@dsh-gis/dsh-opengis-skill 0.1.0 → 0.1.2

package/assets/gdal-api/reference/vector-api.md

@@ -1,724 +1,724 @@
-# GDAL Vector API Reference
-
-> 这是 [../SKILL.md](../SKILL.md) 的补充文件，收录 C++/Python/Java/C# 四种语言的矢量读写、格式转换、几何操作与 GeoPackage 示例。
-
----
-
-## 矢量数据读取
-
-### C++
-
-```cpp
-#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
-
-GDALAllRegister();
-
-GDALDataset *ds = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpenEx("cities.shp", GDAL_OF_VECTOR, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
-if (ds == nullptr) { /* 错误处理 */ }
-
-OGRLayer *layer = ds->GetLayer(0);
-layer->ResetReading();
-
-OGRFeature *feature;
-while ((feature = layer->GetNextFeature()) != nullptr) {
-    // 读取属性
-    const char *name = feature->GetFieldAsString("NAME");
-    int pop = feature->GetFieldAsInteger("POPULATION");
-
-    // 读取几何
-    OGRGeometry *geom = feature->GetGeometryRef();
-    if (geom != nullptr && wkbFlatten(geom->getGeometryType()) == wkbPoint) {
-        OGRPoint *pt = (OGRPoint *)geom;
-        double x = pt->getX();
-        double y = pt->getY();
-    }
-    OGRFeature::DestroyFeature(feature);
-}
-
-GDALClose(ds);
-```
-
-### Python
-
-```python
-from osgeo import ogr
-
-ds = ogr.Open("cities.shp", 0)  # 0 = 只读
-if ds is None:
-    raise RuntimeError("无法打开数据源")
-
-layer = ds.GetLayer(0)
-
-for feature in layer:
-    # 读取属性
-    name = feature.GetField("NAME")
-    pop  = feature.GetField("POPULATION")
-
-    # 读取几何
-    geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
-    if geom is not None and geom.GetGeometryType() == ogr.wkbPoint:
-        x = geom.GetX()
-        y = geom.GetY()
-
-ds = None
-```
-
-### Java
-
-```java
-import org.gdal.ogr.ogr;
-import org.gdal.ogr.DataSource;
-import org.gdal.ogr.Layer;
-import org.gdal.ogr.Feature;
-import org.gdal.ogr.Geometry;
-
-ogr.RegisterAll();
-
-DataSource ds = ogr.Open("cities.shp", false);  // false = 只读
-if (ds == null) { throw new RuntimeException("无法打开数据源"); }
-
-Layer layer = ds.GetLayer(0);
-
-Feature feature;
-while ((feature = layer.GetNextFeature()) != null) {
-    // 读取属性
-    String name = feature.GetFieldAsString("NAME");
-    int pop = feature.GetFieldAsInteger("POPULATION");
-
-    // 读取几何
-    Geometry geom = feature.GetGeometryRef();
-    if (geom != null && geom.GetGeometryType() == ogr.wkbPoint) {
-        double x = geom.GetX(0);
-        double y = geom.GetY(0);
-    }
-    feature.delete();
-}
-
-ds.delete();
-```
-
-### C#
-
-```csharp
-using OSGeo.OGR;
-
-Ogr.RegisterAll();
-
-DataSource ds = Ogr.Open("cities.shp", 0);  // 0 = 只读
-if (ds == null) { throw new Exception("无法打开数据源"); }
-
-Layer layer = ds.GetLayerByIndex(0);
-
-Feature feature;
-while ((feature = layer.GetNextFeature()) != null) {
-    // 读取属性
-    string name = feature.GetFieldAsString("NAME");
-    int pop = feature.GetFieldAsInteger("POPULATION");
-
-    // 读取几何
-    Geometry geom = feature.GetGeometryRef();
-    if (geom != null && geom.GetGeometryType() == wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint) {
-        double x = geom.GetX(0);
-        double y = geom.GetY(0);
-    }
-    feature.Dispose();
-}
-
-ds.Dispose();
-```
-
----
-
-## 矢量数据创建与写入
-
-### C++
-
-```cpp
-#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
-
-GDALAllRegister();
-
-GDALDriver *driver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile");
-GDALDataset *ds = driver->Create("output.shp", 0, 0, 0, GDT_Unknown, nullptr);
-
-// 创建图层
-OGRSpatialReference srs;
-srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
-OGRLayer *layer = ds->CreateLayer("output", &srs, wkbPoint, nullptr);
-
-// 定义字段
-OGRFieldDefn nameField("NAME", OFTString);
-nameField.SetWidth(64);
-layer->CreateField(&nameField);
-
-OGRFieldDefn popField("POPULATION", OFTInteger);
-layer->CreateField(&popField);
-
-// 创建要素
-OGRFeature *feature = OGRFeature::CreateFeature(layer->GetLayerDefn());
-feature->SetField("NAME", "Beijing");
-feature->SetField("POPULATION", 21540000);
-
-OGRPoint pt;
-pt.setX(116.4);
-pt.setY(39.9);
-feature->SetGeometry(&pt);
-
-layer->CreateFeature(feature);
-OGRFeature::DestroyFeature(feature);
-
-GDALClose(ds);
-```
-
-### Python
-
-```python
-from osgeo import ogr, osr
-
-driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile")
-ds = driver.CreateDataSource("output.shp")
-
-# 创建图层
-srs = osr.SpatialReference()
-srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84")
-layer = ds.CreateLayer("output", srs, ogr.wkbPoint)
-
-# 定义字段
-layer.CreateField(ogr.FieldDefn("NAME", ogr.OFTString))
-layer.CreateField(ogr.FieldDefn("POPULATION", ogr.OFTInteger))
-
-# 创建要素
-feature = ogr.Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn())
-feature.SetField("NAME", "Beijing")
-feature.SetField("POPULATION", 21540000)
-
-pt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
-pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9)
-feature.SetGeometry(pt)
-
-layer.CreateFeature(feature)
-feature = None
-
-ds = None
-```
-
-### Java
-
-```java
-import org.gdal.ogr.*;
-import org.gdal.osr.SpatialReference;
-
-ogr.RegisterAll();
-
-Driver driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile");
-DataSource ds = driver.CreateDataSource("output.shp");
-
-// 创建图层
-SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference();
-srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
-Layer layer = ds.CreateLayer("output", srs, ogr.wkbPoint);
-
-// 定义字段
-FieldDefn nameField = new FieldDefn("NAME", ogr.OFTString);
-nameField.SetWidth(64);
-layer.CreateField(nameField);
-
-FieldDefn popField = new FieldDefn("POPULATION", ogr.OFTInteger);
-layer.CreateField(popField);
-
-// 创建要素
-Feature feature = new Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn());
-feature.SetField("NAME", "Beijing");
-feature.SetField("POPULATION", 21540000);
-
-Geometry pt = new Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint);
-pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
-feature.SetGeometry(pt);
-
-layer.CreateFeature(feature);
-feature.delete();
-
-ds.delete();
-```
-
-### C#
-
-```csharp
-using OSGeo.OGR;
-using OSGeo.OSR;
-
-Ogr.RegisterAll();
-
-Driver driver = Ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile");
-DataSource ds = driver.CreateDataSource("output.shp", null);
-
-// 创建图层
-SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference("");
-srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
-Layer layer = ds.CreateLayer("output", srs, wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint, null);
-
-// 定义字段
-FieldDefn nameField = new FieldDefn("NAME", FieldType.OFTString);
-nameField.SetWidth(64);
-layer.CreateField(nameField, 1);
-
-FieldDefn popField = new FieldDefn("POPULATION", FieldType.OFTInteger);
-layer.CreateField(popField, 1);
-
-// 创建要素
-Feature feature = new Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn());
-feature.SetField("NAME", "Beijing");
-feature.SetField("POPULATION", 21540000);
-
-Geometry pt = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint);
-pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
-feature.SetGeometry(pt);
-
-layer.CreateFeature(feature);
-feature.Dispose();
-
-ds.Dispose();
-```
-
----
-
-## 矢量格式转换与空间过滤
-
-### C++
-
-```cpp
-#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
-
-GDALAllRegister();
-
-// Shapefile → GeoJSON
-GDALDataset *srcDs = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpenEx("input.shp", GDAL_OF_VECTOR, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
-GDALDriver *jsonDriver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("GeoJSON");
-GDALDataset *dstDs = jsonDriver->Create("output.geojson", 0, 0, 0, GDT_Unknown, nullptr);
-
-OGRLayer *srcLayer = srcDs->GetLayer(0);
-
-// 空间过滤（仅北京周边）
-OGREnvelope env;
-env.MinX = 116.0; env.MaxX = 117.0;
-env.MinY = 39.5;  env.MaxY = 40.5;
-srcLayer->SetSpatialFilterRect(env.MinX, env.MinY, env.MaxX, env.MaxY);
-
-// 属性过滤
-srcLayer->SetAttributeFilter("POPULATION > 1000000");
-
-// 复制图层
-OGRLayer *dstLayer = dstDs->CopyLayer(srcLayer, "filtered");
-
-GDALClose(dstDs);
-GDALClose(srcDs);
-```
-
-### Python
-
-```python
-from osgeo import ogr
-
-# Shapefile → GeoJSON
-src_ds = ogr.Open("input.shp")
-src_layer = src_ds.GetLayer(0)
-
-# 空间过滤
-src_layer.SetSpatialFilterRect(116.0, 39.5, 117.0, 40.5)
-
-# 属性过滤
-src_layer.SetAttributeFilter("POPULATION > 1000000")
-
-# 输出
-json_driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("GeoJSON")
-dst_ds = json_driver.CreateDataSource("output.geojson")
-dst_ds.CopyLayer(src_layer, "filtered")
-
-dst_ds = None
-src_ds = None
-
-# 或使用 gdal.VectorTranslate（更高级）
-from osgeo import gdal
-
-gdal.VectorTranslate(
-    "output.geojson",
-    "input.shp",
-    format="GeoJSON",
-    spatFilter=[116.0, 39.5, 117.0, 40.5],
-    where="POPULATION > 1000000"
-)
-```
-
-### Java
-
-```java
-import org.gdal.ogr.*;
-
-ogr.RegisterAll();
-
-// Shapefile → GeoJSON
-DataSource srcDs = ogr.Open("input.shp", false);
-Layer srcLayer = srcDs.GetLayer(0);
-
-// 空间过滤
-srcLayer.SetSpatialFilterRect(116.0, 39.5, 117.0, 40.5);
-
-// 属性过滤
-srcLayer.SetAttributeFilter("POPULATION > 1000000");
-
-// 输出
-Driver jsonDriver = ogr.GetDriverByName("GeoJSON");
-DataSource dstDs = jsonDriver.CreateDataSource("output.geojson");
-dstDs.CopyLayer(srcLayer, "filtered");
-
-dstDs.delete();
-srcDs.delete();
-```
-
-### C#
-
-```csharp
-using OSGeo.OGR;
-
-Ogr.RegisterAll();
-
-// Shapefile → GeoJSON
-DataSource srcDs = Ogr.Open("input.shp", 0);
-Layer srcLayer = srcDs.GetLayerByIndex(0);
-
-// 空间过滤
-srcLayer.SetSpatialFilterRect(116.0, 39.5, 117.0, 40.5);
-
-// 属性过滤
-srcLayer.SetAttributeFilter("POPULATION > 1000000");
-
-// 输出
-Driver jsonDriver = Ogr.GetDriverByName("GeoJSON");
-DataSource dstDs = jsonDriver.CreateDataSource("output.geojson", null);
-dstDs.CopyLayer(srcLayer, "filtered", null);
-
-dstDs.Dispose();
-srcDs.Dispose();
-```
-
----
-
-## 几何操作
-
-### C++
-
-```cpp
-#include "ogr_geometry.h"
-
-// 创建几何对象
-OGRPoint pt(116.4, 39.9);
-
-OGRLinearRing ring;
-ring.addPoint(0, 0);
-ring.addPoint(10, 0);
-ring.addPoint(10, 10);
-ring.addPoint(0, 10);
-ring.closeRings();
-
-OGRPolygon polygon;
-polygon.addRing(&ring);
-
-// WKT / WKB 互转
-char *wkt = nullptr;
-polygon.exportToWkt(&wkt);
-CPLFree(wkt);
-
-OGRGeometry *geomFromWkt = nullptr;
-OGRGeometryFactory::createFromWkt("POINT(116.4 39.9)", nullptr, &geomFromWkt);
-OGRGeometryFactory::destroyGeometry(geomFromWkt);
-
-// 空间操作
-OGRGeometry *buffer = pt.Buffer(1.0);           // 缓冲区
-OGRGeometry *inter  = polygon.Intersection(&pt); // 交集
-OGRGeometry *united = polygon.Union(&pt);         // 合并
-double dist = polygon.Distance(&pt);              // 距离
-bool contains = polygon.Contains(&pt);            // 包含判断
-bool intersects = polygon.Intersects(&pt);        // 相交判断
-double area = polygon.get_Area();                  // 面积
-double length = polygon.get_Length();              // 周长
-
-OGRGeometryFactory::destroyGeometry(buffer);
-OGRGeometryFactory::destroyGeometry(inter);
-OGRGeometryFactory::destroyGeometry(united);
-```
-
-### Python
-
-```python
-from osgeo import ogr
-
-# 创建几何对象
-pt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
-pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9)
-
-ring = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbLinearRing)
-ring.AddPoint(0, 0)
-ring.AddPoint(10, 0)
-ring.AddPoint(10, 10)
-ring.AddPoint(0, 10)
-ring.CloseRings()
-
-polygon = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPolygon)
-polygon.AddGeometry(ring)
-
-# WKT / WKB 互转
-wkt = polygon.ExportToWkt()
-geom_from_wkt = ogr.CreateGeometryFromWkt("POINT(116.4 39.9)")
-geom_from_json = ogr.CreateGeometryFromJson('{"type":"Point","coordinates":[116.4,39.9]}')
-
-# 空间操作
-buffer    = pt.Buffer(1.0)              # 缓冲区
-inter     = polygon.Intersection(pt)     # 交集
-united    = polygon.Union(pt)            # 合并
-dist      = polygon.Distance(pt)         # 距离
-contains  = polygon.Contains(pt)         # 包含判断
-intersects = polygon.Intersects(pt)      # 相交判断
-area      = polygon.GetArea()            # 面积
-length    = polygon.Length()             # 周长
-```
-
-### Java
-
-```java
-import org.gdal.ogr.Geometry;
-import org.gdal.ogr.ogr;
-
-// 创建几何对象
-Geometry pt = new Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint);
-pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
-
-Geometry ring = new Geometry(ogr.wkbLinearRing);
-ring.AddPoint(0, 0, 0);
-ring.AddPoint(10, 0, 0);
-ring.AddPoint(10, 10, 0);
-ring.AddPoint(0, 10, 0);
-ring.CloseRings();
-
-Geometry polygon = new Geometry(ogr.wkbPolygon);
-polygon.AddGeometry(ring);
-
-// WKT / WKB 互转
-String wkt = polygon.ExportToWkt();
-Geometry geomFromWkt = Geometry.CreateFromWkt("POINT(116.4 39.9)");
-
-// 空间操作
-Geometry buffer  = pt.Buffer(1.0);              // 缓冲区
-Geometry inter   = polygon.Intersection(pt);     // 交集
-Geometry united  = polygon.Union(pt);            // 合并
-double dist      = polygon.Distance(pt);         // 距离
-boolean contains = polygon.Contains(pt);         // 包含判断
-boolean intersects = polygon.Intersects(pt);     // 相交判断
-double area      = polygon.GetArea();            // 面积
-```
-
-### C#
-
-```csharp
-using OSGeo.OGR;
-
-// 创建几何对象
-Geometry pt = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint);
-pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
-
-Geometry ring = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbLinearRing);
-ring.AddPoint(0, 0, 0);
-ring.AddPoint(10, 0, 0);
-ring.AddPoint(10, 10, 0);
-ring.AddPoint(0, 10, 0);
-ring.CloseRings();
-
-Geometry polygon = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbPolygon);
-polygon.AddGeometry(ring);
-
-// WKT / WKB 互转
-string wkt;
-polygon.ExportToWkt(out wkt);
-Geometry geomFromWkt = Geometry.CreateFromWkt("POINT(116.4 39.9)");
-
-// 空间操作
-Geometry buffer  = pt.Buffer(1.0, 30);          // 缓冲区
-Geometry inter   = polygon.Intersection(pt);     // 交集
-Geometry united  = polygon.Union(pt);            // 合并
-double dist      = polygon.Distance(pt);         // 距离
-bool contains    = polygon.Contains(pt);         // 包含判断
-bool intersects  = polygon.Intersects(pt);       // 相交判断
-double area      = polygon.GetArea();            // 面积
-```
-
----
-
-## GeoPackage 读写
-
-GeoPackage 是 OGC 标准的轻量级地理数据库格式，适合替代 Shapefile。
-
-### C++
-
-```cpp
-#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
-
-GDALAllRegister();
-
-// 创建 GeoPackage
-GDALDriver *driver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("GPKG");
-GDALDataset *ds = driver->Create("data.gpkg", 0, 0, 0, GDT_Unknown, nullptr);
-
-OGRSpatialReference srs;
-srs.importFromEPSG(4326);
-OGRLayer *layer = ds->CreateLayer("points", &srs, wkbPoint, nullptr);
-
-OGRFieldDefn field("name", OFTString);
-layer->CreateField(&field);
-
-OGRFeature *f = OGRFeature::CreateFeature(layer->GetLayerDefn());
-f->SetField("name", "TestPoint");
-OGRPoint pt(116.4, 39.9);
-f->SetGeometry(&pt);
-layer->CreateFeature(f);
-OGRFeature::DestroyFeature(f);
-
-GDALClose(ds);
-
-// 读取 GeoPackage
-GDALDataset *readDs = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpenEx("data.gpkg", GDAL_OF_VECTOR, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
-OGRLayer *readLayer = readDs->GetLayerByName("points");
-readLayer->ResetReading();
-OGRFeature *rf;
-while ((rf = readLayer->GetNextFeature()) != nullptr) {
-    printf("%s\n", rf->GetFieldAsString("name"));
-    OGRFeature::DestroyFeature(rf);
-}
-GDALClose(readDs);
-```
-
-### Python
-
-```python
-from osgeo import ogr, osr
-
-# 创建 GeoPackage
-driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("GPKG")
-ds = driver.CreateDataSource("data.gpkg")
-
-srs = osr.SpatialReference()
-srs.ImportFromEPSG(4326)
-layer = ds.CreateLayer("points", srs, ogr.wkbPoint)
-
-layer.CreateField(ogr.FieldDefn("name", ogr.OFTString))
-
-feature = ogr.Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn())
-feature.SetField("name", "TestPoint")
-pt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
-pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9)
-feature.SetGeometry(pt)
-layer.CreateFeature(feature)
-
-ds = None
-
-# 读取 GeoPackage
-ds = ogr.Open("data.gpkg")
-layer = ds.GetLayerByName("points")
-for f in layer:
-    print(f.GetField("name"))
-ds = None
-```
-
-### Java
-
-```java
-import org.gdal.ogr.*;
-import org.gdal.osr.SpatialReference;
-
-ogr.RegisterAll();
-
-// 创建 GeoPackage
-Driver driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("GPKG");
-DataSource ds = driver.CreateDataSource("data.gpkg");
-
-SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference();
-srs.ImportFromEPSG(4326);
-Layer layer = ds.CreateLayer("points", srs, ogr.wkbPoint);
-
-layer.CreateField(new FieldDefn("name", ogr.OFTString));
-
-Feature feature = new Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn());
-feature.SetField("name", "TestPoint");
-Geometry pt = new Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint);
-pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
-feature.SetGeometry(pt);
-layer.CreateFeature(feature);
-
-ds.delete();
-
-// 读取 GeoPackage
-DataSource readDs = ogr.Open("data.gpkg", false);
-Layer readLayer = readDs.GetLayerByName("points");
-Feature f;
-while ((f = readLayer.GetNextFeature()) != null) {
-    System.out.println(f.GetFieldAsString("name"));
-    f.delete();
-}
-readDs.delete();
-```
-
-### C#
-
-```csharp
-using OSGeo.OGR;
-using OSGeo.OSR;
-
-Ogr.RegisterAll();
-
-// 创建 GeoPackage
-Driver driver = Ogr.GetDriverByName("GPKG");
-DataSource ds = driver.CreateDataSource("data.gpkg", null);
-
-SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference("");
-srs.ImportFromEPSG(4326);
-Layer layer = ds.CreateLayer("points", srs, wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint, null);
-
-layer.CreateField(new FieldDefn("name", FieldType.OFTString), 1);
-
-Feature feature = new Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn());
-feature.SetField("name", "TestPoint");
-Geometry pt = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint);
-pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
-feature.SetGeometry(pt);
-layer.CreateFeature(feature);
-
-ds.Dispose();
-
-// 读取 GeoPackage
-DataSource readDs = Ogr.Open("data.gpkg", 0);
-Layer readLayer = readDs.GetLayerByName("points");
-Feature f;
-while ((f = readLayer.GetNextFeature()) != null) {
-    Console.WriteLine(f.GetFieldAsString("name"));
-    f.Dispose();
-}
-readDs.Dispose();
-```
-
----
-
-## 常用矢量数据格式
-
-| 驱动名 | 扩展名 | 说明 |
-|---|---|---|
-| `ESRI Shapefile` | `.shp` | ESRI Shapefile，经典矢量格式 |
-| `GeoJSON` | `.geojson` | GeoJSON，Web 友好格式 |
-| `GPKG` | `.gpkg` | GeoPackage，OGC 标准轻量数据库 |
-| `PostgreSQL` / `PostGIS` | — | PostGIS 空间数据库 |
-| `FlatGeobuf` | `.fgb` | 高性能流式二进制格式 |
-| `GML` | `.gml` | OGC GML 格式 |
-| `KML` | `.kml` | Google Earth 格式 |
-| `CSV` | `.csv` | 逗号分隔值（配合 VRT 指定几何列） |
-| `SQLite` | `.sqlite` | SQLite / SpatiaLite 数据库 |
-| `XLSX` | `.xlsx` | Excel 表格（只读） |
-
----
-
+# GDAL Vector API Reference
+
+> 这是 [../SKILL.md](../SKILL.md) 的补充文件，收录 C++/Python/Java/C# 四种语言的矢量读写、格式转换、几何操作与 GeoPackage 示例。
+
+---
+
+## 矢量数据读取
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
+
+GDALAllRegister();
+
+GDALDataset *ds = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpenEx("cities.shp", GDAL_OF_VECTOR, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+if (ds == nullptr) { /* 错误处理 */ }
+
+OGRLayer *layer = ds->GetLayer(0);
+layer->ResetReading();
+
+OGRFeature *feature;
+while ((feature = layer->GetNextFeature()) != nullptr) {
+    // 读取属性
+    const char *name = feature->GetFieldAsString("NAME");
+    int pop = feature->GetFieldAsInteger("POPULATION");
+
+    // 读取几何
+    OGRGeometry *geom = feature->GetGeometryRef();
+    if (geom != nullptr && wkbFlatten(geom->getGeometryType()) == wkbPoint) {
+        OGRPoint *pt = (OGRPoint *)geom;
+        double x = pt->getX();
+        double y = pt->getY();
+    }
+    OGRFeature::DestroyFeature(feature);
+}
+
+GDALClose(ds);
+```
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+from osgeo import ogr
+
+ds = ogr.Open("cities.shp", 0)  # 0 = 只读
+if ds is None:
+    raise RuntimeError("无法打开数据源")
+
+layer = ds.GetLayer(0)
+
+for feature in layer:
+    # 读取属性
+    name = feature.GetField("NAME")
+    pop  = feature.GetField("POPULATION")
+
+    # 读取几何
+    geom = feature.GetGeometryRef()
+    if geom is not None and geom.GetGeometryType() == ogr.wkbPoint:
+        x = geom.GetX()
+        y = geom.GetY()
+
+ds = None
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+import org.gdal.ogr.ogr;
+import org.gdal.ogr.DataSource;
+import org.gdal.ogr.Layer;
+import org.gdal.ogr.Feature;
+import org.gdal.ogr.Geometry;
+
+ogr.RegisterAll();
+
+DataSource ds = ogr.Open("cities.shp", false);  // false = 只读
+if (ds == null) { throw new RuntimeException("无法打开数据源"); }
+
+Layer layer = ds.GetLayer(0);
+
+Feature feature;
+while ((feature = layer.GetNextFeature()) != null) {
+    // 读取属性
+    String name = feature.GetFieldAsString("NAME");
+    int pop = feature.GetFieldAsInteger("POPULATION");
+
+    // 读取几何
+    Geometry geom = feature.GetGeometryRef();
+    if (geom != null && geom.GetGeometryType() == ogr.wkbPoint) {
+        double x = geom.GetX(0);
+        double y = geom.GetY(0);
+    }
+    feature.delete();
+}
+
+ds.delete();
+```
+
+### C#
+
+```csharp
+using OSGeo.OGR;
+
+Ogr.RegisterAll();
+
+DataSource ds = Ogr.Open("cities.shp", 0);  // 0 = 只读
+if (ds == null) { throw new Exception("无法打开数据源"); }
+
+Layer layer = ds.GetLayerByIndex(0);
+
+Feature feature;
+while ((feature = layer.GetNextFeature()) != null) {
+    // 读取属性
+    string name = feature.GetFieldAsString("NAME");
+    int pop = feature.GetFieldAsInteger("POPULATION");
+
+    // 读取几何
+    Geometry geom = feature.GetGeometryRef();
+    if (geom != null && geom.GetGeometryType() == wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint) {
+        double x = geom.GetX(0);
+        double y = geom.GetY(0);
+    }
+    feature.Dispose();
+}
+
+ds.Dispose();
+```
+
+---
+
+## 矢量数据创建与写入
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
+
+GDALAllRegister();
+
+GDALDriver *driver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile");
+GDALDataset *ds = driver->Create("output.shp", 0, 0, 0, GDT_Unknown, nullptr);
+
+// 创建图层
+OGRSpatialReference srs;
+srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
+OGRLayer *layer = ds->CreateLayer("output", &srs, wkbPoint, nullptr);
+
+// 定义字段
+OGRFieldDefn nameField("NAME", OFTString);
+nameField.SetWidth(64);
+layer->CreateField(&nameField);
+
+OGRFieldDefn popField("POPULATION", OFTInteger);
+layer->CreateField(&popField);
+
+// 创建要素
+OGRFeature *feature = OGRFeature::CreateFeature(layer->GetLayerDefn());
+feature->SetField("NAME", "Beijing");
+feature->SetField("POPULATION", 21540000);
+
+OGRPoint pt;
+pt.setX(116.4);
+pt.setY(39.9);
+feature->SetGeometry(&pt);
+
+layer->CreateFeature(feature);
+OGRFeature::DestroyFeature(feature);
+
+GDALClose(ds);
+```
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+from osgeo import ogr, osr
+
+driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile")
+ds = driver.CreateDataSource("output.shp")
+
+# 创建图层
+srs = osr.SpatialReference()
+srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84")
+layer = ds.CreateLayer("output", srs, ogr.wkbPoint)
+
+# 定义字段
+layer.CreateField(ogr.FieldDefn("NAME", ogr.OFTString))
+layer.CreateField(ogr.FieldDefn("POPULATION", ogr.OFTInteger))
+
+# 创建要素
+feature = ogr.Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn())
+feature.SetField("NAME", "Beijing")
+feature.SetField("POPULATION", 21540000)
+
+pt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
+pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9)
+feature.SetGeometry(pt)
+
+layer.CreateFeature(feature)
+feature = None
+
+ds = None
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+import org.gdal.ogr.*;
+import org.gdal.osr.SpatialReference;
+
+ogr.RegisterAll();
+
+Driver driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile");
+DataSource ds = driver.CreateDataSource("output.shp");
+
+// 创建图层
+SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference();
+srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
+Layer layer = ds.CreateLayer("output", srs, ogr.wkbPoint);
+
+// 定义字段
+FieldDefn nameField = new FieldDefn("NAME", ogr.OFTString);
+nameField.SetWidth(64);
+layer.CreateField(nameField);
+
+FieldDefn popField = new FieldDefn("POPULATION", ogr.OFTInteger);
+layer.CreateField(popField);
+
+// 创建要素
+Feature feature = new Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn());
+feature.SetField("NAME", "Beijing");
+feature.SetField("POPULATION", 21540000);
+
+Geometry pt = new Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint);
+pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
+feature.SetGeometry(pt);
+
+layer.CreateFeature(feature);
+feature.delete();
+
+ds.delete();
+```
+
+### C#
+
+```csharp
+using OSGeo.OGR;
+using OSGeo.OSR;
+
+Ogr.RegisterAll();
+
+Driver driver = Ogr.GetDriverByName("ESRI Shapefile");
+DataSource ds = driver.CreateDataSource("output.shp", null);
+
+// 创建图层
+SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference("");
+srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
+Layer layer = ds.CreateLayer("output", srs, wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint, null);
+
+// 定义字段
+FieldDefn nameField = new FieldDefn("NAME", FieldType.OFTString);
+nameField.SetWidth(64);
+layer.CreateField(nameField, 1);
+
+FieldDefn popField = new FieldDefn("POPULATION", FieldType.OFTInteger);
+layer.CreateField(popField, 1);
+
+// 创建要素
+Feature feature = new Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn());
+feature.SetField("NAME", "Beijing");
+feature.SetField("POPULATION", 21540000);
+
+Geometry pt = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint);
+pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
+feature.SetGeometry(pt);
+
+layer.CreateFeature(feature);
+feature.Dispose();
+
+ds.Dispose();
+```
+
+---
+
+## 矢量格式转换与空间过滤
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
+
+GDALAllRegister();
+
+// Shapefile → GeoJSON
+GDALDataset *srcDs = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpenEx("input.shp", GDAL_OF_VECTOR, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+GDALDriver *jsonDriver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("GeoJSON");
+GDALDataset *dstDs = jsonDriver->Create("output.geojson", 0, 0, 0, GDT_Unknown, nullptr);
+
+OGRLayer *srcLayer = srcDs->GetLayer(0);
+
+// 空间过滤（仅北京周边）
+OGREnvelope env;
+env.MinX = 116.0; env.MaxX = 117.0;
+env.MinY = 39.5;  env.MaxY = 40.5;
+srcLayer->SetSpatialFilterRect(env.MinX, env.MinY, env.MaxX, env.MaxY);
+
+// 属性过滤
+srcLayer->SetAttributeFilter("POPULATION > 1000000");
+
+// 复制图层
+OGRLayer *dstLayer = dstDs->CopyLayer(srcLayer, "filtered");
+
+GDALClose(dstDs);
+GDALClose(srcDs);
+```
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+from osgeo import ogr
+
+# Shapefile → GeoJSON
+src_ds = ogr.Open("input.shp")
+src_layer = src_ds.GetLayer(0)
+
+# 空间过滤
+src_layer.SetSpatialFilterRect(116.0, 39.5, 117.0, 40.5)
+
+# 属性过滤
+src_layer.SetAttributeFilter("POPULATION > 1000000")
+
+# 输出
+json_driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("GeoJSON")
+dst_ds = json_driver.CreateDataSource("output.geojson")
+dst_ds.CopyLayer(src_layer, "filtered")
+
+dst_ds = None
+src_ds = None
+
+# 或使用 gdal.VectorTranslate（更高级）
+from osgeo import gdal
+
+gdal.VectorTranslate(
+    "output.geojson",
+    "input.shp",
+    format="GeoJSON",
+    spatFilter=[116.0, 39.5, 117.0, 40.5],
+    where="POPULATION > 1000000"
+)
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+import org.gdal.ogr.*;
+
+ogr.RegisterAll();
+
+// Shapefile → GeoJSON
+DataSource srcDs = ogr.Open("input.shp", false);
+Layer srcLayer = srcDs.GetLayer(0);
+
+// 空间过滤
+srcLayer.SetSpatialFilterRect(116.0, 39.5, 117.0, 40.5);
+
+// 属性过滤
+srcLayer.SetAttributeFilter("POPULATION > 1000000");
+
+// 输出
+Driver jsonDriver = ogr.GetDriverByName("GeoJSON");
+DataSource dstDs = jsonDriver.CreateDataSource("output.geojson");
+dstDs.CopyLayer(srcLayer, "filtered");
+
+dstDs.delete();
+srcDs.delete();
+```
+
+### C#
+
+```csharp
+using OSGeo.OGR;
+
+Ogr.RegisterAll();
+
+// Shapefile → GeoJSON
+DataSource srcDs = Ogr.Open("input.shp", 0);
+Layer srcLayer = srcDs.GetLayerByIndex(0);
+
+// 空间过滤
+srcLayer.SetSpatialFilterRect(116.0, 39.5, 117.0, 40.5);
+
+// 属性过滤
+srcLayer.SetAttributeFilter("POPULATION > 1000000");
+
+// 输出
+Driver jsonDriver = Ogr.GetDriverByName("GeoJSON");
+DataSource dstDs = jsonDriver.CreateDataSource("output.geojson", null);
+dstDs.CopyLayer(srcLayer, "filtered", null);
+
+dstDs.Dispose();
+srcDs.Dispose();
+```
+
+---
+
+## 几何操作
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+#include "ogr_geometry.h"
+
+// 创建几何对象
+OGRPoint pt(116.4, 39.9);
+
+OGRLinearRing ring;
+ring.addPoint(0, 0);
+ring.addPoint(10, 0);
+ring.addPoint(10, 10);
+ring.addPoint(0, 10);
+ring.closeRings();
+
+OGRPolygon polygon;
+polygon.addRing(&ring);
+
+// WKT / WKB 互转
+char *wkt = nullptr;
+polygon.exportToWkt(&wkt);
+CPLFree(wkt);
+
+OGRGeometry *geomFromWkt = nullptr;
+OGRGeometryFactory::createFromWkt("POINT(116.4 39.9)", nullptr, &geomFromWkt);
+OGRGeometryFactory::destroyGeometry(geomFromWkt);
+
+// 空间操作
+OGRGeometry *buffer = pt.Buffer(1.0);           // 缓冲区
+OGRGeometry *inter  = polygon.Intersection(&pt); // 交集
+OGRGeometry *united = polygon.Union(&pt);         // 合并
+double dist = polygon.Distance(&pt);              // 距离
+bool contains = polygon.Contains(&pt);            // 包含判断
+bool intersects = polygon.Intersects(&pt);        // 相交判断
+double area = polygon.get_Area();                  // 面积
+double length = polygon.get_Length();              // 周长
+
+OGRGeometryFactory::destroyGeometry(buffer);
+OGRGeometryFactory::destroyGeometry(inter);
+OGRGeometryFactory::destroyGeometry(united);
+```
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+from osgeo import ogr
+
+# 创建几何对象
+pt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
+pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9)
+
+ring = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbLinearRing)
+ring.AddPoint(0, 0)
+ring.AddPoint(10, 0)
+ring.AddPoint(10, 10)
+ring.AddPoint(0, 10)
+ring.CloseRings()
+
+polygon = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPolygon)
+polygon.AddGeometry(ring)
+
+# WKT / WKB 互转
+wkt = polygon.ExportToWkt()
+geom_from_wkt = ogr.CreateGeometryFromWkt("POINT(116.4 39.9)")
+geom_from_json = ogr.CreateGeometryFromJson('{"type":"Point","coordinates":[116.4,39.9]}')
+
+# 空间操作
+buffer    = pt.Buffer(1.0)              # 缓冲区
+inter     = polygon.Intersection(pt)     # 交集
+united    = polygon.Union(pt)            # 合并
+dist      = polygon.Distance(pt)         # 距离
+contains  = polygon.Contains(pt)         # 包含判断
+intersects = polygon.Intersects(pt)      # 相交判断
+area      = polygon.GetArea()            # 面积
+length    = polygon.Length()             # 周长
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+import org.gdal.ogr.Geometry;
+import org.gdal.ogr.ogr;
+
+// 创建几何对象
+Geometry pt = new Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint);
+pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
+
+Geometry ring = new Geometry(ogr.wkbLinearRing);
+ring.AddPoint(0, 0, 0);
+ring.AddPoint(10, 0, 0);
+ring.AddPoint(10, 10, 0);
+ring.AddPoint(0, 10, 0);
+ring.CloseRings();
+
+Geometry polygon = new Geometry(ogr.wkbPolygon);
+polygon.AddGeometry(ring);
+
+// WKT / WKB 互转
+String wkt = polygon.ExportToWkt();
+Geometry geomFromWkt = Geometry.CreateFromWkt("POINT(116.4 39.9)");
+
+// 空间操作
+Geometry buffer  = pt.Buffer(1.0);              // 缓冲区
+Geometry inter   = polygon.Intersection(pt);     // 交集
+Geometry united  = polygon.Union(pt);            // 合并
+double dist      = polygon.Distance(pt);         // 距离
+boolean contains = polygon.Contains(pt);         // 包含判断
+boolean intersects = polygon.Intersects(pt);     // 相交判断
+double area      = polygon.GetArea();            // 面积
+```
+
+### C#
+
+```csharp
+using OSGeo.OGR;
+
+// 创建几何对象
+Geometry pt = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint);
+pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
+
+Geometry ring = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbLinearRing);
+ring.AddPoint(0, 0, 0);
+ring.AddPoint(10, 0, 0);
+ring.AddPoint(10, 10, 0);
+ring.AddPoint(0, 10, 0);
+ring.CloseRings();
+
+Geometry polygon = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbPolygon);
+polygon.AddGeometry(ring);
+
+// WKT / WKB 互转
+string wkt;
+polygon.ExportToWkt(out wkt);
+Geometry geomFromWkt = Geometry.CreateFromWkt("POINT(116.4 39.9)");
+
+// 空间操作
+Geometry buffer  = pt.Buffer(1.0, 30);          // 缓冲区
+Geometry inter   = polygon.Intersection(pt);     // 交集
+Geometry united  = polygon.Union(pt);            // 合并
+double dist      = polygon.Distance(pt);         // 距离
+bool contains    = polygon.Contains(pt);         // 包含判断
+bool intersects  = polygon.Intersects(pt);       // 相交判断
+double area      = polygon.GetArea();            // 面积
+```
+
+---
+
+## GeoPackage 读写
+
+GeoPackage 是 OGC 标准的轻量级地理数据库格式，适合替代 Shapefile。
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
+
+GDALAllRegister();
+
+// 创建 GeoPackage
+GDALDriver *driver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("GPKG");
+GDALDataset *ds = driver->Create("data.gpkg", 0, 0, 0, GDT_Unknown, nullptr);
+
+OGRSpatialReference srs;
+srs.importFromEPSG(4326);
+OGRLayer *layer = ds->CreateLayer("points", &srs, wkbPoint, nullptr);
+
+OGRFieldDefn field("name", OFTString);
+layer->CreateField(&field);
+
+OGRFeature *f = OGRFeature::CreateFeature(layer->GetLayerDefn());
+f->SetField("name", "TestPoint");
+OGRPoint pt(116.4, 39.9);
+f->SetGeometry(&pt);
+layer->CreateFeature(f);
+OGRFeature::DestroyFeature(f);
+
+GDALClose(ds);
+
+// 读取 GeoPackage
+GDALDataset *readDs = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpenEx("data.gpkg", GDAL_OF_VECTOR, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+OGRLayer *readLayer = readDs->GetLayerByName("points");
+readLayer->ResetReading();
+OGRFeature *rf;
+while ((rf = readLayer->GetNextFeature()) != nullptr) {
+    printf("%s\n", rf->GetFieldAsString("name"));
+    OGRFeature::DestroyFeature(rf);
+}
+GDALClose(readDs);
+```
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+from osgeo import ogr, osr
+
+# 创建 GeoPackage
+driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("GPKG")
+ds = driver.CreateDataSource("data.gpkg")
+
+srs = osr.SpatialReference()
+srs.ImportFromEPSG(4326)
+layer = ds.CreateLayer("points", srs, ogr.wkbPoint)
+
+layer.CreateField(ogr.FieldDefn("name", ogr.OFTString))
+
+feature = ogr.Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn())
+feature.SetField("name", "TestPoint")
+pt = ogr.Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint)
+pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9)
+feature.SetGeometry(pt)
+layer.CreateFeature(feature)
+
+ds = None
+
+# 读取 GeoPackage
+ds = ogr.Open("data.gpkg")
+layer = ds.GetLayerByName("points")
+for f in layer:
+    print(f.GetField("name"))
+ds = None
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+import org.gdal.ogr.*;
+import org.gdal.osr.SpatialReference;
+
+ogr.RegisterAll();
+
+// 创建 GeoPackage
+Driver driver = ogr.GetDriverByName("GPKG");
+DataSource ds = driver.CreateDataSource("data.gpkg");
+
+SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference();
+srs.ImportFromEPSG(4326);
+Layer layer = ds.CreateLayer("points", srs, ogr.wkbPoint);
+
+layer.CreateField(new FieldDefn("name", ogr.OFTString));
+
+Feature feature = new Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn());
+feature.SetField("name", "TestPoint");
+Geometry pt = new Geometry(ogr.wkbPoint);
+pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
+feature.SetGeometry(pt);
+layer.CreateFeature(feature);
+
+ds.delete();
+
+// 读取 GeoPackage
+DataSource readDs = ogr.Open("data.gpkg", false);
+Layer readLayer = readDs.GetLayerByName("points");
+Feature f;
+while ((f = readLayer.GetNextFeature()) != null) {
+    System.out.println(f.GetFieldAsString("name"));
+    f.delete();
+}
+readDs.delete();
+```
+
+### C#
+
+```csharp
+using OSGeo.OGR;
+using OSGeo.OSR;
+
+Ogr.RegisterAll();
+
+// 创建 GeoPackage
+Driver driver = Ogr.GetDriverByName("GPKG");
+DataSource ds = driver.CreateDataSource("data.gpkg", null);
+
+SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference("");
+srs.ImportFromEPSG(4326);
+Layer layer = ds.CreateLayer("points", srs, wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint, null);
+
+layer.CreateField(new FieldDefn("name", FieldType.OFTString), 1);
+
+Feature feature = new Feature(layer.GetLayerDefn());
+feature.SetField("name", "TestPoint");
+Geometry pt = new Geometry(wkbGeometryType.wkbPoint);
+pt.SetPoint_2D(0, 116.4, 39.9);
+feature.SetGeometry(pt);
+layer.CreateFeature(feature);
+
+ds.Dispose();
+
+// 读取 GeoPackage
+DataSource readDs = Ogr.Open("data.gpkg", 0);
+Layer readLayer = readDs.GetLayerByName("points");
+Feature f;
+while ((f = readLayer.GetNextFeature()) != null) {
+    Console.WriteLine(f.GetFieldAsString("name"));
+    f.Dispose();
+}
+readDs.Dispose();
+```
+
+---
+
+## 常用矢量数据格式
+
+| 驱动名 | 扩展名 | 说明 |
+|---|---|---|
+| `ESRI Shapefile` | `.shp` | ESRI Shapefile，经典矢量格式 |
+| `GeoJSON` | `.geojson` | GeoJSON，Web 友好格式 |
+| `GPKG` | `.gpkg` | GeoPackage，OGC 标准轻量数据库 |
+| `PostgreSQL` / `PostGIS` | — | PostGIS 空间数据库 |
+| `FlatGeobuf` | `.fgb` | 高性能流式二进制格式 |
+| `GML` | `.gml` | OGC GML 格式 |
+| `KML` | `.kml` | Google Earth 格式 |
+| `CSV` | `.csv` | 逗号分隔值（配合 VRT 指定几何列） |
+| `SQLite` | `.sqlite` | SQLite / SpatiaLite 数据库 |
+| `XLSX` | `.xlsx` | Excel 表格（只读） |
+
+---
+