@cyanheads/pubmed-mcp-server 2.10.10 → 2.10.11

package/dist/services/ncbi/formatting/citation-formatter.js

@@ -4,22 +4,90 @@
  * Pure TypeScript, zero dependencies, Workers-compatible.
  * @module src/services/ncbi/formatting/citation-formatter
  */
+/**
+ * Whether a record cites a book rather than a journal article. Dispatch is on
+ * `recordType`, never on `publicationTypes`: a Bookshelf record's publication
+ * type is `Review` or `Study Guide`, so type strings cannot tell the two apart.
+ */
+function isBookRecord(article) {
+    return article.recordType !== 'journal-article' && article.book !== undefined;
+}
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 /**
  * Extract the publication year from a ParsedArticle.
- * Prefers `journalInfo.publicationDate.year`; falls back to the earliest
- * `articleDates` entry (typically the electronic pub date) before giving up.
- * Returns 'n.d.' (no date) when no year is available.
+ * Prefers `journalInfo.publicationDate.year`, then the containing book's own
+ * date, then the earliest `articleDates` entry (for a book, its contribution
+ * date) before giving up. Returns 'n.d.' (no date) when no year is available.
  */
 function getYear(article) {
     const journalYear = article.journalInfo?.publicationDate?.year;
     if (journalYear)
         return journalYear;
+    const bookYear = article.book?.pubDate ?? article.book?.beginningDate ?? article.book?.endingDate;
+    if (bookYear)
+        return bookYear;
     const articleYear = article.articleDates?.find((d) => d.year)?.year;
     return articleYear ?? 'n.d.';
 }
+/**
+ * The date NLM prints for a book: a closed range for a book published over
+ * several years (`1993-2026`), otherwise the single publication year.
+ */
+function bookDateSpan(book) {
+    if (book.beginningDate && book.endingDate && book.beginningDate !== book.endingDate) {
+        return `${book.beginningDate}-${book.endingDate}`;
+    }
+    return book.pubDate ?? book.beginningDate ?? book.endingDate;
+}
+/** `Place: Publisher`, or whichever half the record carries. */
+function bookImprint(book) {
+    if (book.publisherLocation && book.publisher) {
+        return `${book.publisherLocation}: ${book.publisher}`;
+    }
+    return book.publisher ?? book.publisherLocation;
+}
+/** Where the book is readable — the NCBI Bookshelf permalink. */
+function bookshelfUrl(book) {
+    return book.accession ? `https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/${book.accession}/` : undefined;
+}
+/**
+ * The DOI a citation may carry — the record's own, and on a whole book the
+ * book-level `Book/ELocationID` as a fallback. A chapter never inherits the
+ * containing book's DOI: that identifier resolves to the book, so citing a
+ * chapter with it points a reader at the wrong work. (#114)
+ */
+function citableDoi(article) {
+    if (article.doi)
+        return article.doi;
+    return article.recordType === 'book' ? article.book?.doi : undefined;
+}
+/**
+ * The access URL for a book citation: the DOI when the record has one — APA and
+ * most style guides prefer it — and the Bookshelf permalink otherwise.
+ */
+function bookAccessUrl(article) {
+    const doi = citableDoi(article);
+    return doi ? `https://doi.org/${doi}` : bookshelfUrl(article.book);
+}
+/** Book title with its medium marker, e.g. `GeneReviews® [Internet]`. */
+function bookTitleWithMedium(book) {
+    if (!book.title)
+        return;
+    return book.medium ? `${book.title} [${book.medium}]` : book.title;
+}
+/** Strip a single trailing period so the caller can add its own. */
+function stripTrailingPeriod(text) {
+    return text.replace(/\.\s*$/, '');
+}
+/**
+ * End a segment with exactly one period. An author list already closing on
+ * "et al." or on an initial keeps the period it has rather than gaining a second.
+ */
+function terminate(text) {
+    return text.endsWith('.') ? text : `${text}.`;
+}
 /**
  * Split a pages string like "45-67" into start and end components.
  * Handles en-dashes, em-dashes, and hyphens. Expands PubMed's truncated-end
@@ -38,6 +106,19 @@ function splitPages(pages) {
         return { start, end };
     return start ? { start } : {};
 }
+/**
+ * The electronic article locator that stands in for a page range, or undefined.
+ *
+ * Returns a value only when the record carries no pagination. Publishers that
+ * report the article number as both `Pagination` and `ELocationID` (PLoS ONE,
+ * Scientific Reports) are already covered by the `pages` rendering, and printing
+ * both would duplicate the number in every style.
+ */
+function articleLocator(journal) {
+    if (journal?.pages)
+        return;
+    return journal?.elocationId || undefined;
+}
 /**
  * Collapse internal whitespace (including embedded newlines from structured
  * abstracts) to single spaces. Strict RIS parsers treat blank lines as record
@@ -46,16 +127,18 @@ function splitPages(pages) {
 function collapseWhitespace(text) {
     return text.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
 }
-/** PubMed `PublicationType` → BibTeX entry type. Defaults to `article`. */
+/**
+ * PubMed `PublicationType` → BibTeX entry type. Defaults to `article`.
+ * Book records never reach this map — they dispatch on `recordType` instead,
+ * because PubMed labels a Bookshelf record `Review` or `Study Guide`.
+ */
 const BIBTEX_ENTRY_TYPE = {
     Book: 'book',
-    'Book Chapter': 'inbook',
     Preprint: 'misc',
 };
 /** PubMed `PublicationType` → RIS reference type. Defaults to `JOUR`. */
 const RIS_REFERENCE_TYPE = {
     Book: 'BOOK',
-    'Book Chapter': 'CHAP',
     Preprint: 'GEN',
 };
 function firstMappedType(types, map, fallback) {
@@ -203,13 +286,86 @@ function formatAuthorBibtex(author) {
  * Authors (Year). Title. *Journal*, *Volume*(Issue), Pages. https://doi.org/DOI
  * ```
  */
+/**
+ * Format an editor in APA's "In E. E. Editor (Ed.)," position: initials first,
+ * surname last — the inverse of the author position.
+ */
+function formatEditorApa(editor) {
+    if (editor.collectiveName)
+        return editor.collectiveName;
+    const initialsSource = editor.initials ??
+        editor.firstName
+            ?.split(/[\s-]+/)
+            .filter(Boolean)
+            .map((part) => part[0])
+            .join('');
+    const initials = initialsSource
+        ? Array.from(initialsSource.replace(/[^\p{L}]/gu, ''))
+            .map((c) => `${c}.`)
+            .join(' ')
+        : '';
+    return [initials, editor.lastName].filter(Boolean).join(' ');
+}
+/** APA editor list: comma-separated, `& ` before the last name. */
+function formatEditorsApa(editors) {
+    const names = editors.map(formatEditorApa).filter(Boolean);
+    if (names.length === 0)
+        return '';
+    if (names.length === 1)
+        return names[0] ?? '';
+    return `${names.slice(0, -1).join(', ')}, & ${names.at(-1)}`;
+}
+/**
+ * Format a Bookshelf record as an APA 7th edition citation.
+ *
+ * Chapter in an edited book (APA 7 §10.3):
+ * ```
+ * Authors (Year). Chapter title. In E. Editor (Ed.), *Book title*. Publisher. URL
+ * ```
+ * A whole-book record drops the `In …` clause and italicizes its own title.
+ */
+function formatApaBook(article) {
+    const { book } = article;
+    const parts = [];
+    const authorStr = article.authors?.length ? formatAuthorsApa(article.authors) : '';
+    if (authorStr) {
+        parts.push(terminate(authorStr));
+    }
+    else if (article.recordType === 'book' && book.editors?.length) {
+        // APA 7: an edited book with no authors of its own is cited from the editor
+        // position — `Last, F. M. (Ed.).` — rather than opening on the year.
+        parts.push(`${formatAuthorsApa(book.editors)} (${book.editors.length > 1 ? 'Eds.' : 'Ed.'}).`);
+    }
+    parts.push(`(${getYear(article)}).`);
+    if (article.recordType === 'book-chapter') {
+        if (article.title)
+            parts.push(`${stripTrailingPeriod(article.title)}.`);
+        const editorStr = book.editors?.length ? formatEditorsApa(book.editors) : '';
+        const editorLabel = (book.editors?.length ?? 0) > 1 ? 'Eds.' : 'Ed.';
+        const container = book.title ? `*${stripTrailingPeriod(book.title)}*` : '';
+        if (container) {
+            parts.push(editorStr ? `In ${editorStr} (${editorLabel}), ${container}.` : `In ${container}.`);
+        }
+    }
+    else if (book.title) {
+        parts.push(`*${stripTrailingPeriod(book.title)}*.`);
+    }
+    if (book.publisher)
+        parts.push(`${book.publisher}.`);
+    const url = bookAccessUrl(article);
+    if (url)
+        parts.push(url);
+    return parts.join(' ');
+}
 export function formatApa(article) {
+    if (isBookRecord(article))
+        return formatApaBook(article);
     const parts = [];
     // Authors — ensure trailing period (individual author initials end with '.',
     // but collective names do not, which would otherwise produce "Name (Year).")
     const authorStr = article.authors?.length ? formatAuthorsApa(article.authors) : '';
     if (authorStr) {
-        parts.push(authorStr.endsWith('.') ? authorStr : `${authorStr}.`);
+        parts.push(terminate(authorStr));
     }
     // Year
     const year = getYear(article);
@@ -217,7 +373,7 @@ export function formatApa(article) {
     // Title — use as-is from PubMed (sentence case already assumed)
     if (article.title) {
         // Strip trailing period from title if present; we add our own
-        const title = article.title.replace(/\.\s*$/, '');
+        const title = stripTrailingPeriod(article.title);
         parts.push(`${title}.`);
     }
     // Journal, volume, issue, pages
@@ -233,6 +389,12 @@ export function formatApa(article) {
         if (journal.pages) {
             journalPart += `, ${journal.pages}`;
         }
+        else {
+            // APA 7 p. 294-295: an article number takes the page range's place
+            const locator = articleLocator(journal);
+            if (locator)
+                journalPart += `, Article ${locator}`;
+        }
         journalPart += '.';
         parts.push(journalPart);
     }
@@ -253,17 +415,68 @@ export function formatApa(article) {
  * Last, First, et al. "Title." *Journal*, vol. 12, no. 3, 2024, pp. 45-67. DOI.
  * ```
  */
+/** MLA renders editors first-name-first after `edited by`. */
+function formatEditorsMla(editors) {
+    const names = editors
+        .map((editor) => editor.collectiveName
+        ? editor.collectiveName
+        : [editor.firstName, editor.lastName].filter(Boolean).join(' '))
+        .filter(Boolean);
+    if (names.length === 0)
+        return '';
+    if (names.length === 1)
+        return names[0] ?? '';
+    if (names.length === 2)
+        return `${names[0]} and ${names[1]}`;
+    return `${names[0]}, et al.`;
+}
+/**
+ * Format a Bookshelf record as an MLA 9th edition citation.
+ *
+ * ```
+ * Author. "Chapter Title." *Book Title*, edited by E. Editor, Publisher, Year.
+ * ```
+ * A whole-book record italicizes its own title in place of the quoted chapter.
+ */
+function formatMlaBook(article) {
+    const { book } = article;
+    const parts = [];
+    const authorStr = article.authors?.length ? formatAuthorsMla(article.authors) : '';
+    if (authorStr)
+        parts.push(terminate(authorStr));
+    if (article.recordType === 'book-chapter' && article.title) {
+        parts.push(`"${stripTrailingPeriod(article.title)}."`);
+    }
+    const detailParts = [];
+    if (book.title)
+        detailParts.push(`*${stripTrailingPeriod(book.title)}*`);
+    const editorStr = book.editors?.length ? formatEditorsMla(book.editors) : '';
+    if (editorStr)
+        detailParts.push(`edited by ${editorStr}`);
+    if (book.edition)
+        detailParts.push(book.edition);
+    if (book.publisher)
+        detailParts.push(book.publisher);
+    const year = getYear(article);
+    if (year !== 'n.d.')
+        detailParts.push(year);
+    if (detailParts.length)
+        parts.push(`${detailParts.join(', ')}.`);
+    return parts.join(' ');
+}
 export function formatMla(article) {
+    if (isBookRecord(article))
+        return formatMlaBook(article);
     const parts = [];
     // Authors
     const authorStr = article.authors?.length ? formatAuthorsMla(article.authors) : '';
     if (authorStr) {
         // Ensure author string ends with period
-        parts.push(authorStr.endsWith('.') ? authorStr : `${authorStr}.`);
+        parts.push(terminate(authorStr));
     }
     // Title in quotes
     if (article.title) {
-        const title = article.title.replace(/\.\s*$/, '');
+        const title = stripTrailingPeriod(article.title);
         parts.push(`"${title}."`);
     }
     // Journal and publication details
@@ -286,6 +499,13 @@ export function formatMla(article) {
             const isRange = /[-\u2013\u2014]/.test(journal.pages);
             detailParts.push(`${isRange ? 'pp.' : 'p.'} ${journal.pages}`);
         }
+        else {
+            // MLA 9 codifies no article-number form; citation guides converge on
+            // "art. <value>" in the page position.
+            const locator = articleLocator(journal);
+            if (locator)
+                detailParts.push(`art. ${locator}`);
+        }
         parts.push(`${detailParts.join(', ')}.`);
     }
     // DOI
@@ -312,7 +532,15 @@ export function formatMla(article) {
  */
 export function formatBibtex(article) {
     const key = `pmid${article.pmid}`;
-    const entryType = firstMappedType(article.publicationTypes, BIBTEX_ENTRY_TYPE, 'article');
+    const book = isBookRecord(article) ? article.book : undefined;
+    // `@incollection` is a chapter in a book gathered from several contributors;
+    // `@inbook` is a part attributed to the book's own author, which a Bookshelf
+    // chapter is not. A whole-book record is plainly `@book`.
+    const entryType = book
+        ? article.recordType === 'book'
+            ? 'book'
+            : 'incollection'
+        : firstMappedType(article.publicationTypes, BIBTEX_ENTRY_TYPE, 'article');
     const fields = [];
     // Authors
     if (article.authors?.length) {
@@ -320,16 +548,34 @@ export function formatBibtex(article) {
         if (authorStr)
             fields.push(['author', authorStr]);
     }
-    // Title — strip trailing period; biblatex styles append their own
-    if (article.title) {
-        const title = article.title.replace(/\.\s*$/, '');
-        fields.push(['title', `{${escapeBibtex(title)}}`]);
+    // Title — strip trailing period; biblatex styles append their own.
+    // A whole-book record's own title is the book title, so it is not repeated
+    // as a `booktitle` below.
+    const title = book && article.recordType === 'book' ? book.title : article.title;
+    if (title) {
+        fields.push(['title', `{${escapeBibtex(stripTrailingPeriod(title))}}`]);
     }
-    // Journal
+    // Container — the journal, or the book a chapter sits in
     const journal = article.journalInfo;
     if (journal?.title) {
         fields.push(['journal', escapeBibtex(journal.title)]);
     }
+    if (book && article.recordType === 'book-chapter' && book.title) {
+        fields.push(['booktitle', escapeBibtex(book.title)]);
+    }
+    if (book?.editors?.length) {
+        const editorStr = book.editors.map(formatAuthorBibtex).filter(Boolean).join(' and ');
+        if (editorStr)
+            fields.push(['editor', editorStr]);
+    }
+    if (book?.publisher)
+        fields.push(['publisher', escapeBibtex(book.publisher)]);
+    if (book?.publisherLocation)
+        fields.push(['address', escapeBibtex(book.publisherLocation)]);
+    if (book?.edition)
+        fields.push(['edition', escapeBibtex(book.edition)]);
+    if (book?.collectionTitle)
+        fields.push(['series', escapeBibtex(book.collectionTitle)]);
     // Year
     const year = getYear(article);
     if (year !== 'n.d.') {
@@ -343,18 +589,30 @@ export function formatBibtex(article) {
     if (journal?.issue) {
         fields.push(['number', escapeBibtex(journal.issue)]);
     }
-    // Pages
+    // Pages — or, with no pagination, biblatex's `eid` for the article number.
+    // Classic BibTeX has no article-number field and overloading `pages` is
+    // imprecise; `eid` is broadly supported (acmart included).
     if (journal?.pages) {
         fields.push(['pages', escapeBibtex(journal.pages)]);
     }
-    // ISSN
+    else if (!book) {
+        const locator = articleLocator(journal);
+        if (locator)
+            fields.push(['eid', escapeBibtex(locator)]);
+    }
+    // ISSN, or a book's ISBNs — a book commonly carries a print and an
+    // electronic one, and dropping either loses a real identifier
     const issn = journal?.issn ?? journal?.eIssn;
     if (issn) {
         fields.push(['issn', escapeBibtex(issn)]);
     }
+    if (book?.isbns?.length) {
+        fields.push(['isbn', book.isbns.map(escapeBibtex).join(', ')]);
+    }
     // DOI
-    if (article.doi) {
-        fields.push(['doi', article.doi]);
+    const doi = citableDoi(article);
+    if (doi) {
+        fields.push(['doi', doi]);
     }
     // PMID
     fields.push(['pmid', article.pmid]);
@@ -362,6 +620,12 @@ export function formatBibtex(article) {
     if (article.pmcId) {
         fields.push(['pmcid', article.pmcId]);
     }
+    // Bookshelf permalink — where the book is actually readable
+    if (book) {
+        const url = bookshelfUrl(book);
+        if (url)
+            fields.push(['url', url]);
+    }
     // Keywords — merge article keywords with MeSH descriptor names
     const keywordSet = new Set();
     for (const k of article.keywords ?? [])
@@ -397,8 +661,13 @@ export function formatRis(article) {
         if (value)
             lines.push(`${code}  - ${value}`);
     };
-    // Type of reference — map from PubMed publication types
-    const refType = firstMappedType(article.publicationTypes, RIS_REFERENCE_TYPE, 'JOUR');
+    const book = isBookRecord(article) ? article.book : undefined;
+    // Type of reference — the record type for a book, else the publication types
+    const refType = book
+        ? article.recordType === 'book'
+            ? 'BOOK'
+            : 'CHAP'
+        : firstMappedType(article.publicationTypes, RIS_REFERENCE_TYPE, 'JOUR');
     lines.push(`TY  - ${refType}`);
     // Authors — one AU tag per author
     if (article.authors?.length) {
@@ -417,7 +686,8 @@ export function formatRis(article) {
     }
     // Title
     tag('TI', article.title);
-    // Journal
+    // Container — the journal, or the book a chapter sits in. `BT` is the book
+    // title; on a whole-book record it would only repeat `TI`, so it is omitted.
     const journal = article.journalInfo;
     if (journal?.title) {
         tag('JF', journal.title);
@@ -425,6 +695,22 @@ export function formatRis(article) {
     if (journal?.isoAbbreviation) {
         tag('JO', journal.isoAbbreviation);
     }
+    if (book) {
+        if (article.recordType === 'book-chapter')
+            tag('BT', book.title);
+        for (const editor of book.editors ?? []) {
+            const last = editor.lastName ?? '';
+            const first = editor.firstName ?? '';
+            if (editor.collectiveName)
+                tag('A2', editor.collectiveName);
+            else if (last || first)
+                tag('A2', first ? `${last}, ${first}` : last);
+        }
+        tag('PB', book.publisher);
+        tag('CY', book.publisherLocation);
+        tag('ET', book.edition);
+        tag('T3', book.collectionTitle);
+    }
     // Year
     const year = getYear(article);
     if (year !== 'n.d.') {
@@ -433,16 +719,24 @@ export function formatRis(article) {
     // Volume & Issue
     tag('VL', journal?.volume);
     tag('IS', journal?.issue);
-    // Pages — split into start/end, expanding PubMed's truncated-end convention
+    // Pages — split into start/end, expanding PubMed's truncated-end convention.
+    // With no pagination, the article number goes on `C7` (the attested RIS
+    // convention for Article Number), never on SP/EP, which hold absolute pages.
     if (journal?.pages) {
         const { start, end } = splitPages(journal.pages);
         tag('SP', start);
         tag('EP', end);
     }
-    // ISSN — prefer print ISSN, fall back to electronic
+    else if (!book) {
+        tag('C7', articleLocator(journal));
+    }
+    // SN carries the ISSN for a serial and the ISBN for a book; a book with both
+    // a print and an electronic ISBN gets one line each.
     tag('SN', journal?.issn ?? journal?.eIssn);
+    for (const isbn of book?.isbns ?? [])
+        tag('SN', isbn);
     // DOI (without URL prefix — RIS DO tag holds the bare DOI)
-    tag('DO', article.doi);
+    tag('DO', citableDoi(article));
     // Accession number (PMID)
     tag('AN', article.pmid);
     // PubMed URL
@@ -451,6 +745,12 @@ export function formatRis(article) {
     if (article.pmcId) {
         lines.push(`UR  - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/${article.pmcId}/`);
     }
+    // Bookshelf URL — where a book record is actually readable
+    if (book) {
+        const url = bookshelfUrl(book);
+        if (url)
+            lines.push(`UR  - ${url}`);
+    }
     // Keywords — merge article keywords with MeSH descriptor names
     const keywordSet = new Set();
     for (const k of article.keywords ?? [])
@@ -525,24 +825,67 @@ function formatAuthorsVancouver(authors) {
  * ```
  * Journal name uses the NLM/ISO abbreviation when available; pages are used as
  * PubMed supplies them (often elided, e.g. "583-9"); the DOI carries no trailing
- * period so it stays copy-pasteable.
+ * period so it stays copy-pasteable. An article number replaces nothing — with
+ * no pagination it trails the source as an NLM note (`. pii: 2400512.`).
  */
+/**
+ * Format a Bookshelf record as a Vancouver (NLM) reference, following *Citing
+ * Medicine* 2e Ch. 22 §C, Contributions to Books on the Internet:
+ * ```
+ * Authors. Chapter title. In: Editors, editors. Book title [Internet].
+ * Place: Publisher; date. Available from: URL
+ * ```
+ * A whole-book record drops the contribution and the `In:`, taking the book
+ * title as its own. `[cited …]` and the extent (`[about 41 p.]`) are part of the
+ * NLM pattern but neither is derivable from an EFetch record, so both are
+ * omitted rather than invented. Editors stand in for absent authors on a whole
+ * book, which is the NLM form for an edited work.
+ */
+function formatVancouverBook(article) {
+    const { book } = article;
+    const segments = [];
+    const authorStr = article.authors?.length ? formatAuthorsVancouver(article.authors) : '';
+    const editorStr = book.editors?.length ? formatAuthorsVancouver(book.editors) : '';
+    if (authorStr)
+        segments.push(terminate(authorStr));
+    if (article.recordType === 'book-chapter') {
+        if (article.title)
+            segments.push(`${stripTrailingPeriod(article.title)}.`);
+        segments.push(editorStr ? `In: ${editorStr}, editors.` : 'In:');
+    }
+    else if (!authorStr && editorStr) {
+        segments.push(`${editorStr}, editors.`);
+    }
+    const container = bookTitleWithMedium(book);
+    if (container)
+        segments.push(`${stripTrailingPeriod(container)}.`);
+    const source = [bookImprint(book), bookDateSpan(book)].filter(Boolean).join('; ');
+    if (source)
+        segments.push(`${source}.`);
+    // No trailing period — it would be read as part of the URL
+    const url = bookshelfUrl(book);
+    if (url)
+        segments.push(`Available from: ${url}`);
+    return segments.join(' ');
+}
 export function formatVancouver(article) {
+    if (isBookRecord(article))
+        return formatVancouverBook(article);
     const segments = [];
     // Authors — terminate with a period unless the list already ends in "et al."
     const authorStr = article.authors?.length ? formatAuthorsVancouver(article.authors) : '';
     if (authorStr) {
-        segments.push(authorStr.endsWith('.') ? authorStr : `${authorStr}.`);
+        segments.push(terminate(authorStr));
     }
     // Title — sentence case as supplied, single terminating period
     if (article.title) {
-        segments.push(`${article.title.replace(/\.\s*$/, '')}.`);
+        segments.push(`${stripTrailingPeriod(article.title)}.`);
     }
     // Journal — NLM/ISO abbreviation preferred, full title as fallback
     const journal = article.journalInfo;
     const journalName = journal?.isoAbbreviation ?? journal?.title;
     if (journalName) {
-        segments.push(`${journalName.replace(/\.\s*$/, '')}.`);
+        segments.push(`${stripTrailingPeriod(journalName)}.`);
     }
     // Source — "Year;Volume(Issue):Pages."
     const year = getYear(article);
@@ -559,6 +902,14 @@ export function formatVancouver(article) {
     }
     if (source)
         segments.push(`${source}.`);
+    // Article number — NLM's note form for a publisher locator that is not
+    // pagination ("Euro Surveill. 2008 May 8;13(19). pii: 18863."): a trailing
+    // note after Year;Volume(Issue), never inside the colon slot.
+    const locator = articleLocator(journal);
+    if (locator) {
+        const label = journal?.elocationIdType;
+        segments.push(label ? `${label}: ${locator}.` : `${locator}.`);
+    }
     // DOI — NLM "doi: <doi>" form; no trailing period (would corrupt the DOI)
     if (article.doi) {
         segments.push(`doi: ${article.doi}`);