@dsh-gis/dsh-opengis-skill 0.1.0 → 0.1.2

package/assets/gdal-api/reference/raster-api.md

@@ -1,424 +1,424 @@
-# GDAL Raster API Reference
-
-> 这是 [../SKILL.md](../SKILL.md) 的补充文件，收录 C++/Python/Java/C# 四种语言的栅格读写、格式转换与重投影完整示例。
-
----
-
-## 栅格数据读取
-
-### C++
-
-```cpp
-#include "gdal_priv.h"
-
-GDALAllRegister();
-
-GDALDataset *ds = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpen("dem.tif", GA_ReadOnly);
-if (ds == nullptr) { /* 错误处理 */ }
-
-// 基本信息
-int width  = ds->GetRasterXSize();
-int height = ds->GetRasterYSize();
-int bands  = ds->GetRasterCount();
-
-// 仿射变换参数 [左上X, 像素宽度, 旋转, 左上Y, 旋转, 像素高度(负)]
-double gt[6];
-ds->GetGeoTransform(gt);
-
-// 投影信息
-const char *proj = ds->GetProjectionRef();
-
-// 读取第一个波段
-GDALRasterBand *band = ds->GetRasterBand(1);
-float *buf = new float[width * height];
-band->RasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0, width, height, buf, width, height, GDT_Float32, 0, 0);
-
-// 获取 NoData 值
-int hasNoData;
-double nodata = band->GetNoDataValue(&hasNoData);
-
-delete[] buf;
-GDALClose(ds);
-```
-
-### Python
-
-```python
-from osgeo import gdal
-
-ds = gdal.Open("dem.tif", gdal.GA_ReadOnly)
-if ds is None:
-    raise RuntimeError("无法打开文件")
-
-# 基本信息
-width  = ds.RasterXSize
-height = ds.RasterYSize
-bands  = ds.RasterCount
-
-# 仿射变换参数
-gt = ds.GetGeoTransform()
-
-# 投影信息
-proj = ds.GetProjection()
-
-# 读取第一个波段为 NumPy 数组
-band = ds.GetRasterBand(1)
-data = band.ReadAsArray()  # numpy.ndarray
-
-# 获取 NoData 值
-nodata = band.GetNoDataValue()
-
-ds = None  # 关闭数据集
-```
-
-### Java
-
-```java
-import org.gdal.gdal.gdal;
-import org.gdal.gdal.Dataset;
-import org.gdal.gdal.Band;
-import org.gdal.gdalconst.gdalconstConstants;
-
-gdal.AllRegister();
-
-Dataset ds = gdal.Open("dem.tif", gdalconstConstants.GA_ReadOnly);
-if (ds == null) { throw new RuntimeException("无法打开文件"); }
-
-// 基本信息
-int width  = ds.getRasterXSize();
-int height = ds.getRasterYSize();
-int bands  = ds.getRasterCount();
-
-// 仿射变换参数
-double[] gt = new double[6];
-ds.GetGeoTransform(gt);
-
-// 投影信息
-String proj = ds.GetProjection();
-
-// 读取第一个波段
-Band band = ds.GetRasterBand(1);
-float[] buf = new float[width * height];
-band.ReadRaster(0, 0, width, height, buf);
-
-// 获取 NoData 值
-Double[] nodata = new Double[1];
-band.GetNoDataValue(nodata);
-
-ds.delete();
-```
-
-### C#
-
-```csharp
-using OSGeo.GDAL;
-
-Gdal.AllRegister();
-
-Dataset ds = Gdal.Open("dem.tif", Access.GA_ReadOnly);
-if (ds == null) { throw new Exception("无法打开文件"); }
-
-// 基本信息
-int width  = ds.RasterXSize;
-int height = ds.RasterYSize;
-int bands  = ds.RasterCount;
-
-// 仿射变换参数
-double[] gt = new double[6];
-ds.GetGeoTransform(gt);
-
-// 投影信息
-string proj = ds.GetProjection();
-
-// 读取第一个波段
-Band band = ds.GetRasterBand(1);
-float[] buf = new float[width * height];
-band.ReadRaster(0, 0, width, height, buf, width, height, 0, 0);
-
-// 获取 NoData 值
-double nodata;
-int hasNoData;
-band.GetNoDataValue(out nodata, out hasNoData);
-
-ds.Dispose();
-```
-
----
-
-## 栅格数据创建与写入
-
-### C++
-
-```cpp
-#include "gdal_priv.h"
-
-GDALAllRegister();
-
-GDALDriver *driver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("GTiff");
-GDALDataset *ds = driver->Create("output.tif", 256, 256, 1, GDT_Float32, nullptr);
-
-// 设置仿射变换
-double gt[6] = {116.0, 0.01, 0, 40.0, 0, -0.01};
-ds->SetGeoTransform(gt);
-
-// 设置投影
-OGRSpatialReference srs;
-srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
-char *wkt = nullptr;
-srs.exportToWkt(&wkt);
-ds->SetProjection(wkt);
-CPLFree(wkt);
-
-// 写入像素数据
-GDALRasterBand *band = ds->GetRasterBand(1);
-float *data = new float[256 * 256];
-for (int i = 0; i < 256 * 256; i++) data[i] = (float)i;
-band->RasterIO(GF_Write, 0, 0, 256, 256, data, 256, 256, GDT_Float32, 0, 0);
-band->SetNoDataValue(-9999.0);
-
-delete[] data;
-GDALClose(ds);
-```
-
-### Python
-
-```python
-from osgeo import gdal, osr
-import numpy as np
-
-driver = gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff")
-ds = driver.Create("output.tif", 256, 256, 1, gdal.GDT_Float32)
-
-# 设置仿射变换
-ds.SetGeoTransform([116.0, 0.01, 0, 40.0, 0, -0.01])
-
-# 设置投影
-srs = osr.SpatialReference()
-srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84")
-ds.SetProjection(srs.ExportToWkt())
-
-# 写入 NumPy 数组
-band = ds.GetRasterBand(1)
-data = np.arange(256 * 256, dtype=np.float32).reshape(256, 256)
-band.WriteArray(data)
-band.SetNoDataValue(-9999.0)
-
-ds.FlushCache()
-ds = None
-```
-
-### Java
-
-```java
-import org.gdal.gdal.gdal;
-import org.gdal.gdal.Dataset;
-import org.gdal.gdal.Driver;
-import org.gdal.gdal.Band;
-import org.gdal.osr.SpatialReference;
-
-gdal.AllRegister();
-
-Driver driver = gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff");
-Dataset ds = driver.Create("output.tif", 256, 256, 1, org.gdal.gdalconst.gdalconstConstants.GDT_Float32);
-
-// 设置仿射变换
-ds.SetGeoTransform(new double[]{116.0, 0.01, 0, 40.0, 0, -0.01});
-
-// 设置投影
-SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference();
-srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
-ds.SetProjection(srs.ExportToWkt());
-
-// 写入像素数据
-Band band = ds.GetRasterBand(1);
-float[] data = new float[256 * 256];
-for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) data[i] = (float) i;
-band.WriteRaster(0, 0, 256, 256, data);
-band.SetNoDataValue(-9999.0);
-
-ds.FlushCache();
-ds.delete();
-```
-
-### C#
-
-```csharp
-using OSGeo.GDAL;
-using OSGeo.OSR;
-
-Gdal.AllRegister();
-
-Driver driver = Gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff");
-Dataset ds = driver.Create("output.tif", 256, 256, 1, DataType.GDT_Float32, null);
-
-// 设置仿射变换
-ds.SetGeoTransform(new double[] { 116.0, 0.01, 0, 40.0, 0, -0.01 });
-
-// 设置投影
-SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference("");
-srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
-string wkt;
-srs.ExportToWkt(out wkt);
-ds.SetProjection(wkt);
-
-// 写入像素数据
-Band band = ds.GetRasterBand(1);
-float[] data = new float[256 * 256];
-for (int i = 0; i < data.Length; i++) data[i] = (float)i;
-band.WriteRaster(0, 0, 256, 256, data, 256, 256, 0, 0);
-band.SetNoDataValue(-9999.0);
-
-ds.FlushCache();
-ds.Dispose();
-```
-
----
-
-## 栅格格式转换与重投影
-
-### C++
-
-```cpp
-#include "gdal_priv.h"
-#include "gdalwarper.h"
-
-GDALAllRegister();
-
-// 格式转换（GeoTIFF → PNG）
-GDALDataset *src = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpen("input.tif", GA_ReadOnly);
-GDALDriver *pngDriver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("PNG");
-GDALDataset *dst = pngDriver->CreateCopy("output.png", src, FALSE, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
-GDALClose(dst);
-GDALClose(src);
-
-// 重投影（Warp）
-GDALDataset *srcDs = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpen("input.tif", GA_ReadOnly);
-const char *dstWKT = nullptr;
-OGRSpatialReference dstSRS;
-dstSRS.importFromEPSG(3857);
-dstSRS.exportToWkt(const_cast<char **>(&dstWKT));
-
-GDALWarpOptions *warpOpts = GDALCreateWarpOptions();
-warpOpts->hSrcDS = srcDs;
-warpOpts->nBandCount = 1;
-warpOpts->panSrcBands = (int *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(int));
-warpOpts->panSrcBands[0] = 1;
-warpOpts->panDstBands = (int *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(int));
-warpOpts->panDstBands[0] = 1;
-
-GDALDataset *dstDs = (GDALDataset *)GDALAutoCreateWarpedVRT(
-    srcDs, nullptr, dstWKT, GRA_Bilinear, 0.0, nullptr);
-GDALDriver *tiffDriver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("GTiff");
-GDALDataset *outDs = tiffDriver->CreateCopy("reprojected.tif", dstDs, FALSE, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
-
-GDALClose(outDs);
-GDALClose(dstDs);
-GDALClose(srcDs);
-```
-
-### Python
-
-```python
-from osgeo import gdal
-
-# 格式转换（GeoTIFF → PNG）
-src = gdal.Open("input.tif")
-gdal.GetDriverByName("PNG").CreateCopy("output.png", src)
-src = None
-
-# 重投影（Warp）
-gdal.Warp(
-    "reprojected.tif",
-    "input.tif",
-    dstSRS="EPSG:3857",
-    resampleAlg="bilinear"
-)
-
-# 带更多参数的 Warp
-gdal.Warp(
-    "clipped.tif",
-    "input.tif",
-    dstSRS="EPSG:3857",
-    outputBounds=[12000000, 4000000, 13000000, 5000000],
-    xRes=100, yRes=100,
-    resampleAlg="cubic",
-    creationOptions=["COMPRESS=LZW", "TILED=YES"]
-)
-```
-
-### Java
-
-```java
-import org.gdal.gdal.gdal;
-import org.gdal.gdal.Dataset;
-import org.gdal.gdal.Driver;
-import org.gdal.gdal.WarpOptions;
-import java.util.Vector;
-
-gdal.AllRegister();
-
-// 格式转换（GeoTIFF → PNG）
-Dataset src = gdal.Open("input.tif");
-Driver pngDriver = gdal.GetDriverByName("PNG");
-Dataset dst = pngDriver.CreateCopy("output.png", src);
-dst.delete();
-src.delete();
-
-// 重投影（Warp）
-Dataset srcDs = gdal.Open("input.tif");
-Vector<String> options = new Vector<>();
-options.add("-t_srs");
-options.add("EPSG:3857");
-options.add("-r");
-options.add("bilinear");
-
-WarpOptions warpOpts = new WarpOptions(options);
-Dataset[] srcArray = new Dataset[]{srcDs};
-Dataset dstDs = gdal.Warp("reprojected.tif", srcArray, warpOpts);
-dstDs.delete();
-srcDs.delete();
-```
-
-### C#
-
-```csharp
-using OSGeo.GDAL;
-
-Gdal.AllRegister();
-
-// 格式转换（GeoTIFF → PNG）
-Dataset src = Gdal.Open("input.tif", Access.GA_ReadOnly);
-Driver pngDriver = Gdal.GetDriverByName("PNG");
-Dataset dst = pngDriver.CreateCopy("output.png", src, 0, null, null, null);
-dst.Dispose();
-src.Dispose();
-
-// 重投影（Warp）
-Dataset srcDs = Gdal.Open("input.tif", Access.GA_ReadOnly);
-string[] warpArgs = new string[] {
-    "-t_srs", "EPSG:3857",
-    "-r", "bilinear"
-};
-GDALWarpAppOptions warpOpts = new GDALWarpAppOptions(warpArgs);
-Dataset dstDs = Gdal.Warp("reprojected.tif", new Dataset[] { srcDs }, warpOpts, null, null);
-dstDs.Dispose();
-srcDs.Dispose();
-```
-
----
-
-## 常用栅格数据格式与创建选项
-
-| 驱动名 | 扩展名 | 说明 | 常用创建选项 |
-|---|---|---|---|
-| `GTiff` | `.tif` | GeoTIFF，最常用的栅格格式 | `COMPRESS=LZW/DEFLATE/ZSTD`、`TILED=YES`、`BLOCKXSIZE=256` |
-| `COG` | `.tif` | Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF | `COMPRESS=DEFLATE`、`OVERVIEW_RESAMPLING=CUBIC` |
-| `PNG` | `.png` | PNG 图片 | `ZLEVEL=6` |
-| `JPEG` | `.jpg` | JPEG 图片 | `QUALITY=85` |
-| `GPKG` | `.gpkg` | GeoPackage 栅格 | `TILE_FORMAT=PNG/JPEG/WEBP` |
-| `netCDF` | `.nc` | NetCDF 科学数据格式 | `FORMAT=NC4`、`COMPRESS=DEFLATE` |
-| `HFA` | `.img` | Erdas Imagine | — |
-| `VRT` | `.vrt` | 虚拟数据集（XML 引用） | — |
-
----
-
+# GDAL Raster API Reference
+
+> 这是 [../SKILL.md](../SKILL.md) 的补充文件，收录 C++/Python/Java/C# 四种语言的栅格读写、格式转换与重投影完整示例。
+
+---
+
+## 栅格数据读取
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+#include "gdal_priv.h"
+
+GDALAllRegister();
+
+GDALDataset *ds = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpen("dem.tif", GA_ReadOnly);
+if (ds == nullptr) { /* 错误处理 */ }
+
+// 基本信息
+int width  = ds->GetRasterXSize();
+int height = ds->GetRasterYSize();
+int bands  = ds->GetRasterCount();
+
+// 仿射变换参数 [左上X, 像素宽度, 旋转, 左上Y, 旋转, 像素高度(负)]
+double gt[6];
+ds->GetGeoTransform(gt);
+
+// 投影信息
+const char *proj = ds->GetProjectionRef();
+
+// 读取第一个波段
+GDALRasterBand *band = ds->GetRasterBand(1);
+float *buf = new float[width * height];
+band->RasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0, width, height, buf, width, height, GDT_Float32, 0, 0);
+
+// 获取 NoData 值
+int hasNoData;
+double nodata = band->GetNoDataValue(&hasNoData);
+
+delete[] buf;
+GDALClose(ds);
+```
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+from osgeo import gdal
+
+ds = gdal.Open("dem.tif", gdal.GA_ReadOnly)
+if ds is None:
+    raise RuntimeError("无法打开文件")
+
+# 基本信息
+width  = ds.RasterXSize
+height = ds.RasterYSize
+bands  = ds.RasterCount
+
+# 仿射变换参数
+gt = ds.GetGeoTransform()
+
+# 投影信息
+proj = ds.GetProjection()
+
+# 读取第一个波段为 NumPy 数组
+band = ds.GetRasterBand(1)
+data = band.ReadAsArray()  # numpy.ndarray
+
+# 获取 NoData 值
+nodata = band.GetNoDataValue()
+
+ds = None  # 关闭数据集
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+import org.gdal.gdal.gdal;
+import org.gdal.gdal.Dataset;
+import org.gdal.gdal.Band;
+import org.gdal.gdalconst.gdalconstConstants;
+
+gdal.AllRegister();
+
+Dataset ds = gdal.Open("dem.tif", gdalconstConstants.GA_ReadOnly);
+if (ds == null) { throw new RuntimeException("无法打开文件"); }
+
+// 基本信息
+int width  = ds.getRasterXSize();
+int height = ds.getRasterYSize();
+int bands  = ds.getRasterCount();
+
+// 仿射变换参数
+double[] gt = new double[6];
+ds.GetGeoTransform(gt);
+
+// 投影信息
+String proj = ds.GetProjection();
+
+// 读取第一个波段
+Band band = ds.GetRasterBand(1);
+float[] buf = new float[width * height];
+band.ReadRaster(0, 0, width, height, buf);
+
+// 获取 NoData 值
+Double[] nodata = new Double[1];
+band.GetNoDataValue(nodata);
+
+ds.delete();
+```
+
+### C#
+
+```csharp
+using OSGeo.GDAL;
+
+Gdal.AllRegister();
+
+Dataset ds = Gdal.Open("dem.tif", Access.GA_ReadOnly);
+if (ds == null) { throw new Exception("无法打开文件"); }
+
+// 基本信息
+int width  = ds.RasterXSize;
+int height = ds.RasterYSize;
+int bands  = ds.RasterCount;
+
+// 仿射变换参数
+double[] gt = new double[6];
+ds.GetGeoTransform(gt);
+
+// 投影信息
+string proj = ds.GetProjection();
+
+// 读取第一个波段
+Band band = ds.GetRasterBand(1);
+float[] buf = new float[width * height];
+band.ReadRaster(0, 0, width, height, buf, width, height, 0, 0);
+
+// 获取 NoData 值
+double nodata;
+int hasNoData;
+band.GetNoDataValue(out nodata, out hasNoData);
+
+ds.Dispose();
+```
+
+---
+
+## 栅格数据创建与写入
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+#include "gdal_priv.h"
+
+GDALAllRegister();
+
+GDALDriver *driver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("GTiff");
+GDALDataset *ds = driver->Create("output.tif", 256, 256, 1, GDT_Float32, nullptr);
+
+// 设置仿射变换
+double gt[6] = {116.0, 0.01, 0, 40.0, 0, -0.01};
+ds->SetGeoTransform(gt);
+
+// 设置投影
+OGRSpatialReference srs;
+srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
+char *wkt = nullptr;
+srs.exportToWkt(&wkt);
+ds->SetProjection(wkt);
+CPLFree(wkt);
+
+// 写入像素数据
+GDALRasterBand *band = ds->GetRasterBand(1);
+float *data = new float[256 * 256];
+for (int i = 0; i < 256 * 256; i++) data[i] = (float)i;
+band->RasterIO(GF_Write, 0, 0, 256, 256, data, 256, 256, GDT_Float32, 0, 0);
+band->SetNoDataValue(-9999.0);
+
+delete[] data;
+GDALClose(ds);
+```
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+from osgeo import gdal, osr
+import numpy as np
+
+driver = gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff")
+ds = driver.Create("output.tif", 256, 256, 1, gdal.GDT_Float32)
+
+# 设置仿射变换
+ds.SetGeoTransform([116.0, 0.01, 0, 40.0, 0, -0.01])
+
+# 设置投影
+srs = osr.SpatialReference()
+srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84")
+ds.SetProjection(srs.ExportToWkt())
+
+# 写入 NumPy 数组
+band = ds.GetRasterBand(1)
+data = np.arange(256 * 256, dtype=np.float32).reshape(256, 256)
+band.WriteArray(data)
+band.SetNoDataValue(-9999.0)
+
+ds.FlushCache()
+ds = None
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+import org.gdal.gdal.gdal;
+import org.gdal.gdal.Dataset;
+import org.gdal.gdal.Driver;
+import org.gdal.gdal.Band;
+import org.gdal.osr.SpatialReference;
+
+gdal.AllRegister();
+
+Driver driver = gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff");
+Dataset ds = driver.Create("output.tif", 256, 256, 1, org.gdal.gdalconst.gdalconstConstants.GDT_Float32);
+
+// 设置仿射变换
+ds.SetGeoTransform(new double[]{116.0, 0.01, 0, 40.0, 0, -0.01});
+
+// 设置投影
+SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference();
+srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
+ds.SetProjection(srs.ExportToWkt());
+
+// 写入像素数据
+Band band = ds.GetRasterBand(1);
+float[] data = new float[256 * 256];
+for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) data[i] = (float) i;
+band.WriteRaster(0, 0, 256, 256, data);
+band.SetNoDataValue(-9999.0);
+
+ds.FlushCache();
+ds.delete();
+```
+
+### C#
+
+```csharp
+using OSGeo.GDAL;
+using OSGeo.OSR;
+
+Gdal.AllRegister();
+
+Driver driver = Gdal.GetDriverByName("GTiff");
+Dataset ds = driver.Create("output.tif", 256, 256, 1, DataType.GDT_Float32, null);
+
+// 设置仿射变换
+ds.SetGeoTransform(new double[] { 116.0, 0.01, 0, 40.0, 0, -0.01 });
+
+// 设置投影
+SpatialReference srs = new SpatialReference("");
+srs.SetWellKnownGeogCS("WGS84");
+string wkt;
+srs.ExportToWkt(out wkt);
+ds.SetProjection(wkt);
+
+// 写入像素数据
+Band band = ds.GetRasterBand(1);
+float[] data = new float[256 * 256];
+for (int i = 0; i < data.Length; i++) data[i] = (float)i;
+band.WriteRaster(0, 0, 256, 256, data, 256, 256, 0, 0);
+band.SetNoDataValue(-9999.0);
+
+ds.FlushCache();
+ds.Dispose();
+```
+
+---
+
+## 栅格格式转换与重投影
+
+### C++
+
+```cpp
+#include "gdal_priv.h"
+#include "gdalwarper.h"
+
+GDALAllRegister();
+
+// 格式转换（GeoTIFF → PNG）
+GDALDataset *src = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpen("input.tif", GA_ReadOnly);
+GDALDriver *pngDriver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("PNG");
+GDALDataset *dst = pngDriver->CreateCopy("output.png", src, FALSE, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+GDALClose(dst);
+GDALClose(src);
+
+// 重投影（Warp）
+GDALDataset *srcDs = (GDALDataset *)GDALOpen("input.tif", GA_ReadOnly);
+const char *dstWKT = nullptr;
+OGRSpatialReference dstSRS;
+dstSRS.importFromEPSG(3857);
+dstSRS.exportToWkt(const_cast<char **>(&dstWKT));
+
+GDALWarpOptions *warpOpts = GDALCreateWarpOptions();
+warpOpts->hSrcDS = srcDs;
+warpOpts->nBandCount = 1;
+warpOpts->panSrcBands = (int *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(int));
+warpOpts->panSrcBands[0] = 1;
+warpOpts->panDstBands = (int *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(int));
+warpOpts->panDstBands[0] = 1;
+
+GDALDataset *dstDs = (GDALDataset *)GDALAutoCreateWarpedVRT(
+    srcDs, nullptr, dstWKT, GRA_Bilinear, 0.0, nullptr);
+GDALDriver *tiffDriver = GetGDALDriverManager()->GetDriverByName("GTiff");
+GDALDataset *outDs = tiffDriver->CreateCopy("reprojected.tif", dstDs, FALSE, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
+
+GDALClose(outDs);
+GDALClose(dstDs);
+GDALClose(srcDs);
+```
+
+### Python
+
+```python
+from osgeo import gdal
+
+# 格式转换（GeoTIFF → PNG）
+src = gdal.Open("input.tif")
+gdal.GetDriverByName("PNG").CreateCopy("output.png", src)
+src = None
+
+# 重投影（Warp）
+gdal.Warp(
+    "reprojected.tif",
+    "input.tif",
+    dstSRS="EPSG:3857",
+    resampleAlg="bilinear"
+)
+
+# 带更多参数的 Warp
+gdal.Warp(
+    "clipped.tif",
+    "input.tif",
+    dstSRS="EPSG:3857",
+    outputBounds=[12000000, 4000000, 13000000, 5000000],
+    xRes=100, yRes=100,
+    resampleAlg="cubic",
+    creationOptions=["COMPRESS=LZW", "TILED=YES"]
+)
+```
+
+### Java
+
+```java
+import org.gdal.gdal.gdal;
+import org.gdal.gdal.Dataset;
+import org.gdal.gdal.Driver;
+import org.gdal.gdal.WarpOptions;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+gdal.AllRegister();
+
+// 格式转换（GeoTIFF → PNG）
+Dataset src = gdal.Open("input.tif");
+Driver pngDriver = gdal.GetDriverByName("PNG");
+Dataset dst = pngDriver.CreateCopy("output.png", src);
+dst.delete();
+src.delete();
+
+// 重投影（Warp）
+Dataset srcDs = gdal.Open("input.tif");
+Vector<String> options = new Vector<>();
+options.add("-t_srs");
+options.add("EPSG:3857");
+options.add("-r");
+options.add("bilinear");
+
+WarpOptions warpOpts = new WarpOptions(options);
+Dataset[] srcArray = new Dataset[]{srcDs};
+Dataset dstDs = gdal.Warp("reprojected.tif", srcArray, warpOpts);
+dstDs.delete();
+srcDs.delete();
+```
+
+### C#
+
+```csharp
+using OSGeo.GDAL;
+
+Gdal.AllRegister();
+
+// 格式转换（GeoTIFF → PNG）
+Dataset src = Gdal.Open("input.tif", Access.GA_ReadOnly);
+Driver pngDriver = Gdal.GetDriverByName("PNG");
+Dataset dst = pngDriver.CreateCopy("output.png", src, 0, null, null, null);
+dst.Dispose();
+src.Dispose();
+
+// 重投影（Warp）
+Dataset srcDs = Gdal.Open("input.tif", Access.GA_ReadOnly);
+string[] warpArgs = new string[] {
+    "-t_srs", "EPSG:3857",
+    "-r", "bilinear"
+};
+GDALWarpAppOptions warpOpts = new GDALWarpAppOptions(warpArgs);
+Dataset dstDs = Gdal.Warp("reprojected.tif", new Dataset[] { srcDs }, warpOpts, null, null);
+dstDs.Dispose();
+srcDs.Dispose();
+```
+
+---
+
+## 常用栅格数据格式与创建选项
+
+| 驱动名 | 扩展名 | 说明 | 常用创建选项 |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `GTiff` | `.tif` | GeoTIFF，最常用的栅格格式 | `COMPRESS=LZW/DEFLATE/ZSTD`、`TILED=YES`、`BLOCKXSIZE=256` |
+| `COG` | `.tif` | Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF | `COMPRESS=DEFLATE`、`OVERVIEW_RESAMPLING=CUBIC` |
+| `PNG` | `.png` | PNG 图片 | `ZLEVEL=6` |
+| `JPEG` | `.jpg` | JPEG 图片 | `QUALITY=85` |
+| `GPKG` | `.gpkg` | GeoPackage 栅格 | `TILE_FORMAT=PNG/JPEG/WEBP` |
+| `netCDF` | `.nc` | NetCDF 科学数据格式 | `FORMAT=NC4`、`COMPRESS=DEFLATE` |
+| `HFA` | `.img` | Erdas Imagine | — |
+| `VRT` | `.vrt` | 虚拟数据集（XML 引用） | — |
+
+---
+