3], 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect([1, 2], 'nooo why fail??').to.have.members([1, 2, 3]);
+ *
+ * @name members
+ * @param {Array} set
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+Assertion.addMethod('members', function (subset, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi');
+
+  new Assertion(obj, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.be.iterable;
+  new Assertion(subset, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.be.iterable;
+
+  var contains = flag(this, 'contains');
+  var ordered = flag(this, 'ordered');
+
+  var subject, failMsg, failNegateMsg;
+
+  if (contains) {
+    subject = ordered ? 'an ordered superset' : 'a superset';
+    failMsg = 'expected #{this} to be ' + subject + ' of #{exp}';
+    failNegateMsg = 'expected #{this} to not be ' + subject + ' of #{exp}';
+  } else {
+    subject = ordered ? 'ordered members' : 'members';
+    failMsg = 'expected #{this} to have the same ' + subject + ' as #{exp}';
+    failNegateMsg = 'expected #{this} to not have the same ' + subject + ' as #{exp}';
+  }
+
+  var cmp = flag(this, 'deep') ? flag(this, 'eql') : undefined;
+
+  this.assert(
+      isSubsetOf(subset, obj, cmp, contains, ordered)
+    , failMsg
+    , failNegateMsg
+    , subset
+    , obj
+    , true
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .iterable
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is an iterable, which means that it has a iterator.
+ *
+ *     expect([1, 2]).to.be.iterable;
+ *     expect("foobar").to.be.iterable;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.iterable`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.iterable;
+ *     expect(true).to.not.be.iterable;
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.iterable;
+ *
+ * @name iterable
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+Assertion.addProperty('iterable', function(msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+
+  this.assert(
+    obj != undefined && obj[Symbol.iterator]
+    , 'expected #{this} to be an iterable'
+    , 'expected #{this} to not be an iterable'
+    , obj
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .oneOf(list[, msg])
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is a member of the given array `list`. However,
+ * it's often best to assert that the target is equal to its expected value.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.be.oneOf([1, 2, 3]); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Comparisons are performed using strict (`===`) equality.
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.oneOf`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.equal(1); // Recommended
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.oneOf([2, 3, 4]); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * It can also be chained with `.contain` or `.include`, which will work with
+ * both arrays and strings:
+ *
+ *     expect('Today is sunny').to.contain.oneOf(['sunny', 'cloudy'])
+ *     expect('Today is rainy').to.not.contain.oneOf(['sunny', 'cloudy'])
+ *     expect([1,2,3]).to.contain.oneOf([3,4,5])
+ *     expect([1,2,3]).to.not.contain.oneOf([4,5,6])
+ *
+ * `.oneOf` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message
+ * to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the
+ * second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.be.oneOf([2, 3, 4], 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(1, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.oneOf([2, 3, 4]);
+ *
+ * @name oneOf
+ * @param {Array<*>} list
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function oneOf (list, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var expected = flag(this, 'object')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi')
+    , contains = flag(this, 'contains')
+    , isDeep = flag(this, 'deep')
+    , eql = flag(this, 'eql');
+  new Assertion(list, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.be.an('array');
+
+  if (contains) {
+    this.assert(
+      list.some(function(possibility) { return expected.indexOf(possibility) > -1 })
+      , 'expected #{this} to contain one of #{exp}'
+      , 'expected #{this} to not contain one of #{exp}'
+      , list
+      , expected
+    );
+  } else {
+    if (isDeep) {
+      this.assert(
+        list.some(function(possibility) { return eql(expected, possibility) })
+        , 'expected #{this} to deeply equal one of #{exp}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to deeply equal one of #{exp}'
+        , list
+        , expected
+      );
+    } else {
+      this.assert(
+        list.indexOf(expected) > -1
+        , 'expected #{this} to be one of #{exp}'
+        , 'expected #{this} to not be one of #{exp}'
+        , list
+        , expected
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('oneOf', oneOf);
+
+/**
+ * ### .change(subject[, prop[, msg]])
+ *
+ * When one argument is provided, `.change` asserts that the given function
+ * `subject` returns a different value when it's invoked before the target
+ * function compared to when it's invoked afterward. However, it's often best
+ * to assert that `subject` is equal to its expected value.
+ *
+ *     var dots = ''
+ *       , addDot = function () { dots += '.'; }
+ *       , getDots = function () { return dots; };
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect(getDots()).to.equal('');
+ *     addDot();
+ *     expect(getDots()).to.equal('.');
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended
+ *     expect(addDot).to.change(getDots);
+ *
+ * When two arguments are provided, `.change` asserts that the value of the
+ * given object `subject`'s `prop` property is different before invoking the
+ * target function compared to afterward.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {dots: ''}
+ *       , addDot = function () { myObj.dots += '.'; };
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect(myObj).to.have.property('dots', '');
+ *     addDot();
+ *     expect(myObj).to.have.property('dots', '.');
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended
+ *     expect(addDot).to.change(myObj, 'dots');
+ *
+ * Strict (`===`) equality is used to compare before and after values.
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.change`.
+ *
+ *     var dots = ''
+ *       , noop = function () {}
+ *       , getDots = function () { return dots; };
+ *
+ *     expect(noop).to.not.change(getDots);
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {dots: ''}
+ *       , noop = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(noop).to.not.change(myObj, 'dots');
+ *
+ * `.change` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`. When not providing two arguments, always
+ * use the second form.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {dots: ''}
+ *       , addDot = function () { myObj.dots += '.'; };
+ *
+ *     expect(addDot).to.not.change(myObj, 'dots', 'nooo why fail??');
+ *
+ *     var dots = ''
+ *       , addDot = function () { dots += '.'; }
+ *       , getDots = function () { return dots; };
+ *
+ *     expect(addDot, 'nooo why fail??').to.not.change(getDots);
+ *
+ * `.change` also causes all `.by` assertions that follow in the chain to
+ * assert how much a numeric subject was increased or decreased by. However,
+ * it's dangerous to use `.change.by`. The problem is that it creates
+ * uncertain expectations by asserting that the subject either increases by
+ * the given delta, or that it decreases by the given delta. It's often best
+ * to identify the exact output that's expected, and then write an assertion
+ * that only accepts that exact output.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , addTwo = function () { myObj.val += 2; }
+ *       , subtractTwo = function () { myObj.val -= 2; };
+ *
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.change(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.decrease(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.change(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * The alias `.changes` can be used interchangeably with `.change`.
+ *
+ * @name change
+ * @alias changes
+ * @param {String} subject
+ * @param {String} prop name _optional_
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertChanges (subject, prop, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var fn = flag(this, 'object')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi');
+  new Assertion(fn, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('function');
+
+  var initial;
+  if (!prop) {
+    new Assertion(subject, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('function');
+    initial = subject();
+  } else {
+    new Assertion(subject, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.have.property(prop);
+    initial = subject[prop];
+  }
+
+  fn();
+
+  var final = prop === undefined || prop === null ? subject() : subject[prop];
+  var msgObj = prop === undefined || prop === null ? initial : '.' + prop;
+
+  // This gets flagged because of the .by(delta) assertion
+  flag(this, 'deltaMsgObj', msgObj);
+  flag(this, 'initialDeltaValue', initial);
+  flag(this, 'finalDeltaValue', final);
+  flag(this, 'deltaBehavior', 'change');
+  flag(this, 'realDelta', final !== initial);
+
+  this.assert(
+    initial !== final
+    , 'expected ' + msgObj + ' to change'
+    , 'expected ' + msgObj + ' to not change'
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('change', assertChanges);
+Assertion.addMethod('changes', assertChanges);
+
+/**
+ * ### .increase(subject[, prop[, msg]])
+ *
+ * When one argument is provided, `.increase` asserts that the given function
+ * `subject` returns a greater number when it's invoked after invoking the
+ * target function compared to when it's invoked beforehand. `.increase` also
+ * causes all `.by` assertions that follow in the chain to assert how much
+ * greater of a number is returned. It's often best to assert that the return
+ * value increased by the expected amount, rather than asserting it increased
+ * by any amount.
+ *
+ *     var val = 1
+ *       , addTwo = function () { val += 2; }
+ *       , getVal = function () { return val; };
+ *
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(getVal).by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(getVal); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When two arguments are provided, `.increase` asserts that the value of the
+ * given object `subject`'s `prop` property is greater after invoking the
+ * target function compared to beforehand.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , addTwo = function () { myObj.val += 2; };
+ *
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(myObj, 'val'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.increase`. However, it's
+ * dangerous to do so. The problem is that it creates uncertain expectations
+ * by asserting that the subject either decreases, or that it stays the same.
+ * It's often best to identify the exact output that's expected, and then
+ * write an assertion that only accepts that exact output.
+ *
+ * When the subject is expected to decrease, it's often best to assert that it
+ * decreased by the expected amount.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , subtractTwo = function () { myObj.val -= 2; };
+ *
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.decrease(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.not.increase(myObj, 'val'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When the subject is expected to stay the same, it's often best to assert
+ * exactly that.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , noop = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(noop).to.not.change(myObj, 'val'); // Recommended
+ *     expect(noop).to.not.increase(myObj, 'val'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.increase` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`. When not providing two arguments, always
+ * use the second form.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , noop = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(noop).to.increase(myObj, 'val', 'nooo why fail??');
+ *
+ *     var val = 1
+ *       , noop = function () {}
+ *       , getVal = function () { return val; };
+ *
+ *     expect(noop, 'nooo why fail??').to.increase(getVal);
+ *
+ * The alias `.increases` can be used interchangeably with `.increase`.
+ *
+ * @name increase
+ * @alias increases
+ * @param {String|Function} subject
+ * @param {String} prop name _optional_
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertIncreases (subject, prop, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var fn = flag(this, 'object')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi');
+  new Assertion(fn, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('function');
+
+  var initial;
+  if (!prop) {
+    new Assertion(subject, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('function');
+    initial = subject();
+  } else {
+    new Assertion(subject, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.have.property(prop);
+    initial = subject[prop];
+  }
+
+  // Make sure that the target is a number
+  new Assertion(initial, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('number');
+
+  fn();
+
+  var final = prop === undefined || prop === null ? subject() : subject[prop];
+  var msgObj = prop === undefined || prop === null ? initial : '.' + prop;
+
+  flag(this, 'deltaMsgObj', msgObj);
+  flag(this, 'initialDeltaValue', initial);
+  flag(this, 'finalDeltaValue', final);
+  flag(this, 'deltaBehavior', 'increase');
+  flag(this, 'realDelta', final - initial);
+
+  this.assert(
+    final - initial > 0
+    , 'expected ' + msgObj + ' to increase'
+    , 'expected ' + msgObj + ' to not increase'
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('increase', assertIncreases);
+Assertion.addMethod('increases', assertIncreases);
+
+/**
+ * ### .decrease(subject[, prop[, msg]])
+ *
+ * When one argument is provided, `.decrease` asserts that the given function
+ * `subject` returns a lesser number when it's invoked after invoking the
+ * target function compared to when it's invoked beforehand. `.decrease` also
+ * causes all `.by` assertions that follow in the chain to assert how much
+ * lesser of a number is returned. It's often best to assert that the return
+ * value decreased by the expected amount, rather than asserting it decreased
+ * by any amount.
+ *
+ *     var val = 1
+ *       , subtractTwo = function () { val -= 2; }
+ *       , getVal = function () { return val; };
+ *
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.decrease(getVal).by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.decrease(getVal); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When two arguments are provided, `.decrease` asserts that the value of the
+ * given object `subject`'s `prop` property is lesser after invoking the
+ * target function compared to beforehand.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , subtractTwo = function () { myObj.val -= 2; };
+ *
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.decrease(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.decrease(myObj, 'val'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.decrease`. However, it's
+ * dangerous to do so. The problem is that it creates uncertain expectations
+ * by asserting that the subject either increases, or that it stays the same.
+ * It's often best to identify the exact output that's expected, and then
+ * write an assertion that only accepts that exact output.
+ *
+ * When the subject is expected to increase, it's often best to assert that it
+ * increased by the expected amount.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , addTwo = function () { myObj.val += 2; };
+ *
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.not.decrease(myObj, 'val'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When the subject is expected to stay the same, it's often best to assert
+ * exactly that.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , noop = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(noop).to.not.change(myObj, 'val'); // Recommended
+ *     expect(noop).to.not.decrease(myObj, 'val'); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * `.decrease` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error
+ * message to show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as
+ * the second argument to `expect`. When not providing two arguments, always
+ * use the second form.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , noop = function () {};
+ *
+ *     expect(noop).to.decrease(myObj, 'val', 'nooo why fail??');
+ *
+ *     var val = 1
+ *       , noop = function () {}
+ *       , getVal = function () { return val; };
+ *
+ *     expect(noop, 'nooo why fail??').to.decrease(getVal);
+ *
+ * The alias `.decreases` can be used interchangeably with `.decrease`.
+ *
+ * @name decrease
+ * @alias decreases
+ * @param {String|Function} subject
+ * @param {String} prop name _optional_
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertDecreases (subject, prop, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+  var fn = flag(this, 'object')
+    , flagMsg = flag(this, 'message')
+    , ssfi = flag(this, 'ssfi');
+  new Assertion(fn, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('function');
+
+  var initial;
+  if (!prop) {
+    new Assertion(subject, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('function');
+    initial = subject();
+  } else {
+    new Assertion(subject, flagMsg, ssfi, true).to.have.property(prop);
+    initial = subject[prop];
+  }
+
+  // Make sure that the target is a number
+  new Assertion(initial, flagMsg, ssfi, true).is.a('number');
+
+  fn();
+
+  var final = prop === undefined || prop === null ? subject() : subject[prop];
+  var msgObj = prop === undefined || prop === null ? initial : '.' + prop;
+
+  flag(this, 'deltaMsgObj', msgObj);
+  flag(this, 'initialDeltaValue', initial);
+  flag(this, 'finalDeltaValue', final);
+  flag(this, 'deltaBehavior', 'decrease');
+  flag(this, 'realDelta', initial - final);
+
+  this.assert(
+    final - initial < 0
+    , 'expected ' + msgObj + ' to decrease'
+    , 'expected ' + msgObj + ' to not decrease'
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('decrease', assertDecreases);
+Assertion.addMethod('decreases', assertDecreases);
+
+/**
+ * ### .by(delta[, msg])
+ *
+ * When following an `.increase` assertion in the chain, `.by` asserts that
+ * the subject of the `.increase` assertion increased by the given `delta`.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , addTwo = function () { myObj.val += 2; };
+ *
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(myObj, 'val').by(2);
+ *
+ * When following a `.decrease` assertion in the chain, `.by` asserts that the
+ * subject of the `.decrease` assertion decreased by the given `delta`.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , subtractTwo = function () { myObj.val -= 2; };
+ *
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.decrease(myObj, 'val').by(2);
+ *
+ * When following a `.change` assertion in the chain, `.by` asserts that the
+ * subject of the `.change` assertion either increased or decreased by the
+ * given `delta`. However, it's dangerous to use `.change.by`. The problem is
+ * that it creates uncertain expectations. It's often best to identify the
+ * exact output that's expected, and then write an assertion that only accepts
+ * that exact output.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , addTwo = function () { myObj.val += 2; }
+ *       , subtractTwo = function () { myObj.val -= 2; };
+ *
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.change(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.decrease(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Recommended
+ *     expect(subtractTwo).to.change(myObj, 'val').by(2); // Not recommended
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.by`. However, it's often best
+ * to assert that the subject changed by its expected delta, rather than
+ * asserting that it didn't change by one of countless unexpected deltas.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , addTwo = function () { myObj.val += 2; };
+ *
+ *     // Recommended
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(myObj, 'val').by(2);
+ *
+ *     // Not recommended
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(myObj, 'val').but.not.by(3);
+ *
+ * `.by` accepts an optional `msg` argument which is a custom error message to
+ * show when the assertion fails. The message can also be given as the second
+ * argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     var myObj = {val: 1}
+ *       , addTwo = function () { myObj.val += 2; };
+ *
+ *     expect(addTwo).to.increase(myObj, 'val').by(3, 'nooo why fail??');
+ *     expect(addTwo, 'nooo why fail??').to.increase(myObj, 'val').by(3);
+ *
+ * @name by
+ * @param {Number} delta
+ * @param {String} msg _optional_
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function assertDelta(delta, msg) {
+  if (msg) flag(this, 'message', msg);
+
+  var msgObj = flag(this, 'deltaMsgObj');
+  var initial = flag(this, 'initialDeltaValue');
+  var final = flag(this, 'finalDeltaValue');
+  var behavior = flag(this, 'deltaBehavior');
+  var realDelta = flag(this, 'realDelta');
+
+  var expression;
+  if (behavior === 'change') {
+    expression = Math.abs(final - initial) === Math.abs(delta);
+  } else {
+    expression = realDelta === Math.abs(delta);
+  }
+
+  this.assert(
+    expression
+    , 'expected ' + msgObj + ' to ' + behavior + ' by ' + delta
+    , 'expected ' + msgObj + ' to not ' + behavior + ' by ' + delta
+  );
+}
+
+Assertion.addMethod('by', assertDelta);
+
+/**
+ * ### .extensible
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is extensible, which means that new properties can
+ * be added to it. Primitives are never extensible.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.be.extensible;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.extensible`.
+ *
+ *     var nonExtensibleObject = Object.preventExtensions({})
+ *       , sealedObject = Object.seal({})
+ *       , frozenObject = Object.freeze({});
+ *
+ *     expect(nonExtensibleObject).to.not.be.extensible;
+ *     expect(sealedObject).to.not.be.extensible;
+ *     expect(frozenObject).to.not.be.extensible;
+ *     expect(1).to.not.be.extensible;
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.extensible;
+ *
+ * @name extensible
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('extensible', function() {
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+
+  // In ES5, if the argument to this method is a primitive, then it will cause a TypeError.
+  // In ES6, a non-object argument will be treated as if it was a non-extensible ordinary object, simply return false.
+  // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/isExtensible
+  // The following provides ES6 behavior for ES5 environments.
+
+  var isExtensible = obj === Object(obj) && Object.isExtensible(obj);
+
+  this.assert(
+    isExtensible
+    , 'expected #{this} to be extensible'
+    , 'expected #{this} to not be extensible'
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .sealed
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is sealed, which means that new properties can't be
+ * added to it, and its existing properties can't be reconfigured or deleted.
+ * However, it's possible that its existing properties can still be reassigned
+ * to different values. Primitives are always sealed.
+ *
+ *     var sealedObject = Object.seal({});
+ *     var frozenObject = Object.freeze({});
+ *
+ *     expect(sealedObject).to.be.sealed;
+ *     expect(frozenObject).to.be.sealed;
+ *     expect(1).to.be.sealed;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.sealed`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.be.sealed;
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.sealed;
+ *
+ * @name sealed
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('sealed', function() {
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+
+  // In ES5, if the argument to this method is a primitive, then it will cause a TypeError.
+  // In ES6, a non-object argument will be treated as if it was a sealed ordinary object, simply return true.
+  // See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/isSealed
+  // The following provides ES6 behavior for ES5 environments.
+
+  var isSealed = obj === Object(obj) ? Object.isSealed(obj) : true;
+
+  this.assert(
+    isSealed
+    , 'expected #{this} to be sealed'
+    , 'expected #{this} to not be sealed'
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .frozen
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is frozen, which means that new properties can't be
+ * added to it, and its existing properties can't be reassigned to different
+ * values, reconfigured, or deleted. Primitives are always frozen.
+ *
+ *     var frozenObject = Object.freeze({});
+ *
+ *     expect(frozenObject).to.be.frozen;
+ *     expect(1).to.be.frozen;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.frozen`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}).to.not.be.frozen;
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect({a: 1}, 'nooo why fail??').to.be.frozen;
+ *
+ * @name frozen
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('frozen', function() {
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+
+  // In ES5, if the argument to this method is a primitive, then it will cause a TypeError.
+  // In ES6, a non-object argument will be treated as if it was a frozen ordinary object, simply return true.
+  // See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/isFrozen
+  // The following provides ES6 behavior for ES5 environments.
+
+  var isFrozen = obj === Object(obj) ? Object.isFrozen(obj) : true;
+
+  this.assert(
+    isFrozen
+    , 'expected #{this} to be frozen'
+    , 'expected #{this} to not be frozen'
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * ### .finite
+ *
+ * Asserts that the target is a number, and isn't `NaN` or positive/negative
+ * `Infinity`.
+ *
+ *     expect(1).to.be.finite;
+ *
+ * Add `.not` earlier in the chain to negate `.finite`. However, it's
+ * dangerous to do so. The problem is that it creates uncertain expectations
+ * by asserting that the subject either isn't a number, or that it's `NaN`, or
+ * that it's positive `Infinity`, or that it's negative `Infinity`. It's often
+ * best to identify the exact output that's expected, and then write an
+ * assertion that only accepts that exact output.
+ *
+ * When the target isn't expected to be a number, it's often best to assert
+ * that it's the expected type, rather than asserting that it isn't one of
+ * many unexpected types.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo').to.be.a('string'); // Recommended
+ *     expect('foo').to.not.be.finite; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When the target is expected to be `NaN`, it's often best to assert exactly
+ * that.
+ *
+ *     expect(NaN).to.be.NaN; // Recommended
+ *     expect(NaN).to.not.be.finite; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When the target is expected to be positive infinity, it's often best to
+ * assert exactly that.
+ *
+ *     expect(Infinity).to.equal(Infinity); // Recommended
+ *     expect(Infinity).to.not.be.finite; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * When the target is expected to be negative infinity, it's often best to
+ * assert exactly that.
+ *
+ *     expect(-Infinity).to.equal(-Infinity); // Recommended
+ *     expect(-Infinity).to.not.be.finite; // Not recommended
+ *
+ * A custom error message can be given as the second argument to `expect`.
+ *
+ *     expect('foo', 'nooo why fail??').to.be.finite;
+ *
+ * @name finite
+ * @namespace BDD
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+Assertion.addProperty('finite', function(msg) {
+  var obj = flag(this, 'object');
+
+  this.assert(
+      typeof obj === 'number' && isFinite(obj)
+    , 'expected #{this} to be a finite number'
+    , 'expected #{this} to not be a finite number'
+  );
+});