@deepseek-harness-tui/dsh-tui 0.5.0

package/lib/types/ink/screen.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1295 @@
+import { ansiCodesToString, diffAnsiCodes, } from '@alcalzone/ansi-tokenize';
+import { unionRect, } from './layout/geometry.js';
+import { BEL, ESC, SEP } from './termio/ansi.js';
+import * as warn from './warn.js';
+// --- Shared Pools (interning for memory efficiency) ---
+/**
+ * Pool of character strings shared across all screens.
+ * With a shared pool, interned char IDs are valid across screens, so
+ * blitRegion can copy IDs directly (no re-interning) and diffEach can
+ * compare IDs as integers (no string lookup).
+ */
+export class CharPool {
+    strings = [' ', '']; // Index 0 = space, 1 = empty (spacer)
+    stringMap = new Map([
+        [' ', 0],
+        ['', 1],
+    ]);
+    ascii = initCharAscii(); // charCode → index, -1 = not interned
+    /**
+     * Intern a character string and return its stable pool index.
+     * @param char - the character string to intern.
+     * @returns the pool index for the string.
+     */
+    intern(char) {
+        // ASCII fast-path: direct array lookup instead of Map.get
+        if (char.length === 1) {
+            const code = char.charCodeAt(0);
+            if (code < 128) {
+                const cached = this.ascii[code];
+                if (cached !== -1)
+                    return cached;
+                const index = this.strings.length;
+                this.strings.push(char);
+                this.ascii[code] = index;
+                return index;
+            }
+        }
+        const existing = this.stringMap.get(char);
+        if (existing !== undefined)
+            return existing;
+        const index = this.strings.length;
+        this.strings.push(char);
+        this.stringMap.set(char, index);
+        return index;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the character string for a pool index, or a space for an
+     * out-of-range index.
+     * @param index - the pool index to look up.
+     * @returns the interned string.
+     */
+    get(index) {
+        return this.strings[index] ?? ' ';
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Pool of hyperlink strings shared across all screens.
+ * Index 0 represents "no hyperlink".
+ */
+export class HyperlinkPool {
+    strings = ['']; // Index 0 = no hyperlink
+    stringMap = new Map();
+    /**
+     * Intern a hyperlink string and return its stable pool index.
+     * @param hyperlink - the hyperlink to intern; undefined or empty maps to 0.
+     * @returns the pool index for the hyperlink.
+     */
+    intern(hyperlink) {
+        if (!hyperlink)
+            return 0;
+        let id = this.stringMap.get(hyperlink);
+        if (id === undefined) {
+            id = this.strings.length;
+            this.strings.push(hyperlink);
+            this.stringMap.set(hyperlink, id);
+        }
+        return id;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Return the hyperlink string for a pool index.
+     * @param id - the pool index to look up.
+     * @returns the interned hyperlink, or undefined for index 0.
+     */
+    get(id) {
+        return id === 0 ? undefined : this.strings[id];
+    }
+}
+// SGR 7 (inverse) as an AnsiCode. endCode '\x1b[27m' flags VISIBLE_ON_SPACE
+// so bit 0 of the resulting styleId is set → renderer won't skip inverted
+// spaces as invisible.
+const INVERSE_CODE = {
+    type: 'ansi',
+    code: '\x1b[7m',
+    endCode: '\x1b[27m',
+};
+// Bold (SGR 1) — stacks cleanly, no reflow in monospace. endCode 22
+// also cancels dim (SGR 2); harmless here since we never add dim.
+const BOLD_CODE = {
+    type: 'ansi',
+    code: '\x1b[1m',
+    endCode: '\x1b[22m',
+};
+// Underline (SGR 4). Kept alongside yellow+bold — the underline is the
+// unambiguous visible-on-any-theme marker. Yellow-bg-via-inverse can
+// clash with existing bg colors (user-prompt style, tool chrome, syntax
+// bg). If you see underline but no yellow, the yellow is being lost in
+// the existing cell styling — the overlay IS finding the match.
+const UNDERLINE_CODE = {
+    type: 'ansi',
+    code: '\x1b[4m',
+    endCode: '\x1b[24m',
+};
+// fg→yellow (SGR 33). With inverse already in the stack, the terminal
+// swaps fg↔bg at render — so yellow-fg becomes yellow-BG. Original bg
+// becomes fg (readable on most themes: dark-bg → dark-text on yellow).
+// endCode 39 is 'default fg' — cancels any prior fg color cleanly.
+const YELLOW_FG_CODE = {
+    type: 'ansi',
+    code: '\x1b[33m',
+    endCode: '\x1b[39m',
+};
+/**
+ * Pool of interned ANSI style stacks. Each style maps to an ID whose bit 0
+ * encodes whether the style is visible on space characters; IDs are valid
+ * across all screens sharing this pool.
+ */
+export class StylePool {
+    ids = new Map();
+    styles = [];
+    transitionCache = new Map();
+    /** Style ID of the empty style stack, used as the empty-cell style. */
+    none;
+    constructor() {
+        this.none = this.intern([]);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Intern a style and return its ID. Bit 0 of the ID encodes whether the
+     * style has a visible effect on space characters (background, inverse,
+     * underline, etc.). Foreground-only styles get even IDs; styles visible
+     * on spaces get odd IDs. This lets the renderer skip invisible spaces
+     * with a single bitmask check on the packed word.
+     * @param styles - the ANSI code stack to intern.
+     * @returns the interned style ID.
+     */
+    intern(styles) {
+        const key = styles.length === 0 ? '' : styles.map(s => s.code).join('\0');
+        let id = this.ids.get(key);
+        if (id === undefined) {
+            const rawId = this.styles.length;
+            this.styles.push(styles.length === 0 ? [] : styles);
+            id =
+                (rawId << 1) |
+                    (styles.length > 0 && hasVisibleSpaceEffect(styles) ? 1 : 0);
+            this.ids.set(key, id);
+        }
+        return id;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Recover the style stack from an encoded ID. Strips the bit-0 flag via
+     * `>>> 1`.
+     * @param id - the encoded style ID.
+     * @returns the interned ANSI code stack, or an empty array for an unknown ID.
+     */
+    get(id) {
+        return this.styles[id >>> 1] ?? [];
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns the pre-serialized ANSI string to transition from one style to
+     * another. Cached by (fromId, toId) — zero allocations after first call
+     * for a given pair.
+     * @param fromId - the style ID to transition from.
+     * @param toId - the style ID to transition to.
+     * @returns the ANSI escape sequence applying the difference, or an empty
+     *   string when both styles are equal.
+     */
+    transition(fromId, toId) {
+        if (fromId === toId)
+            return '';
+        const key = fromId * 0x100000 + toId;
+        let str = this.transitionCache.get(key);
+        if (str === undefined) {
+            str = ansiCodesToString(diffAnsiCodes(this.get(fromId), this.get(toId)));
+            this.transitionCache.set(key, str);
+        }
+        return str;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Intern a style that is `base + inverse`. Cached by base ID so
+     * repeated calls for the same underlying style don't re-scan the
+     * AnsiCode[] array. Used by the selection overlay.
+     */
+    inverseCache = new Map();
+    /**
+     * Intern a style that is `base + inverse`, reusing the base style when it
+     * is already inverted to avoid stacking SGR 7.
+     * @param baseId - the style ID to overlay inverse onto.
+     * @returns the ID of the inverted style.
+     */
+    withInverse(baseId) {
+        let id = this.inverseCache.get(baseId);
+        if (id === undefined) {
+            const baseCodes = this.get(baseId);
+            // If already inverted, use as-is (avoids SGR 7 stacking)
+            const hasInverse = baseCodes.some(c => c.endCode === '\x1b[27m');
+            id = hasInverse ? baseId : this.intern([...baseCodes, INVERSE_CODE]);
+            this.inverseCache.set(baseId, id);
+        }
+        return id;
+    }
+    /** Inverse + bold + yellow-bg-via-fg-swap for the CURRENT search match.
+     *  OTHER matches are plain inverse — bg inherits from the theme. Current
+     *  gets a distinct yellow bg (via fg-then-inverse swap) plus bold weight
+     *  so it stands out in a sea of inverse. Underline was too subtle. Zero
+     *  reflow risk: all pure SGR overlays, per-cell, post-layout. The yellow
+     *  overrides any existing fg (syntax highlighting) on those cells — fine,
+     *  the "you are here" signal IS the point, syntax color can yield. */
+    currentMatchCache = new Map();
+    /**
+     * Intern a style marking the current search match: inverse plus bold and
+     * a yellow background (via fg-then-inverse swap), distinct from the plain
+     * inverse used for other matches.
+     * @param baseId - the style ID to overlay match markers onto.
+     * @returns the ID of the match style.
+     */
+    withCurrentMatch(baseId) {
+        let id = this.currentMatchCache.get(baseId);
+        if (id === undefined) {
+            const baseCodes = this.get(baseId);
+            // Filter BOTH fg + bg so yellow-via-inverse is unambiguous.
+            // User-prompt cells have an explicit bg (grey box); with that bg
+            // still set, inverse swaps yellow-fg↔grey-bg → grey-on-yellow on
+            // SOME terminals, yellow-on-grey on others (inverse semantics vary
+            // when both colors are explicit). Filtering both gives clean
+            // yellow-bg + terminal-default-fg everywhere. Bold/dim/italic
+            // coexist — keep those.
+            const codes = baseCodes.filter(c => c.endCode !== '\x1b[39m' && c.endCode !== '\x1b[49m');
+            // fg-yellow FIRST so inverse swaps it to bg. Bold after inverse is
+            // fine — SGR 1 is fg-attribute-only, order-independent vs 7.
+            codes.push(YELLOW_FG_CODE);
+            if (!baseCodes.some(c => c.endCode === '\x1b[27m'))
+                codes.push(INVERSE_CODE);
+            if (!baseCodes.some(c => c.endCode === '\x1b[22m'))
+                codes.push(BOLD_CODE);
+            // Underline as the unambiguous marker — yellow-bg can clash with
+            // existing bg styling (user-prompt bg, syntax bg). If you see
+            // underline but no yellow on a match, the overlay IS finding it;
+            // the yellow is just losing a styling fight.
+            if (!baseCodes.some(c => c.endCode === '\x1b[24m'))
+                codes.push(UNDERLINE_CODE);
+            id = this.intern(codes);
+            this.currentMatchCache.set(baseId, id);
+        }
+        return id;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Selection overlay: REPLACE the cell's background with a solid color
+     * while preserving its foreground (color, bold, italic, dim, underline).
+     * Matches native terminal selection — a dedicated bg color, not SGR-7
+     * inverse. Inverse swaps fg/bg per-cell, which fragments visually over
+     * syntax-highlighted text (every fg color becomes a different bg stripe).
+     *
+     * Strips any existing bg (endCode 49m — REPLACES, so diff-added green
+     * etc. don't bleed through) and any existing inverse (endCode 27m —
+     * inverse on top of a solid bg would re-swap and look wrong).
+     *
+     * bg is set via setSelectionBg(); null → fallback to withInverse() so the
+     * overlay still works before theme wiring sets a color (tests, first frame).
+     * Cache is keyed by baseId only — setSelectionBg() clears it on change.
+     */
+    selectionBgCode = null;
+    selectionBgCache = new Map();
+    /**
+     * Set the background color used by the selection overlay and clear the
+     * overlay cache so the new color takes effect.
+     * @param bg - the background ANSI code, or null to fall back to inverse.
+     */
+    setSelectionBg(bg) {
+        if (this.selectionBgCode?.code === bg?.code)
+            return;
+        this.selectionBgCode = bg;
+        this.selectionBgCache.clear();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Intern a style with the selection background replacing the cell's own
+     * background and inverse, preserving foreground attributes. Falls back to
+     * withInverse() when no selection background is set.
+     * @param baseId - the style ID to overlay the selection background onto.
+     * @returns the ID of the selection style.
+     */
+    withSelectionBg(baseId) {
+        const bg = this.selectionBgCode;
+        if (bg === null)
+            return this.withInverse(baseId);
+        let id = this.selectionBgCache.get(baseId);
+        if (id === undefined) {
+            // Keep everything except bg (49m) and inverse (27m). Fg, bold, dim,
+            // italic, underline, strikethrough all preserved.
+            const kept = this.get(baseId).filter(c => c.endCode !== '\x1b[49m' && c.endCode !== '\x1b[27m');
+            kept.push(bg);
+            id = this.intern(kept);
+            this.selectionBgCache.set(baseId, id);
+        }
+        return id;
+    }
+}
+// endCodes that produce visible effects on space characters
+const VISIBLE_ON_SPACE = new Set([
+    '\x1b[49m', // background color
+    '\x1b[27m', // inverse
+    '\x1b[24m', // underline
+    '\x1b[29m', // strikethrough
+    '\x1b[55m', // overline
+]);
+function hasVisibleSpaceEffect(styles) {
+    for (const style of styles) {
+        if (VISIBLE_ON_SPACE.has(style.endCode))
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+// Constants for empty/spacer cells to enable fast comparisons
+// These are indices into the charStrings table, not codepoints
+const EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX = 0; // ' ' (space)
+const SPACER_CHAR_INDEX = 1; // '' (empty string for spacer cells)
+// Unwritten cells are [EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX=0, packWord1(emptyStyleId=0,0,0)=0].
+// Since StylePool.none is always 0 (first intern), unwritten cells are
+// indistinguishable from explicitly-cleared cells in the packed array.
+// This is intentional: diffEach can compare raw ints with zero normalization.
+// isEmptyCellByIndex checks if both words are 0 to identify "never visually written" cells.
+function initCharAscii() {
+    const table = new Int32Array(128);
+    table.fill(-1);
+    table[32] = EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX; // ' ' (space)
+    return table;
+}
+// --- Packed cell layout ---
+// Each cell is 2 consecutive Int32 elements in the cells array:
+//   word0 (cells[ci]):     charId (full 32 bits)
+//   word1 (cells[ci + 1]): styleId[31:17] | hyperlinkId[16:2] | width[1:0]
+const STYLE_SHIFT = 17;
+const HYPERLINK_SHIFT = 2;
+const HYPERLINK_MASK = 0x7fff; // 15 bits
+const WIDTH_MASK = 3; // 2 bits
+// Pack styleId, hyperlinkId, and width into a single Int32
+function packWord1(styleId, hyperlinkId, width) {
+    return (styleId << STYLE_SHIFT) | (hyperlinkId << HYPERLINK_SHIFT) | width;
+}
+// Unwritten cell as BigInt64 — both words are 0, so the 64-bit value is 0n.
+// Used by BigInt64Array.fill() for bulk clears (resetScreen, clearRegion).
+// Not used for comparison — BigInt element reads cause heap allocation.
+const EMPTY_CELL_VALUE = 0n;
+function isEmptyCellByIndex(screen, index) {
+    // An empty/unwritten cell has both words === 0:
+    // word0 = EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX (0), word1 = packWord1(emptyStyleId=0, 0, 0) = 0.
+    const ci = index << 1;
+    return screen.cells[ci] === 0 && screen.cells[ci | 1] === 0;
+}
+/**
+ * Return whether the cell at a position is empty or unwritten, treating
+ * out-of-bounds positions as empty.
+ * @param screen - the screen to read.
+ * @param x - the cell column.
+ * @param y - the cell row.
+ * @returns true when the cell is empty or out of bounds.
+ */
+export function isEmptyCellAt(screen, x, y) {
+    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= screen.width || y >= screen.height)
+        return true;
+    return isEmptyCellByIndex(screen, y * screen.width + x);
+}
+/**
+ * Check if a Cell (view object) represents an empty cell.
+ * @param screen - the screen the cell belongs to, for its empty style ID.
+ * @param cell - the cell view to inspect.
+ * @returns true when the cell is a space with the empty style, narrow
+ *   width, and no hyperlink.
+ */
+export function isCellEmpty(screen, cell) {
+    // Check if cell looks like an empty cell (space, empty style, narrow, no link).
+    // Note: After cellAt mapping, unwritten cells have emptyStyleId, so this
+    // returns true for both unwritten AND cleared cells. Use isEmptyCellAt
+    // for the internal distinction.
+    return (cell.char === ' ' &&
+        cell.styleId === screen.emptyStyleId &&
+        cell.width === 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */ &&
+        !cell.hyperlink);
+}
+// Intern a hyperlink string and return its ID (0 = no hyperlink)
+function internHyperlink(screen, hyperlink) {
+    return screen.hyperlinkPool.intern(hyperlink);
+}
+// ---
+/**
+ * Create a new screen with packed cell storage backed by the given shared
+ * pools. Non-integer or negative dimensions are clamped to valid integers.
+ * @param width - the screen width in cells.
+ * @param height - the screen height in rows.
+ * @param styles - the shared style pool; its `none` ID becomes the empty style.
+ * @param charPool - the shared character pool.
+ * @param hyperlinkPool - the shared hyperlink pool.
+ * @returns the new empty screen.
+ */
+export function createScreen(width, height, styles, charPool, hyperlinkPool) {
+    // Warn if dimensions are not valid integers (likely bad yoga layout output)
+    warn.ifNotInteger(width, 'createScreen width');
+    warn.ifNotInteger(height, 'createScreen height');
+    // Ensure width and height are valid integers to prevent crashes
+    if (!Number.isInteger(width) || width < 0) {
+        width = Math.max(0, Math.floor(width) || 0);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isInteger(height) || height < 0) {
+        height = Math.max(0, Math.floor(height) || 0);
+    }
+    const size = width * height;
+    // Allocate one buffer, two views: Int32Array for per-word access,
+    // BigInt64Array for bulk fill in resetScreen/clearRegion.
+    // ArrayBuffer is zero-filled, which is exactly the empty cell value:
+    // [EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX=0, packWord1(emptyStyleId=0,0,0)=0].
+    const buf = new ArrayBuffer(size << 3); // 8 bytes per cell
+    const cells = new Int32Array(buf);
+    const cells64 = new BigInt64Array(buf);
+    return {
+        width,
+        height,
+        cells,
+        cells64,
+        charPool,
+        hyperlinkPool,
+        emptyStyleId: styles.none,
+        damage: undefined,
+        noSelect: new Uint8Array(size),
+        softWrap: new Int32Array(height),
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Reset an existing screen for reuse, avoiding allocation of new typed arrays.
+ * Resizes if needed and clears all cells to empty/unwritten state.
+ *
+ * For double-buffering, this allows swapping between front and back buffers
+ * without allocating new Screen objects each frame.
+ * @param screen - the screen to reset and resize.
+ * @param width - the new width in cells.
+ * @param height - the new height in rows.
+ */
+export function resetScreen(screen, width, height) {
+    // Warn if dimensions are not valid integers
+    warn.ifNotInteger(width, 'resetScreen width');
+    warn.ifNotInteger(height, 'resetScreen height');
+    // Ensure width and height are valid integers to prevent crashes
+    if (!Number.isInteger(width) || width < 0) {
+        width = Math.max(0, Math.floor(width) || 0);
+    }
+    if (!Number.isInteger(height) || height < 0) {
+        height = Math.max(0, Math.floor(height) || 0);
+    }
+    const size = width * height;
+    // Resize if needed (only grow, to avoid reallocations)
+    if (screen.cells64.length < size) {
+        const buf = new ArrayBuffer(size << 3);
+        screen.cells = new Int32Array(buf);
+        screen.cells64 = new BigInt64Array(buf);
+        screen.noSelect = new Uint8Array(size);
+    }
+    if (screen.softWrap.length < height) {
+        screen.softWrap = new Int32Array(height);
+    }
+    // Reset all cells — single fill call, no loop
+    screen.cells64.fill(EMPTY_CELL_VALUE, 0, size);
+    screen.noSelect.fill(0, 0, size);
+    screen.softWrap.fill(0, 0, height);
+    // Update dimensions
+    screen.width = width;
+    screen.height = height;
+    // Shared pools accumulate — no clearing needed. Unique char/hyperlink sets are bounded.
+    // Clear damage tracking
+    screen.damage = undefined;
+}
+/**
+ * Re-intern a screen's char and hyperlink IDs into new pools.
+ * Used for generational pool reset — after migrating, the screen's
+ * typed arrays contain valid IDs for the new pools, and the old pools
+ * can be GC'd.
+ *
+ * O(width * height) but only called occasionally (e.g., between conversation turns).
+ * @param screen - the screen whose char and hyperlink IDs to migrate.
+ * @param charPool - the new character pool.
+ * @param hyperlinkPool - the new hyperlink pool.
+ */
+export function migrateScreenPools(screen, charPool, hyperlinkPool) {
+    const oldCharPool = screen.charPool;
+    const oldHyperlinkPool = screen.hyperlinkPool;
+    if (oldCharPool === charPool && oldHyperlinkPool === hyperlinkPool)
+        return;
+    const size = screen.width * screen.height;
+    const cells = screen.cells;
+    // Re-intern chars and hyperlinks in a single pass, stride by 2
+    for (let ci = 0; ci < size << 1; ci += 2) {
+        // Re-intern charId (word0)
+        const oldCharId = cells[ci];
+        cells[ci] = charPool.intern(oldCharPool.get(oldCharId));
+        // Re-intern hyperlinkId (packed in word1)
+        const word1 = cells[ci + 1];
+        const oldHyperlinkId = (word1 >>> HYPERLINK_SHIFT) & HYPERLINK_MASK;
+        if (oldHyperlinkId !== 0) {
+            const oldStr = oldHyperlinkPool.get(oldHyperlinkId);
+            const newHyperlinkId = hyperlinkPool.intern(oldStr);
+            // Repack word1 with new hyperlinkId, preserving styleId and width
+            const styleId = word1 >>> STYLE_SHIFT;
+            const width = word1 & WIDTH_MASK;
+            cells[ci + 1] = packWord1(styleId, newHyperlinkId, width);
+        }
+    }
+    screen.charPool = charPool;
+    screen.hyperlinkPool = hyperlinkPool;
+}
+/**
+ * Get a Cell view at the given position. Returns a new object each call -
+ * this is intentional as cells are stored packed, not as objects.
+ * @param screen - the screen to read.
+ * @param x - the cell column.
+ * @param y - the cell row.
+ * @returns the cell view, or undefined when the position is out of bounds.
+ */
+export function cellAt(screen, x, y) {
+    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= screen.width || y >= screen.height)
+        return undefined;
+    return cellAtIndex(screen, y * screen.width + x);
+}
+/**
+ * Get a Cell view by pre-computed array index. Skips bounds checks and
+ * index computation — caller must ensure index is valid.
+ * @param screen - the screen to read.
+ * @param index - the linear cell index (row * width + column).
+ * @returns the cell view.
+ */
+export function cellAtIndex(screen, index) {
+    const ci = index << 1;
+    const word1 = screen.cells[ci + 1];
+    const hid = (word1 >>> HYPERLINK_SHIFT) & HYPERLINK_MASK;
+    return {
+        // Unwritten cells have charIndex=0 (EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX); charPool.get(0) returns ' '
+        char: screen.charPool.get(screen.cells[ci]),
+        styleId: word1 >>> STYLE_SHIFT,
+        width: word1 & WIDTH_MASK,
+        hyperlink: hid === 0 ? undefined : screen.hyperlinkPool.get(hid),
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Get a Cell at the given index, or undefined if it has no visible content.
+ * Returns undefined for spacer cells (charId 1), empty unstyled spaces, and
+ * fg-only styled spaces that match lastRenderedStyleId (cursor-forward
+ * produces an identical visual result, avoiding a Cell allocation).
+ *
+ * @param cells - the packed cell words to read (2 Int32s per cell).
+ * @param charPool - the character pool to resolve char IDs.
+ * @param hyperlinkPool - the hyperlink pool to resolve hyperlink IDs.
+ * @param index - the linear cell index (row * width + column).
+ * @param lastRenderedStyleId - styleId of the last rendered cell on this
+ *   line, or -1 if none yet.
+ * @returns the cell view, or undefined when the cell has no visible content.
+ */
+export function visibleCellAtIndex(cells, charPool, hyperlinkPool, index, lastRenderedStyleId) {
+    const ci = index << 1;
+    const charId = cells[ci];
+    if (charId === 1)
+        return undefined; // spacer
+    const word1 = cells[ci + 1];
+    // For spaces: 0x3fffc masks bits 2-17 (hyperlinkId + styleId visibility
+    // bit). If zero, the space has no hyperlink and at most a fg-only style.
+    // Then word1 >>> STYLE_SHIFT is the foreground style — skip if it's zero
+    // (truly invisible) or matches the last rendered style on this line.
+    if (charId === 0 && (word1 & 0x3fffc) === 0) {
+        const fgStyle = word1 >>> STYLE_SHIFT;
+        if (fgStyle === 0 || fgStyle === lastRenderedStyleId)
+            return undefined;
+    }
+    const hid = (word1 >>> HYPERLINK_SHIFT) & HYPERLINK_MASK;
+    return {
+        char: charPool.get(charId),
+        styleId: word1 >>> STYLE_SHIFT,
+        width: word1 & WIDTH_MASK,
+        hyperlink: hid === 0 ? undefined : hyperlinkPool.get(hid),
+    };
+}
+/**
+ * Write cell data into an existing Cell object to avoid allocation.
+ * Caller must ensure index is valid.
+ */
+function cellAtCI(screen, ci, out) {
+    const w1 = ci | 1;
+    const word1 = screen.cells[w1];
+    out.char = screen.charPool.get(screen.cells[ci]);
+    out.styleId = word1 >>> STYLE_SHIFT;
+    out.width = word1 & WIDTH_MASK;
+    const hid = (word1 >>> HYPERLINK_SHIFT) & HYPERLINK_MASK;
+    out.hyperlink = hid === 0 ? undefined : screen.hyperlinkPool.get(hid);
+}
+/**
+ * Return the character at a position without building a Cell view.
+ * @param screen - the screen to read.
+ * @param x - the cell column.
+ * @param y - the cell row.
+ * @returns the character string, or undefined when out of bounds.
+ */
+export function charInCellAt(screen, x, y) {
+    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= screen.width || y >= screen.height)
+        return undefined;
+    const ci = (y * screen.width + x) << 1;
+    return screen.charPool.get(screen.cells[ci]);
+}
+/**
+ * Set a cell, optionally creating a spacer for wide characters.
+ *
+ * Wide characters (CJK, emoji) occupy 2 cells in the buffer:
+ * 1. First cell: Contains the actual character with width = Wide
+ * 2. Second cell: Spacer cell with width = SpacerTail (empty, not rendered)
+ *
+ * If the cell has width = Wide, this function automatically creates the
+ * corresponding SpacerTail in the next column. This two-cell model keeps
+ * the buffer aligned to visual columns, making cursor positioning
+ * straightforward.
+ *
+ * TODO: When soft-wrapping is implemented, SpacerHead cells will be explicitly
+ * placed by the wrapping logic at line-end positions where wide characters
+ * wrap to the next line. This function doesn't need to handle SpacerHead
+ * automatically - it will be set directly by the wrapping code.
+ * @param screen - the screen to write into.
+ * @param x - the cell column.
+ * @param y - the cell row.
+ * @param cell - the cell data to write.
+ */
+export function setCellAt(screen, x, y, cell) {
+    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= screen.width || y >= screen.height)
+        return;
+    const ci = (y * screen.width + x) << 1;
+    const cells = screen.cells;
+    // When a Wide char is overwritten by a Narrow char, its SpacerTail remains
+    // as a ghost cell that the diff/render pipeline skips, causing stale content
+    // to leak through from previous frames.
+    const prevWidth = cells[ci + 1] & WIDTH_MASK;
+    if (prevWidth === 1 /* CellWidth.Wide */ && cell.width !== 1 /* CellWidth.Wide */) {
+        const spacerX = x + 1;
+        if (spacerX < screen.width) {
+            const spacerCI = ci + 2;
+            if ((cells[spacerCI + 1] & WIDTH_MASK) === 2 /* CellWidth.SpacerTail */) {
+                cells[spacerCI] = EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX;
+                cells[spacerCI + 1] = packWord1(screen.emptyStyleId, 0, 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Track cleared Wide position for damage expansion below
+    let clearedWideX = -1;
+    if (prevWidth === 2 /* CellWidth.SpacerTail */ &&
+        cell.width !== 2 /* CellWidth.SpacerTail */) {
+        // Overwriting a SpacerTail: clear the orphaned Wide char at (x-1).
+        // Keeping the wide character with Narrow width would cause the terminal
+        // to still render it with width 2, desyncing the cursor model.
+        if (x > 0) {
+            const wideCI = ci - 2;
+            if ((cells[wideCI + 1] & WIDTH_MASK) === 1 /* CellWidth.Wide */) {
+                cells[wideCI] = EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX;
+                cells[wideCI + 1] = packWord1(screen.emptyStyleId, 0, 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */);
+                clearedWideX = x - 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Pack cell data into cells array
+    cells[ci] = internCharString(screen, cell.char);
+    cells[ci + 1] = packWord1(cell.styleId, internHyperlink(screen, cell.hyperlink), cell.width);
+    // Track damage - expand bounds in place instead of allocating new objects
+    // Include the main cell position and any cleared orphan cells
+    const minX = clearedWideX >= 0 ? Math.min(x, clearedWideX) : x;
+    const damage = screen.damage;
+    if (damage) {
+        const right = damage.x + damage.width;
+        const bottom = damage.y + damage.height;
+        if (minX < damage.x) {
+            damage.width += damage.x - minX;
+            damage.x = minX;
+        }
+        else if (x >= right) {
+            damage.width = x - damage.x + 1;
+        }
+        if (y < damage.y) {
+            damage.height += damage.y - y;
+            damage.y = y;
+        }
+        else if (y >= bottom) {
+            damage.height = y - damage.y + 1;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        screen.damage = { x: minX, y, width: x - minX + 1, height: 1 };
+    }
+    // If this is a wide character, create a spacer in the next column
+    if (cell.width === 1 /* CellWidth.Wide */) {
+        const spacerX = x + 1;
+        if (spacerX < screen.width) {
+            const spacerCI = ci + 2;
+            // If the cell we're overwriting with our SpacerTail is itself Wide,
+            // clear ITS SpacerTail at x+2 too. Otherwise the orphan SpacerTail
+            // makes diffEach report it as `added` and log-update's skip-spacer
+            // rule prevents clearing whatever prev content was at that column.
+            // Scenario: [a, 💻, spacer] → [本, spacer, ORPHAN spacer] when
+            // yoga squishes a💻 to height 0 and 本 renders at the same y.
+            if ((cells[spacerCI + 1] & WIDTH_MASK) === 1 /* CellWidth.Wide */) {
+                const orphanCI = spacerCI + 2;
+                if (spacerX + 1 < screen.width &&
+                    (cells[orphanCI + 1] & WIDTH_MASK) === 2 /* CellWidth.SpacerTail */) {
+                    cells[orphanCI] = EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX;
+                    cells[orphanCI + 1] = packWord1(screen.emptyStyleId, 0, 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */);
+                }
+            }
+            cells[spacerCI] = SPACER_CHAR_INDEX;
+            cells[spacerCI + 1] = packWord1(screen.emptyStyleId, 0, 2 /* CellWidth.SpacerTail */);
+            // Expand damage to include SpacerTail so diff() scans it
+            const d = screen.damage;
+            if (d && spacerX >= d.x + d.width) {
+                d.width = spacerX - d.x + 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Replace the styleId of a cell in-place without disturbing char, width,
+ * or hyperlink. Preserves empty cells as-is (char stays ' '). Tracks damage
+ * for the cell so diffEach picks up the change.
+ * @param screen - the screen to update.
+ * @param x - the cell column.
+ * @param y - the cell row.
+ * @param styleId - the new style ID.
+ */
+export function setCellStyleId(screen, x, y, styleId) {
+    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= screen.width || y >= screen.height)
+        return;
+    const ci = (y * screen.width + x) << 1;
+    const cells = screen.cells;
+    const word1 = cells[ci + 1];
+    const width = word1 & WIDTH_MASK;
+    // Skip spacer cells — inverse on the head cell visually covers both columns
+    if (width === 2 /* CellWidth.SpacerTail */ || width === 3 /* CellWidth.SpacerHead */)
+        return;
+    const hid = (word1 >>> HYPERLINK_SHIFT) & HYPERLINK_MASK;
+    cells[ci + 1] = packWord1(styleId, hid, width);
+    // Expand damage so diffEach scans this cell
+    const d = screen.damage;
+    if (d) {
+        screen.damage = unionRect(d, { x, y, width: 1, height: 1 });
+    }
+    else {
+        screen.damage = { x, y, width: 1, height: 1 };
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Intern a character string via the screen's shared CharPool.
+ * Supports grapheme clusters like family emoji.
+ */
+function internCharString(screen, char) {
+    return screen.charPool.intern(char);
+}
+/**
+ * Bulk-copy a rectangular region from src to dst using TypedArray.set().
+ * Single cells.set() call per row (or one call for contiguous blocks).
+ * Damage is computed once for the whole region.
+ *
+ * Clamps negative regionX/regionY to 0 (matching clearRegion) — absolute-
+ * positioned overlays in tiny terminals can compute negative screen coords.
+ * maxX/maxY should already be clamped to both screen bounds by the caller.
+ * @param dst - the destination screen.
+ * @param src - the source screen.
+ * @param regionX - the source region's left column.
+ * @param regionY - the source region's top row.
+ * @param maxX - the exclusive right edge of the region.
+ * @param maxY - the exclusive bottom edge of the region.
+ */
+export function blitRegion(dst, src, regionX, regionY, maxX, maxY) {
+    regionX = Math.max(0, regionX);
+    regionY = Math.max(0, regionY);
+    if (regionX >= maxX || regionY >= maxY)
+        return;
+    const rowLen = maxX - regionX;
+    const srcStride = src.width << 1;
+    const dstStride = dst.width << 1;
+    const rowBytes = rowLen << 1; // 2 Int32s per cell
+    const srcCells = src.cells;
+    const dstCells = dst.cells;
+    const srcNoSel = src.noSelect;
+    const dstNoSel = dst.noSelect;
+    // softWrap is per-row — copy the row range regardless of stride/width.
+    // Partial-width blits still carry the row's wrap provenance since the
+    // blitted content (a cached ink-text node) is what set the bit.
+    dst.softWrap.set(src.softWrap.subarray(regionY, maxY), regionY);
+    // Fast path: contiguous memory when copying full-width rows at same stride
+    if (regionX === 0 && maxX === src.width && src.width === dst.width) {
+        const srcStart = regionY * srcStride;
+        const totalBytes = (maxY - regionY) * srcStride;
+        dstCells.set(srcCells.subarray(srcStart, srcStart + totalBytes), srcStart);
+        // noSelect is 1 byte/cell vs cells' 8 — same region, different scale
+        const nsStart = regionY * src.width;
+        const nsLen = (maxY - regionY) * src.width;
+        dstNoSel.set(srcNoSel.subarray(nsStart, nsStart + nsLen), nsStart);
+    }
+    else {
+        // Per-row copy for partial-width or mismatched-stride regions
+        let srcRowCI = regionY * srcStride + (regionX << 1);
+        let dstRowCI = regionY * dstStride + (regionX << 1);
+        let srcRowNS = regionY * src.width + regionX;
+        let dstRowNS = regionY * dst.width + regionX;
+        for (let y = regionY; y < maxY; y++) {
+            dstCells.set(srcCells.subarray(srcRowCI, srcRowCI + rowBytes), dstRowCI);
+            dstNoSel.set(srcNoSel.subarray(srcRowNS, srcRowNS + rowLen), dstRowNS);
+            srcRowCI += srcStride;
+            dstRowCI += dstStride;
+            srcRowNS += src.width;
+            dstRowNS += dst.width;
+        }
+    }
+    // Compute damage once for the whole region
+    const regionRect = {
+        x: regionX,
+        y: regionY,
+        width: rowLen,
+        height: maxY - regionY,
+    };
+    if (dst.damage) {
+        dst.damage = unionRect(dst.damage, regionRect);
+    }
+    else {
+        dst.damage = regionRect;
+    }
+    // Handle wide char at right edge: spacer might be outside blit region
+    // but still within dst bounds. Per-row check only at the boundary column.
+    if (maxX < dst.width) {
+        let srcLastCI = (regionY * src.width + (maxX - 1)) << 1;
+        let dstSpacerCI = (regionY * dst.width + maxX) << 1;
+        let wroteSpacerOutsideRegion = false;
+        for (let y = regionY; y < maxY; y++) {
+            if ((srcCells[srcLastCI + 1] & WIDTH_MASK) === 1 /* CellWidth.Wide */) {
+                dstCells[dstSpacerCI] = SPACER_CHAR_INDEX;
+                dstCells[dstSpacerCI + 1] = packWord1(dst.emptyStyleId, 0, 2 /* CellWidth.SpacerTail */);
+                wroteSpacerOutsideRegion = true;
+            }
+            srcLastCI += srcStride;
+            dstSpacerCI += dstStride;
+        }
+        // Expand damage to include SpacerTail column if we wrote any
+        if (wroteSpacerOutsideRegion && dst.damage) {
+            const rightEdge = dst.damage.x + dst.damage.width;
+            if (rightEdge === maxX) {
+                dst.damage = { ...dst.damage, width: dst.damage.width + 1 };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Bulk-clear a rectangular region of the screen.
+ * Uses BigInt64Array.fill() for fast row clears.
+ * Handles wide character boundary cleanup at region edges.
+ * @param screen - the screen to clear.
+ * @param regionX - the region's left column.
+ * @param regionY - the region's top row.
+ * @param regionWidth - the region width in cells.
+ * @param regionHeight - the region height in rows.
+ */
+export function clearRegion(screen, regionX, regionY, regionWidth, regionHeight) {
+    const startX = Math.max(0, regionX);
+    const startY = Math.max(0, regionY);
+    const maxX = Math.min(regionX + regionWidth, screen.width);
+    const maxY = Math.min(regionY + regionHeight, screen.height);
+    if (startX >= maxX || startY >= maxY)
+        return;
+    const cells = screen.cells;
+    const cells64 = screen.cells64;
+    const screenWidth = screen.width;
+    const rowBase = startY * screenWidth;
+    let damageMinX = startX;
+    let damageMaxX = maxX;
+    // EMPTY_CELL_VALUE (0n) matches the zero-initialized state:
+    // word0=EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX(0), word1=packWord1(0,0,0)=0
+    if (startX === 0 && maxX === screenWidth) {
+        // Full-width: single fill, no boundary checks needed
+        cells64.fill(EMPTY_CELL_VALUE, rowBase, rowBase + (maxY - startY) * screenWidth);
+    }
+    else {
+        // Partial-width: single loop handles boundary cleanup and fill per row.
+        const stride = screenWidth << 1; // 2 Int32s per cell
+        const rowLen = maxX - startX;
+        const checkLeft = startX > 0;
+        const checkRight = maxX < screenWidth;
+        let leftEdge = (rowBase + startX) << 1;
+        let rightEdge = (rowBase + maxX - 1) << 1;
+        let fillStart = rowBase + startX;
+        for (let y = startY; y < maxY; y++) {
+            // Left boundary: if cell at startX is a SpacerTail, the Wide char
+            // at startX-1 (outside the region) will be orphaned. Clear it.
+            if (checkLeft) {
+                // leftEdge points to word0 of cell at startX; +1 is its word1
+                if ((cells[leftEdge + 1] & WIDTH_MASK) === 2 /* CellWidth.SpacerTail */) {
+                    // word1 of cell at startX-1 is leftEdge-1; word0 is leftEdge-2
+                    const prevW1 = leftEdge - 1;
+                    if ((cells[prevW1] & WIDTH_MASK) === 1 /* CellWidth.Wide */) {
+                        cells[prevW1 - 1] = EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX;
+                        cells[prevW1] = packWord1(screen.emptyStyleId, 0, 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */);
+                        damageMinX = startX - 1;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Right boundary: if cell at maxX-1 is Wide, its SpacerTail at maxX
+            // (outside the region) will be orphaned. Clear it.
+            if (checkRight) {
+                // rightEdge points to word0 of cell at maxX-1; +1 is its word1
+                if ((cells[rightEdge + 1] & WIDTH_MASK) === 1 /* CellWidth.Wide */) {
+                    // word1 of cell at maxX is rightEdge+3 (+2 to next word0, +1 to word1)
+                    const nextW1 = rightEdge + 3;
+                    if ((cells[nextW1] & WIDTH_MASK) === 2 /* CellWidth.SpacerTail */) {
+                        cells[nextW1 - 1] = EMPTY_CHAR_INDEX;
+                        cells[nextW1] = packWord1(screen.emptyStyleId, 0, 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */);
+                        damageMaxX = maxX + 1;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            cells64.fill(EMPTY_CELL_VALUE, fillStart, fillStart + rowLen);
+            leftEdge += stride;
+            rightEdge += stride;
+            fillStart += screenWidth;
+        }
+    }
+    // Update damage once for the whole region
+    const regionRect = {
+        x: damageMinX,
+        y: startY,
+        width: damageMaxX - damageMinX,
+        height: maxY - startY,
+    };
+    if (screen.damage) {
+        screen.damage = unionRect(screen.damage, regionRect);
+    }
+    else {
+        screen.damage = regionRect;
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Shift full-width rows within [top, bottom] (inclusive, 0-indexed) by n.
+ * n > 0 shifts UP (simulating CSI n S); n < 0 shifts DOWN (CSI n T).
+ * Vacated rows are cleared. Does NOT update damage. Both cells and the
+ * noSelect bitmap are shifted so text-selection markers stay aligned when
+ * this is applied to next.screen during scroll fast path.
+ * @param screen - the screen to shift.
+ * @param top - the first row of the shifted range (inclusive).
+ * @param bottom - the last row of the shifted range (inclusive).
+ * @param n - the shift in rows; positive shifts up, negative shifts down.
+ */
+export function shiftRows(screen, top, bottom, n) {
+    if (n === 0 || top < 0 || bottom >= screen.height || top > bottom)
+        return;
+    const w = screen.width;
+    const cells64 = screen.cells64;
+    const noSel = screen.noSelect;
+    const sw = screen.softWrap;
+    const absN = Math.abs(n);
+    if (absN > bottom - top) {
+        cells64.fill(EMPTY_CELL_VALUE, top * w, (bottom + 1) * w);
+        noSel.fill(0, top * w, (bottom + 1) * w);
+        sw.fill(0, top, bottom + 1);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (n > 0) {
+        // SU: row top+n..bottom → top..bottom-n; clear bottom-n+1..bottom
+        cells64.copyWithin(top * w, (top + n) * w, (bottom + 1) * w);
+        noSel.copyWithin(top * w, (top + n) * w, (bottom + 1) * w);
+        sw.copyWithin(top, top + n, bottom + 1);
+        cells64.fill(EMPTY_CELL_VALUE, (bottom - n + 1) * w, (bottom + 1) * w);
+        noSel.fill(0, (bottom - n + 1) * w, (bottom + 1) * w);
+        sw.fill(0, bottom - n + 1, bottom + 1);
+    }
+    else {
+        // SD: row top..bottom+n → top-n..bottom; clear top..top-n-1
+        cells64.copyWithin((top - n) * w, top * w, (bottom + n + 1) * w);
+        noSel.copyWithin((top - n) * w, top * w, (bottom + n + 1) * w);
+        sw.copyWithin(top - n, top, bottom + n + 1);
+        cells64.fill(EMPTY_CELL_VALUE, top * w, (top - n) * w);
+        noSel.fill(0, top * w, (top - n) * w);
+        sw.fill(0, top, top - n);
+    }
+}
+// Matches OSC 8 ; ; URI BEL
+const OSC8_REGEX = new RegExp(`^${ESC}\\]8${SEP}${SEP}([^${BEL}]*)${BEL}$`);
+/**
+ * The OSC 8 hyperlink escape prefix (`ESC ] 8 ;`) used for cheap pre-checks
+ * before running the full OSC 8 regex.
+ */
+export const OSC8_PREFIX = `${ESC}]8${SEP}`;
+/**
+ * Extract the hyperlink URI from the first OSC 8 style in a style stack.
+ * @param styles - the ANSI code stack to scan.
+ * @returns the hyperlink URI, or null when no OSC 8 style is present.
+ */
+export function extractHyperlinkFromStyles(styles) {
+    for (const style of styles) {
+        const code = style.code;
+        if (code.length < 5 || !code.startsWith(OSC8_PREFIX))
+            continue;
+        const match = code.match(OSC8_REGEX);
+        if (match) {
+            return match[1] || null;
+        }
+    }
+    return null;
+}
+/**
+ * Return the style stack with all OSC 8 hyperlink styles removed.
+ * @param styles - the ANSI code stack to filter.
+ * @returns a new stack without hyperlink styles.
+ */
+export function filterOutHyperlinkStyles(styles) {
+    return styles.filter(style => !style.code.startsWith(OSC8_PREFIX) || !OSC8_REGEX.test(style.code));
+}
+// ---
+/**
+ * Returns an array of all changes between two screens. Used by tests.
+ * Production code should use diffEach() to avoid allocations.
+ * @param prev - the previous screen state.
+ * @param next - the next screen state.
+ * @returns one entry per changed cell: the point plus the removed and added
+ *   cell views (undefined when that side has no cell).
+ */
+export function diff(prev, next) {
+    const output = [];
+    diffEach(prev, next, (x, y, removed, added) => {
+        // Copy cells since diffEach reuses the objects
+        output.push([
+            { x, y },
+            removed ? { ...removed } : undefined,
+            added ? { ...added } : undefined,
+        ]);
+    });
+    return output;
+}
+/**
+ * Like diff(), but calls a callback for each change instead of building an array.
+ * Reuses two Cell objects to avoid per-change allocations. The callback must not
+ * retain references to the Cell objects — their contents are overwritten each call.
+ *
+ * Returns true if the callback ever returned true (early exit signal).
+ * @param prev - the previous screen state.
+ * @param next - the next screen state.
+ * @param cb - the per-change callback; returning true stops iteration.
+ * @returns true when the callback requested an early exit.
+ */
+export function diffEach(prev, next, cb) {
+    const prevWidth = prev.width;
+    const nextWidth = next.width;
+    const prevHeight = prev.height;
+    const nextHeight = next.height;
+    let region;
+    if (prevWidth === 0 && prevHeight === 0) {
+        region = { x: 0, y: 0, width: nextWidth, height: nextHeight };
+    }
+    else if (next.damage) {
+        region = next.damage;
+        if (prev.damage) {
+            region = unionRect(region, prev.damage);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (prev.damage) {
+        region = prev.damage;
+    }
+    else {
+        region = { x: 0, y: 0, width: 0, height: 0 };
+    }
+    if (prevHeight > nextHeight) {
+        region = unionRect(region, {
+            x: 0,
+            y: nextHeight,
+            width: prevWidth,
+            height: prevHeight - nextHeight,
+        });
+    }
+    if (prevWidth > nextWidth) {
+        region = unionRect(region, {
+            x: nextWidth,
+            y: 0,
+            width: prevWidth - nextWidth,
+            height: prevHeight,
+        });
+    }
+    const maxHeight = Math.max(prevHeight, nextHeight);
+    const maxWidth = Math.max(prevWidth, nextWidth);
+    const endY = Math.min(region.y + region.height, maxHeight);
+    const endX = Math.min(region.x + region.width, maxWidth);
+    if (prevWidth === nextWidth) {
+        return diffSameWidth(prev, next, region.x, endX, region.y, endY, cb);
+    }
+    return diffDifferentWidth(prev, next, region.x, endX, region.y, endY, cb);
+}
+/**
+ * Scan for the next cell that differs between two Int32Arrays.
+ * Returns the number of matching cells before the first difference,
+ * or `count` if all cells match. Tiny and pure for JIT inlining.
+ */
+function findNextDiff(a, b, w0, count) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++, w0 += 2) {
+        const w1 = w0 | 1;
+        if (a[w0] !== b[w0] || a[w1] !== b[w1])
+            return i;
+    }
+    return count;
+}
+/**
+ * Diff one row where both screens are in bounds.
+ * Scans for differences with findNextDiff, unpacks and calls cb for each.
+ */
+function diffRowBoth(prevCells, nextCells, prev, next, ci, y, startX, endX, prevCell, nextCell, cb) {
+    let x = startX;
+    while (x < endX) {
+        const skip = findNextDiff(prevCells, nextCells, ci, endX - x);
+        x += skip;
+        ci += skip << 1;
+        if (x >= endX)
+            break;
+        cellAtCI(prev, ci, prevCell);
+        cellAtCI(next, ci, nextCell);
+        if (cb(x, y, prevCell, nextCell))
+            return true;
+        x++;
+        ci += 2;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+/**
+ * Emit removals for a row that only exists in prev (height shrank).
+ * Cannot skip empty cells — the terminal still has content from the
+ * previous frame that needs to be cleared.
+ */
+function diffRowRemoved(prev, ci, y, startX, endX, prevCell, cb) {
+    for (let x = startX; x < endX; x++, ci += 2) {
+        cellAtCI(prev, ci, prevCell);
+        if (cb(x, y, prevCell, undefined))
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+/**
+ * Emit additions for a row that only exists in next (height grew).
+ * Skips empty/unwritten cells.
+ */
+function diffRowAdded(nextCells, next, ci, y, startX, endX, nextCell, cb) {
+    for (let x = startX; x < endX; x++, ci += 2) {
+        if (nextCells[ci] === 0 && nextCells[ci | 1] === 0)
+            continue;
+        cellAtCI(next, ci, nextCell);
+        if (cb(x, y, undefined, nextCell))
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+/**
+ * Diff two screens with identical width.
+ * Dispatches each row to a small, JIT-friendly function.
+ */
+function diffSameWidth(prev, next, startX, endX, startY, endY, cb) {
+    const prevCells = prev.cells;
+    const nextCells = next.cells;
+    const width = prev.width;
+    const prevHeight = prev.height;
+    const nextHeight = next.height;
+    const stride = width << 1;
+    const prevCell = {
+        char: ' ',
+        styleId: 0,
+        width: 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */,
+        hyperlink: undefined,
+    };
+    const nextCell = {
+        char: ' ',
+        styleId: 0,
+        width: 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */,
+        hyperlink: undefined,
+    };
+    const rowEndX = Math.min(endX, width);
+    let rowCI = (startY * width + startX) << 1;
+    for (let y = startY; y < endY; y++) {
+        const prevIn = y < prevHeight;
+        const nextIn = y < nextHeight;
+        if (prevIn && nextIn) {
+            if (diffRowBoth(prevCells, nextCells, prev, next, rowCI, y, startX, rowEndX, prevCell, nextCell, cb))
+                return true;
+        }
+        else if (prevIn) {
+            if (diffRowRemoved(prev, rowCI, y, startX, rowEndX, prevCell, cb))
+                return true;
+        }
+        else if (nextIn) {
+            if (diffRowAdded(nextCells, next, rowCI, y, startX, rowEndX, nextCell, cb))
+                return true;
+        }
+        rowCI += stride;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+/**
+ * Fallback: diff two screens with different widths (resize).
+ * Separate indices for prev and next cells arrays.
+ */
+function diffDifferentWidth(prev, next, startX, endX, startY, endY, cb) {
+    const prevWidth = prev.width;
+    const nextWidth = next.width;
+    const prevCells = prev.cells;
+    const nextCells = next.cells;
+    const prevCell = {
+        char: ' ',
+        styleId: 0,
+        width: 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */,
+        hyperlink: undefined,
+    };
+    const nextCell = {
+        char: ' ',
+        styleId: 0,
+        width: 0 /* CellWidth.Narrow */,
+        hyperlink: undefined,
+    };
+    const prevStride = prevWidth << 1;
+    const nextStride = nextWidth << 1;
+    let prevRowCI = (startY * prevWidth + startX) << 1;
+    let nextRowCI = (startY * nextWidth + startX) << 1;
+    for (let y = startY; y < endY; y++) {
+        const prevIn = y < prev.height;
+        const nextIn = y < next.height;
+        const prevEndX = prevIn ? Math.min(endX, prevWidth) : startX;
+        const nextEndX = nextIn ? Math.min(endX, nextWidth) : startX;
+        const bothEndX = Math.min(prevEndX, nextEndX);
+        let prevCI = prevRowCI;
+        let nextCI = nextRowCI;
+        for (let x = startX; x < bothEndX; x++) {
+            if (prevCells[prevCI] === nextCells[nextCI] &&
+                prevCells[prevCI + 1] === nextCells[nextCI + 1]) {
+                prevCI += 2;
+                nextCI += 2;
+                continue;
+            }
+            cellAtCI(prev, prevCI, prevCell);
+            cellAtCI(next, nextCI, nextCell);
+            prevCI += 2;
+            nextCI += 2;
+            if (cb(x, y, prevCell, nextCell))
+                return true;
+        }
+        if (prevEndX > bothEndX) {
+            prevCI = prevRowCI + ((bothEndX - startX) << 1);
+            for (let x = bothEndX; x < prevEndX; x++) {
+                cellAtCI(prev, prevCI, prevCell);
+                prevCI += 2;
+                if (cb(x, y, prevCell, undefined))
+                    return true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (nextEndX > bothEndX) {
+            nextCI = nextRowCI + ((bothEndX - startX) << 1);
+            for (let x = bothEndX; x < nextEndX; x++) {
+                if (nextCells[nextCI] === 0 && nextCells[nextCI | 1] === 0) {
+                    nextCI += 2;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                cellAtCI(next, nextCI, nextCell);
+                nextCI += 2;
+                if (cb(x, y, undefined, nextCell))
+                    return true;
+            }
+        }
+        prevRowCI += prevStride;
+        nextRowCI += nextStride;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+/**
+ * Mark a rectangular region as noSelect (exclude from text selection).
+ * Clamps to screen bounds. Called from output.ts when a <NoSelect> box
+ * renders. No damage tracking — noSelect doesn't affect terminal output,
+ * only getSelectedText/applySelectionOverlay which read it directly.
+ * @param screen - the screen to update.
+ * @param x - the region's left column.
+ * @param y - the region's top row.
+ * @param width - the region width in cells.
+ * @param height - the region height in rows.
+ */
+export function markNoSelectRegion(screen, x, y, width, height) {
+    const maxX = Math.min(x + width, screen.width);
+    const maxY = Math.min(y + height, screen.height);
+    const noSel = screen.noSelect;
+    const stride = screen.width;
+    for (let row = Math.max(0, y); row < maxY; row++) {
+        const rowStart = row * stride;
+        noSel.fill(1, rowStart + Math.max(0, x), rowStart + maxX);
+    }
+}