@driftengine/core 4.8.7 → 4.10.0

package/src/render/backend/webgl2/renderer.ts

@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ import {
   glShadowDepthFunc,
 } from '../../depthConvention.ts';
 import type { FrameView } from '../../frameView.ts';
+import { maskOf } from '../../frame/resources.ts';
+
+/** The two copies a registered pass may declare it reads. See `drawPass`. */
+const COLOR_SNAPSHOT = maskOf('colorSnapshot');
+const DEPTH_SNAPSHOT = maskOf('depthSnapshot');
 import type { Mover } from '../../recon/mover.ts';
 import { resolveGlass } from '../../glass.ts';
 import type { GlassOptions, ResolvedGlass } from '../../glass.ts';
@@ -31,6 +36,12 @@ import {
 } from '../../temporalAa.ts';
 import { DecalPass } from '../../decalPass.ts';
 import { SsrPass } from '../../ssrPass.ts';
+import { ReflectionSurfaceTargets } from '../../reflectionSurfaceTargets.ts';
+import {
+  frameReflectionsRefused,
+  resolveFrameReflections,
+  type ResolvedFrameReflections,
+} from '../../frameReflections.ts';
 import { GlobalMediumPass } from '../../globalMediumPass.ts';
 import {
   DEFAULT_GLOBAL_MEDIUM,
@@ -81,11 +92,18 @@ import { isWeakGpuFamily, webgl2RendererName } from '../../gpuCapability.ts';
 import { GpuTimer } from '../../gpuTimer.ts';
 import { compileProgram, uniformLocations } from '../../shader.ts';
 import {
+  countUniformVectors,
   FULL_LIGHT_BUDGET,
   type LightBudget,
   nextLightBudget,
   planLightBudget,
 } from '../../uniformVectorBudget.ts';
+import {
+  OVERLAY_FLOATS,
+  overlayLays,
+  packSurfaceOverlay,
+  type SurfaceOverlay,
+} from '../../surfaceOverlay.ts';
 import { FILM_FRAG, FILM_VERT } from '../../shaders/film.ts';
 import { SceneTarget } from '../../sceneTarget.ts';
 import type { ColourGradeLut } from '../../colourGrade.ts';
@@ -200,6 +218,8 @@ import {
   DEPTH_CUTOUT_FRAG,
   DEPTH_CUTOUT_VERT,
   DEPTH_FRAG,
+  DEPTH_INSTANCED_ANIMATED_CUTOUT_VERT,
+  DEPTH_INSTANCED_ANIMATED_VERT,
   DEPTH_INSTANCED_CUTOUT_VERT,
   DEPTH_INSTANCED_VERT,
   DEPTH_SKINNED_VERT,
@@ -214,6 +234,8 @@ import { GlassCasterList, type GlassReplaySink } from '../../glassCasters.ts';
 import { SunGlassTint } from '../../sunGlassTint.ts';
 import { GlassTintPrograms, type GlassTintProgram } from './glassTintPrograms.ts';
 import type { SceneCasterMaterial, ShadowCasterSink, ShadowCasters } from '../../shadowCasters.ts';
+import { captureStaticDraws, replayStaticDraws } from '../../staticDraws.ts';
+import type { StaticDrawsHandle, StaticDrawsList } from '../../staticDraws.ts';
 import { FACE_COUNT, PointShadowMap, type PointGlassDraw } from '../../pointShadowMap.ts';
 import { createResolvedPointShadows, DEFAULT_SOURCE_RADIUS } from '../../pointShadowImage.ts';
 import {
@@ -259,7 +281,11 @@ import { SurfaceTexture } from '../../surfaceTexture.ts';
 import { sceneCaptureTexels } from '../../sceneCapture.ts';
 import { GlSceneCaptureTarget } from './sceneCaptureTarget.ts';
 import { glCompressedFormats } from '../../glCompressed.ts';
-import type { CompressedTextureFormat, SurfaceSource } from '../../compressedSource.ts';
+import type {
+  CompressedTextureFormat,
+  CompressedTextureSource,
+  SurfaceSource,
+} from '../../compressedSource.ts';
 import type { SurfaceMaterial, SurfaceTextureOptions } from '../../surfaceTexture.ts';
 import { PlumeRenderer } from '../../plumeRenderer.ts';
 import { createScatterDeform, resolveScatterDeform } from '../../scatterDeform.ts';
@@ -293,8 +319,22 @@ import { TextRenderer } from '../../textRenderer.ts';
 import { SdfTextRenderer } from '../../sdfTextRenderer.ts';
 import type { SdfFont } from '../../sdfFont.ts';
 import type { SdfTextStyle } from '../../sdfTextLayout.ts';
-import { MOTION_BLUR_MAX_UV, RUSH_REACH_UV } from '../../vertexDefaults.ts';
-import { OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_CODE } from '../../vertexDefaults.ts';
+import {
+  MOTION_BLUR_MAX_UV,
+  OBJECT_BLUR_UNKEPT,
+  RUSH_REACH_UV,
+  clampMotionShare,
+} from '../../vertexDefaults.ts';
+import { OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_CODE, forwardTransformCode } from '../../vertexDefaults.ts';
+import type { DisplayRange } from '../../displayRange.ts';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_FILMIC_CURVE,
+  FILMIC_CLAMPED,
+  FILMIC_CONSTANTS,
+  FILMIC_WITHOUT_COMPOSITE,
+  resolveFilmicCurve,
+  type FilmicCurve,
+} from '../../filmicCurve.ts';
 import type { RenderBackend } from '../api.ts';
 import { deviceSnappedCellSize } from '../../textLayout.ts';
 import type { TextStyle } from '../../textLayout.ts';
@@ -303,6 +343,14 @@ import type { WindStreakOptions } from '../../windStreakRenderer.ts';
 import type { WindField } from '../../windField.ts';
 import type { FlockParams } from '../../flockRenderer.ts';
 import { InstancedBatch } from './instanced.ts';
+import { GlBoneAnimation } from './boneAnimations.ts';
+import { packBoneAnimation } from '../../boneAnimation.ts';
+import type { BoneAnimationClip, BoneAnimationHandle } from '../../boneAnimation.ts';
+import {
+  BONE_PLACES_TEXTURE_UNIT,
+  BONE_TURNS_TEXTURE_UNIT,
+  INSTANCE_CLOCKS_TEXTURE_UNIT,
+} from '../../lightBudget.ts';
 import type { InstancedOptions, MeshInstances } from '../../instances.ts';
 import { cutoutOf } from '../../cutoutCaster.ts';
 import { CUTOUT_RESOLVE_CODE, resolveCutout } from '../../cutoutDither.ts';
@@ -1348,6 +1396,10 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
   private readonly reflectionQueue = new ReflectionQueue();
   /** Built on the first frame that submits a surface, and never for a scene with none. */
   private ssr: SsrPass | null = null;
+  /** The frame's materials' reflections, resolved; null where off. See `frameReflections.ts`. */
+  private readonly frameReflections: ResolvedFrameReflections | null;
+  /** Their two maps on the scene's framebuffer, null where they cannot be drawn. */
+  private readonly reflectionTargets: ReflectionSurfaceTargets | null;
   /** Said once where a reflection cannot be traced at all. */
   private reflectionsRefused = false;
   /** Where the frame's camera stands, which is what gives a reconstructed normal its sign. */
@@ -1430,6 +1482,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
    * exactly as it asked to be and nothing about it changes.
    */
   private exposure: number;
+  /** The `filmic` curve's eight constants, held until `setFilmicCurve` is called again. */
+  private readonly filmConstants = new Float32Array(FILMIC_CONSTANTS);
   /**
    * This frame's veil colour, and how much of it to composite. See `setFrameVeil`.
    *
@@ -1544,6 +1598,11 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
   private readonly depthCutoutUniforms: Record<string, WebGLUniformLocation>;
   private readonly depthInstancedCutoutProgram: WebGLProgram;
   private readonly depthInstancedCutoutUniforms: Record<string, WebGLUniformLocation>;
+  /** A crowd's casters: the instanced depth programs that play a bone animation. */
+  private readonly depthAnimatedProgram: WebGLProgram;
+  private readonly depthAnimatedUniforms: Record<string, WebGLUniformLocation>;
+  private readonly depthAnimatedCutoutProgram: WebGLProgram;
+  private readonly depthAnimatedCutoutUniforms: Record<string, WebGLUniformLocation>;
   private readonly scatterDepthProgram: WebGLProgram;
   private readonly scatterDepthUniforms: Record<string, WebGLUniformLocation>;
   /** The sun's static, moving and peeled maps, as layers of one array. See `shadowMap.ts`. */
@@ -1631,6 +1690,15 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
   private warnedNoPointShadowArray = false;
   /** Said once, for the retired ambient dial. */
   private warnedEnvironmentAmbient = false;
+  /** The overlay the draws wear, `uOverlay`: see `setSurfaceOverlay`. */
+  private readonly overlayFloats = new Float32Array(OVERLAY_FLOATS);
+  /** Its atlas, and the 2D copy of it bound where the refraction copy goes. */
+  private overlayMaps: SurfaceTexture | null = null;
+  private overlayTexture: WebGLTexture | null = null;
+  /** Whether this device's lit stage has room for the overlay's vectors: asked once. */
+  private overlayRoom: boolean | null = null;
+  private warnedOverlayRoom = false;
+  private warnedOverlayBlocks = false;
   /** Whether a probe is being baked, so the passes that would recurse into one can tell. */
   private probePassActive = false;
   /**
@@ -1955,24 +2023,33 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
       const gpuBatch = batch as InstancedBatch;
       const count = Math.min(data.count, gpuBatch.capacity);
       if (count === 0) return;
+      const clip = gpuBatch.animation;
+      if (clip !== null && clip.disposed) return;
       this.shadowDrawBudget.ask();
       const twoSided = material?.doubleSided === true;
       if (twoSided) gl.disable(gl.CULL_FACE);
       const cutout = cutoutOf(material);
       if (cutout !== null) {
-        gl.useProgram(this.depthInstancedCutoutProgram);
-        this.bindCutoutDepth(this.depthInstancedCutoutUniforms, cutout);
+        /* A crowd casts where its clip has moved it, through the animated variant. */
+        const uniforms =
+          clip === null ? this.depthInstancedCutoutUniforms : this.depthAnimatedCutoutUniforms;
+        gl.useProgram(
+          clip === null ? this.depthInstancedCutoutProgram : this.depthAnimatedCutoutProgram,
+        );
+        this.bindCutoutDepth(uniforms, cutout);
+        if (clip !== null) this.bindAnimation(uniforms, gpuBatch);
         gpuBatch.draw(gl, count);
         if (twoSided && this.depthPassCullsFaces) gl.enable(gl.CULL_FACE);
         gl.useProgram(this.depthProgram);
         this.restoreSurfaceTextureUnit();
         return;
       }
-      const u = this.depthInstancedUniforms;
-      gl.useProgram(this.depthInstancedProgram);
+      const u = clip === null ? this.depthInstancedUniforms : this.depthAnimatedUniforms;
+      gl.useProgram(clip === null ? this.depthInstancedProgram : this.depthAnimatedProgram);
       gl.uniformMatrix4fv(u['uLightViewProj'] ?? null, false, this.activeDepthViewProj);
       gl.uniform1i(u['uPeelShadowLayer'] ?? null, this.activeDepthPeel ? 1 : 0);
       if (this.activeDepthPeel) gl.uniform1i(u['uPreviousShadowMap'] ?? null, 0);
+      if (clip !== null) this.bindAnimation(u, gpuBatch);
       gpuBatch.draw(gl, count);
       if (twoSided && this.depthPassCullsFaces) gl.enable(gl.CULL_FACE);
       gl.useProgram(this.depthProgram);
@@ -2298,6 +2375,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     gl: WebGL2RenderingContext;
     outputTransform: number;
     outputExposure: number;
+    sceneColor: WebGLTexture | null;
+    sceneDepth: WebGLTexture | null;
   } | null = null;
   private passDevice: PassDevice | null = null;
 
@@ -2309,6 +2388,9 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
    * call. `init` runs now rather than at the first frame, because building a pipeline in the
    * frame loop is the allocation the house rules are about.
    */
+  /** Each registered pass's declared reads, as a mask, resolved once at registration. */
+  private readonly passReads = new Map<PassHandle, number>();
+
   registerPass(definition: PassDefinition): PassHandle {
     const handle = registerIn(this.passes, definition);
     /*
@@ -2327,6 +2409,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
       depthCorrection: correction,
     };
     if (definition.prepare !== undefined) this.preparingPasses++;
+    /* Resolved once: `maskOf` builds an array, and the frame path may not. */
+    this.passReads.set(handle, maskOf(...(definition.reads ?? [])));
     definition.init?.(this.passDevice);
     return handle;
   }
@@ -2378,10 +2462,28 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
       gl: this.gl,
       outputTransform: 0,
       outputExposure: 1,
+      sceneColor: null,
+      sceneDepth: null,
     };
     const context = this.passContext;
     context.outputTransform = this.gradeCode();
     context.outputExposure = this.gradeExposure();
+    /*
+     * The copies a pass declared it reads, taken here with everything drawn before it: colour
+     * afresh at each reading pass, as WebGPU's `takePassColour` does, so a full-screen effect drawn
+     * last reads the whole frame; depth afresh too, since a blit is the whole cost of either here.
+     * Not in a mirror, a probe's face or a capture, whose pictures are not the frame's.
+     */
+    const reads = this.passReads.get(handle) ?? 0;
+    const own = !this.reflectionPassActive && !this.probePassActive && !this.capturePassActive;
+    context.sceneColor =
+      own && (reads & COLOR_SNAPSHOT) !== 0
+        ? (this.sceneTarget?.snapshotColor(true) ?? null)
+        : null;
+    context.sceneDepth =
+      own && (reads & DEPTH_SNAPSHOT) !== 0
+        ? (this.sceneTarget?.snapshotDepth(true) ?? null)
+        : null;
     definition.draw(context as PassContext);
   }
 
@@ -2389,6 +2491,7 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
   unregisterPass(handle: PassHandle): void {
     const definition = unregisterIn(this.passes, handle);
     if (definition?.prepare !== undefined) this.preparingPasses--;
+    this.passReads.delete(handle);
     if (definition !== undefined && this.passDevice !== null) definition.dispose?.(this.passDevice);
   }
 
@@ -2559,10 +2662,11 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.clusterTexture);
     gl.uniform1i(u['uClusterTable'] ?? null, CLUSTER_TABLE_TEXTURE_UNIT);
     gl.uniform1i(u['uClustered'] ?? null, on ? 1 : 0);
-    if (!on) return;
 
     /*
-     * The frustum, read off the projection rather than taken as a parameter.
+     * The frustum, read off the projection rather than taken as a parameter — **and with the view,
+     * written whether or not the lights are clustered**: a surface overlay's rim finds its place on
+     * the screen through the same two (`overlayScreen`).
      *
      * A perspective matrix carries `1 / tan(fovY/2)` at [5] and that over the aspect at [0], and
      * the near and far planes in [14] and [10]. Deriving them here means the binner and the shader
@@ -2580,6 +2684,7 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     this.clusterFrustum[3] = aspect;
     gl.uniform4fv(u['uClusterFrustum'] ?? null, this.clusterFrustum);
     gl.uniformMatrix4fv(u['uView'] ?? null, false, camera.view);
+    if (!on) return;
 
     this.clusterTable ??= createClusterTable();
     /* The rectangles past the fixed arm's go into the table. See `ClusterLightSet.areas`. */
@@ -2683,6 +2788,13 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     this.quality = resolveRenderQuality(qualityOptions);
     /* The grade this world asked for, until a frame says otherwise. See `setOutputExposure`. */
     this.exposure = this.quality.outputExposure;
+    resolveFilmicCurve(DEFAULT_FILMIC_CURVE, this.filmConstants);
+    if (
+      this.quality.outputTransform === 'filmic' &&
+      !(this.quality.screenEffects && this.quality.hdrScene)
+    ) {
+      console.warn(FILMIC_WITHOUT_COMPOSITE);
+    }
     /*
      * Multisampling, but only when anything can use it.
      *
@@ -2981,6 +3093,29 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
           this.quality.discardResolvedAttachments,
         )
       : null;
+    /*
+     * The frame's materials' reflections, where the frame can carry them: scene light to swap the
+     * probe's share in, and one sample, which the trace's depth copy and both maps are. Said once
+     * where it cannot, in the words the other backend uses. See `frameReflections.ts`.
+     */
+    this.frameReflections = resolveFrameReflections(this.quality.screenSpaceReflections);
+    const reflectionsRefusal =
+      this.frameReflections === null
+        ? null
+        : this.sceneTarget === null || !this.sceneTarget.keepsRange
+          ? 'the frame keeps no scene light to swap the probe in (`screenEffects` and `hdrScene`)'
+          : this.sceneTarget.sampleCount > 1
+            ? 'a multisampled frame has no single depth or colour to march through'
+            : null;
+    if (reflectionsRefusal !== null) {
+      console.warn(`WebGL2: ${frameReflectionsRefused(reflectionsRefusal)}`);
+    }
+    this.reflectionTargets =
+      this.frameReflections !== null && reflectionsRefusal === null
+        ? new ReflectionSurfaceTargets(gl)
+        : null;
+    /* The lit programs write the maps from the first frame they are rebuilt in. See `litOn`. */
+    if (this.reflectionTargets !== null) this.askLit('REFLECTION_MAPS');
     /* Screen-space skin needs the composite to add into; without one it is pre-integrated, said once. */
     if (this.quality.skinScattering === 'screen-space' && this.sceneTarget === null) {
       console.warn(
@@ -3077,10 +3212,33 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
       this.depthInstancedCutoutProgram,
       'depth-instanced-cutout',
     );
+    this.depthAnimatedProgram = compileProgram(
+      gl,
+      DEPTH_INSTANCED_ANIMATED_VERT,
+      DEPTH_FRAG,
+      'depth-instanced-animated',
+    );
+    this.depthAnimatedUniforms = uniformLocations(
+      gl,
+      this.depthAnimatedProgram,
+      'depth-instanced-animated',
+    );
+    this.depthAnimatedCutoutProgram = compileProgram(
+      gl,
+      DEPTH_INSTANCED_ANIMATED_CUTOUT_VERT,
+      DEPTH_CUTOUT_FRAG,
+      'depth-instanced-animated-cutout',
+    );
+    this.depthAnimatedCutoutUniforms = uniformLocations(
+      gl,
+      this.depthAnimatedCutoutProgram,
+      'depth-instanced-animated-cutout',
+    );
     /* The cutout map is always read from the surface unit, which the draw borrows and gives back. */
     for (const [program, uniforms] of [
       [this.depthCutoutProgram, this.depthCutoutUniforms],
       [this.depthInstancedCutoutProgram, this.depthInstancedCutoutUniforms],
+      [this.depthAnimatedCutoutProgram, this.depthAnimatedCutoutUniforms],
     ] as const) {
       gl.useProgram(program);
       gl.uniform1i(uniforms['uCutoutMap'] ?? null, SURFACE_TEXTURE_UNIT);
@@ -3274,6 +3432,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
         this.lightVolumeProgram,
         this.depthCutoutProgram,
         this.depthInstancedCutoutProgram,
+        this.depthAnimatedProgram,
+        this.depthAnimatedCutoutProgram,
       ]) {
         gl.deleteProgram(program);
       }
@@ -3620,13 +3780,19 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
    *
    * Not a hot path — it re-uploads the whole image and regenerates the mip chain.
    */
-  updateSurfaceTexture(texture: SurfaceTexture, source: TexImageSource): void {
+  updateSurfaceTexture(
+    texture: SurfaceTexture,
+    source: TexImageSource | CompressedTextureSource,
+  ): void {
     if (this.contextLost) return;
-    texture.update(this.gl, source);
+    texture.update(this.gl, source, this.compressedFormats);
+    /* New pixels are a new copy for the overlay's slot: see `SurfaceTexture.flatLayer`. */
+    if (texture === this.overlayMaps) this.bindOverlayMaps(texture);
   }
 
   disposeSurfaceTexture(texture: SurfaceTexture): void {
     if (this.contextLost) return;
+    if (texture === this.overlayMaps) this.bindOverlayMaps(null);
     texture.dispose(this.gl);
     this.captureTargets.get(texture)?.dispose(this.gl);
     this.captureTargets.delete(texture);
@@ -3856,6 +4022,13 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     this.materialDoubleSided = material?.doubleSided === true;
     this.materialHasMaps = materialHasMaps(material);
     this.currentMaterial = material;
+    const reflectivity = material?.reflectivity;
+    const environmentGain = material?.environmentGain;
+    this.materialReflectivity =
+      reflectivity === undefined ? null : Math.min(1, Math.max(0, reflectivity));
+    this.materialEnvironmentGain =
+      environmentGain === undefined ? null : Math.max(0, environmentGain);
+    this.writeEnvironmentDials();
     /* What the blur spreads this skin by: the last material to name a profile says. */
     const model = material?.model;
     warnUnpagedLightmap(model, material?.modelMap);
@@ -3903,7 +4076,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     const v = this.cutoutVector;
     v[0] = material?.cutout ?? 0;
     v[1] = CUTOUT_RESOLVE_CODE[this.cutoutResolveNow(material, translucent)];
-    v[2] = this.cutoutFrame;
+    /* z unused: the dither's frame is the pass's, in `uHighlightMin.w`. See `uCutout`. */
+    v[2] = 0;
     /* The material's lighting channels, which the lamps' are compared with. See `uCutout`. */
     v[3] = lightChannelsOf(material?.lightChannels);
     return v;
@@ -4021,6 +4195,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     /* The first physical highlight asked for is when the lit programs start carrying one. */
     if (material?.physicalSpecular === true) this.askLit('PHYSICAL_SPECULAR');
     gl.uniform4fv(u['uModelParams'] ?? null, this.modelParams);
+    /* The draw's overlay, which a program born mid-pass must wear too: see `setSurfaceOverlay`. */
+    gl.uniform4fv(u['uOverlay'] ?? null, this.overlayFloats);
 
     /* The albedo's effects table, or the stand-in the shader reads as none. Before the early
        return, so a material with no albedo still leaves a complete texture on the unit. */
@@ -4115,11 +4291,97 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
    */
   setSurfaceReflectivity(amount: number): void {
     if (this.contextLost) return;
+    this.passReflectivity = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, amount));
+    this.writeEnvironmentDials();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The reflectivity and environment gain the setters gave the pass, and the ones the material
+   * set now states, or null where it states none (`SurfaceMaterial.reflectivity`). A draw wears the
+   * material's where it has one and the pass's otherwise.
+   */
+  private passReflectivity = 0;
+  private passEnvironmentGain = 1;
+  private materialReflectivity: number | null = null;
+  private materialEnvironmentGain: number | null = null;
+
+  private writeEnvironmentDials(): void {
     this.materials.dirty();
-    this.environmentDials[1] = Math.min(1, Math.max(0, amount));
+    this.environmentDials[1] = this.materialReflectivity ?? this.passReflectivity;
+    this.environmentDials[2] = this.materialEnvironmentGain ?? this.passEnvironmentGain;
     this.writeFlatVector('uEnvironmentDials', this.environmentDials);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The overlay the following draws wear — a rim of light, a dissolve, wrinkles by region — or null
+   * for none. Pass state, as the material is: `bindMeshPass` puts it back to none. See
+   * `surfaceOverlay.ts` for what it lays and `shaders/flat/overlay.ts` for how.
+   *
+   * **Refused, said once, where the lit stage has no room for it.** Fifteen vectors more than the
+   * program this device fits: counted from the source as `fitFlatProgram` counts, and on a device
+   * whose limit is the 256 an Adreno 740 reports, the eight-light build at 254 has none. The draws
+   * then wear nothing, which is the picture a game without the feature draws. Its atlas is bound as
+   * a 2D copy of its first layer, in the refraction copy's unit (`SurfaceTexture.flatLayer`); a
+   * compressed atlas has no copy and is read as none, also said once.
+   */
+  setSurfaceOverlay(overlay: SurfaceOverlay | null): void {
+    if (this.contextLost) return;
+    let wanted = overlay;
+    if (overlayLays(wanted) && !this.overlayFits()) {
+      if (!this.warnedOverlayRoom) {
+        this.warnedOverlayRoom = true;
+        console.warn(
+          'Renderer: setSurfaceOverlay is refused on this device. The overlay takes fifteen ' +
+            'fragment uniform vectors and the lit shader already uses all but ' +
+            `${this.overlayRoomLeft()} of the ${this.fragmentVectorLimit()} this GPU offers; ` +
+            'draws wear no overlay. A lower `maxLights` makes the room, or WebGPU has it.',
+        );
+      }
+      wanted = null;
+    }
+    packSurfaceOverlay(wanted, this.overlayFloats);
+    if (overlayLays(wanted)) this.askLit('SURFACE_OVERLAY');
+    this.materials.dirty();
+    this.writeFlatVector('uOverlay', this.overlayFloats);
+    this.bindOverlayMaps((wanted?.maps ?? null) as SurfaceTexture | null);
+  }
+
+  /** The overlay's atlas into the refraction copy's unit, as a 2D copy, or the empty texture. */
+  private bindOverlayMaps(maps: SurfaceTexture | null): void {
+    const { gl } = this;
+    this.overlayMaps = maps;
+    this.overlayTexture = maps === null ? null : maps.flatLayer(gl);
+    if (maps !== null && this.overlayTexture === null && !this.warnedOverlayBlocks) {
+      this.warnedOverlayBlocks = true;
+      console.warn(
+        "Renderer: a surface overlay's maps are a compressed texture, which WebGL2 cannot copy " +
+          'into the 2D image the lit stage reads them from. The overlay is drawn without its ' +
+          'images; upload the atlas from an image instead.',
+      );
+    }
+    gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + REFRACT_SCENE_TEXTURE_UNIT);
+    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.overlayTexture ?? this.emptyTexture2D);
+  }
+
+  /** The most fragment uniform vectors this GPU offers a stage. */
+  private fragmentVectorLimit(): number {
+    return this.gl.getParameter(this.gl.MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_VECTORS) as number;
+  }
+
+  /** What the lit shader at this renderer's budget leaves of the limit, with no overlay. */
+  private overlayRoomLeft(): number {
+    return (
+      this.fragmentVectorLimit() - countUniformVectors(this.flatFragAt(this.lightBudget, false))
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Whether the lit shader with the overlay compiled in fits this GPU: counted once. */
+  private overlayFits(): boolean {
+    this.overlayRoom ??=
+      countUniformVectors(this.flatFragAt(this.lightBudget, true)) <= this.fragmentVectorLimit();
+    return this.overlayRoom;
+  }
+
   /**
    * How bright the environment the surfaces drawn next reflect is. 1 is the default and identity.
    *
@@ -4134,9 +4396,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
    */
   setEnvironmentGain(gain: number): void {
     if (this.contextLost) return;
-    this.materials.dirty();
-    this.environmentDials[2] = Math.max(0, gain);
-    this.writeFlatVector('uEnvironmentDials', this.environmentDials);
+    this.passEnvironmentGain = Math.max(0, gain);
+    this.writeEnvironmentDials();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -4419,8 +4680,104 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
           'locations the joint indices and weights occupy, and this mesh supplies them.',
       );
     }
+    const animation = (options.animation ?? null) as GlBoneAnimation | null;
+    /* The bone a vertex follows is its second coordinates' u, which a mesh carries in its grain
+       lane; a mesh with none has nothing to name a bone by. See `boneAnimation.ts`. */
+    if (animation !== null && !mesh.hasGrain) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'WebGL2: a bone animation reads each vertex’s bone from the mesh’s second coordinates ' +
+          '(`MeshData.lightmapUvs`), and this mesh has none.',
+      );
+    }
     this.ensureInstancedProgram();
-    return new InstancedBatch(this.gl, mesh, capacity, options.cull ?? false);
+    if (animation !== null) this.ensureAnimatedProgram();
+    return new InstancedBatch(this.gl, mesh, capacity, options.cull ?? false, animation);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A bone animation an instanced batch can play (`InstancedOptions.animation`): per frame, a turn
+   * and a place for each bone, which every vertex of the batch's mesh follows — the bone its second
+   * coordinates' u names, times `boneScale` — at each instance's own moment of the clip. What a
+   * crowd is made of: every instance moves at the frame's rate on its own clock, in the colour pass
+   * and in every shadow, with nothing on the processor after this. See `boneAnimation.ts` for the
+   * clip's layout and the arithmetic, which both backends run.
+   *
+   * What it gives up against skinning is the blend: a vertex follows one bone. Refused, with what
+   * was wrong, for a clip whose numbers are not its size, or past 2,048 bones or frames.
+   */
+  createBoneAnimation(clip: BoneAnimationClip): BoneAnimationHandle {
+    return new GlBoneAnimation(this.gl, packBoneAnimation(clip));
+  }
+
+  /** Release a clip. A batch still playing it draws nothing, and casts nothing, after. */
+  disposeBoneAnimation(animation: BoneAnimationHandle): void {
+    const clip = animation as GlBoneAnimation;
+    if (this.contextLost || clip.disposed) return;
+    clip.dispose(this.gl);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The clock a bone animation plays by this frame, in seconds on the caller's clock: an instance's
+   * moment is this times its rate plus its phase (`MeshInstances.clocks`). **Set it before the
+   * shadows are drawn**, once a frame, as the wind is set: a shadow drawn under one clock and its
+   * caster under another come apart at the frame's rate. 0 until set, which holds every crowd at
+   * the moment its phases name.
+   */
+  setAnimationTime(seconds: number): void {
+    if (Number.isFinite(seconds)) this.animationTime = seconds;
+  }
+
+  /** The clock `setAnimationTime` set. */
+  private animationTime = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * An animated batch's clip, clocks and numbers into whichever program is bound: the three vertex
+   * textures on units of their own (`lightBudget.ts`), the clip's speed and bone scale, the clock.
+   */
+  private bindAnimation(u: Record<string, WebGLUniformLocation>, batch: InstancedBatch): void {
+    const clip = batch.animation;
+    const clocks = batch.clocks;
+    if (clip === null || clocks === null) return;
+    const { gl } = this;
+    gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + BONE_PLACES_TEXTURE_UNIT);
+    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, clip.places);
+    gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + BONE_TURNS_TEXTURE_UNIT);
+    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, clip.turns);
+    gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + INSTANCE_CLOCKS_TEXTURE_UNIT);
+    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, clocks.texture);
+    gl.uniform1i(u['uBonePlaces'] ?? null, BONE_PLACES_TEXTURE_UNIT);
+    gl.uniform1i(u['uBoneTurns'] ?? null, BONE_TURNS_TEXTURE_UNIT);
+    gl.uniform1i(u['uInstanceClocks'] ?? null, INSTANCE_CLOCKS_TEXTURE_UNIT);
+    gl.uniform2f(u['uBoneClip'] ?? null, clip.framesPerSecond, clip.boneScale);
+    gl.uniform1f(u['uSceneTime'] ?? null, this.animationTime);
+  }
+
+  /** The animated instanced program, compiled on first use. See `ensureInstancedProgram`. */
+  private flatAnimatedProgram: WebGLProgram | null = null;
+  private flatAnimatedUniforms: Record<string, WebGLUniformLocation> | null = null;
+
+  /** Compile the animated variant, once, and feed it this frame's pass state. */
+  private ensureAnimatedProgram(): void {
+    if (this.contextLost || this.flatAnimatedProgram !== null) return;
+    const { gl } = this;
+    const program = compileProgram(
+      gl,
+      flatVert({ skinned: false, morphed: false, instanced: true, animated: true }),
+      this.flatFragSource,
+      'flat.animated',
+    );
+    const uniforms = uniformLocations(gl, program, 'flat.animated');
+    this.flatAnimatedProgram = program;
+    this.flatAnimatedUniforms = uniforms;
+    this.flatTargets.push({ program, uniforms });
+    const camera = this.lastPassCamera;
+    const env = this.lastPassEnv;
+    if (camera !== null && env !== null) {
+      gl.useProgram(program);
+      this.writeMeshPassState(uniforms, camera, env);
+      this.writeMaterialState(uniforms, this.currentMaterial);
+      this.useFlatProgram();
+    }
   }
 
   /** Push placement and colour. Only the live prefix. */
@@ -4483,18 +4840,29 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
        order. See `InstancedOptions.cull`. */
     const culling = !blend && batch.cull;
     if (culling && !batchBoxVisible(batch.box, this.frustum, this.occlusion)) return;
+    /* A batch playing a bone animation takes the animated variant; a disposed clip draws nothing. */
+    const clip = batch.animation;
+    if (clip !== null && clip.disposed) return;
     this.drawBudget.ask();
     this.ensureInstancedProgram();
+    if (clip !== null) this.ensureAnimatedProgram();
     /* A material with a model takes that model's instanced program; see `modelProgram`. */
     const modelKind = this.currentMaterial?.model?.kind ?? null;
-    const modelled = modelKind === null ? null : this.modelProgram('instanced', modelKind);
-    const program = modelled?.program ?? this.flatInstancedProgram;
-    const u = modelled?.uniforms ?? this.flatInstancedUniforms;
+    const modelled =
+      modelKind === null
+        ? null
+        : this.modelProgram(clip === null ? 'instanced' : 'animated', modelKind);
+    const program =
+      modelled?.program ?? (clip === null ? this.flatInstancedProgram : this.flatAnimatedProgram);
+    const u =
+      modelled?.uniforms ??
+      (clip === null ? this.flatInstancedUniforms : this.flatAnimatedUniforms);
     if (program === null || u === null) return;
 
     const { gl } = this;
     gl.useProgram(program);
     gl.uniform1i(u['uHasTangents'] ?? null, mesh.hasTangents ? 1 : 0);
+    if (clip !== null) this.bindAnimation(u, batch);
 
     const lit = options.lit ?? true;
     /* Added light fades in the medium rather than receding into it. See `drawFog.ts`. */
@@ -4555,8 +4923,16 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     if (coverage) gl.enable(gl.SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_COVERAGE);
     if (ditheredBlend)
       gl.uniform4fv(u['uCutout'] ?? null, this.cutoutUniform(this.currentMaterial, true));
-    if (culling && cullsInstances(count, mesh.indexCount)) batch.drawCulled(gl, data, this.frustum);
-    else batch.draw(gl, count);
+    const keeps = !blend && this.reflectionKeeps();
+    if (keeps) this.reflectionTargets?.on();
+    /* An animated batch reads its clocks by instance index, which the culled copy would reorder:
+       it is culled whole and never instance by instance. */
+    if (culling && clip === null && cullsInstances(count, mesh.indexCount)) {
+      batch.drawCulled(gl, data, this.frustum);
+    } else {
+      batch.draw(gl, count);
+    }
+    if (keeps) this.reflectionTargets?.off();
     if (coverage) gl.disable(gl.SAMPLE_ALPHA_TO_COVERAGE);
     if (ditheredBlend)
       gl.uniform4fv(u['uCutout'] ?? null, this.cutoutUniform(this.currentMaterial, false));
@@ -4617,7 +4993,9 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
       glass.transmission,
       glass.frost,
     );
-    gl.uniform3fv(u['uRefractTint'] ?? null, options.refractTint ?? WHITE_TINT);
+    /* w: this framebuffer's first row is the bottom, so up the screen is up the rows. */
+    const tint = options.refractTint ?? WHITE_TINT;
+    gl.uniform4f(u['uRefractTint'] ?? null, tint[0] ?? 1, tint[1] ?? 1, tint[2] ?? 1, 1);
     gl.uniform3fv(u['uGlassTint'] ?? null, glass.tint);
     return true;
   }
@@ -4627,7 +5005,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     const { gl } = this;
     gl.uniform4f(u['uSeeThrough'] ?? null, 0, 0, 0, 0);
     gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + REFRACT_SCENE_TEXTURE_UNIT);
-    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.emptyTexture2D);
+    /* The overlay's atlas, where one is held: it shares the unit. See `setSurfaceOverlay`. */
+    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.overlayTexture ?? this.emptyTexture2D);
   }
 
   disposeMesh(mesh: Mesh): void {
@@ -4872,7 +5251,7 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
    */
   private gradeCode(): number {
     return this.sceneTarget === null || !this.quality.hdrScene
-      ? OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_CODE[this.quality.outputTransform]
+      ? forwardTransformCode(this.quality.outputTransform)
       : 0;
   }
 
@@ -5927,6 +6306,71 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     casters(this.casterSink);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Draws that do not change between frames, enumerated once and kept: what a stage, a set or any
+   * world that stands still draws, recorded so a frame replays it rather than issuing it.
+   *
+   * **The same enumeration `drawSceneCasters` takes**, called once, here: rigid meshes and instanced
+   * batches, each with its material. A skinned mesh or a scatter batch is refused by name, since
+   * both change every frame. What it captures is what the enumeration said at the time — the
+   * matrices and the instance counts are copied, so a caller's scratch is free to move on — while
+   * the meshes, batches, textures and materials stay the caller's: a list must be disposed, or made
+   * again, before anything it holds is, and made again when a material it holds is changed.
+   *
+   * **What it is for is the frame's processor time.** WebGPU records the list into a render bundle
+   * per view and replays it with one call, where a draw issued a frame at a time costs its encoding
+   * every frame and again for every view that draws it. This backend has no bundles and replays the
+   * entries through the scene-caster path every frame, at the cost a frame drawing them itself pays;
+   * the picture is the same.
+   *
+   * What a list gives up against drawing each frame is culling: every entry is drawn in every view,
+   * because a bundle cannot leave one out. A world split into lists by region culls by list.
+   */
+  createStaticDraws(casters: ShadowCasters): StaticDrawsHandle {
+    return captureStaticDraws(casters);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Draw a list into the open mesh pass, under the camera, the lights and the fog `bindMeshPass`
+   * set — the frame's, a mirror's, a capture's. Opaque draws, through each entry's material.
+   *
+   * **Its draws are rigid and wear no overlay**, so a skin palette, morph weights, cloth or a surface
+   * overlay set before it is put back to none, as `bindMeshPass` puts an overlay back; and no
+   * material is left set after it, which is what `setMaterial(null)` leaves. The state a pass set —
+   * the grain, the relief, the fog, the grade — is the list's to draw with, as it is any draw's, and
+   * a list drawn under a different one is recorded again for it on WebGPU.
+   */
+  drawStaticDraws(draws: StaticDrawsHandle): void {
+    if (this.contextLost) return;
+    const list = draws as StaticDrawsList;
+    if (list.disposed) {
+      this.warnStaticDisposed();
+      return;
+    }
+    this.setSkinPalette(null);
+    this.setMorphWeights(null);
+    this.setCloth(null);
+    this.setSurfaceOverlay(null);
+    this.setMaterial(null);
+    this.sceneCasterMaterial = undefined;
+    replayStaticDraws(list, this.sceneCasterSink);
+    this.setMaterial(null);
+    this.sceneCasterMaterial = undefined;
+  }
+
+  /** Release a list. Its meshes, batches and materials are the caller's and are not released. */
+  disposeStaticDraws(draws: StaticDrawsHandle): void {
+    (draws as StaticDrawsList).disposed = true;
+  }
+
+  /** A disposed list drawn, said once: the frame loop does not throw. */
+  private warnStaticDisposed(): void {
+    if (this.warnedStaticDisposed) return;
+    this.warnedStaticDisposed = true;
+    console.warn('drawStaticDraws: this list was disposed, and draws nothing.');
+  }
+  private warnedStaticDisposed = false;
+
   /**
    * Draw the pass's glass twice: where the nearest pane is, and what the panes let through.
    *
@@ -6116,7 +6560,7 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
    * throws a sentence with the device's numbers in it rather than a bare driver string.
    */
   /** The lit fragment source this renderer's profile compiles, at a light budget. */
-  private flatFragAt(budget: LightBudget): string {
+  private flatFragAt(budget: LightBudget, overlay = this.litOn.SURFACE_OVERLAY): string {
     return flatFrag({
       pointShadows: this.quality.pointShadows,
       directionalShadows: this.quality.directionalShadows,
@@ -6129,6 +6573,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
       surfaceEffects: this.litOn.SURFACE_EFFECTS,
       driftLight: this.litOn.DRIFT_LIGHT,
       physicalSpecular: this.litOn.PHYSICAL_SPECULAR,
+      surfaceOverlay: overlay,
+      reflectionMaps: this.litOn.REFLECTION_MAPS,
       maxLights: budget.maxLights,
       maxAreaLights: budget.maxAreaLights,
     });
@@ -6153,9 +6599,10 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
       instanced: boolean,
       label: string,
       eight = false,
+      animated = false,
     ): { program: WebGLProgram; uniforms: Record<string, WebGLUniformLocation> } | null => {
       if (old === null) return null;
-      const vertex = flatVert({ skinned, morphed, instanced });
+      const vertex = flatVert({ skinned, morphed, instanced, animated });
       const program = compileProgram(
         gl,
         eight ? skinEight(vertex) : vertex,
@@ -6188,6 +6635,17 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     const instanced = recompile(this.flatInstancedProgram, false, false, true, 'flat.instanced');
     this.flatInstancedProgram = instanced?.program ?? null;
     this.flatInstancedUniforms = instanced?.uniforms ?? null;
+    const animated = recompile(
+      this.flatAnimatedProgram,
+      false,
+      false,
+      true,
+      'flat.animated',
+      false,
+      true,
+    );
+    this.flatAnimatedProgram = animated?.program ?? null;
+    this.flatAnimatedUniforms = animated?.uniforms ?? null;
 
     for (const [key, entry] of this.clothFlat) {
       const eight = key.startsWith('8');
@@ -6218,7 +6676,7 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     }
 
     this.flatTargets.length = 0;
-    for (const target of [plain, skinned, morphed, both, skinned8, both8, instanced]) {
+    for (const target of [plain, skinned, morphed, both, skinned8, both8, instanced, animated]) {
       if (target !== null) this.flatTargets.push(target);
     }
     for (const target of this.clothFlat.values()) this.flatTargets.push(target);
@@ -6954,11 +7412,22 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
    * Set before `beginFrame` and held until changed, like `setSpeedRush`, which it sits
    * beside for the same reason: both describe how the finished image is presented rather
    * than anything in the world.
+   *
+   * `maxShare` is the longest smear, as a share of the frame (0.03 unless given, at most half): a
+   * fast turn softens the frame rather than erasing it. **Each drawn object's own motion is
+   * followed only under a reconstruction on WebGPU**, which draws the motion target it reads; here,
+   * and on WebGPU without one, the camera's motion alone smears the frame, and a draw that names
+   * where it was last frame is told so once.
    */
-  setCameraMotionBlur(scale: number): void {
+  setCameraMotionBlur(scale: number, maxShare = MOTION_BLUR_MAX_UV): void {
     this.motionBlurScale = Math.min(Math.max(scale, 0), 1);
+    this.motionBlurMax = clampMotionShare(maxShare);
   }
 
+  /** The longest smear, as a share of the frame. See `setCameraMotionBlur`. */
+  private motionBlurMax = MOTION_BLUR_MAX_UV;
+  private warnedObjectBlur = false;
+
   /**
    * The camera has cut: this frame is a new shot, not the next moment of the last one.
    *
@@ -7170,6 +7639,47 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
       : this.quality.outputExposure;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The `filmic` curve this and every later frame is graded through, until it is set again: a
+   * grading volume's five numbers, solved once here into the constants the resolve reads. Ignored
+   * unless `outputTransform` is `filmic`. A number out of range is clamped into it and said once,
+   * since a frame loop must not throw. See `filmicCurve.ts`.
+   */
+  setFilmicCurve(curve: FilmicCurve): void {
+    if (resolveFilmicCurve(curve, this.filmConstants) && !this.warnedFilmClamped) {
+      this.warnedFilmClamped = true;
+      console.warn(FILMIC_CLAMPED);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private warnedFilmClamped = false;
+
+  /**
+   * The range the frame goes out in: `'high'` where the profile asked for `highDynamicRange`, the
+   * frame holds light past white and the display shows it — on WebGPU — and `'standard'` otherwise.
+   * **Always standard here**: this backend draws into a canvas of eight bits a channel, which has
+   * nothing above white to show. Typed as the question rather than this backend's answer, because
+   * the shared surface is derived from this class.
+   */
+  readonly displayRange: DisplayRange = 'standard';
+
+  /** Why it is that range, in words, for a game choosing its look and for a bug report. */
+  get displayRangeReason(): string {
+    return this.quality.highDynamicRange
+      ? 'WebGL2 draws into an eight-bit canvas, which has no range above white'
+      : 'highDynamicRange was not asked for';
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * How bright paper white and the display's peak are, in one unit, held until changed: their
+   * ratio is how far above white the highlights may run where `displayRange` is `'high'`, and
+   * nothing changes where it is standard, which is always here.
+   */
+  setDisplayLuminance(paperWhite: number, peak: number): void {
+    void paperWhite;
+    void peak;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Composite a flat colour over the finished frame — for a cut dipping to white or to black.
    *
@@ -7261,6 +7771,21 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     this.sceneTarget.setVignette(strength);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The lens's colour fringe, held until changed: `intensity` is a percentage, 0 is none, and red
+   * and green are pulled toward the centre by their wavelength's distance from blue, growing from
+   * `start` — a share of the half-frame, 0 the centre — to the whole of it at the edge. Applied to
+   * scene light at the composite's first read. Needs `screenEffects`, and says so once rather than
+   * doing nothing. See `shaders/fringe.ts`.
+   */
+  setChromaticAberration(intensity: number, start = 0): void {
+    if (this.sceneTarget === null) {
+      this.warnLookWithoutComposite(intensity);
+      return;
+    }
+    this.sceneTarget.setChromaticAberration(intensity, start);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Film grain, held until changed: an amplitude in display values (0 is none, 0.03 is a fine
    * grain) and this frame's seed. **The seed is the caller's**, because the engine takes time from
@@ -7451,6 +7976,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
 
   beginFrame(clearColor: Vec3): void {
     if (this.contextLost) return;
+    /* One frame of the jitter's sequence however many times the frame binds its camera. */
+    this.temporalHistory.nextFrame();
     this.skinScattered = false;
     this.skinScatter?.reset();
     if (this.litAsked) {
@@ -7520,6 +8047,8 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     }
 
     this.sceneTarget?.begin(this.canvas.width, this.canvas.height);
+    /* The materials' maps on the scene's framebuffer, cleared and disabled: `reflectionKeeps`. */
+    this.reflectionTargets?.begin(this.canvas.width, this.canvas.height);
     gl.clearColor(clearColor[0], clearColor[1], clearColor[2], 1);
     gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
   }
@@ -7576,7 +8105,7 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
           motion = {
             reprojection: this.reprojection as Float32Array,
             strength: blur,
-            max: MOTION_BLUR_MAX_UV,
+            max: this.motionBlurMax,
           };
         }
       }
@@ -7668,7 +8197,11 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
 
     /* The grade travels to the resolve only where the mesh pass gave it up. See `bindMeshPass`. */
     const lateGrade = this.quality.hdrScene
-      ? { transform: OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_CODE[this.quality.outputTransform], exposure: this.exposure }
+      ? {
+          transform: OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_CODE[this.quality.outputTransform] ?? 0,
+          exposure: this.exposure,
+          film: this.filmConstants,
+        }
       : { transform: 0, exposure: 1 };
     /*
      * Depth of field, on the same ceiling-and-dial split as bloom above: `depthOfField` decides
@@ -7744,6 +8277,49 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
      * drawn over a reflective floor rather than under it, and before the post chain so bloom and
      * the grade see a reflection exactly as they would see any other part of the picture.
      */
+    /*
+     * **The frame's materials' reflections first**, on the same terms: every pixel the opaque lit
+     * draws left a reflection for, marched and swapped for the probe's share. The maps leave the
+     * scene's framebuffer before the resolve draws into it while sampling them.
+     */
+    const reflectionTargets = this.reflectionTargets;
+    const probeMap = reflectionTargets?.probeTexture ?? null;
+    const tintMap = reflectionTargets?.tintTexture ?? null;
+    if (
+      reflectionTargets !== null &&
+      this.frameReflections !== null &&
+      probeMap !== null &&
+      tintMap !== null &&
+      this.frameViewProj !== null &&
+      this.sceneTarget !== null
+    ) {
+      const scene = this.sceneTarget.colorAttachment();
+      const depth = this.sceneTarget.snapshotDepth(true);
+      if (scene !== null && depth !== null) {
+        this.ssr ??= new SsrPass(this.gl, this.sceneTarget.keepsRange);
+        this.ssr.traceMaterials(
+          scene,
+          depth,
+          probeMap,
+          tintMap,
+          this.frameViewProj,
+          this.frameEye,
+          this.canvas.width,
+          this.canvas.height,
+          REFLECTION_EDGE_FADE,
+          this.frameReflections,
+        );
+        this.sceneTarget.bind();
+        reflectionTargets.detach();
+        this.ssr.resolveMaterials(
+          probeMap,
+          tintMap,
+          this.canvas.width,
+          this.canvas.height,
+          this.frameReflections,
+        );
+      }
+    }
     if (this.reflectionQueue.length > 0 && this.frameViewProj !== null) {
       const scene = this.sceneTarget?.colorAttachment() ?? null;
       const depth = this.sceneTarget?.snapshotDepth(true) ?? null;
@@ -8127,9 +8703,17 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     this.materialHasMaps = false;
     this.currentMaterial = null;
     this.currentSurfaceTexture = null;
+    /* Nor an overlay: the atlas's unit is given the empty texture with the refraction copy's. */
+    this.overlayFloats.fill(0);
+    this.overlayMaps = null;
+    this.overlayTexture = null;
     /* Nor an ambient of its own: the frame's, until a draw asks. See `setAmbientSH`. */
     this.ambientSH.fill(0);
     /* No reflection and an environment at its own brightness; the emission the world asks for. */
+    this.passReflectivity = 0;
+    this.passEnvironmentGain = 1;
+    this.materialReflectivity = null;
+    this.materialEnvironmentGain = null;
     this.environmentDials[1] = 0;
     this.environmentDials[2] = 1;
     this.emission[0] = env.emissiveGain;
@@ -8283,12 +8867,14 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
      * unless a draw sets the strength above zero.
      */
     gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0 + REFRACT_SCENE_TEXTURE_UNIT);
-    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.emptyTexture2D);
+    gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, this.overlayTexture ?? this.emptyTexture2D);
     gl.uniform1i(u['uRefractScene'] ?? null, REFRACT_SCENE_TEXTURE_UNIT);
+    /* The draws' overlay, none at a pass's start, and its atlas above: see `setSurfaceOverlay`. */
+    gl.uniform4fv(u['uOverlay'] ?? null, this.overlayFloats);
     /* Neither refracting nor glass, which is every draw that does not say otherwise. See
        `bindSeeThrough` for the four numbers in the one vector. */
     gl.uniform4f(u['uSeeThrough'] ?? null, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-    gl.uniform3fv(u['uRefractTint'] ?? null, WHITE_TINT);
+    gl.uniform4f(u['uRefractTint'] ?? null, 1, 1, 1, 1);
     gl.uniform3fv(u['uGlassTint'] ?? null, WHITE_TINT);
     gl.uniform3fv(u['uDirectionalDir'] ?? null, env.directionalDir);
     gl.uniform3fv(u['uDirectionalColor'] ?? null, env.directionalColor);
@@ -8411,7 +8997,16 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     gl.uniform1i(u['uPeeledShadowEnabled'] ?? null, this.peelFilled ? 1 : 0);
     gl.uniform1f(u['uShadowMaxSlope'] ?? null, this.quality.directionalShadowMaxSlope);
     gl.uniform1i(u['uShadowFilterTaps'] ?? null, this.quality.shadowFilterTaps);
-    gl.uniform3fv(u['uHighlightMin'] ?? null, env.highlightMin);
+    /* The near corner, and in its w the frame the cutout dither moves with. See `uHighlightMin`.
+       An environment written by hand may leave the box out, as the far corner says below. */
+    const min = env.highlightMin as ArrayLike<number> | undefined;
+    gl.uniform4f(
+      u['uHighlightMin'] ?? null,
+      min?.[0] ?? 0,
+      min?.[1] ?? 0,
+      min?.[2] ?? 0,
+      this.cutoutFrame,
+    );
     /* The far corner, and the gain in its w. See `uHighlightMax`. */
     /* An environment written by hand may leave the box out; then there is none, as before. */
     const max = env.highlightMax ?? NO_HIGHLIGHT;
@@ -8693,9 +9288,18 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
      * here, so there is no motion target for this to be written into, and a mover passed here is
      * neither read nor advanced.
      */
-    _previousModel: ReadonlyMat4 | Mover | null = null,
+    previousModel: ReadonlyMat4 | Mover | null = null,
   ): void {
     if (this.contextLost) return;
+    /* A mover's own motion is not blurred here: see `setCameraMotionBlur`. Said once. */
+    if (
+      previousModel !== null &&
+      !this.warnedObjectBlur &&
+      this.quality.cameraMotionBlur * this.motionBlurScale > 0
+    ) {
+      this.warnedObjectBlur = true;
+      console.warn(OBJECT_BLUR_UNKEPT);
+    }
     /* Geometry that has not all arrived is not drawn, nor a mesh with none. See `Mesh.complete`
        and `Mesh.indexCount`. */
     if (!mesh.complete || mesh.indexCount === 0) return;
@@ -8726,7 +9330,11 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
      * light and its colour, each into the blur's own target.
      */
     const splits = this.skinSplits();
+    /* An opaque lit draw into the frame writes its material's reflection too: see `reflectionKeeps`. */
+    const keeps = this.reflectionKeeps();
+    if (keeps) this.reflectionTargets?.on();
     this.drawMeshHalf(mesh, model, depthLayer, tint, splits ? 'scene' : 'whole');
+    if (keeps) this.reflectionTargets?.off();
     if (splits && this.skinScatter !== null) {
       this.skinScatter.begin();
       this.drawMeshHalf(mesh, model, depthLayer, tint, 'diffuse');
@@ -8741,6 +9349,21 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
    * skin yet, this is the frame's own picture — not a mirror's or a probe's, nor an overlay after
    * the frame — and the blur's target can be had.
    */
+  /**
+   * Whether a draw now is the frame's own, opaque and lit, and so writes the two maps beside its
+   * colour: not a mirror's, a probe's or a capture's, whose framebuffers have no maps, and not after
+   * the frame. See `reflectionSurfaceTargets.ts`.
+   */
+  private reflectionKeeps(): boolean {
+    return (
+      this.reflectionTargets !== null &&
+      !this.reflectionPassActive &&
+      !this.probePassActive &&
+      !this.capturePassActive &&
+      !this.framePresented
+    );
+  }
+
   private skinSplits(): boolean {
     const skin = this.skinScatter;
     const scene = this.sceneTarget;
@@ -8769,10 +9392,16 @@ export class WebGL2Renderer implements RendererApi {
     const scene = this.sceneTarget;
     const projection = this.frameProjection;
     if (skin === null || scene === null || this.skinScattered) return;
+    /*
+     * **Not the frame's picture, so not the frame's moment**: a blended draw in a mirror, a probe
+     * bake or a scene capture lands over none of the frame's skin. Latching there switched the
+     * spread off for the frame, so a capture with a glowing sign in it left every face drawn after
+     * it flat. `scripts/capture-check.mjs`.
+     */
+    if (this.reflectionPassActive || this.probePassActive || this.capturePassActive) return;
     /* Latched whether or not skin was drawn: a skin drawn after this point is the whole surface. */
     this.skinScattered = true;
     if (!skin.pending) return;
-    if (this.reflectionPassActive || this.probePassActive || this.capturePassActive) return;
     if (projection === null) return;
     const depth = scene.snapshotDepth(true);
     mat4.invert(this.skinInverseProjection, projection);
@@ -9839,6 +10468,12 @@ function litVertexOf(variant: string): string {
   }
   const skinned = variant.startsWith('skinned') || variant.startsWith('both');
   const morphed = variant === 'morphed' || variant.startsWith('both');
-  const vertex = flatVert({ skinned, morphed, instanced: variant === 'instanced' });
+  const animated = variant === 'animated';
+  const vertex = flatVert({
+    skinned,
+    morphed,
+    instanced: variant === 'instanced' || animated,
+    animated,
+  });
   return variant.endsWith('8') ? skinEight(vertex) : vertex;
 }