@elevasis/core 0.22.0 → 0.24.0

package/src/platform/utils/__tests__/validation.test.ts

@@ -1,1084 +1,1084 @@
-/**
- * Comprehensive unit tests for common validation utilities
- *
- * Test Coverage:
- * - All primitive validators (UUID, Email, URL, Timestamp)
- * - Schema composition (Pagination, DateRange)
- * - Factory functions (createEnumSchema, createStringSchema, createArraySchema)
- * - Edge cases and attack vectors
- * - Security validations (path traversal, SQL injection, XSS, DoS)
- */
-
-import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
-import { z } from 'zod'
-import {
-  UuidSchema,
-  NonEmptyStringSchema,
-  EmailSchema,
-  UrlSchema,
-  PaginationSchema,
-  TimestampSchema,
-  DateRangeSchema,
-  ResourceTypeSchema,
-  OriginResourceTypeSchema,
-  CredentialNameSchema,
-  OrganizationIdSchema,
-  OAuthProviderSchema,
-  OAuthCodeSchema,
-  OAuthStateParamSchema,
-  SanitizedStringSchema,
-  createEnumSchema,
-  createStringSchema,
-  createArraySchema,
-  createPayloadSizeValidator,
-  formatZodValidationError
-} from '../validation'
-
-describe('UuidSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid UUID v4', () => {
-    const validUuid = 'a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11'
-    expect(UuidSchema.parse(validUuid)).toBe(validUuid)
-  })
-
-  it('accepts valid UUID v1', () => {
-    const validUuid = '550e8400-e29b-11d4-a716-446655440000'
-    expect(UuidSchema.parse(validUuid)).toBe(validUuid)
-  })
-
-  it('rejects invalid UUID format', () => {
-    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('not-a-uuid')).toThrow()
-    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('12345')).toThrow()
-    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('')).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('rejects UUID-like strings with wrong format', () => {
-    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d')).toThrow()
-    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('a0eebc999c0b4ef8bb6d6bb9bd380a11')).toThrow()
-  })
-})
-
-describe('CredentialNameSchema', () => {
-  describe('valid credential names', () => {
-    it('accepts lowercase with hyphens (service-env format)', () => {
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail-prod')).toBe('gmail-prod')
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion-dev')).toBe('notion-dev')
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('stripe-api-key')).toBe('stripe-api-key')
-    })
-
-    it('accepts multi-segment names', () => {
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion-dev-2024')).toBe('notion-dev-2024')
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('google-sheets-prod')).toBe('google-sheets-prod')
-    })
-
-    it('auto-lowercases input', () => {
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('Gmail-Prod')).toBe('gmail-prod')
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('NOTION-DEV')).toBe('notion-dev')
-    })
-
-    it('trims whitespace', () => {
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('  gmail-prod  ')).toBe('gmail-prod')
-    })
-
-    it('accepts numbers in segments', () => {
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('api-v2')).toBe('api-v2')
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('s3-bucket-01')).toBe('s3-bucket-01')
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('format enforcement', () => {
-    it('rejects names without hyphens (must have service-env format)', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmailprod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('12345')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-
-    it('rejects underscores', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail_prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion_dev_2024')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-
-    it('rejects sequential hyphens', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail--prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion----dev')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-
-    it('rejects leading or trailing hyphens', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('-gmail-prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail-prod-')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('SECURITY: path traversal prevention', () => {
-    it('rejects path traversal attempts', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('../admin-cred')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('../../secrets')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('./../config')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-
-    it('rejects relative path characters', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('./local-cred')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('../parent')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('SECURITY: special character prevention', () => {
-    it('rejects names with spaces', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion dev 2024')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-
-    it('rejects names with special characters', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail@prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion#dev')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('slack$prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('attio%dev')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-
-    it('rejects SQL injection attempts', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse("' OR '1'='1")).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse("admin'; DROP TABLE credentials;--")).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-
-    it('rejects shell injection attempts', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('cred; rm -rf /')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('cred && malicious')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('SECURITY: DoS prevention', () => {
-    it('rejects empty names', () => {
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('')).toThrow(/required/)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('   ')).toThrow(/required/)
-    })
-
-    it('rejects names too long (over 100 chars)', () => {
-      const longName = 'a-' + 'b'.repeat(99)
-      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse(longName)).toThrow(/too long/)
-    })
-
-    it('accepts names at max length (100 chars)', () => {
-      // 100 chars: 49 'a' + '-' + 49 'b' + 'c' = a{49}-b{49}c
-      const maxName = 'a'.repeat(49) + '-' + 'b'.repeat(49) + 'c'
-      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse(maxName)).toBe(maxName)
-    })
-  })
-})
-
-describe('OrganizationIdSchema', () => {
-  it('is an alias for UuidSchema', () => {
-    const validUuid = 'a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11'
-    expect(OrganizationIdSchema.parse(validUuid)).toBe(validUuid)
-  })
-
-  it('rejects invalid UUIDs', () => {
-    expect(() => OrganizationIdSchema.parse('not-a-uuid')).toThrow()
-  })
-})
-
-describe('OAuthProviderSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid OAuth providers', () => {
-    expect(OAuthProviderSchema.parse('dropbox')).toBe('dropbox')
-    expect(OAuthProviderSchema.parse('google-sheets')).toBe('google-sheets')
-    expect(OAuthProviderSchema.parse('google-calendar')).toBe('google-calendar')
-  })
-
-  it('rejects unknown providers', () => {
-    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('slack')).toThrow()
-    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('attio')).toThrow()
-    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('github')).toThrow()
-    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('invalid')).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('rejects empty string', () => {
-    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('')).toThrow()
-  })
-})
-
-describe('OAuthCodeSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid OAuth authorization codes', () => {
-    const validCode = 'a'.repeat(50)
-    expect(OAuthCodeSchema.parse(validCode)).toBe(validCode)
-  })
-
-  it('accepts codes at minimum length (10 chars)', () => {
-    const minCode = 'a'.repeat(10)
-    expect(OAuthCodeSchema.parse(minCode)).toBe(minCode)
-  })
-
-  it('accepts codes at maximum length (1000 chars)', () => {
-    const maxCode = 'a'.repeat(1000)
-    expect(OAuthCodeSchema.parse(maxCode)).toBe(maxCode)
-  })
-
-  it('rejects codes too short (DoS prevention)', () => {
-    const shortCode = 'a'.repeat(9)
-    expect(() => OAuthCodeSchema.parse(shortCode)).toThrow(/too short/)
-  })
-
-  it('rejects codes too long (DoS prevention)', () => {
-    const longCode = 'a'.repeat(1001)
-    expect(() => OAuthCodeSchema.parse(longCode)).toThrow(/too long/)
-  })
-})
-
-describe('OAuthStateParamSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid state parameters', () => {
-    const validState = 'eyJvcmdhbml6YXRpb25JZCI6InRlc3QifQ=='
-    expect(OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(validState)).toBe(validState)
-  })
-
-  it('accepts state at minimum length (10 chars)', () => {
-    const minState = 'a'.repeat(10)
-    expect(OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(minState)).toBe(minState)
-  })
-
-  it('accepts state at maximum length (2048 chars)', () => {
-    const maxState = 'a'.repeat(2048)
-    expect(OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(maxState)).toBe(maxState)
-  })
-
-  it('rejects state too short', () => {
-    const shortState = 'a'.repeat(9)
-    expect(() => OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(shortState)).toThrow(/too short/)
-  })
-
-  it('rejects state too long (DoS prevention)', () => {
-    const longState = 'a'.repeat(2049)
-    expect(() => OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(longState)).toThrow(/too long/)
-  })
-})
-
-describe('NonEmptyStringSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid non-empty strings', () => {
-    expect(NonEmptyStringSchema.parse('test')).toBe('test')
-    expect(NonEmptyStringSchema.parse('a')).toBe('a')
-  })
-
-  it('trims whitespace', () => {
-    expect(NonEmptyStringSchema.parse('  test  ')).toBe('test')
-  })
-
-  it('rejects empty strings', () => {
-    expect(() => NonEmptyStringSchema.parse('')).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('rejects whitespace-only strings', () => {
-    // .trim() runs BEFORE .min(1), so '   ' is trimmed to '' which fails min(1)
-    const result = NonEmptyStringSchema.safeParse('   ')
-    expect(result.success).toBe(false)
-  })
-
-  it('accepts strings up to max length (1000 chars)', () => {
-    const maxString = 'a'.repeat(1000)
-    expect(NonEmptyStringSchema.parse(maxString)).toBe(maxString)
-  })
-
-  it('rejects strings over max length (DoS prevention)', () => {
-    const tooLong = 'a'.repeat(1001)
-    expect(() => NonEmptyStringSchema.parse(tooLong)).toThrow()
-  })
-})
-
-describe('SanitizedStringSchema', () => {
-  it('removes dangerous characters', () => {
-    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('hello<script>world')).toBe('helloscriptworld')
-    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('test>value')).toBe('testvalue')
-    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse("test'value")).toBe('testvalue')
-    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('test"value')).toBe('testvalue')
-  })
-
-  it('removes all dangerous characters in one string', () => {
-    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse(`<>"'`)).toBe('')
-  })
-
-  it('trims whitespace', () => {
-    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('  test  ')).toBe('test')
-  })
-
-  it('preserves safe characters', () => {
-    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('hello-world_123')).toBe('hello-world_123')
-    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('test@example.com')).toBe('test@example.com')
-  })
-})
-
-describe('EmailSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid email addresses', () => {
-    const validEmails = [
-      'user@example.com',
-      'test.user@example.co.uk',
-      'user+tag@example.com',
-      'user_name@example-domain.com'
-    ]
-
-    validEmails.forEach((email) => {
-      expect(EmailSchema.parse(email)).toBe(email)
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('rejects invalid email formats', () => {
-    const invalidEmails = [
-      'not-an-email',
-      '@example.com',
-      'user@',
-      'user @example.com',
-      'user@example',
-      '',
-      'user@@example.com'
-    ]
-
-    invalidEmails.forEach((email) => {
-      expect(() => EmailSchema.parse(email)).toThrow()
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('prevents email header injection', () => {
-    const injectionAttempts = ['user@example.com\nBcc: attacker@evil.com', 'user@example.com\r\nCc: spam@spam.com']
-
-    injectionAttempts.forEach((attempt) => {
-      expect(() => EmailSchema.parse(attempt)).toThrow()
-    })
-  })
-})
-
-describe('UrlSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid HTTP URLs', () => {
-    expect(UrlSchema.parse('http://example.com')).toBe('http://example.com')
-  })
-
-  it('accepts valid HTTPS URLs', () => {
-    const validUrls = [
-      'https://example.com',
-      'https://example.com/path',
-      'https://example.com/path?query=value',
-      'https://sub.example.com',
-      'https://example.com:8080/path'
-    ]
-
-    validUrls.forEach((url) => {
-      expect(UrlSchema.parse(url)).toBe(url)
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('rejects invalid URL formats', () => {
-    const invalidUrls = [
-      'not-a-url',
-      'example.com', // Missing protocol
-      ''
-    ]
-
-    invalidUrls.forEach((url) => {
-      expect(() => UrlSchema.parse(url)).toThrow()
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('accepts all valid URL schemes (including javascript: and ftp:)', () => {
-    // Note: Zod's .url() validator accepts ALL valid URL schemes
-    // This includes potentially dangerous ones like javascript:
-    // For HTTP/HTTPS only, use a refinement (see example below)
-    expect(UrlSchema.parse('ftp://example.com')).toBe('ftp://example.com')
-    expect(UrlSchema.parse('javascript:alert(1)')).toBe('javascript:alert(1)')
-  })
-
-  it('can be refined for HTTPS-only', () => {
-    const SecureUrlSchema = UrlSchema.refine((url) => url.startsWith('https://'), { message: 'HTTPS required' })
-
-    expect(SecureUrlSchema.parse('https://example.com')).toBe('https://example.com')
-    expect(() => SecureUrlSchema.parse('http://example.com')).toThrow()
-  })
-})
-
-describe('PaginationSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid pagination parameters', () => {
-    const result = PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: 20, offset: 0 })
-    expect(result).toEqual({ limit: 20, offset: 0 })
-  })
-
-  it('coerces string to number', () => {
-    const result = PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: '50', offset: '100' })
-    expect(result).toEqual({ limit: 50, offset: 100 })
-  })
-
-  it('uses default values when not provided', () => {
-    const result = PaginationSchema.parse({})
-    expect(result).toEqual({ limit: 20, offset: 0 })
-  })
-
-  it('rejects limit over 100 (DoS protection)', () => {
-    expect(() => PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: 101 })).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('accepts limit of exactly 100', () => {
-    const result = PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: 100 })
-    expect(result.limit).toBe(100)
-  })
-
-  it('rejects limit of 0', () => {
-    expect(() => PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: 0 })).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('rejects negative offset', () => {
-    expect(() => PaginationSchema.parse({ offset: -1 })).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('can be extended with additional filters', () => {
-    const FilteredListSchema = PaginationSchema.extend({
-      status: z.enum(['active', 'inactive']),
-      search: z.string().optional()
-    })
-
-    const result = FilteredListSchema.parse({
-      limit: 50,
-      offset: 0,
-      status: 'active',
-      search: 'test'
-    })
-
-    expect(result.status).toBe('active')
-  })
-})
-
-describe('TimestampSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid ISO 8601 datetime', () => {
-    const validTimestamps = ['2025-11-13T10:30:00Z', '2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z', '2025-12-31T23:59:59.999Z']
-
-    validTimestamps.forEach((timestamp) => {
-      expect(TimestampSchema.parse(timestamp)).toBe(timestamp)
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('rejects invalid datetime formats', () => {
-    const invalidTimestamps = ['invalid-date', '2025-01-01 00:00:00', '2025-01-01', '', '01/01/2025']
-
-    invalidTimestamps.forEach((timestamp) => {
-      expect(() => TimestampSchema.parse(timestamp)).toThrow()
-    })
-  })
-})
-
-describe('DateRangeSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid date range', () => {
-    const result = DateRangeSchema.parse({
-      startDate: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z',
-      endDate: '2025-12-31T23:59:59Z'
-    })
-
-    expect(result.startDate).toBe('2025-01-01T00:00:00Z')
-    expect(result.endDate).toBe('2025-12-31T23:59:59Z')
-  })
-
-  it('can be refined for logical validation (end > start)', () => {
-    const ValidatedDateRangeSchema = DateRangeSchema.refine(
-      (data) => new Date(data.endDate) > new Date(data.startDate),
-      { message: 'End date must be after start date' }
-    )
-
-    expect(
-      ValidatedDateRangeSchema.parse({
-        startDate: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z',
-        endDate: '2025-12-31T23:59:59Z'
-      })
-    ).toBeTruthy()
-
-    expect(() =>
-      ValidatedDateRangeSchema.parse({
-        startDate: '2025-12-31T23:59:59Z',
-        endDate: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z'
-      })
-    ).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('rejects invalid date formats in range', () => {
-    expect(() =>
-      DateRangeSchema.parse({
-        startDate: 'invalid',
-        endDate: '2025-12-31T23:59:59Z'
-      })
-    ).toThrow()
-  })
-})
-
-describe('ResourceTypeSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts valid resource types', () => {
-    expect(ResourceTypeSchema.parse('agent')).toBe('agent')
-    expect(ResourceTypeSchema.parse('workflow')).toBe('workflow')
-  })
-
-  it('rejects invalid resource types', () => {
-    const invalidTypes = ['invalid', 'scheduler', 'api', '']
-
-    invalidTypes.forEach((type) => {
-      expect(() => ResourceTypeSchema.parse(type)).toThrow()
-    })
-  })
-})
-
-describe('OriginResourceTypeSchema', () => {
-  it('accepts all valid origin types', () => {
-    const validOrigins = ['agent', 'workflow', 'scheduler', 'api']
-
-    validOrigins.forEach((origin) => {
-      expect(OriginResourceTypeSchema.parse(origin)).toBe(origin)
-    })
-  })
-
-  it('rejects invalid origin types', () => {
-    const invalidOrigins = ['invalid', 'user', 'system', '']
-
-    invalidOrigins.forEach((origin) => {
-      expect(() => OriginResourceTypeSchema.parse(origin)).toThrow()
-    })
-  })
-})
-
-describe('createEnumSchema', () => {
-  it('creates enum validator', () => {
-    const StatusSchema = createEnumSchema(['active', 'inactive', 'pending'])
-
-    expect(StatusSchema.parse('active')).toBe('active')
-    expect(StatusSchema.parse('inactive')).toBe('inactive')
-    expect(StatusSchema.parse('pending')).toBe('pending')
-    expect(() => StatusSchema.parse('invalid')).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('supports custom error message', () => {
-    const StatusSchema = createEnumSchema(['active', 'inactive'], 'Status must be active or inactive')
-
-    expect(StatusSchema.description).toBe('Status must be active or inactive')
-  })
-
-  it('works without error message', () => {
-    const StatusSchema = createEnumSchema(['on', 'off'])
-
-    expect(StatusSchema.parse('on')).toBe('on')
-    expect(StatusSchema.parse('off')).toBe('off')
-  })
-})
-
-describe('createStringSchema', () => {
-  it('creates string with length constraints', () => {
-    const UsernameSchema = createStringSchema(3, 20)
-
-    expect(UsernameSchema.parse('abc')).toBe('abc')
-    expect(UsernameSchema.parse('a'.repeat(20))).toBe('a'.repeat(20))
-    expect(() => UsernameSchema.parse('ab')).toThrow()
-    expect(() => UsernameSchema.parse('a'.repeat(21))).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('trims whitespace', () => {
-    const schema = createStringSchema(3, 20)
-    const result = schema.parse('  test  ')
-
-    expect(result).toBe('test')
-  })
-
-  it('supports field name for description', () => {
-    const UsernameSchema = createStringSchema(3, 20, 'Username')
-
-    expect(UsernameSchema.description).toBe('Username (3-20 characters)')
-  })
-
-  it('works without field name', () => {
-    const schema = createStringSchema(5, 50)
-
-    expect(schema.parse('valid string')).toBe('valid string')
-  })
-})
-
-describe('createArraySchema', () => {
-  it('creates array with size constraints', () => {
-    const TagsSchema = createArraySchema(z.string(), 1, 3)
-
-    expect(TagsSchema.parse(['tag1'])).toEqual(['tag1'])
-    expect(TagsSchema.parse(['tag1', 'tag2'])).toEqual(['tag1', 'tag2'])
-    expect(TagsSchema.parse(['tag1', 'tag2', 'tag3'])).toEqual(['tag1', 'tag2', 'tag3'])
-    expect(() => TagsSchema.parse([])).toThrow()
-    expect(() => TagsSchema.parse(['t1', 't2', 't3', 't4'])).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('validates item schema', () => {
-    const EmailListSchema = createArraySchema(EmailSchema, 1, 5)
-
-    expect(EmailListSchema.parse(['user@example.com'])).toEqual(['user@example.com'])
-    expect(() => EmailListSchema.parse(['invalid'])).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('supports field name for description', () => {
-    const TagsSchema = createArraySchema(z.string(), 1, 10, 'Tags')
-
-    expect(TagsSchema.description).toBe('Tags (1-10 items)')
-  })
-
-  it('works with complex item schemas', () => {
-    const UserSchema = z.object({
-      id: UuidSchema,
-      email: EmailSchema
-    })
-
-    const UsersArraySchema = createArraySchema(UserSchema, 1, 10)
-
-    const result = UsersArraySchema.parse([{ id: '123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000', email: 'user@example.com' }])
-
-    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
-  })
-})
-
-describe('createPayloadSizeValidator', () => {
-  it('accepts payload under size limit', () => {
-    const PayloadSchema = createPayloadSizeValidator(500_000)
-
-    const smallPayload = { data: 'test' }
-    expect(PayloadSchema.parse(smallPayload)).toEqual(smallPayload)
-  })
-
-  it('rejects payload over size limit', () => {
-    const PayloadSchema = createPayloadSizeValidator(100)
-
-    const largePayload = { data: 'x'.repeat(1000) }
-    expect(() => PayloadSchema.parse(largePayload)).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('validates serialized JSON size', () => {
-    const PayloadSchema = createPayloadSizeValidator(50)
-
-    expect(PayloadSchema.parse({ a: 'test' })).toEqual({ a: 'test' })
-    expect(() => PayloadSchema.parse({ a: 'x'.repeat(100) })).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('accepts null as valid empty payload', () => {
-    const PayloadSchema = createPayloadSizeValidator(100)
-
-    expect(PayloadSchema.parse(null)).toBe(null)
-  })
-})
-
-describe('Security Integration Tests', () => {
-  it('prevents mass assignment with strict mode', () => {
-    const CreateUserSchema = z
-      .object({
-        name: NonEmptyStringSchema,
-        email: EmailSchema
-      })
-      .strict()
-
-    expect(
-      CreateUserSchema.parse({
-        name: 'John Doe',
-        email: 'john@example.com'
-      })
-    ).toBeTruthy()
-
-    expect(() =>
-      CreateUserSchema.parse({
-        name: 'John Doe',
-        email: 'john@example.com',
-        isAdmin: true
-      })
-    ).toThrow()
-  })
-
-  it('combines validators for complex validation', () => {
-    const CreateWorkflowSchema = z
-      .object({
-        workflowId: UuidSchema,
-        name: NonEmptyStringSchema.max(100),
-        description: NonEmptyStringSchema.max(500).optional(),
-        tags: createArraySchema(NonEmptyStringSchema.max(50), 0, 10).optional(),
-        webhookUrl: UrlSchema.optional()
-      })
-      .strict()
-
-    const validInput = {
-      workflowId: '123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000',
-      name: 'My Workflow',
-      description: 'Test workflow',
-      tags: ['automation', 'test'],
-      webhookUrl: 'https://example.com/webhook'
-    }
-
-    expect(CreateWorkflowSchema.parse(validInput)).toBeTruthy()
-  })
-
-  it('validates pagination with filters', () => {
-    const ListWorkflowsSchema = z.object({
-      query: PaginationSchema.extend({
-        status: z.enum(['active', 'inactive']).optional(),
-        createdAfter: TimestampSchema.optional()
-      })
-    })
-
-    const validQuery = {
-      query: {
-        limit: '50',
-        offset: '0',
-        status: 'active',
-        createdAfter: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z'
-      }
-    }
-
-    const result = ListWorkflowsSchema.parse(validQuery)
-    expect(result.query.limit).toBe(50)
-    expect(result.query.offset).toBe(0)
-  })
-})
-
-describe('formatZodValidationError', () => {
-  describe('single field errors', () => {
-    it('formats single field validation error', () => {
-      const schema = z.object({ email: EmailSchema })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ email: 'invalid-email' })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 1 field')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('email')
-        expect(formatted.fields.email).toHaveLength(1)
-        expect(formatted.fields.email[0]).toContain('Invalid email')
-      }
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('multiple field errors', () => {
-    it('formats multiple field validation errors', () => {
-      const schema = z.object({
-        email: EmailSchema,
-        age: z.number().min(18),
-        name: NonEmptyStringSchema
-      })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ email: 'invalid', age: 15, name: '' })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 3 fields')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('email')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('age')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('name')
-      }
-    })
-
-    it('formats refine validation errors on fields', () => {
-      // Real-world pattern: custom validation using refine()
-      const schema = z.object({
-        password: z.string().refine((val) => val.length >= 8, 'Password must be at least 8 characters')
-      })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ password: 'short' })
-      } catch (error) {
-        if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
-          const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error)
-
-          expect(formatted.fields.password).toHaveLength(1)
-          expect(formatted.fields.password[0]).toContain('8 characters')
-        } else {
-          throw error
-        }
-      }
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('nested object errors', () => {
-    it('formats nested field paths with dot notation', () => {
-      const schema = z.object({
-        user: z.object({
-          profile: z.object({
-            email: EmailSchema
-          })
-        })
-      })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ user: { profile: { email: 'invalid' } } })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('user.profile.email')
-        expect(formatted.fields['user.profile.email'][0]).toContain('Invalid email')
-      }
-    })
-
-    it('formats multiple nested errors', () => {
-      const schema = z.object({
-        user: z.object({
-          email: EmailSchema,
-          profile: z.object({
-            age: z.number().min(18)
-          })
-        })
-      })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ user: { email: 'bad', profile: { age: 15 } } })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 2 fields')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('user.email')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('user.profile.age')
-      }
-    })
-
-    it('formats refine errors on nested fields', () => {
-      // Real-world pattern: nested object with custom validation
-      const schema = z.object({
-        user: z.object({
-          age: z.number().refine((val) => val >= 18, 'Must be 18 or older')
-        })
-      })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ user: { age: 15 } })
-      } catch (error) {
-        if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
-          const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error)
-
-          expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('user.age')
-          expect(formatted.fields['user.age'][0]).toContain('18 or older')
-        } else {
-          throw error
-        }
-      }
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('array errors', () => {
-    it('formats array item validation errors', () => {
-      const schema = z.object({
-        items: z.array(z.object({ id: UuidSchema }))
-      })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ items: [{ id: 'invalid' }] })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('items.0.id')
-      }
-    })
-
-    it('formats multiple array item errors', () => {
-      const schema = z.object({
-        emails: z.array(EmailSchema)
-      })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ emails: ['valid@test.com', 'invalid', 'also-invalid'] })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 2 fields')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('emails.1')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('emails.2')
-      }
-    })
-
-    it('formats refine errors in array items', () => {
-      // Real-world pattern: array items with custom validation
-      const ItemSchema = z.object({
-        value: z.number().refine((val) => val > 0, 'Value must be positive')
-      })
-
-      const schema = z.object({
-        items: z.array(ItemSchema)
-      })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({
-          items: [
-            { value: 10 },
-            { value: -5 }, // Invalid
-            { value: 20 }
-          ]
-        })
-      } catch (error) {
-        if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
-          const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error)
-
-          expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('items.1.value')
-          expect(formatted.fields['items.1.value'][0]).toContain('positive')
-        } else {
-          throw error
-        }
-      }
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('strict mode errors', () => {
-    it('formats unknown field errors from strict mode (mass assignment prevention)', () => {
-      const schema = z
-        .object({
-          name: NonEmptyStringSchema
-        })
-        .strict()
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ name: 'John', isAdmin: true, role: 'admin' })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        // Zod groups all unrecognized keys into one root error (security feature)
-        expect(formatted.message).toContain('Validation failed')
-        expect(formatted.fields._root).toBeDefined()
-        expect(formatted.fields._root[0]).toContain('Unrecognized key')
-      }
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('root-level errors', () => {
-    it('formats root-level validation errors with _root key', () => {
-      const schema = z.string().min(5)
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse('abc')
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('_root')
-        expect(formatted.fields._root[0]).toContain('5')
-      }
-    })
-
-    it('formats union type errors', () => {
-      const schema = z.union([z.string(), z.number()])
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse(true)
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('_root')
-      }
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('real-world API scenarios', () => {
-    it('formats credential creation validation errors', () => {
-      const schema = z
-        .object({
-          name: CredentialNameSchema,
-          type: z.enum(['oauth', 'api-key']),
-          value: z.record(z.unknown()).refine((val) => Object.keys(val).length > 0, 'Value must not be empty')
-        })
-        .strict()
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({
-          name: '../admin-cred',
-          type: 'invalid-type',
-          value: {},
-          organizationId: 'injected-value'
-        })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('name')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('type')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('value')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('_root') // organizationId causes unrecognized key error
-      }
-    })
-
-    it('formats session turn execution validation errors', () => {
-      const schema = z
-        .object({
-          input: z.unknown().refine((val) => JSON.stringify(val).length <= 10_000, 'Input exceeds 10,000 characters'),
-          metadata: z.record(z.unknown()).optional()
-        })
-        .strict()
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({
-          input: { data: 'x'.repeat(20_000) },
-          invalidField: 'test'
-        })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('input')
-        expect(formatted.fields.input[0]).toContain('10,000 characters')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('_root') // invalidField causes unrecognized key error
-      }
-    })
-
-    it('formats pagination query validation errors', () => {
-      const schema = PaginationSchema
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ limit: '500', offset: '-10' })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('limit')
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('offset')
-      }
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('edge cases', () => {
-    it('handles empty error list gracefully', () => {
-      // This shouldn't happen in practice, but test defensive coding
-      const emptyError = new z.ZodError([])
-      const formatted = formatZodValidationError(emptyError)
-
-      expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 0 fields')
-      expect(formatted.fields).toEqual({})
-    })
-
-    it('handles very long field paths', () => {
-      const schema = z.object({
-        level1: z.object({
-          level2: z.object({
-            level3: z.object({
-              level4: z.object({
-                email: EmailSchema
-              })
-            })
-          })
-        })
-      })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({
-          level1: {
-            level2: {
-              level3: {
-                level4: {
-                  email: 'invalid'
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-
-        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('level1.level2.level3.level4.email')
-      }
-    })
-
-    it('uses correct singular/plural in message', () => {
-      const schema = z.object({ email: EmailSchema })
-
-      try {
-        schema.parse({ email: 'invalid' })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-        expect(formatted.message).toContain('1 field')
-      }
-
-      const multiSchema = z.object({
-        email: EmailSchema,
-        name: NonEmptyStringSchema
-      })
-
-      try {
-        multiSchema.parse({ email: 'invalid', name: '' })
-      } catch (error) {
-        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
-        expect(formatted.message).toContain('2 fields')
-      }
-    })
-  })
-})
+/**
+ * Comprehensive unit tests for common validation utilities
+ *
+ * Test Coverage:
+ * - All primitive validators (UUID, Email, URL, Timestamp)
+ * - Schema composition (Pagination, DateRange)
+ * - Factory functions (createEnumSchema, createStringSchema, createArraySchema)
+ * - Edge cases and attack vectors
+ * - Security validations (path traversal, SQL injection, XSS, DoS)
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+import { z } from 'zod'
+import {
+  UuidSchema,
+  NonEmptyStringSchema,
+  EmailSchema,
+  UrlSchema,
+  PaginationSchema,
+  TimestampSchema,
+  DateRangeSchema,
+  ResourceTypeSchema,
+  OriginResourceTypeSchema,
+  CredentialNameSchema,
+  OrganizationIdSchema,
+  OAuthProviderSchema,
+  OAuthCodeSchema,
+  OAuthStateParamSchema,
+  SanitizedStringSchema,
+  createEnumSchema,
+  createStringSchema,
+  createArraySchema,
+  createPayloadSizeValidator,
+  formatZodValidationError
+} from '../validation'
+
+describe('UuidSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid UUID v4', () => {
+    const validUuid = 'a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11'
+    expect(UuidSchema.parse(validUuid)).toBe(validUuid)
+  })
+
+  it('accepts valid UUID v1', () => {
+    const validUuid = '550e8400-e29b-11d4-a716-446655440000'
+    expect(UuidSchema.parse(validUuid)).toBe(validUuid)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects invalid UUID format', () => {
+    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('not-a-uuid')).toThrow()
+    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('12345')).toThrow()
+    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('')).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('rejects UUID-like strings with wrong format', () => {
+    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d')).toThrow()
+    expect(() => UuidSchema.parse('a0eebc999c0b4ef8bb6d6bb9bd380a11')).toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('CredentialNameSchema', () => {
+  describe('valid credential names', () => {
+    it('accepts lowercase with hyphens (service-env format)', () => {
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail-prod')).toBe('gmail-prod')
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion-dev')).toBe('notion-dev')
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('stripe-api-key')).toBe('stripe-api-key')
+    })
+
+    it('accepts multi-segment names', () => {
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion-dev-2024')).toBe('notion-dev-2024')
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('google-sheets-prod')).toBe('google-sheets-prod')
+    })
+
+    it('auto-lowercases input', () => {
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('Gmail-Prod')).toBe('gmail-prod')
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('NOTION-DEV')).toBe('notion-dev')
+    })
+
+    it('trims whitespace', () => {
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('  gmail-prod  ')).toBe('gmail-prod')
+    })
+
+    it('accepts numbers in segments', () => {
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('api-v2')).toBe('api-v2')
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse('s3-bucket-01')).toBe('s3-bucket-01')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('format enforcement', () => {
+    it('rejects names without hyphens (must have service-env format)', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmailprod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('12345')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects underscores', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail_prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion_dev_2024')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects sequential hyphens', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail--prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion----dev')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects leading or trailing hyphens', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('-gmail-prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail-prod-')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('SECURITY: path traversal prevention', () => {
+    it('rejects path traversal attempts', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('../admin-cred')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('../../secrets')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('./../config')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects relative path characters', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('./local-cred')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('../parent')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('SECURITY: special character prevention', () => {
+    it('rejects names with spaces', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion dev 2024')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects names with special characters', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('gmail@prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('notion#dev')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('slack$prod')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('attio%dev')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects SQL injection attempts', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse("' OR '1'='1")).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse("admin'; DROP TABLE credentials;--")).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects shell injection attempts', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('cred; rm -rf /')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('cred && malicious')).toThrow(/must be lowercase/)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('SECURITY: DoS prevention', () => {
+    it('rejects empty names', () => {
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('')).toThrow(/required/)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse('   ')).toThrow(/required/)
+    })
+
+    it('rejects names too long (over 100 chars)', () => {
+      const longName = 'a-' + 'b'.repeat(99)
+      expect(() => CredentialNameSchema.parse(longName)).toThrow(/too long/)
+    })
+
+    it('accepts names at max length (100 chars)', () => {
+      // 100 chars: 49 'a' + '-' + 49 'b' + 'c' = a{49}-b{49}c
+      const maxName = 'a'.repeat(49) + '-' + 'b'.repeat(49) + 'c'
+      expect(CredentialNameSchema.parse(maxName)).toBe(maxName)
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('OrganizationIdSchema', () => {
+  it('is an alias for UuidSchema', () => {
+    const validUuid = 'a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11'
+    expect(OrganizationIdSchema.parse(validUuid)).toBe(validUuid)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects invalid UUIDs', () => {
+    expect(() => OrganizationIdSchema.parse('not-a-uuid')).toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('OAuthProviderSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid OAuth providers', () => {
+    expect(OAuthProviderSchema.parse('dropbox')).toBe('dropbox')
+    expect(OAuthProviderSchema.parse('google-sheets')).toBe('google-sheets')
+    expect(OAuthProviderSchema.parse('google-calendar')).toBe('google-calendar')
+  })
+
+  it('rejects unknown providers', () => {
+    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('slack')).toThrow()
+    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('attio')).toThrow()
+    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('github')).toThrow()
+    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('invalid')).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('rejects empty string', () => {
+    expect(() => OAuthProviderSchema.parse('')).toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('OAuthCodeSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid OAuth authorization codes', () => {
+    const validCode = 'a'.repeat(50)
+    expect(OAuthCodeSchema.parse(validCode)).toBe(validCode)
+  })
+
+  it('accepts codes at minimum length (10 chars)', () => {
+    const minCode = 'a'.repeat(10)
+    expect(OAuthCodeSchema.parse(minCode)).toBe(minCode)
+  })
+
+  it('accepts codes at maximum length (1000 chars)', () => {
+    const maxCode = 'a'.repeat(1000)
+    expect(OAuthCodeSchema.parse(maxCode)).toBe(maxCode)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects codes too short (DoS prevention)', () => {
+    const shortCode = 'a'.repeat(9)
+    expect(() => OAuthCodeSchema.parse(shortCode)).toThrow(/too short/)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects codes too long (DoS prevention)', () => {
+    const longCode = 'a'.repeat(1001)
+    expect(() => OAuthCodeSchema.parse(longCode)).toThrow(/too long/)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('OAuthStateParamSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid state parameters', () => {
+    const validState = 'eyJvcmdhbml6YXRpb25JZCI6InRlc3QifQ=='
+    expect(OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(validState)).toBe(validState)
+  })
+
+  it('accepts state at minimum length (10 chars)', () => {
+    const minState = 'a'.repeat(10)
+    expect(OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(minState)).toBe(minState)
+  })
+
+  it('accepts state at maximum length (2048 chars)', () => {
+    const maxState = 'a'.repeat(2048)
+    expect(OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(maxState)).toBe(maxState)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects state too short', () => {
+    const shortState = 'a'.repeat(9)
+    expect(() => OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(shortState)).toThrow(/too short/)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects state too long (DoS prevention)', () => {
+    const longState = 'a'.repeat(2049)
+    expect(() => OAuthStateParamSchema.parse(longState)).toThrow(/too long/)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('NonEmptyStringSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid non-empty strings', () => {
+    expect(NonEmptyStringSchema.parse('test')).toBe('test')
+    expect(NonEmptyStringSchema.parse('a')).toBe('a')
+  })
+
+  it('trims whitespace', () => {
+    expect(NonEmptyStringSchema.parse('  test  ')).toBe('test')
+  })
+
+  it('rejects empty strings', () => {
+    expect(() => NonEmptyStringSchema.parse('')).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('rejects whitespace-only strings', () => {
+    // .trim() runs BEFORE .min(1), so '   ' is trimmed to '' which fails min(1)
+    const result = NonEmptyStringSchema.safeParse('   ')
+    expect(result.success).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('accepts strings up to max length (1000 chars)', () => {
+    const maxString = 'a'.repeat(1000)
+    expect(NonEmptyStringSchema.parse(maxString)).toBe(maxString)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects strings over max length (DoS prevention)', () => {
+    const tooLong = 'a'.repeat(1001)
+    expect(() => NonEmptyStringSchema.parse(tooLong)).toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('SanitizedStringSchema', () => {
+  it('removes dangerous characters', () => {
+    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('hello<script>world')).toBe('helloscriptworld')
+    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('test>value')).toBe('testvalue')
+    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse("test'value")).toBe('testvalue')
+    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('test"value')).toBe('testvalue')
+  })
+
+  it('removes all dangerous characters in one string', () => {
+    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse(`<>"'`)).toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('trims whitespace', () => {
+    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('  test  ')).toBe('test')
+  })
+
+  it('preserves safe characters', () => {
+    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('hello-world_123')).toBe('hello-world_123')
+    expect(SanitizedStringSchema.parse('test@example.com')).toBe('test@example.com')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('EmailSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid email addresses', () => {
+    const validEmails = [
+      'user@example.com',
+      'test.user@example.co.uk',
+      'user+tag@example.com',
+      'user_name@example-domain.com'
+    ]
+
+    validEmails.forEach((email) => {
+      expect(EmailSchema.parse(email)).toBe(email)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects invalid email formats', () => {
+    const invalidEmails = [
+      'not-an-email',
+      '@example.com',
+      'user@',
+      'user @example.com',
+      'user@example',
+      '',
+      'user@@example.com'
+    ]
+
+    invalidEmails.forEach((email) => {
+      expect(() => EmailSchema.parse(email)).toThrow()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('prevents email header injection', () => {
+    const injectionAttempts = ['user@example.com\nBcc: attacker@evil.com', 'user@example.com\r\nCc: spam@spam.com']
+
+    injectionAttempts.forEach((attempt) => {
+      expect(() => EmailSchema.parse(attempt)).toThrow()
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('UrlSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid HTTP URLs', () => {
+    expect(UrlSchema.parse('http://example.com')).toBe('http://example.com')
+  })
+
+  it('accepts valid HTTPS URLs', () => {
+    const validUrls = [
+      'https://example.com',
+      'https://example.com/path',
+      'https://example.com/path?query=value',
+      'https://sub.example.com',
+      'https://example.com:8080/path'
+    ]
+
+    validUrls.forEach((url) => {
+      expect(UrlSchema.parse(url)).toBe(url)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects invalid URL formats', () => {
+    const invalidUrls = [
+      'not-a-url',
+      'example.com', // Missing protocol
+      ''
+    ]
+
+    invalidUrls.forEach((url) => {
+      expect(() => UrlSchema.parse(url)).toThrow()
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('accepts all valid URL schemes (including javascript: and ftp:)', () => {
+    // Note: Zod's .url() validator accepts ALL valid URL schemes
+    // This includes potentially dangerous ones like javascript:
+    // For HTTP/HTTPS only, use a refinement (see example below)
+    expect(UrlSchema.parse('ftp://example.com')).toBe('ftp://example.com')
+    expect(UrlSchema.parse('javascript:alert(1)')).toBe('javascript:alert(1)')
+  })
+
+  it('can be refined for HTTPS-only', () => {
+    const SecureUrlSchema = UrlSchema.refine((url) => url.startsWith('https://'), { message: 'HTTPS required' })
+
+    expect(SecureUrlSchema.parse('https://example.com')).toBe('https://example.com')
+    expect(() => SecureUrlSchema.parse('http://example.com')).toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('PaginationSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid pagination parameters', () => {
+    const result = PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: 20, offset: 0 })
+    expect(result).toEqual({ limit: 20, offset: 0 })
+  })
+
+  it('coerces string to number', () => {
+    const result = PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: '50', offset: '100' })
+    expect(result).toEqual({ limit: 50, offset: 100 })
+  })
+
+  it('uses default values when not provided', () => {
+    const result = PaginationSchema.parse({})
+    expect(result).toEqual({ limit: 20, offset: 0 })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects limit over 100 (DoS protection)', () => {
+    expect(() => PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: 101 })).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('accepts limit of exactly 100', () => {
+    const result = PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: 100 })
+    expect(result.limit).toBe(100)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects limit of 0', () => {
+    expect(() => PaginationSchema.parse({ limit: 0 })).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('rejects negative offset', () => {
+    expect(() => PaginationSchema.parse({ offset: -1 })).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('can be extended with additional filters', () => {
+    const FilteredListSchema = PaginationSchema.extend({
+      status: z.enum(['active', 'inactive']),
+      search: z.string().optional()
+    })
+
+    const result = FilteredListSchema.parse({
+      limit: 50,
+      offset: 0,
+      status: 'active',
+      search: 'test'
+    })
+
+    expect(result.status).toBe('active')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('TimestampSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid ISO 8601 datetime', () => {
+    const validTimestamps = ['2025-11-13T10:30:00Z', '2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z', '2025-12-31T23:59:59.999Z']
+
+    validTimestamps.forEach((timestamp) => {
+      expect(TimestampSchema.parse(timestamp)).toBe(timestamp)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects invalid datetime formats', () => {
+    const invalidTimestamps = ['invalid-date', '2025-01-01 00:00:00', '2025-01-01', '', '01/01/2025']
+
+    invalidTimestamps.forEach((timestamp) => {
+      expect(() => TimestampSchema.parse(timestamp)).toThrow()
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('DateRangeSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid date range', () => {
+    const result = DateRangeSchema.parse({
+      startDate: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z',
+      endDate: '2025-12-31T23:59:59Z'
+    })
+
+    expect(result.startDate).toBe('2025-01-01T00:00:00Z')
+    expect(result.endDate).toBe('2025-12-31T23:59:59Z')
+  })
+
+  it('can be refined for logical validation (end > start)', () => {
+    const ValidatedDateRangeSchema = DateRangeSchema.refine(
+      (data) => new Date(data.endDate) > new Date(data.startDate),
+      { message: 'End date must be after start date' }
+    )
+
+    expect(
+      ValidatedDateRangeSchema.parse({
+        startDate: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z',
+        endDate: '2025-12-31T23:59:59Z'
+      })
+    ).toBeTruthy()
+
+    expect(() =>
+      ValidatedDateRangeSchema.parse({
+        startDate: '2025-12-31T23:59:59Z',
+        endDate: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z'
+      })
+    ).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('rejects invalid date formats in range', () => {
+    expect(() =>
+      DateRangeSchema.parse({
+        startDate: 'invalid',
+        endDate: '2025-12-31T23:59:59Z'
+      })
+    ).toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('ResourceTypeSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts valid resource types', () => {
+    expect(ResourceTypeSchema.parse('agent')).toBe('agent')
+    expect(ResourceTypeSchema.parse('workflow')).toBe('workflow')
+  })
+
+  it('rejects invalid resource types', () => {
+    const invalidTypes = ['invalid', 'scheduler', 'api', '']
+
+    invalidTypes.forEach((type) => {
+      expect(() => ResourceTypeSchema.parse(type)).toThrow()
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('OriginResourceTypeSchema', () => {
+  it('accepts all valid origin types', () => {
+    const validOrigins = ['agent', 'workflow', 'scheduler', 'api']
+
+    validOrigins.forEach((origin) => {
+      expect(OriginResourceTypeSchema.parse(origin)).toBe(origin)
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('rejects invalid origin types', () => {
+    const invalidOrigins = ['invalid', 'user', 'system', '']
+
+    invalidOrigins.forEach((origin) => {
+      expect(() => OriginResourceTypeSchema.parse(origin)).toThrow()
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('createEnumSchema', () => {
+  it('creates enum validator', () => {
+    const StatusSchema = createEnumSchema(['active', 'inactive', 'pending'])
+
+    expect(StatusSchema.parse('active')).toBe('active')
+    expect(StatusSchema.parse('inactive')).toBe('inactive')
+    expect(StatusSchema.parse('pending')).toBe('pending')
+    expect(() => StatusSchema.parse('invalid')).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('supports custom error message', () => {
+    const StatusSchema = createEnumSchema(['active', 'inactive'], 'Status must be active or inactive')
+
+    expect(StatusSchema.description).toBe('Status must be active or inactive')
+  })
+
+  it('works without error message', () => {
+    const StatusSchema = createEnumSchema(['on', 'off'])
+
+    expect(StatusSchema.parse('on')).toBe('on')
+    expect(StatusSchema.parse('off')).toBe('off')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('createStringSchema', () => {
+  it('creates string with length constraints', () => {
+    const UsernameSchema = createStringSchema(3, 20)
+
+    expect(UsernameSchema.parse('abc')).toBe('abc')
+    expect(UsernameSchema.parse('a'.repeat(20))).toBe('a'.repeat(20))
+    expect(() => UsernameSchema.parse('ab')).toThrow()
+    expect(() => UsernameSchema.parse('a'.repeat(21))).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('trims whitespace', () => {
+    const schema = createStringSchema(3, 20)
+    const result = schema.parse('  test  ')
+
+    expect(result).toBe('test')
+  })
+
+  it('supports field name for description', () => {
+    const UsernameSchema = createStringSchema(3, 20, 'Username')
+
+    expect(UsernameSchema.description).toBe('Username (3-20 characters)')
+  })
+
+  it('works without field name', () => {
+    const schema = createStringSchema(5, 50)
+
+    expect(schema.parse('valid string')).toBe('valid string')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('createArraySchema', () => {
+  it('creates array with size constraints', () => {
+    const TagsSchema = createArraySchema(z.string(), 1, 3)
+
+    expect(TagsSchema.parse(['tag1'])).toEqual(['tag1'])
+    expect(TagsSchema.parse(['tag1', 'tag2'])).toEqual(['tag1', 'tag2'])
+    expect(TagsSchema.parse(['tag1', 'tag2', 'tag3'])).toEqual(['tag1', 'tag2', 'tag3'])
+    expect(() => TagsSchema.parse([])).toThrow()
+    expect(() => TagsSchema.parse(['t1', 't2', 't3', 't4'])).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('validates item schema', () => {
+    const EmailListSchema = createArraySchema(EmailSchema, 1, 5)
+
+    expect(EmailListSchema.parse(['user@example.com'])).toEqual(['user@example.com'])
+    expect(() => EmailListSchema.parse(['invalid'])).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('supports field name for description', () => {
+    const TagsSchema = createArraySchema(z.string(), 1, 10, 'Tags')
+
+    expect(TagsSchema.description).toBe('Tags (1-10 items)')
+  })
+
+  it('works with complex item schemas', () => {
+    const UserSchema = z.object({
+      id: UuidSchema,
+      email: EmailSchema
+    })
+
+    const UsersArraySchema = createArraySchema(UserSchema, 1, 10)
+
+    const result = UsersArraySchema.parse([{ id: '123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000', email: 'user@example.com' }])
+
+    expect(result).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('createPayloadSizeValidator', () => {
+  it('accepts payload under size limit', () => {
+    const PayloadSchema = createPayloadSizeValidator(500_000)
+
+    const smallPayload = { data: 'test' }
+    expect(PayloadSchema.parse(smallPayload)).toEqual(smallPayload)
+  })
+
+  it('rejects payload over size limit', () => {
+    const PayloadSchema = createPayloadSizeValidator(100)
+
+    const largePayload = { data: 'x'.repeat(1000) }
+    expect(() => PayloadSchema.parse(largePayload)).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('validates serialized JSON size', () => {
+    const PayloadSchema = createPayloadSizeValidator(50)
+
+    expect(PayloadSchema.parse({ a: 'test' })).toEqual({ a: 'test' })
+    expect(() => PayloadSchema.parse({ a: 'x'.repeat(100) })).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('accepts null as valid empty payload', () => {
+    const PayloadSchema = createPayloadSizeValidator(100)
+
+    expect(PayloadSchema.parse(null)).toBe(null)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('Security Integration Tests', () => {
+  it('prevents mass assignment with strict mode', () => {
+    const CreateUserSchema = z
+      .object({
+        name: NonEmptyStringSchema,
+        email: EmailSchema
+      })
+      .strict()
+
+    expect(
+      CreateUserSchema.parse({
+        name: 'John Doe',
+        email: 'john@example.com'
+      })
+    ).toBeTruthy()
+
+    expect(() =>
+      CreateUserSchema.parse({
+        name: 'John Doe',
+        email: 'john@example.com',
+        isAdmin: true
+      })
+    ).toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('combines validators for complex validation', () => {
+    const CreateWorkflowSchema = z
+      .object({
+        workflowId: UuidSchema,
+        name: NonEmptyStringSchema.max(100),
+        description: NonEmptyStringSchema.max(500).optional(),
+        tags: createArraySchema(NonEmptyStringSchema.max(50), 0, 10).optional(),
+        webhookUrl: UrlSchema.optional()
+      })
+      .strict()
+
+    const validInput = {
+      workflowId: '123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000',
+      name: 'My Workflow',
+      description: 'Test workflow',
+      tags: ['automation', 'test'],
+      webhookUrl: 'https://example.com/webhook'
+    }
+
+    expect(CreateWorkflowSchema.parse(validInput)).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  it('validates pagination with filters', () => {
+    const ListWorkflowsSchema = z.object({
+      query: PaginationSchema.extend({
+        status: z.enum(['active', 'inactive']).optional(),
+        createdAfter: TimestampSchema.optional()
+      })
+    })
+
+    const validQuery = {
+      query: {
+        limit: '50',
+        offset: '0',
+        status: 'active',
+        createdAfter: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z'
+      }
+    }
+
+    const result = ListWorkflowsSchema.parse(validQuery)
+    expect(result.query.limit).toBe(50)
+    expect(result.query.offset).toBe(0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('formatZodValidationError', () => {
+  describe('single field errors', () => {
+    it('formats single field validation error', () => {
+      const schema = z.object({ email: EmailSchema })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ email: 'invalid-email' })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 1 field')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('email')
+        expect(formatted.fields.email).toHaveLength(1)
+        expect(formatted.fields.email[0]).toContain('Invalid email')
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('multiple field errors', () => {
+    it('formats multiple field validation errors', () => {
+      const schema = z.object({
+        email: EmailSchema,
+        age: z.number().min(18),
+        name: NonEmptyStringSchema
+      })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ email: 'invalid', age: 15, name: '' })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 3 fields')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('email')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('age')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('name')
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('formats refine validation errors on fields', () => {
+      // Real-world pattern: custom validation using refine()
+      const schema = z.object({
+        password: z.string().refine((val) => val.length >= 8, 'Password must be at least 8 characters')
+      })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ password: 'short' })
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+          const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error)
+
+          expect(formatted.fields.password).toHaveLength(1)
+          expect(formatted.fields.password[0]).toContain('8 characters')
+        } else {
+          throw error
+        }
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('nested object errors', () => {
+    it('formats nested field paths with dot notation', () => {
+      const schema = z.object({
+        user: z.object({
+          profile: z.object({
+            email: EmailSchema
+          })
+        })
+      })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ user: { profile: { email: 'invalid' } } })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('user.profile.email')
+        expect(formatted.fields['user.profile.email'][0]).toContain('Invalid email')
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('formats multiple nested errors', () => {
+      const schema = z.object({
+        user: z.object({
+          email: EmailSchema,
+          profile: z.object({
+            age: z.number().min(18)
+          })
+        })
+      })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ user: { email: 'bad', profile: { age: 15 } } })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 2 fields')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('user.email')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('user.profile.age')
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('formats refine errors on nested fields', () => {
+      // Real-world pattern: nested object with custom validation
+      const schema = z.object({
+        user: z.object({
+          age: z.number().refine((val) => val >= 18, 'Must be 18 or older')
+        })
+      })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ user: { age: 15 } })
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+          const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error)
+
+          expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('user.age')
+          expect(formatted.fields['user.age'][0]).toContain('18 or older')
+        } else {
+          throw error
+        }
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('array errors', () => {
+    it('formats array item validation errors', () => {
+      const schema = z.object({
+        items: z.array(z.object({ id: UuidSchema }))
+      })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ items: [{ id: 'invalid' }] })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('items.0.id')
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('formats multiple array item errors', () => {
+      const schema = z.object({
+        emails: z.array(EmailSchema)
+      })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ emails: ['valid@test.com', 'invalid', 'also-invalid'] })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 2 fields')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('emails.1')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('emails.2')
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('formats refine errors in array items', () => {
+      // Real-world pattern: array items with custom validation
+      const ItemSchema = z.object({
+        value: z.number().refine((val) => val > 0, 'Value must be positive')
+      })
+
+      const schema = z.object({
+        items: z.array(ItemSchema)
+      })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({
+          items: [
+            { value: 10 },
+            { value: -5 }, // Invalid
+            { value: 20 }
+          ]
+        })
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+          const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error)
+
+          expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('items.1.value')
+          expect(formatted.fields['items.1.value'][0]).toContain('positive')
+        } else {
+          throw error
+        }
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('strict mode errors', () => {
+    it('formats unknown field errors from strict mode (mass assignment prevention)', () => {
+      const schema = z
+        .object({
+          name: NonEmptyStringSchema
+        })
+        .strict()
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ name: 'John', isAdmin: true, role: 'admin' })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        // Zod groups all unrecognized keys into one root error (security feature)
+        expect(formatted.message).toContain('Validation failed')
+        expect(formatted.fields._root).toBeDefined()
+        expect(formatted.fields._root[0]).toContain('Unrecognized key')
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('root-level errors', () => {
+    it('formats root-level validation errors with _root key', () => {
+      const schema = z.string().min(5)
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse('abc')
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('_root')
+        expect(formatted.fields._root[0]).toContain('5')
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('formats union type errors', () => {
+      const schema = z.union([z.string(), z.number()])
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse(true)
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('_root')
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('real-world API scenarios', () => {
+    it('formats credential creation validation errors', () => {
+      const schema = z
+        .object({
+          name: CredentialNameSchema,
+          type: z.enum(['oauth', 'api-key']),
+          value: z.record(z.unknown()).refine((val) => Object.keys(val).length > 0, 'Value must not be empty')
+        })
+        .strict()
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({
+          name: '../admin-cred',
+          type: 'invalid-type',
+          value: {},
+          organizationId: 'injected-value'
+        })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('name')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('type')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('value')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('_root') // organizationId causes unrecognized key error
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('formats session turn execution validation errors', () => {
+      const schema = z
+        .object({
+          input: z.unknown().refine((val) => JSON.stringify(val).length <= 10_000, 'Input exceeds 10,000 characters'),
+          metadata: z.record(z.unknown()).optional()
+        })
+        .strict()
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({
+          input: { data: 'x'.repeat(20_000) },
+          invalidField: 'test'
+        })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('input')
+        expect(formatted.fields.input[0]).toContain('10,000 characters')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('_root') // invalidField causes unrecognized key error
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('formats pagination query validation errors', () => {
+      const schema = PaginationSchema
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ limit: '500', offset: '-10' })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('limit')
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('offset')
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('edge cases', () => {
+    it('handles empty error list gracefully', () => {
+      // This shouldn't happen in practice, but test defensive coding
+      const emptyError = new z.ZodError([])
+      const formatted = formatZodValidationError(emptyError)
+
+      expect(formatted.message).toBe('Validation failed on 0 fields')
+      expect(formatted.fields).toEqual({})
+    })
+
+    it('handles very long field paths', () => {
+      const schema = z.object({
+        level1: z.object({
+          level2: z.object({
+            level3: z.object({
+              level4: z.object({
+                email: EmailSchema
+              })
+            })
+          })
+        })
+      })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({
+          level1: {
+            level2: {
+              level3: {
+                level4: {
+                  email: 'invalid'
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+
+        expect(formatted.fields).toHaveProperty('level1.level2.level3.level4.email')
+      }
+    })
+
+    it('uses correct singular/plural in message', () => {
+      const schema = z.object({ email: EmailSchema })
+
+      try {
+        schema.parse({ email: 'invalid' })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+        expect(formatted.message).toContain('1 field')
+      }
+
+      const multiSchema = z.object({
+        email: EmailSchema,
+        name: NonEmptyStringSchema
+      })
+
+      try {
+        multiSchema.parse({ email: 'invalid', name: '' })
+      } catch (error) {
+        const formatted = formatZodValidationError(error as z.ZodError)
+        expect(formatted.message).toContain('2 fields')
+      }
+    })
+  })
+})