@depup/effect 3.20.0-depup.0

package/src/Number.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1440 @@
+/**
+ * # Number
+ *
+ * This module provides utility functions and type class instances for working
+ * with the `number` type in TypeScript. It includes functions for basic
+ * arithmetic operations, as well as type class instances for `Equivalence` and
+ * `Order`.
+ *
+ * ## Operations Reference
+ *
+ * | Category     | Operation                                  | Description                                             | Domain                         | Co-domain             |
+ * | ------------ | ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | --------------------- |
+ * | constructors | {@link module:Number.parse}                | Safely parses a string to a number                      | `string`                       | `Option<number>`      |
+ * |              |                                            |                                                         |                                |                       |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.sum}                  | Adds two numbers                                        | `number`, `number`             | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.sumAll}               | Sums all numbers in a collection                        | `Iterable<number>`             | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.subtract}             | Subtracts one number from another                       | `number`, `number`             | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.multiply}             | Multiplies two numbers                                  | `number`, `number`             | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.multiplyAll}          | Multiplies all numbers in a collection                  | `Iterable<number>`             | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.divide}               | Safely divides handling division by zero                | `number`, `number`             | `Option<number>`      |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.unsafeDivide}         | Divides but misbehaves for division by zero             | `number`, `number`             | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.remainder}            | Calculates remainder of division                        | `number`, `number`             | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.increment}            | Adds 1 to a number                                      | `number`                       | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.decrement}            | Subtracts 1 from a number                               | `number`                       | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.sign}                 | Determines the sign of a number                         | `number`                       | `Ordering`            |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.nextPow2}             | Finds the next power of 2                               | `number`                       | `number`              |
+ * | math         | {@link module:Number.round}                | Rounds a number with specified precision                | `number`, `number`             | `number`              |
+ * |              |                                            |                                                         |                                |                       |
+ * | predicates   | {@link module:Number.between}              | Checks if a number is in a range                        | `number`, `{minimum, maximum}` | `boolean`             |
+ * | predicates   | {@link module:Number.lessThan}             | Checks if one number is less than another               | `number`, `number`             | `boolean`             |
+ * | predicates   | {@link module:Number.lessThanOrEqualTo}    | Checks if one number is less than or equal              | `number`, `number`             | `boolean`             |
+ * | predicates   | {@link module:Number.greaterThan}          | Checks if one number is greater than another            | `number`, `number`             | `boolean`             |
+ * | predicates   | {@link module:Number.greaterThanOrEqualTo} | Checks if one number is greater or equal                | `number`, `number`             | `boolean`             |
+ * |              |                                            |                                                         |                                |                       |
+ * | guards       | {@link module:Number.isNumber}             | Type guard for JavaScript numbers                       | `unknown`                      | `boolean`             |
+ * |              |                                            |                                                         |                                |                       |
+ * | comparison   | {@link module:Number.min}                  | Returns the minimum of two numbers                      | `number`, `number`             | `number`              |
+ * | comparison   | {@link module:Number.max}                  | Returns the maximum of two numbers                      | `number`, `number`             | `number`              |
+ * | comparison   | {@link module:Number.clamp}                | Restricts a number to a range                           | `number`, `{minimum, maximum}` | `number`              |
+ * |              |                                            |                                                         |                                |                       |
+ * | instances    | {@link module:Number.Equivalence}          | Equivalence instance for numbers                        |                                | `Equivalence<number>` |
+ * | instances    | {@link module:Number.Order}                | Order instance for numbers                              |                                | `Order<number>`       |
+ * |              |                                            |                                                         |                                |                       |
+ * | errors       | {@link module:Number.DivisionByZeroError}  | Error thrown by unsafeDivide                            |                                |                       |
+ *
+ * ## Composition Patterns and Type Safety
+ *
+ * When building function pipelines, understanding how types flow through
+ * operations is critical:
+ *
+ * ### Composing with type-preserving operations
+ *
+ * Most operations in this module are type-preserving (`number → number`),
+ * making them easily composable in pipelines:
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { pipe } from "effect"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * const result = pipe(
+ *   10,
+ *   Number.increment, // number → number
+ *   Number.multiply(2), // number → number
+ *   Number.round(1) // number → number
+ * ) // Result: number (21)
+ * ```
+ *
+ * ### Working with Option results
+ *
+ * Operations that might fail (like division by zero) return Option types and
+ * require Option combinators:
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { pipe, Option } from "effect"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * const result = pipe(
+ *   10,
+ *   Number.divide(0), // number → Option<number>
+ *   Option.getOrElse(() => 0) // Option<number> → number
+ * ) // Result: number (0)
+ * ```
+ *
+ * ### Composition best practices
+ *
+ * - Chain type-preserving operations for maximum composability
+ * - Use Option combinators when working with potentially failing operations
+ * - Consider using Effect for operations that might fail with specific errors
+ * - Remember that all operations maintain JavaScript's floating-point precision
+ *   limitations
+ *
+ * @module Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @see {@link module:BigInt} for more similar operations on `bigint` types
+ * @see {@link module:BigDecimal} for more similar operations on `BigDecimal` types
+ */
+
+import * as equivalence from "./Equivalence.js"
+import { dual } from "./Function.js"
+import * as option from "./internal/option.js"
+import * as _Iterable from "./Iterable.js"
+import type { Option } from "./Option.js"
+import * as order from "./Order.js"
+import type { Ordering } from "./Ordering.js"
+import * as predicate from "./Predicate.js"
+
+/**
+ * Type guard that tests if a value is a member of the set of JavaScript
+ * numbers.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category guards
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * // Regular numbers
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber(2), true)
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber(-3.14), true)
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber(0), true)
+ *
+ * // Special numeric values
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber(Infinity), true)
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber(NaN), true)
+ *
+ * // Non-number values
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber("2"), false)
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber(true), false)
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber(null), false)
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber(undefined), false)
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber({}), false)
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNumber([]), false)
+ *
+ * // Using as a type guard in conditionals
+ * function processValue(value: unknown): string {
+ *   if (Number.isNumber(value)) {
+ *     // TypeScript now knows 'value' is a number
+ *     return `Numeric value: ${value.toFixed(2)}`
+ *   }
+ *   return "Not a number"
+ * }
+ *
+ * assert.strictEqual(processValue(42), "Numeric value: 42.00")
+ * assert.strictEqual(processValue("hello"), "Not a number")
+ *
+ * // Filtering for numbers in an array
+ * const mixed = [1, "two", 3, false, 5]
+ * const onlyNumbers = mixed.filter(Number.isNumber)
+ * assert.equal(onlyNumbers, [1, 3, 5])
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param input - The value to test for membership in the set of JavaScript
+ *   numbers
+ *
+ * @returns `true` if the input is a JavaScript number, `false` otherwise
+ */
+export const isNumber: (input: unknown) => input is number = predicate.isNumber
+
+/**
+ * Returns the additive inverse of a number, effectively negating it.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 3.14.6
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { pipe } from "effect"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   Number.negate(5), //
+ *   -5
+ * )
+ *
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   Number.negate(-5), //
+ *   5
+ * )
+ *
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   Number.negate(0), //
+ *   0
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param n - The number value to be negated.
+ *
+ * @returns The negated number value.
+ */
+export const negate = (n: number): number => multiply(n, -1)
+
+/**
+ * Performs addition in the set of JavaScript numbers.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { pipe } from "effect"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * // Data-first style (direct application)
+ * assert.equal(Number.sum(2, 3), 5)
+ * assert.equal(Number.sum(-10, 5), -5)
+ * assert.equal(Number.sum(0.1, 0.2), 0.30000000000000004) // Note: floating-point precision limitation
+ *
+ * // Data-last style (pipeable)
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     10,
+ *     Number.sum(5) // 10 + 5 = 15
+ *   ),
+ *   15
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Chaining multiple additions
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     1,
+ *     Number.sum(2), // 1 + 2 = 3
+ *     Number.sum(3), // 3 + 3 = 6
+ *     Number.sum(4) // 6 + 4 = 10
+ *   ),
+ *   10
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Identity property: a + 0 = a
+ * assert.equal(Number.sum(42, 0), 42)
+ *
+ * // Commutative property: a + b = b + a
+ * assert.equal(Number.sum(5, 3), Number.sum(3, 5))
+ * ```
+ */
+export const sum: {
+  /**
+   * Returns a function that adds a specified number to its argument.
+   *
+   * @param that - The number to add to the input of the resulting function
+   *
+   * @returns A function that takes a number and returns the sum of that number
+   *   and `that`
+   */
+  (that: number): (self: number) => number
+
+  /**
+   * Adds two numbers together.
+   *
+   * @param self - The first addend
+   * @param that - The second addend
+   *
+   * @returns The sum of the two numbers
+   */
+  (self: number, that: number): number
+} = dual(2, (self: number, that: number): number => self + that)
+
+/**
+ * Computes the sum of all elements in an iterable collection of numbers.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * // Basic sums
+ * assert.equal(Number.sumAll([2, 3, 4]), 9) // 2 + 3 + 4 = 9
+ * assert.equal(Number.sumAll([1.1, 2.2, 3.3]), 6.6) // 1.1 + 2.2 + 3.3 = 6.6
+ *
+ * // Empty collection returns the additive identity (0)
+ * assert.equal(Number.sumAll([]), 0)
+ *
+ * // Single element collection
+ * assert.equal(Number.sumAll([42]), 42)
+ *
+ * // Sums with negative numbers
+ * assert.equal(Number.sumAll([2, -3, 4]), 3) // 2 + (-3) + 4 = 3
+ * assert.equal(Number.sumAll([-2, -3, -4]), -9) // (-2) + (-3) + (-4) = -9
+ *
+ * // Works with any iterable
+ * assert.equal(Number.sumAll(new Set([2, 3, 4])), 9)
+ *
+ * // Using with generated sequences
+ * function* range(start: number, end: number) {
+ *   for (let i = start; i <= end; i++) yield i
+ * }
+ *
+ * // Compute sum of first 5 natural numbers: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
+ * assert.equal(Number.sumAll(range(1, 5)), 15)
+ *
+ * // Floating point precision example
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   Number.sumAll([0.1, 0.2]),
+ *   0.30000000000000004 // Note IEEE 754 precision limitation
+ * )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param collection - An `iterable` containing the `numbers` to sum
+ *
+ * @returns The sum of all numbers in the collection, or 0 if the collection is
+ *   empty
+ */
+export const sumAll = (collection: Iterable<number>): number => _Iterable.reduce(collection, 0, sum)
+
+/**
+ * Performs subtraction in the set of JavaScript numbers.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { pipe } from "effect"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * // Data-first style (direct application)
+ * assert.equal(Number.subtract(2, 3), -1) // 2 - 3 = -1
+ * assert.equal(Number.subtract(10, 5), 5) // 10 - 5 = 5
+ * assert.equal(Number.subtract(0.3, 0.1), 0.19999999999999998) // Note: floating-point precision limitation
+ *
+ * // Data-last style (pipeable)
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     10,
+ *     Number.subtract(5) // 10 - 5 = 5
+ *   ),
+ *   5
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Chaining multiple subtractions
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     20,
+ *     Number.subtract(5), // 20 - 5 = 15
+ *     Number.subtract(3), // 15 - 3 = 12
+ *     Number.subtract(2) // 12 - 2 = 10
+ *   ),
+ *   10
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Right identity property: a - 0 = a
+ * assert.equal(Number.subtract(42, 0), 42)
+ *
+ * // Self-annihilation property: a - a = 0
+ * assert.equal(Number.subtract(42, 42), 0)
+ *
+ * // Non-commutative property: a - b ≠ b - a
+ * assert.equal(Number.subtract(5, 3), 2) // 5 - 3 = 2
+ * assert.equal(Number.subtract(3, 5), -2) // 3 - 5 = -2
+ *
+ * // Inverse relation: a - b = -(b - a)
+ * assert.equal(Number.subtract(5, 3), -Number.subtract(3, 5))
+ * ```
+ */
+export const subtract: {
+  /**
+   * Returns a function that subtracts a specified number from its argument.
+   *
+   * @param subtrahend - The number to subtract from the input of the resulting
+   *   function
+   *
+   * @returns A function that takes a minuend and returns the difference of
+   *   subtracting the subtrahend from it
+   */
+  (subtrahend: number): (minuend: number) => number
+
+  /**
+   * Subtracts the subtrahend from the minuend and returns the difference.
+   *
+   * @param minuend - The number from which another number is to be subtracted
+   * @param subtrahend - The number to subtract from the minuend
+   *
+   * @returns The difference of the minuend minus the subtrahend
+   */
+  (minuend: number, subtrahend: number): number
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  (minuend: number, subtrahend: number): number => minuend - subtrahend
+)
+
+/**
+ * Performs **multiplication** in the set of JavaScript numbers.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { pipe } from "effect"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * // Data-first style (direct application)
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiply(2, 3), 6) // 2 × 3 = 6
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiply(-4, 5), -20) // (-4) × 5 = -20
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiply(-3, -2), 6) // (-3) × (-2) = 6
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiply(0.1, 0.2), 0.020000000000000004) // Note: floating-point precision limitation
+ *
+ * // Data-last style (pipeable)
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     10,
+ *     Number.multiply(5) // 10 × 5 = 50
+ *   ),
+ *   50
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Chaining multiple multiplications
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     2,
+ *     Number.multiply(3), // 2 × 3 = 6
+ *     Number.multiply(4), // 6 × 4 = 24
+ *     Number.multiply(0.5) // 24 × 0.5 = 12
+ *   ),
+ *   12
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Identity property: a × 1 = a
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiply(42, 1), 42)
+ *
+ * // Zero property: a × 0 = 0
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiply(42, 0), 0)
+ *
+ * // Commutative property: a × b = b × a
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiply(5, 3), Number.multiply(3, 5))
+ *
+ * // Associative property: (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
+ * const a = 2,
+ *   b = 3,
+ *   c = 4
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   Number.multiply(Number.multiply(a, b), c),
+ *   Number.multiply(a, Number.multiply(b, c))
+ * )
+ * ```
+ */
+export const multiply: {
+  /**
+   * Returns a function that multiplies a specified number with its argument.
+   *
+   * @param multiplicand - The number to multiply with the input of the
+   *   resulting function
+   *
+   * @returns A function that takes a multiplier and returns the product of that
+   *   multiplier and the multiplicand
+   */
+  (multiplicand: number): (multiplier: number) => number
+
+  /**
+   * Multiplies two numbers together.
+   *
+   * @param multiplier - The first factor
+   * @param multiplicand - The second factor
+   *
+   * @returns The product of the two numbers
+   */
+  (multiplier: number, multiplicand: number): number
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  (multiplier: number, multiplicand: number): number => multiplier * multiplicand
+)
+
+/**
+ * Computes the product of all elements in an iterable collection of numbers.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * // Basic products
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiplyAll([2, 3, 4]), 24) // 2 × 3 × 4 = 24
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiplyAll([1.5, 2, 3]), 9) // 1.5 × 2 × 3 = 9
+ *
+ * // Empty collection returns the multiplicative identity (1)
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiplyAll([]), 1)
+ *
+ * // Single element collection
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiplyAll([42]), 42)
+ *
+ * // Products with negative numbers
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiplyAll([2, -3, 4]), -24) // 2 × (-3) × 4 = -24
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiplyAll([-2, -3]), 6) // (-2) × (-3) = 6
+ *
+ * // Zero property - if any element is zero, product is zero
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiplyAll([2, 0, 3]), 0)
+ *
+ * // Works with any iterable
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiplyAll(new Set([2, 3, 4])), 24)
+ *
+ * // Using with generated sequences
+ * function* range(start: number, end: number) {
+ *   for (let i = start; i <= end; i++) yield i
+ * }
+ *
+ * // Compute factorial: 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
+ * assert.equal(Number.multiplyAll(range(1, 5)), 120)
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param collection - An `iterable` containing the `numbers` to multiply
+ *
+ * @returns The product of all numbers in the collection, or 1 if the collection
+ *   is empty
+ */
+export const multiplyAll = (collection: Iterable<number>): number => {
+  let out = 1
+  for (const n of collection) {
+    if (n === 0) {
+      return 0
+    }
+    out *= n
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs division in the set of JavaScript numbers, returning the result
+ * wrapped in an `Option` to handle division by zero.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { pipe, Option } from "effect"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * // Data-first style (direct application)
+ * assert.equal(Number.divide(6, 3), Option.some(2)) // 6 ÷ 3 = 2
+ * assert.equal(Number.divide(-8, 4), Option.some(-2)) // (-8) ÷ 4 = -2
+ * assert.equal(Number.divide(-10, -5), Option.some(2)) // (-10) ÷ (-5) = 2
+ * assert.equal(Number.divide(1, 3), Option.some(0.3333333333333333)) // Note: floating-point approximation
+ *
+ * // Handling division by zero
+ * assert.equal(Number.divide(6, 0), Option.none()) // 6 ÷ 0 is undefined
+ *
+ * // Data-last style (pipeable)
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     10,
+ *     Number.divide(2) // 10 ÷ 2 = 5
+ *   ),
+ *   Option.some(5)
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Chaining multiple divisions using Option combinators
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     Option.some(24),
+ *     Option.flatMap((n) => Number.divide(n, 2)), // 24 ÷ 2 = 12
+ *     Option.flatMap(Number.divide(3)), // 12 ÷ 3 = 4
+ *     Option.flatMap(Number.divide(2)) // 4 ÷ 2 = 2
+ *   ),
+ *   Option.some(2)
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Division-by-one property: a ÷ 1 = a
+ * assert.equal(Number.divide(42, 1), Option.some(42))
+ *
+ * // Self-division property: a ÷ a = 1 (for a ≠ 0)
+ * assert.equal(Number.divide(42, 42), Option.some(1))
+ *
+ * // Non-commutative property: a ÷ b ≠ b ÷ a
+ * assert.notDeepStrictEqual(
+ *   Number.divide(6, 3), // 6 ÷ 3 = 2
+ *   Number.divide(3, 6) // 3 ÷ 6 = 0.5
+ * )
+ * ```
+ */
+export const divide: {
+  /**
+   * Returns a function that divides its input by a specified divisor.
+   *
+   * @param divisor - The number to divide by
+   *
+   * @returns A function that takes a dividend and returns the quotient wrapped
+   *   in an Option (Option.none() if divisor is 0)
+   */
+  (divisor: number): (dividend: number) => Option<number>
+
+  /**
+   * Divides the dividend by the divisor and returns the quotient wrapped in an
+   * Option.
+   *
+   * @param dividend - The number to be divided
+   * @param divisor - The number to divide by
+   *
+   * @returns Some(quotient) if the divisor is not 0, None otherwise
+   */
+  (dividend: number, divisor: number): Option<number>
+} = dual(2, (dividend: number, divisor: number) => divisor === 0 ? option.none : option.some(dividend / divisor))
+
+/**
+ * Performs division in the set of JavaScript numbers, but misbehaves for
+ * division by zero.
+ *
+ * Unlike {@link module:Number.divide} which returns an Option, this function
+ * directly returns a number or `Infinity` or `NaN`.
+ *
+ * - If the `divisor` is zero, it returns `Infinity`.
+ * - If both the `dividend` and the `divisor` are zero, then it returns `NaN`.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { pipe } from "effect"
+ * import * as Number from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * // Data-first style (direct application)
+ * assert.equal(Number.unsafeDivide(6, 3), 2) // 6 ÷ 3 = 2
+ * assert.equal(Number.unsafeDivide(-8, 4), -2) // (-8) ÷ 4 = -2
+ * assert.equal(Number.unsafeDivide(-10, -5), 2) // (-10) ÷ (-5) = 2
+ * assert.equal(Number.unsafeDivide(1, 3), 0.3333333333333333)
+ *
+ * // Data-last style (pipeable)
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     10,
+ *     Number.unsafeDivide(2) // 10 ÷ 2 = 5
+ *   ),
+ *   5
+ * )
+ *
+ * // Chaining multiple divisions
+ * assert.equal(
+ *   pipe(
+ *     24,
+ *     Number.unsafeDivide(2), // 24 ÷ 2 = 12
+ *     Number.unsafeDivide(3), // 12 ÷ 3 = 4
+ *     Number.unsafeDivide(2) // 4 ÷ 2 = 2
+ *   ),
+ *   2
+ * )
+ *
+ * assert.equal(Number.unsafeDivide(6, 0), Infinity)
+ *
+ * assert.equal(Number.unsafeDivide(0, 0), NaN)
+ *
+ * // Compare with safe division
+ * const safeResult = Number.divide(6, 3) // Option.some(2)
+ * const unsafeResult = Number.unsafeDivide(6, 3) // 2 directly
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @throws - An {@link module:Number.DivisionByZeroError} if the divisor is zero.
+ * @see {@link module:Number.divide} - Safe division returning an Option
+ */
+export const unsafeDivide: {
+  /**
+   * Returns a function that divides its input by a specified divisor.
+   *
+   * @param divisor - The number to divide by
+   *
+   * @returns A function that takes a dividend and returns the quotient
+   * @throws - An {@link module:Number.DivisionByZeroError} if the divisor is
+   *   zero
+   */
+  (divisor: number): (dividend: number) => number
+
+  /**
+   * Divides the dividend by the divisor and returns the quotient.
+   *
+   * If the divisor is zero, it returns Infinity.
+   *
+   * @param dividend - The number to be divided
+   * @param divisor - The number to divide by
+   *
+   * @returns The quotient of the division
+   */
+  (dividend: number, divisor: number): number
+} = dual(2, (dividend: number, divisor: number): number => dividend / divisor)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the result of adding `1` to a given number.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { increment } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(increment(2), 3)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const increment = (n: number): number => sum(n, 1)
+
+/**
+ * Decrements a number by `1`.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { decrement } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(decrement(3), 2)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const decrement = (n: number): number => subtract(n, 1)
+
+/**
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category instances
+ */
+export const Equivalence: equivalence.Equivalence<number> = equivalence.number
+
+/**
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category instances
+ */
+export const Order: order.Order<number> = order.number
+
+/**
+ * Returns `true` if the first argument is less than the second, otherwise
+ * `false`.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category predicates
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { lessThan } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(lessThan(2, 3), true)
+ * assert.equal(lessThan(3, 3), false)
+ * assert.equal(lessThan(4, 3), false)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const lessThan: {
+  /**
+   * Returns `true` if the first argument is less than the second, otherwise
+   * `false`.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { lessThan } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(lessThan(2, 3), true)
+   * assert.equal(lessThan(3, 3), false)
+   * assert.equal(lessThan(4, 3), false)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (that: number): (self: number) => boolean
+  /**
+   * Returns `true` if the first argument is less than the second, otherwise
+   * `false`.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { lessThan } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(lessThan(2, 3), true)
+   * assert.equal(lessThan(3, 3), false)
+   * assert.equal(lessThan(4, 3), false)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (self: number, that: number): boolean
+} = order.lessThan(Order)
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function that checks if a given `number` is less than or equal to
+ * the provided one.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category predicates
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { lessThanOrEqualTo } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(lessThanOrEqualTo(2, 3), true)
+ * assert.equal(lessThanOrEqualTo(3, 3), true)
+ * assert.equal(lessThanOrEqualTo(4, 3), false)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const lessThanOrEqualTo: {
+  /**
+   * Returns a function that checks if a given `number` is less than or equal to
+   * the provided one.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { lessThanOrEqualTo } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(lessThanOrEqualTo(2, 3), true)
+   * assert.equal(lessThanOrEqualTo(3, 3), true)
+   * assert.equal(lessThanOrEqualTo(4, 3), false)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (that: number): (self: number) => boolean
+  /**
+   * Returns a function that checks if a given `number` is less than or equal to
+   * the provided one.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { lessThanOrEqualTo } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(lessThanOrEqualTo(2, 3), true)
+   * assert.equal(lessThanOrEqualTo(3, 3), true)
+   * assert.equal(lessThanOrEqualTo(4, 3), false)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (self: number, that: number): boolean
+} = order.lessThanOrEqualTo(Order)
+
+/**
+ * Returns `true` if the first argument is greater than the second, otherwise
+ * `false`.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category predicates
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { greaterThan } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(greaterThan(2, 3), false)
+ * assert.equal(greaterThan(3, 3), false)
+ * assert.equal(greaterThan(4, 3), true)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const greaterThan: {
+  /**
+   * Returns `true` if the first argument is greater than the second, otherwise
+   * `false`.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { greaterThan } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(greaterThan(2, 3), false)
+   * assert.equal(greaterThan(3, 3), false)
+   * assert.equal(greaterThan(4, 3), true)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (that: number): (self: number) => boolean
+  /**
+   * Returns `true` if the first argument is greater than the second, otherwise
+   * `false`.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { greaterThan } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(greaterThan(2, 3), false)
+   * assert.equal(greaterThan(3, 3), false)
+   * assert.equal(greaterThan(4, 3), true)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (self: number, that: number): boolean
+} = order.greaterThan(Order)
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function that checks if a given `number` is greater than or equal
+ * to the provided one.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category predicates
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { greaterThanOrEqualTo } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(greaterThanOrEqualTo(2, 3), false)
+ * assert.equal(greaterThanOrEqualTo(3, 3), true)
+ * assert.equal(greaterThanOrEqualTo(4, 3), true)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const greaterThanOrEqualTo: {
+  /**
+   * Returns a function that checks if a given `number` is greater than or equal
+   * to the provided one.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { greaterThanOrEqualTo } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(greaterThanOrEqualTo(2, 3), false)
+   * assert.equal(greaterThanOrEqualTo(3, 3), true)
+   * assert.equal(greaterThanOrEqualTo(4, 3), true)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (that: number): (self: number) => boolean
+  /**
+   * Returns a function that checks if a given `number` is greater than or equal
+   * to the provided one.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { greaterThanOrEqualTo } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(greaterThanOrEqualTo(2, 3), false)
+   * assert.equal(greaterThanOrEqualTo(3, 3), true)
+   * assert.equal(greaterThanOrEqualTo(4, 3), true)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (self: number, that: number): boolean
+} = order.greaterThanOrEqualTo(Order)
+
+/**
+ * Checks if a `number` is between a `minimum` and `maximum` value (inclusive).
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category predicates
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { Number } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const between = Number.between({ minimum: 0, maximum: 5 })
+ *
+ * assert.equal(between(3), true)
+ * assert.equal(between(-1), false)
+ * assert.equal(between(6), false)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const between: {
+  /**
+   * Checks if a `number` is between a `minimum` and `maximum` value (inclusive).
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { Number } from "effect"
+   *
+   * const between = Number.between({ minimum: 0, maximum: 5 })
+   *
+   * assert.equal(between(3), true)
+   * assert.equal(between(-1), false)
+   * assert.equal(between(6), false)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (options: { minimum: number; maximum: number }): (self: number) => boolean
+  /**
+   * Checks if a `number` is between a `minimum` and `maximum` value (inclusive).
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category predicates
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { Number } from "effect"
+   *
+   * const between = Number.between({ minimum: 0, maximum: 5 })
+   *
+   * assert.equal(between(3), true)
+   * assert.equal(between(-1), false)
+   * assert.equal(between(6), false)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (
+   self: number,
+   options: {
+     minimum: number
+     maximum: number
+   }
+  ): boolean
+} = order.between(Order)
+
+/**
+ * Restricts the given `number` to be within the range specified by the
+ * `minimum` and `maximum` values.
+ *
+ * - If the `number` is less than the `minimum` value, the function returns the
+ *   `minimum` value.
+ * - If the `number` is greater than the `maximum` value, the function returns the
+ *   `maximum` value.
+ * - Otherwise, it returns the original `number`.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { Number } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const clamp = Number.clamp({ minimum: 1, maximum: 5 })
+ *
+ * assert.equal(clamp(3), 3)
+ * assert.equal(clamp(0), 1)
+ * assert.equal(clamp(6), 5)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const clamp: {
+  /**
+   * Restricts the given `number` to be within the range specified by the
+   * `minimum` and `maximum` values.
+   *
+   * - If the `number` is less than the `minimum` value, the function returns the
+   *   `minimum` value.
+   * - If the `number` is greater than the `maximum` value, the function returns the
+   *   `maximum` value.
+   * - Otherwise, it returns the original `number`.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { Number } from "effect"
+   *
+   * const clamp = Number.clamp({ minimum: 1, maximum: 5 })
+   *
+   * assert.equal(clamp(3), 3)
+   * assert.equal(clamp(0), 1)
+   * assert.equal(clamp(6), 5)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (options: { minimum: number; maximum: number }): (self: number) => number
+  /**
+   * Restricts the given `number` to be within the range specified by the
+   * `minimum` and `maximum` values.
+   *
+   * - If the `number` is less than the `minimum` value, the function returns the
+   *   `minimum` value.
+   * - If the `number` is greater than the `maximum` value, the function returns the
+   *   `maximum` value.
+   * - Otherwise, it returns the original `number`.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { Number } from "effect"
+   *
+   * const clamp = Number.clamp({ minimum: 1, maximum: 5 })
+   *
+   * assert.equal(clamp(3), 3)
+   * assert.equal(clamp(0), 1)
+   * assert.equal(clamp(6), 5)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (
+   self: number,
+   options: {
+     minimum: number
+     maximum: number
+   }
+  ): number
+} = order.clamp(Order)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the minimum between two `number`s.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { min } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(min(2, 3), 2)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const min: {
+  /**
+   * Returns the minimum between two `number`s.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { min } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(min(2, 3), 2)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (that: number): (self: number) => number
+  /**
+   * Returns the minimum between two `number`s.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { min } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(min(2, 3), 2)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (self: number, that: number): number
+} = order.min(Order)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the maximum between two `number`s.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { max } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(max(2, 3), 3)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const max: {
+  /**
+   * Returns the maximum between two `number`s.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { max } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(max(2, 3), 3)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (that: number): (self: number) => number
+  /**
+   * Returns the maximum between two `number`s.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { max } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(max(2, 3), 3)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (self: number, that: number): number
+} = order.max(Order)
+
+/**
+ * Determines the sign of a given `number`.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { sign } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(sign(-5), -1)
+ * assert.equal(sign(0), 0)
+ * assert.equal(sign(5), 1)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const sign = (n: number): Ordering => Order(n, 0)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the remainder left over when one operand is divided by a second
+ * operand.
+ *
+ * It always takes the sign of the dividend.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { remainder } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(remainder(2, 2), 0)
+ * assert.equal(remainder(3, 2), 1)
+ * assert.equal(remainder(-4, 2), -0)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const remainder: {
+  /**
+   * Returns the remainder left over when one operand is divided by a second
+   * operand.
+   *
+   * It always takes the sign of the dividend.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category math
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { remainder } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(remainder(2, 2), 0)
+   * assert.equal(remainder(3, 2), 1)
+   * assert.equal(remainder(-4, 2), -0)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (divisor: number): (dividend: number) => number
+  /**
+   * Returns the remainder left over when one operand is divided by a second
+   * operand.
+   *
+   * It always takes the sign of the dividend.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category math
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { remainder } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(remainder(2, 2), 0)
+   * assert.equal(remainder(3, 2), 1)
+   * assert.equal(remainder(-4, 2), -0)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (dividend: number, divisor: number): number
+} = dual(2, (dividend: number, divisor: number): number => {
+  // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3966484/why-does-modulus-operator-return-fractional-number-in-javascript/31711034#31711034
+  const selfDecCount = (dividend.toString().split(".")[1] || "").length
+  const divisorDecCount = (divisor.toString().split(".")[1] || "").length
+  const decCount = selfDecCount > divisorDecCount ? selfDecCount : divisorDecCount
+  const selfInt = parseInt(dividend.toFixed(decCount).replace(".", ""))
+  const divisorInt = parseInt(divisor.toFixed(decCount).replace(".", ""))
+  return (selfInt % divisorInt) / Math.pow(10, decCount)
+})
+
+/**
+ * Returns the next power of 2 greater than or equal to the given number.
+ *
+ * - For `positive` inputs, returns the smallest power of 2 that is >= the input
+ * - For `zero`, returns 2
+ * - For `negative` inputs, returns NaN (as logarithms of negative numbers are
+ *   undefined)
+ * - For `NaN` input, returns NaN
+ * - For `Infinity`, returns Infinity
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { nextPow2 } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(nextPow2(5), 8)
+ * assert.equal(nextPow2(17), 32)
+ * assert.equal(nextPow2(0), 2)
+ * assert.equal(Number.isNaN(nextPow2(-1)), true) // Negative inputs result in NaN
+ * ```
+ */
+export const nextPow2 = (n: number): number => {
+  const nextPow = Math.ceil(Math.log(n) / Math.log(2))
+  return Math.max(Math.pow(2, nextPow), 2)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Tries to parse a `number` from a `string` using the `Number()` function. The
+ * following special string values are supported: "NaN", "Infinity",
+ * "-Infinity".
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ * @category constructors
+ */
+export const parse: {
+  /**
+   * Tries to parse a `number` from a `string` using the `Number()` function. The
+   * following special string values are supported: "NaN", "Infinity",
+   * "-Infinity".
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category constructors
+   */
+  (s: string): Option<number>
+} = (s) => {
+  if (s === "NaN") {
+    return option.some(NaN)
+  }
+  if (s === "Infinity") {
+    return option.some(Infinity)
+  }
+  if (s === "-Infinity") {
+    return option.some(-Infinity)
+  }
+  if (s.trim() === "") {
+    return option.none
+  }
+  const n = Number(s)
+  return Number.isNaN(n) ? option.none : option.some(n)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the number rounded with the given precision.
+ *
+ * @memberof Number
+ * @since 3.8.0
+ * @category math
+ * @example
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+ * import { round } from "effect/Number"
+ *
+ * assert.equal(round(1.1234, 2), 1.12)
+ * assert.equal(round(1.567, 2), 1.57)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const round: {
+  /**
+   * Returns the number rounded with the given precision.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 3.8.0
+   * @category math
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { round } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(round(1.1234, 2), 1.12)
+   * assert.equal(round(1.567, 2), 1.57)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (precision: number): (self: number) => number
+  /**
+   * Returns the number rounded with the given precision.
+   *
+   * @memberof Number
+   * @since 3.8.0
+   * @category math
+   * @example
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert/strict"
+   * import { round } from "effect/Number"
+   *
+   * assert.equal(round(1.1234, 2), 1.12)
+   * assert.equal(round(1.567, 2), 1.57)
+   * ```
+   */
+  (self: number, precision: number): number
+} = dual(2, (self: number, precision: number): number => {
+  const factor = Math.pow(10, precision)
+  return Math.round(self * factor) / factor
+})