@clickzetta/cz-cli-darwin-x64 0.3.1

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Files changed (1243) hide show
  1. package/bin/cz-cli +0 -0
  2. package/bin/skills/cz-cli/SKILL.md +58 -0
  3. package/bin/skills/cz-cli/references/profile-setup.md +88 -0
  4. package/bin/skills/cz-cli-inner/SKILL.md +96 -0
  5. package/bin/skills/dt-creator/SKILL.md +15 -0
  6. package/bin/skills/dt-creator/references/dt-declaration-strategy.md +185 -0
  7. package/bin/skills/dt-creator/references/incremental-config-reference.md +429 -0
  8. package/bin/skills/dt-creator/references/refresh-history-guide.md +268 -0
  9. package/bin/skills/dt-creator/references/sql-limitations.md +80 -0
  10. package/bin/skills/dynamic-table-alter/SKILL.md +190 -0
  11. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/SKILL.md +107 -0
  12. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/.gitattributes +1 -0
  13. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/.gitlab-ci.yml +11 -0
  14. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/702bc8f656.md +387 -0
  15. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/774c65e217.md +136 -0
  16. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/9164fed65a.md +1 -0
  17. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/AIGateway.md +3 -0
  18. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/AI_COMPLETE.md +157 -0
  19. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/AI_EMBEDDING.md +70 -0
  20. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/AI_Gateway.md +255 -0
  21. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/AI_eco.md +1 -0
  22. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/AI_function_in_SQL.md +25 -0
  23. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/AI_function_overview.md +25 -0
  24. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ALTER-EXTERNAL-TABLE.md +78 -0
  25. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ALTER-SCHEMA.md +85 -0
  26. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ALTER-TABLE-COLUMN.md +223 -0
  27. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ALTERTABLE.md +92 -0
  28. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ARRAY.md +99 -0
  29. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Account.md +2 -0
  30. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Analysis.md +1 -0
  31. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/AnalyticsModernDataStack.md +390 -0
  32. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Application_list.md +26 -0
  33. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Approval.md +1 -0
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  35. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/BIGINT.md +49 -0
  36. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/BINARY.md +104 -0
  37. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/BOOLEAN.md +47 -0
  38. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/BP_AI_Function_Image2text.md +203 -0
  39. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/BluepipeOracleLakehouse_DataSync.md +244 -0
  40. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CHAR.md +38 -0
  41. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CONNECTION.md +1 -0
  42. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/COPY-INTO-Location.md +404 -0
  43. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/COPY_INTO_Location.md +371 -0
  44. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CREAREUSER.md +42 -0
  45. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CREATE-BLOOMFILTER-INDEX.md +138 -0
  46. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CREATECONNECTION.md +11 -0
  47. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CREATEEXTERNAlLSCHEMA.md +290 -0
  48. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CREATEMATERIALIZEDVIEW.md +518 -0
  49. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CREATEROLE.md +71 -0
  50. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CREATESCHEMA.md +40 -0
  51. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CREATEVIEW.md +63 -0
  52. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CREATE_EXTERNATL_FUNCTION.md +219 -0
  53. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CTERevenueCohort.md +275 -0
  54. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ComputeResourceDDL.md +1 -0
  55. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Concepts.md +1 -0
  56. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Create_Embeding_Function.md +236 -0
  57. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Create_LLM_Function.md +242 -0
  58. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/CreditScoringwithZettaparkandPythonMLlibraryNew.md +873 -0
  59. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DATE.md +50 -0
  60. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DDL.md +1 -0
  61. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DECIMAL.md +27 -0
  62. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DELETE.md +48 -0
  63. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DESC-INDEX.md +41 -0
  64. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DESC-JOB.md +31 -0
  65. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DESCCONNECTION.md +39 -0
  66. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DESCMATERIALIZEDVIEW.md +31 -0
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  71. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DQL.md +1 -0
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  73. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DROPCONNECTION.md +32 -0
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  80. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataQuality.md +99 -0
  81. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSourceConfigGuide.md +1 -0
  82. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_ADBMySQL.md +35 -0
  83. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_ADB_PostgreSQL.md +36 -0
  84. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_AMQP.md +37 -0
  85. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Amazon_DocumentDB.md +115 -0
  86. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Amazon_OpenSearch.md +42 -0
  87. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Aurora_MySQL.md +35 -0
  88. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Aurora_PostgreSQL.md +36 -0
  89. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_AutoMQ.md +124 -0
  90. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_COS.md +31 -0
  91. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_ClickHouse.md +36 -0
  92. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_DB2.md +36 -0
  93. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_DM.md +35 -0
  94. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Databricks.md +38 -0
  95. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Doris.md +34 -0
  96. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_DynamoDB.md +37 -0
  97. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_ElasticSearch.md +30 -0
  98. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Greenplum.md +36 -0
  99. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_HANA.md +53 -0
  100. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_HBase.md +29 -0
  101. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Hive.md +52 -0
  102. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Hologres.md +36 -0
  103. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Kafka.md +32 -0
  104. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_MariaDB.md +36 -0
  105. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_MaxCompute.md +32 -0
  106. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_MongoDB.md +36 -0
  107. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_MySQL.md +36 -0
  108. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_OSS.md +31 -0
  109. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Oracle.md +35 -0
  110. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_PorarDB.md +37 -0
  111. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_PostgreSQL.md +36 -0
  112. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Redis.md +55 -0
  113. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_Redshift.md +49 -0
  114. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_RestApi.md +30 -0
  115. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_S3.md +25 -0
  116. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_SLS.md +31 -0
  117. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_StarRocks.md +35 -0
  118. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/DataSource_TiDB.md +36 -0
  119. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Datalake_StorageConnection.md +12 -0
  120. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Datasource_SQLServer.md +36 -0
  121. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Datus_Lakehouse_Integrated_Guide.md +3 -0
  122. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Datus_Lakehouse_MCPServer.md +111 -0
  123. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Dify_Integreated_with_LakehouseMCPServer.md +71 -0
  124. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ELTModernDataStack.md +497 -0
  125. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ELT_practice.md +1 -0
  126. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/EXPLAIN.md +92 -0
  127. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/EXTERNALFUNCITON.md +1 -0
  128. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/EXTERNALFUNCTION.md +0 -0
  129. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/EXTERNALFUNCTION/345/274/200/345/217/221/346/214/207/345/215/227.md +142 -0
  130. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/EXTERNALSCHEMA.md +1 -0
  131. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/EXTERNALSCHMEA.md +94 -0
  132. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ExternalFunctionDevGuideJava.md +556 -0
  133. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/FLOAT.md +33 -0
  134. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/FeatureEngineeringForExpandingCustomerFeatureswithZettapark.md +427 -0
  135. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/FileCommand.md +1 -0
  136. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/FileFunction.md +1 -0
  137. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/FineBI.md +195 -0
  138. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Full_Text_Search.md +1 -0
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  141. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/GrantPriveleges.md +113 -0
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  143. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/IDENTITY-Column.md +74 -0
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  145. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/INT.md +36 -0
  146. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/INTERVAL.md +143 -0
  147. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Ingesting_Data_from_Alibaba_Cloud_Data_Lake_into_Lakehouse.md +976 -0
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  149. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/JDBC-Driver.md +67 -0
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  154. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/KAFKA_Storage_connection.md +1 -0
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  158. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/Lakehouse-client-repository.md +11 -0
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  165. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/LakehousePythonZettapark.md +1 -0
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  1145. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sql_functions/window_functions/ntile.md +57 -0
  1146. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sql_functions/window_functions/percent_rank.md +58 -0
  1147. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sql_functions/window_functions/rank.md +139 -0
  1148. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sql_functions/window_functions/row_number.md +141 -0
  1149. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sql_functions/window_functions/sum.md +105 -0
  1150. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sql_functions/window_functions/window_clause.md +91 -0
  1151. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sql_practice.md +1 -0
  1152. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sql_rfm.md +181 -0
  1153. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sqlalchemy.md +82 -0
  1154. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/ssb-benchmark.md +224 -0
  1155. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/sso-configuration.md +157 -0
  1156. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/storage_encryption.md +81 -0
  1157. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/streaming_data_pipeline_overview.md +20 -0
  1158. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/streaming_data_pipeline_overview1.md +1 -0
  1159. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/streaming_pipeline_with_dynamic_table.md +66 -0
  1160. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/structure_data_analysis.md +229 -0
  1161. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/studio_manual.md +1 -0
  1162. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/studio_overview.md +71 -0
  1163. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/synonym.md +139 -0
  1164. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/table-stream-title.md +1 -0
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  1166. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/table-summary.md +1 -0
  1167. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/table_funciotn.md +1 -0
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  1171. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/task-instance-maintenance.md +207 -0
  1172. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/task_development.md +56 -0
  1173. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/task_group.md +151 -0
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  1178. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tencentcloud_arn_and_externalid.md +29 -0
  1179. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/time-function.md +67 -0
  1180. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/timetravel-summary.md +47 -0
  1181. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tools_AI.md +1 -0
  1182. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tools_BI.md +1 -0
  1183. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tpcds-benchmark.md +754 -0
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  1186. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/trial-account-quotas-and-limits.md +81 -0
  1187. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tutorial_DataGPT.md +1 -0
  1188. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tutorial_connect_to_lakehouse.md +1 -0
  1189. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tutorial_data_transformation.md +1 -0
  1190. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tutorial_migration.md +1 -0
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  1192. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tutorial_work_with_workspace.md +1 -0
  1193. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tutorial_zettapark.md +1 -0
  1194. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/tutorials-streaming-data-pipeline-with_dynamic-table.md +124 -0
  1195. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/undrop-dynamic-table.md +79 -0
  1196. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/undrop-materialized-view.md +80 -0
  1197. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/unifiedWorkflow.md +1 -0
  1198. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/unloa-data-summary.md +17 -0
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  1203. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/unstructured_etl_python_api.md +896 -0
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  1208. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/use-java-sdk-releatime-uploaddata.md +168 -0
  1209. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/use-java-sdk-upload-dta-local.md +140 -0
  1210. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/use-mysql-client.md +189 -0
  1211. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/use-python-sdk-upload-data.md +99 -0
  1212. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/use-schema.md +49 -0
  1213. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/use-vcluster.md +38 -0
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  1216. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/user-identification.md +58 -0
  1217. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/user_permission_grand_guide.md +322 -0
  1218. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/using-google-authenticator.md +48 -0
  1219. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/using-udf-in-dynamic-table.md +162 -0
  1220. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/using_mcp_solute_data_pipeline_issue.md +343 -0
  1221. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/uuid.md +47 -0
  1222. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/validate_schema_evolution.md +167 -0
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  1225. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/vcluster_size_description.md +98 -0
  1226. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/vector-search.md +144 -0
  1227. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/vector-type.md +52 -0
  1228. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/vector_data_process_guide.md +952 -0
  1229. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/vector_search_ai.md +423 -0
  1230. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/version-update.md +21 -0
  1231. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/virtual-cluster.md +221 -0
  1232. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/volume_best_practices.md +1141 -0
  1233. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/web-job-history.md +163 -0
  1234. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/what_is_clickzetta_lakehouse.md +92 -0
  1235. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/window-function-summary.md +134 -0
  1236. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/windowframe.md +139 -0
  1237. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/working_with_Vclusters.md +171 -0
  1238. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/working_with_cache.md +102 -0
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  1241. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/workspace-introduction.md +41 -0
  1242. package/bin/skills/lakehouse-doc/references/worskapce-infroamtionschema-summary.md +56 -0
  1243. package/package.json +13 -0
@@ -0,0 +1,1818 @@
1
+ # 云器Lakehouse SELECT语句使用指南
2
+
3
+ ## 文档简介
4
+
5
+ 欢迎使用云器Lakehouse!本指南将帮助您快速掌握Lakehouse中SELECT语句的使用方法,无论您是数据分析师、工程师还是数据科学家,都能在这里找到所需的技术指导。
6
+
7
+ ### 📖 **本文档包含什么**
8
+
9
+ * **快速上手指导**:如果您习惯了其他数据库系统,我们会帮您快速适应
10
+ * **完整语法参考**:从基础查询到高级功能的详细说明
11
+ * **实战示例**:所有代码都经过实际环境验证,可以直接使用
12
+ * **性能优化**:列式存储、索引、分区等优化技巧
13
+ * **最佳实践**:避免常见错误,提升开发效率
14
+
15
+ ### 🎯 **适用对象**
16
+
17
+ * 数据分析师:需要进行复杂数据查询和分析
18
+ * 数据工程师:构建ETL流程和数据管道
19
+ * 数据科学家:进行特征工程和模型训练数据准备
20
+ * 系统管理员:进行数据库管理和性能优化
21
+
22
+ ### 💡 **如何使用本文档**
23
+
24
+ 1. **新用户**:建议从"迁移用户指导"开始,了解与您熟悉系统的差异
25
+ 2. **快速查询**:可直接跳转到相关章节查找特定语法
26
+ 3. **深度学习**:按顺序阅读,系统掌握Lakehouse的所有查询功能
27
+ 4. **问题排查**:查看"常见问题"部分获取解决方案
28
+
29
+ ***
30
+
31
+ ## 概述
32
+
33
+ 云器Lakehouse基于ANSI SQL 2003标准实现,与现代SQL语法高度兼容,同时针对大数据和AI场景提供了丰富的扩展功能。无论您习惯使用哪种数据库系统,都能快速上手并发挥Lakehouse的强大能力。
34
+
35
+ ### 🚀 **核心特性**
36
+
37
+ * **标准SQL兼容**:支持ANSI SQL 2003核心功能,兼容主流数据库语法
38
+ * **列式存储优化**:专为分析查询设计的高性能存储引擎
39
+ * **现代数据类型**:原生支持JSON、VECTOR等复杂数据类型
40
+ * **智能索引系统**:布隆过滤器、全文搜索、向量索引三种索引类型
41
+ * **AI/ML集成**:内置向量计算和全文搜索功能
42
+
43
+ ***
44
+
45
+ ## 迁移用户指导
46
+
47
+ 如果您习惯了Spark、MySQL、PostgreSQL或其他数据库系统,本节将帮助您快速适应云器Lakehouse并避免常见错误。我们理解切换到新系统的挑战,因此准备了这份详细的对比指南。
48
+
49
+ ### 🔄 **如果您习惯了Spark SQL**
50
+
51
+ #### ✅ **可以直接复用的技能**
52
+
53
+ ```sql
54
+ -- 以下Spark SQL代码可以直接在Lakehouse中运行
55
+ SELECT customer_id, COUNT(*), SUM(amount)
56
+ FROM orders
57
+ WHERE order_date >= '2024-01-01'
58
+ GROUP BY customer_id
59
+ HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;
60
+
61
+ -- 窗口函数完全兼容
62
+ SELECT
63
+ employee_id,
64
+ salary,
65
+ ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) as rank
66
+ FROM employees;
67
+ ```
68
+
69
+ #### ⚠️ **需要调整的语法**
70
+
71
+ **1. LATERAL VIEW语法**
72
+
73
+ ```sql
74
+ -- ❌ Spark语法(不支持)
75
+ SELECT user_id, event
76
+ FROM user_events LATERAL VIEW explode(event_array) AS event;
77
+
78
+ -- ✅ Lakehouse语法
79
+ SELECT user_id, explode(event_array) as event
80
+ FROM user_events;
81
+ ```
82
+
83
+ **2. 正则表达式函数**
84
+
85
+ ```sql
86
+ -- ❌ Spark语法(不支持)
87
+ WHERE regexp_like(column_name, 'pattern')
88
+
89
+ -- ✅ Lakehouse替代方案
90
+ WHERE regexp_extract(column_name, 'pattern', 0) != ''
91
+ -- 或者使用LIKE
92
+ WHERE column_name LIKE '%pattern%'
93
+ ```
94
+
95
+ **3. 类型转换差异**
96
+
97
+ ```sql
98
+ -- ⚠️ 注意:转换失败时返回特殊值而非NULL
99
+ SELECT
100
+ TRY_CAST('abc' AS INT) as result, -- 返回nan,不是NULL
101
+ -- 安全转换方式
102
+ CASE
103
+ WHEN TRY_CAST('abc' AS INT) IS NOT NULL
104
+ AND CAST(TRY_CAST('abc' AS INT) AS STRING) != 'nan'
105
+ THEN TRY_CAST('abc' AS INT)
106
+ ELSE 0
107
+ END as safe_result;
108
+ ```
109
+
110
+ **4. NULL值显示特性**
111
+
112
+ ```sql
113
+ -- ⚠️ 数值类型和时间类型的NULL有特殊显示格式
114
+ SELECT
115
+ LAG(order_date) OVER (...) as prev_date, -- 时间类型NULL显示为"NaT"
116
+ LAG(customer_id) OVER (...) as prev_id, -- 数值类型NULL显示为"nan"
117
+ CASE
118
+ WHEN LAG(order_date) OVER (...) IS NULL -- 但IS NULL判断仍然有效
119
+ THEN 'First Record'
120
+ ELSE 'Has Previous'
121
+ END as status
122
+ FROM orders;
123
+ ```
124
+
125
+ #### **复杂数据类型高级应用**
126
+
127
+ ```sql
128
+ -- Spark SQL数组操作(直接兼容)
129
+ WITH user_events AS (
130
+ SELECT
131
+ user_id,
132
+ array('login', 'view_product', 'purchase') as event_sequence
133
+ FROM user_activity
134
+ )
135
+ SELECT
136
+ user_id,
137
+ event_sequence[0] as first_event, -- 索引从0开始(与Spark一致)
138
+ size(event_sequence) as event_count,
139
+ array_contains(event_sequence, 'purchase') as converted,
140
+ explode(event_sequence) as individual_event -- 注意:不需要LATERAL VIEW
141
+ FROM user_events;
142
+
143
+ -- Spark SQL结构体操作(完全兼容)
144
+ WITH customer_profiles AS (
145
+ SELECT
146
+ customer_id,
147
+ named_struct(
148
+ 'name', customer_name,
149
+ 'contact', named_struct(
150
+ 'email', email,
151
+ 'phone', phone
152
+ )
153
+ ) as profile
154
+ FROM customers
155
+ )
156
+ SELECT
157
+ customer_id,
158
+ profile.name as customer_name, -- 点号访问语法与Spark一致
159
+ profile.contact.email as email,
160
+ profile.contact.phone as phone
161
+ FROM customer_profiles;
162
+ ```
163
+
164
+ ### 🗄️ **如果您习惯了MySQL/PostgreSQL**
165
+
166
+ #### ✅ **可以直接复用的技能**
167
+
168
+ ```sql
169
+ -- 标准SQL查询完全兼容
170
+ SELECT c.customer_name, COUNT(o.order_id) as order_count
171
+ FROM customers c
172
+ LEFT JOIN orders o ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id
173
+ WHERE c.registration_date >= '2024-01-01'
174
+ GROUP BY c.customer_id, c.customer_name;
175
+ ```
176
+
177
+ #### 🔌 **MySQL用户的额外选择:MySQL协议支持**
178
+
179
+ 【**预览发布】云器Lakehouse支持MySQL协议连接**!
180
+
181
+ ```bash
182
+ # ✅ 可以使用熟悉的MySQL连接方式
183
+ # MySQL 8.x 连接方式
184
+ jdbc:mysql://cn-shanghai-alicloud-mysql.api.clickzetta.com:3306/public?useSSL=true
185
+
186
+ # MySQL 5.x 连接方式
187
+ jdbc:mysql://cn-shanghai-alicloud-mysql.api.clickzetta.com:3306/public?useSSL=false
188
+
189
+ # 命令行连接
190
+ mysql -h cn-shanghai-alicloud-mysql.api.clickzetta.com -P 3306 -u username -p database_name
191
+ ```
192
+
193
+ **📊 主要用途**
194
+
195
+ * **BI报表工具**:无法使用自定义JDBC驱动的报表工具
196
+ * **遗留系统集成**:现有MySQL客户端应用快速接入
197
+ * **开发工具兼容**:使用熟悉的MySQL管理工具
198
+
199
+ **⚠️ 重要限制**
200
+
201
+ * **语法仍为Lakehouse**:虽然协议兼容,但SQL语法需使用Lakehouse标准
202
+ * **数据类型限制**:不支持MySQL特有类型(mediumint、text、blob、enum等)
203
+ * **功能限制**:不支持mysqldump、LOAD等MySQL特有命令
204
+
205
+ ```sql
206
+ -- ❌ MySQL特有语法不支持
207
+ CREATE TABLE test (col MEDIUMINT); -- 报错
208
+ SELECT CAST(value AS TEXT); -- 报错
209
+
210
+ -- ✅ 使用Lakehouse对应类型
211
+ CREATE TABLE test (col INT); -- 正确
212
+ SELECT CAST(value AS STRING); -- 正确
213
+ ```
214
+
215
+ **💡 选择建议**
216
+
217
+ * **优先推荐**:使用Lakehouse原生驱动获得完整功能
218
+ * **兼容场景**:无法使用原生驱动时选择MySQL协议
219
+
220
+ #### ⚠️ **关键差异与工具限制**
221
+
222
+ **1. 查询结果返回的工具限制**
223
+
224
+ > 🎯 **核心理念**:查询返回的数据量往往受到您使用的工具或客户端限制,而非数据库引擎本身的限制。
225
+
226
+ | 工具/客户端 | 查询结果限制 | 适用场景 | 突破方案 |
227
+ | --------------------------- | -------- | -------- | ------------- |
228
+ | **Lakehouse Studio Web UI** | 最大10000行 | 数据探索、调试 | 添加WHERE条件过滤 |
229
+ | **JDBC客户端** | 无硬性限制\* | 应用开发、ETL | 分批处理、流式读取 |
230
+ | **Python SDK** | 无硬性限制\* | 数据科学、脚本 | 分批处理、pandas分块 |
231
+ | **BI工具** | 各工具不同 | 报表展示 | 查阅具体工具文档 |
232
+ | **命令行工具** | 内存/配置限制 | 数据导出 | 调整配置或分批导出 |
233
+
234
+ \*注:无硬性限制指SQL引擎层面无限制,但仍受内存、网络等资源限制。
235
+
236
+ **2. 分页策略选择**
237
+
238
+ ```sql
239
+ -- 📱 Web UI 数据探索策略(受10000行限制)
240
+ SELECT customer_id, order_count, total_amount
241
+ FROM customer_summary
242
+ WHERE registration_date >= '2024-01-01' -- 先过滤
243
+ AND customer_type = 'premium'
244
+ ORDER BY total_amount DESC
245
+ LIMIT 100; -- 小批量查看
246
+
247
+ -- 💻 编程接口大数据处理策略(无硬性限制)
248
+ WITH batch_data AS (
249
+ SELECT customer_id, order_id, amount
250
+ FROM orders
251
+ WHERE order_date = '2024-06-01'
252
+ AND customer_id BETWEEN :start_id AND :end_id -- 批次范围
253
+ )
254
+ SELECT * FROM batch_data;
255
+
256
+ -- 🔄 推荐:基于游标的分页(适用所有工具)
257
+ SELECT customer_id, order_id, order_date, amount
258
+ FROM orders
259
+ WHERE customer_id > :last_customer_id -- 游标分页
260
+ AND order_date >= '2024-01-01'
261
+ ORDER BY customer_id, order_id
262
+ LIMIT 1000; -- 适中的批次大小
263
+ ```
264
+
265
+ **3. 字符串函数兼容性**
266
+
267
+ ```sql
268
+ -- ✅ MySQL风格函数大多兼容
269
+ SELECT
270
+ SUBSTRING(name, 1, 5) as substr_mysql, -- 支持
271
+ SUBSTR(name, 1, 5) as substr_standard, -- 支持
272
+ CONCAT_WS(',', field1, field2) as concat_ws, -- 支持
273
+ CONCAT(field1, ',', field2) as concat_std -- 支持
274
+ FROM users;
275
+ ```
276
+
277
+ **4. 索引概念差异**
278
+
279
+ ```sql
280
+ -- ❌ 传统数据库思维
281
+ CREATE INDEX idx_name ON table(column); -- 期望立即生效
282
+
283
+ -- ✅ Lakehouse正确做法
284
+ CREATE BLOOMFILTER INDEX idx_name ON TABLE table(column); -- 仅对新数据生效
285
+ -- 如需对已有数据生效(仅部分索引类型支持)
286
+ BUILD INDEX idx_name ON table;
287
+ ```
288
+
289
+ **5. 事务和锁定**
290
+
291
+ ```sql
292
+ -- ⚠️ Lakehouse不支持传统事务语法
293
+ -- ❌ 不支持
294
+ BEGIN TRANSACTION;
295
+ UPDATE products SET price = price * 1.1;
296
+ COMMIT;
297
+
298
+ -- ✅ 使用批量更新或MERGE语句
299
+ MERGE INTO products p
300
+ USING (SELECT product_id, price * 1.1 as new_price FROM products) src
301
+ ON p.product_id = src.product_id
302
+ WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET price = src.new_price;
303
+ ```
304
+
305
+ ### 📊 **列式存储优化思维**
306
+
307
+ #### **传统行式 vs 列式存储**
308
+
309
+ ```sql
310
+ -- ❌ 行式数据库思维:避免SELECT *
311
+ SELECT * FROM large_table WHERE id = 123;
312
+
313
+ -- ✅ 列式存储优化:明确指定列
314
+ SELECT customer_id, order_amount, order_date
315
+ FROM large_table
316
+ WHERE id = 123;
317
+
318
+ -- 💡 列式存储的优势
319
+ SELECT
320
+ product_category,
321
+ AVG(price) as avg_price, -- 只读取price列,性能优异
322
+ COUNT(*) as product_count
323
+ FROM products
324
+ GROUP BY product_category;
325
+ ```
326
+
327
+ #### **分区概念理解**
328
+
329
+ ```sql
330
+ -- 💡 分区表查询优化
331
+ -- ✅ 正确:直接使用分区字段
332
+ SELECT * FROM orders
333
+ WHERE order_date >= '2024-06-01'
334
+ AND order_date <= '2024-06-30';
335
+
336
+ -- ❌ 错误:对分区字段使用函数
337
+ SELECT * FROM orders
338
+ WHERE YEAR(order_date) = 2024; -- 无法利用分区裁剪
339
+ ```
340
+
341
+ ### 🚨 **常见错误和解决方案**
342
+
343
+ #### **1. 数据类型选择错误**
344
+
345
+ ```sql
346
+ -- ❌ 错误选择:JSON数据存储为字符串
347
+ CREATE TABLE user_profiles (
348
+ user_id INT,
349
+ profile_data STRING -- 需要类型转换才能使用JSON函数
350
+ );
351
+
352
+ -- ✅ 正确选择:使用原生JSON类型
353
+ CREATE TABLE user_profiles (
354
+ user_id INT,
355
+ profile_data JSON -- 直接支持JSON函数,性能更好
356
+ );
357
+
358
+ -- 查询语法对比
359
+ -- STRING类型:需要转换
360
+ SELECT user_id, json_extract_string(CAST(profile_data AS JSON), '$.age') as age
361
+ FROM user_profiles_string;
362
+
363
+ -- JSON类型:直接使用
364
+ SELECT user_id, json_extract_string(profile_data, '$.age') as age
365
+ FROM user_profiles_json;
366
+ ```
367
+
368
+ #### **2. JOIN优化误区**
369
+
370
+ ```sql
371
+ -- ❌ 传统数据库思维:大表在左
372
+ SELECT l.*, s.name
373
+ FROM large_table l
374
+ JOIN small_table s ON l.id = s.id;
375
+
376
+ -- ✅ Lakehouse优化:使用MAPJOIN提示
377
+ SELECT /*+ MAPJOIN(small_table) */ l.*, s.name
378
+ FROM large_table l
379
+ JOIN small_table s ON l.id = s.id;
380
+ ```
381
+
382
+ #### **3. 聚合查询优化**
383
+
384
+ ```sql
385
+ -- ❌ 低效:多次扫描大表
386
+ SELECT
387
+ (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM large_table WHERE status = 'active') as active_count,
388
+ (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM large_table WHERE status = 'inactive') as inactive_count;
389
+
390
+ -- ✅ 高效:一次扫描
391
+ SELECT
392
+ SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'active' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as active_count,
393
+ SUM(CASE WHEN status = 'inactive' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as inactive_count
394
+ FROM large_table;
395
+ ```
396
+
397
+ ### 💡 **快速适应建议**
398
+
399
+ #### **1. 优先使用的功能**
400
+
401
+ * **JSON数据类型**:替代字符串存储半结构化数据
402
+ * **VECTOR数据类型**:原生支持向量搜索
403
+ * **分区表**:按时间或业务维度分区
404
+ * **列式索引**:BLOOMFILTER、INVERTED、VECTOR
405
+ * **MySQL协议连接**:无法使用原生驱动时的兼容选择
406
+
407
+ #### **2. 性能优化习惯**
408
+
409
+ ```sql
410
+ -- 好习惯:分区+列选择+索引
411
+ SELECT customer_id, order_amount
412
+ FROM orders
413
+ WHERE order_date >= '2024-06-01' -- 分区裁剪
414
+ AND customer_type = 'premium' -- 布隆过滤器索引
415
+ AND match_any(description, '手机', map('analyzer', 'chinese')) -- 全文索引
416
+ ORDER BY order_amount DESC
417
+ LIMIT 100;
418
+ ```
419
+
420
+ #### **3. 避免的反模式**
421
+
422
+ ```sql
423
+ -- ❌ 避免的模式
424
+ -- 1. 在分区字段上使用函数
425
+ WHERE YEAR(partition_date) = 2024
426
+
427
+ -- 2. 过度使用SELECT *
428
+ SELECT * FROM large_table
429
+
430
+ -- 3. 忽略数据类型优化
431
+ profile_json STRING -- 应该用JSON类型
432
+
433
+ -- 4. 忽略工具限制的深度分页(Web UI)
434
+ -- 在Studio中查询大量数据时没有添加过滤条件
435
+
436
+ -- 5. 大表全量排序分页
437
+ SELECT * FROM huge_table ORDER BY random_column LIMIT 100 OFFSET 5000 -- 性能极差
438
+ ```
439
+
440
+ ### 📚 **学习路径建议**
441
+
442
+ 无论您之前使用什么数据库系统,我们建议按以下路径学习:
443
+
444
+ 1. **第一周**:熟悉基本查询语法,了解与您熟悉系统的差异
445
+ 2. **第二周**:掌握数据类型系统,特别是JSON、VECTOR等现代类型
446
+ 3. **第三周**:学习索引系统和性能优化技巧
447
+ 4. **第四周**:深入分区表和高级功能应用
448
+
449
+ 这样的学习节奏能帮助您在一个月内完全掌握Lakehouse的核心功能。
450
+
451
+ ### 🔗 **快速参考**
452
+
453
+ | 功能类别 | 传统数据库 | Lakehouse支持情况 | 说明 |
454
+ | --------- | ------------------------ | ----------------------------- | ---------- |
455
+ | **连接协议** | MySQL协议 | ✅ 支持(预览版) | 适用于BI报表等场景 |
456
+ | **分页查询** | `LIMIT n OFFSET m` | ✅ 完全支持 | 工具显示限制各不同 |
457
+ | **正则函数** | `regexp_like()` | ❌ 使用 `regexp_extract() != ''` | 函数名差异 |
458
+ | **字符串函数** | `SUBSTRING()` | ✅ 完全支持 | MySQL语法兼容 |
459
+ | **字符串连接** | `CONCAT_WS()` | ✅ 完全支持 | MySQL语法兼容 |
460
+ | **数组展开** | `LATERAL VIEW explode()` | ❌ 使用 `explode()` | 语法简化 |
461
+ | **事务语法** | `BEGIN/COMMIT` | ❌ 使用批量操作 | 列式存储特性 |
462
+ | **查询优化** | `SELECT *` | ⚠️ 建议明确列名 | 列式存储优化 |
463
+
464
+ ***
465
+
466
+ ## 基本语法
467
+
468
+ ### SELECT语句结构
469
+
470
+ Lakehouse SELECT语句遵循标准SQL语法,支持完整的查询功能:
471
+
472
+ ```sql
473
+ SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] select_expr [, select_expr ...]
474
+ [FROM table_reference [, table_reference ...]]
475
+ [WHERE where_condition]
476
+ [GROUP BY grouping_element [, grouping_element ...]]
477
+ [HAVING having_condition]
478
+ [ORDER BY sort_item [, sort_item ...]]
479
+ [LIMIT row_count]
480
+ ```
481
+
482
+ ### 基本查询示例
483
+
484
+ ```sql
485
+ -- 基础查询
486
+ SELECT
487
+ customer_id,
488
+ customer_name,
489
+ registration_date,
490
+ total_orders
491
+ FROM customers
492
+ WHERE registration_date >= '2024-01-01'
493
+ ORDER BY total_orders DESC
494
+ LIMIT 100;
495
+
496
+ -- 聚合查询
497
+ SELECT
498
+ product_category,
499
+ COUNT(*) as product_count,
500
+ AVG(price) as avg_price,
501
+ SUM(sales_amount) as total_sales
502
+ FROM products
503
+ GROUP BY product_category
504
+ HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;
505
+ ```
506
+
507
+ ### 增强语法特性
508
+
509
+ #### EXCEPT子句
510
+
511
+ Lakehouse提供了EXCEPT子句用于排除指定列:
512
+
513
+ ```sql
514
+ -- 排除敏感字段
515
+ SELECT * EXCEPT(password, credit_card, ssn)
516
+ FROM user_accounts;
517
+
518
+ -- 排除多个字段
519
+ SELECT * EXCEPT(internal_id, created_by, updated_by)
520
+ FROM public_data;
521
+ ```
522
+
523
+ ***
524
+
525
+ ## 数据类型系统
526
+
527
+ ### 核心数据类型
528
+
529
+ | 类型分类 | 数据类型 | 说明 | 示例 |
530
+ | ---- | ------------------------------ | ------------ | --------------------------------------------- |
531
+ | 数值类型 | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT | 整数类型 | `SELECT 123::INT` |
532
+ | | FLOAT, DOUBLE | 浮点数类型 | `SELECT 3.14::DOUBLE` |
533
+ | | DECIMAL(p,s) | 精确数值类型 | `SELECT 999.99::DECIMAL(10,2)` |
534
+ | 字符类型 | STRING | 变长字符串,最大16MB | `SELECT 'Hello'::STRING` |
535
+ | | VARCHAR(n), CHAR(n) | 定长/变长字符串 | `SELECT 'Text'::VARCHAR(50)` |
536
+ | 日期时间 | DATE | 日期类型 | `SELECT '2024-06-01'::DATE` |
537
+ | | TIMESTAMP\_LTZ | 带时区时间戳 | `SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()` |
538
+ | | TIMESTAMP\_NTZ | 无时区时间戳 | `SELECT '2024-06-01 12:00:00'::TIMESTAMP_NTZ` |
539
+ | 布尔类型 | BOOLEAN | 布尔值 | `SELECT true::BOOLEAN` |
540
+ | 二进制 | BINARY | 二进制数据 | `SELECT X'48656C6C6F'::BINARY` |
541
+
542
+ ### 复杂数据类型
543
+
544
+ #### ARRAY类型
545
+
546
+ ```sql
547
+ -- 创建和操作数组
548
+ SELECT
549
+ array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) as numbers,
550
+ array('apple', 'banana', 'orange') as fruits,
551
+ array_contains(array(1, 2, 3), 2) as contains_check,
552
+ size(array(1, 2, 3, 4)) as array_length;
553
+
554
+ -- 数组访问和处理
555
+ WITH data AS (
556
+ SELECT array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd') as letters
557
+ )
558
+ SELECT
559
+ letters[0] as first_letter, -- 索引从0开始
560
+ letters[3] as last_letter,
561
+ slice(letters, 1, 2) as middle_slice, -- 从索引1开始,取2个元素
562
+ array_sort(letters) as sorted_letters
563
+ FROM data;
564
+ ```
565
+
566
+ **⚠️ 重要说明**:`slice(array, start_index, length)` 函数参数含义:
567
+
568
+ * `start_index`:起始索引位置(从0开始)
569
+ * `length`:要提取的元素个数
570
+ * 示例:`slice(array('a','b','c','d'), 1, 2)` 返回 `['b', 'c']`
571
+
572
+ #### STRUCT类型
573
+
574
+ ```sql
575
+ -- 创建和访问结构体
576
+ SELECT
577
+ named_struct('name', 'Alice', 'age', 30, 'city', 'Seattle') as person,
578
+ named_struct(
579
+ 'street', '123 Main St',
580
+ 'city', 'Seattle',
581
+ 'zipcode', '98101'
582
+ ) as address;
583
+
584
+ -- 结构体字段访问
585
+ WITH customer_data AS (
586
+ SELECT
587
+ 1 as id,
588
+ named_struct(
589
+ 'name', 'Alice Johnson',
590
+ 'contact', named_struct(
591
+ 'email', 'alice@example.com',
592
+ 'phone', '555-1234'
593
+ )
594
+ ) as profile
595
+ )
596
+ SELECT
597
+ id,
598
+ profile.name as customer_name,
599
+ profile.contact.email as email,
600
+ profile.contact.phone as phone
601
+ FROM customer_data;
602
+ ```
603
+
604
+ #### JSON类型
605
+
606
+ JSON作为一等公民提供原生支持,具有优异的查询性能:
607
+
608
+ ```sql
609
+ -- JSON字面量和函数
610
+ SELECT
611
+ JSON '{"name": "Alice", "age": 30, "skills": ["Python", "SQL"]}' as profile,
612
+ json_extract_string(JSON '{"name": "Alice"}', '$.name') as name,
613
+ json_extract_int(JSON '{"age": 30}', '$.age') as age,
614
+ json_extract(JSON '{"skills": ["Python", "SQL"]}', '$.skills') as skills;
615
+
616
+ -- JSON查询和过滤
617
+ WITH user_profiles AS (
618
+ SELECT
619
+ 1 as user_id,
620
+ JSON '{"name": "Alice", "department": "Engineering", "skills": ["Python", "Java"]}' as profile
621
+ UNION ALL
622
+ SELECT 2, JSON '{"name": "Bob", "department": "Sales", "skills": ["Excel", "CRM"]}'
623
+ )
624
+ SELECT
625
+ user_id,
626
+ json_extract_string(profile, '$.name') as name,
627
+ json_extract_string(profile, '$.department') as department,
628
+ json_extract(profile, '$.skills[0]') as primary_skill
629
+ FROM user_profiles
630
+ WHERE json_extract_string(profile, '$.department') = 'Engineering';
631
+ ```
632
+
633
+ #### VECTOR类型
634
+
635
+ 专为AI/ML场景设计的向量数据类型:
636
+
637
+ ```sql
638
+ -- 向量创建和计算
639
+ SELECT
640
+ VECTOR(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) as embedding_vector,
641
+ l2_distance(VECTOR(0.1, 0.2, 0.3), VECTOR(0.4, 0.5, 0.6)) as l2_dist,
642
+ cosine_distance(VECTOR(0.1, 0.2, 0.3), VECTOR(0.4, 0.5, 0.6)) as cosine_sim,
643
+ dot_product(VECTOR(1.0, 2.0, 3.0), VECTOR(2.0, 3.0, 4.0)) as dot_prod;
644
+ ```
645
+
646
+ ### 类型转换
647
+
648
+ #### 基本转换语法
649
+
650
+ Lakehouse支持多种类型转换语法:
651
+
652
+ ```sql
653
+ -- 三种转换方式
654
+ SELECT
655
+ CAST(123 AS STRING) as cast_syntax,
656
+ 123::STRING as double_colon_syntax,
657
+ STRING(123) as function_syntax;
658
+ ```
659
+
660
+ #### 安全类型转换
661
+
662
+ 转换失败时的处理机制:
663
+
664
+ ```sql
665
+ -- TRY_CAST安全转换
666
+ SELECT
667
+ '123' as original,
668
+ TRY_CAST('123' AS INT) as valid_conversion, -- 返回123
669
+ TRY_CAST('abc' AS INT) as invalid_conversion, -- 返回nan
670
+
671
+ -- 转换验证
672
+ CASE
673
+ WHEN TRY_CAST('123' AS INT) IS NOT NULL
674
+ AND CAST(TRY_CAST('123' AS INT) AS STRING) != 'nan'
675
+ THEN 'VALID'
676
+ ELSE 'INVALID'
677
+ END as conversion_status;
678
+ ```
679
+
680
+ ### 🚨 **NULL值显示特性**
681
+
682
+ **重要说明**:Lakehouse中NULL值的显示具有特殊性:
683
+
684
+ ```sql
685
+ -- ⚠️ 数值类型和时间类型的NULL值有特殊显示格式
686
+ SELECT
687
+ customer_id,
688
+ LAG(customer_id) OVER (ORDER BY registration_date) as prev_id, -- 数值NULL显示为"nan"
689
+ LAG(registration_date) OVER (ORDER BY registration_date) as prev_date, -- 时间NULL显示为"NaT"
690
+
691
+ -- 但IS NULL/IS NOT NULL逻辑判断完全正常
692
+ CASE
693
+ WHEN LAG(customer_id) OVER (ORDER BY registration_date) IS NULL
694
+ THEN 'First Customer'
695
+ ELSE 'Has Previous'
696
+ END as position_status
697
+ FROM customers;
698
+ ```
699
+
700
+ **关键要点**:
701
+
702
+ * **数值类型**(INT、DOUBLE等)的NULL显示为 `"nan"`
703
+ * **时间类型**(DATE、TIMESTAMP等)的NULL显示为 `"NaT"`
704
+ * **字符类型**(STRING、VARCHAR等)的NULL正常显示
705
+ * **所有类型的`IS NULL`和`IS NOT NULL`判断都正常工作**
706
+
707
+ ***
708
+
709
+ ## 函数库
710
+
711
+ ### 字符串函数
712
+
713
+ ```sql
714
+ SELECT
715
+ -- 基础字符串操作
716
+ upper('hello world') as uppercase,
717
+ lower('HELLO WORLD') as lowercase,
718
+ length('hello') as str_length,
719
+ substr('hello world', 1, 5) as substring,
720
+ trim(' hello ') as trimmed,
721
+
722
+ -- 字符串连接和替换
723
+ concat('hello', ' ', 'world') as concatenated,
724
+ replace('hello world', 'world', 'lakehouse') as replaced,
725
+
726
+ -- 字符串分割和提取
727
+ split('a,b,c,d', ',') as split_array,
728
+ regexp_extract('abc123def', '[0-9]+', 0) as extracted_number,
729
+ regexp_replace('hello123world', '[0-9]+', 'XXX') as pattern_replaced;
730
+ ```
731
+
732
+ ### 数学函数
733
+
734
+ ```sql
735
+ SELECT
736
+ -- 基础数学运算
737
+ abs(-10) as absolute_value,
738
+ round(3.14159, 2) as rounded,
739
+ ceil(3.1) as ceiling,
740
+ floor(3.9) as floor,
741
+
742
+ -- 高级数学函数
743
+ sqrt(16) as square_root,
744
+ pow(2, 3) as power,
745
+ mod(10, 3) as modulo,
746
+ greatest(1, 5, 3, 8, 2) as max_value,
747
+ least(1, 5, 3, 8, 2) as min_value;
748
+ ```
749
+
750
+ ### 日期时间函数
751
+
752
+ ```sql
753
+ SELECT
754
+ -- 当前时间
755
+ current_date() as today,
756
+ current_timestamp() as now,
757
+ localtimestamp() as local_now,
758
+
759
+ -- 日期运算
760
+ date_add('2024-06-01', 30) as add_days,
761
+ date_sub('2024-06-01', 7) as subtract_days,
762
+ datediff('2024-06-10', '2024-06-01') as date_difference,
763
+
764
+ -- 日期提取
765
+ year('2024-06-01') as extract_year,
766
+ month('2024-06-01') as extract_month,
767
+ day('2024-06-01') as extract_day,
768
+
769
+ -- 格式化
770
+ date_format('2024-06-01', 'yyyy-MM-dd') as formatted_date;
771
+ ```
772
+
773
+ ### 聚合函数
774
+
775
+ ```sql
776
+ -- 基础聚合
777
+ SELECT
778
+ product_category,
779
+ COUNT(*) as total_count,
780
+ COUNT(DISTINCT customer_id) as unique_customers,
781
+ SUM(sales_amount) as total_sales,
782
+ AVG(sales_amount) as average_sales,
783
+ MIN(sales_amount) as min_sales,
784
+ MAX(sales_amount) as max_sales,
785
+ STDDEV(sales_amount) as sales_stddev
786
+ FROM sales_data
787
+ GROUP BY product_category;
788
+
789
+ -- 高级聚合
790
+ SELECT
791
+ product_category,
792
+ collect_list(product_name) as product_names,
793
+ collect_set(brand) as unique_brands,
794
+ percentile(sales_amount, 0.5) as median_sales,
795
+ percentile(sales_amount, array(0.25, 0.5, 0.75)) as quartiles
796
+ FROM sales_data
797
+ GROUP BY product_category;
798
+ ```
799
+
800
+ ### 窗口函数
801
+
802
+ ```sql
803
+ -- 排名函数
804
+ SELECT
805
+ employee_name,
806
+ department,
807
+ salary,
808
+ ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) as row_num,
809
+ RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) as salary_rank,
810
+ DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) as dense_rank,
811
+ PERCENT_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary) as percentile_rank,
812
+ CUME_DIST() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary) as cumulative_dist
813
+ FROM employees;
814
+
815
+ -- 偏移函数
816
+ SELECT
817
+ employee_name,
818
+ salary,
819
+ hire_date,
820
+ LAG(salary, 1) OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) as prev_salary,
821
+ LEAD(salary, 1) OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) as next_salary,
822
+ FIRST_VALUE(salary) OVER (ORDER BY hire_date) as first_salary,
823
+ LAST_VALUE(salary) OVER (
824
+ ORDER BY hire_date
825
+ ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
826
+ ) as last_salary
827
+ FROM employees;
828
+
829
+ -- 聚合窗口函数
830
+ SELECT
831
+ employee_name,
832
+ department,
833
+ salary,
834
+ SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department) as dept_total,
835
+ AVG(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department) as dept_average,
836
+ COUNT(*) OVER (PARTITION BY department) as dept_count,
837
+
838
+ -- 移动窗口
839
+ AVG(salary) OVER (
840
+ ORDER BY hire_date
841
+ ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
842
+ ) as moving_avg_3months
843
+ FROM employees;
844
+ ```
845
+
846
+ ***
847
+
848
+ ## 查询进阶
849
+
850
+ ### JOIN操作
851
+
852
+ #### 基础JOIN类型
853
+
854
+ ```sql
855
+ -- INNER JOIN
856
+ SELECT c.customer_name, o.order_id, o.total_amount
857
+ FROM customers c
858
+ INNER JOIN orders o ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id;
859
+
860
+ -- LEFT JOIN
861
+ SELECT c.customer_name, o.order_id, o.total_amount
862
+ FROM customers c
863
+ LEFT JOIN orders o ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id;
864
+
865
+ -- RIGHT JOIN
866
+ SELECT c.customer_name, o.order_id, o.total_amount
867
+ FROM customers c
868
+ RIGHT JOIN orders o ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id;
869
+
870
+ -- FULL OUTER JOIN
871
+ SELECT c.customer_name, o.order_id, o.total_amount
872
+ FROM customers c
873
+ FULL OUTER JOIN orders o ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id;
874
+ ```
875
+
876
+ #### JOIN优化提示
877
+
878
+ ```sql
879
+ -- 广播JOIN提示
880
+ SELECT /*+ MAPJOIN(small_table) */
881
+ l.large_table_id,
882
+ s.small_table_value
883
+ FROM large_table l
884
+ JOIN small_table s ON l.join_key = s.join_key;
885
+
886
+ -- 排序合并JOIN提示
887
+ SELECT /*+ SORTMERGEJOIN(table1, table2) */
888
+ t1.column1,
889
+ t2.column2
890
+ FROM table1 t1
891
+ JOIN table2 t2 ON t1.key = t2.key;
892
+ ```
893
+
894
+ ### 子查询和CTE
895
+
896
+ #### 通用表表达式(CTE)
897
+
898
+ ```sql
899
+ -- 基础CTE
900
+ WITH monthly_sales AS (
901
+ SELECT
902
+ date_format(order_date, 'yyyy-MM') as month,
903
+ SUM(total_amount) as monthly_total
904
+ FROM orders
905
+ GROUP BY date_format(order_date, 'yyyy-MM')
906
+ ),
907
+ avg_monthly_sales AS (
908
+ SELECT AVG(monthly_total) as avg_monthly
909
+ FROM monthly_sales
910
+ )
911
+ SELECT
912
+ ms.month,
913
+ ms.monthly_total,
914
+ ams.avg_monthly,
915
+ ms.monthly_total - ams.avg_monthly as variance
916
+ FROM monthly_sales ms
917
+ CROSS JOIN avg_monthly_sales ams
918
+ ORDER BY ms.month;
919
+ ```
920
+
921
+ #### 层次化查询
922
+
923
+ 对于层次化数据处理,可以使用多级JOIN或自连接方式:
924
+
925
+ ```sql
926
+ -- 组织架构查询示例(使用自连接方式)
927
+ WITH employee_levels AS (
928
+ -- 第一级:顶级管理者
929
+ SELECT employee_id, employee_name, manager_id, 1 as level
930
+ FROM employees
931
+ WHERE manager_id IS NULL
932
+
933
+ UNION ALL
934
+
935
+ -- 第二级:直接下属
936
+ SELECT e.employee_id, e.employee_name, e.manager_id, 2 as level
937
+ FROM employees e
938
+ INNER JOIN employees m ON e.manager_id = m.employee_id
939
+ WHERE m.manager_id IS NULL
940
+
941
+ UNION ALL
942
+
943
+ -- 第三级:更深层下属
944
+ SELECT e.employee_id, e.employee_name, e.manager_id, 3 as level
945
+ FROM employees e
946
+ INNER JOIN employees m1 ON e.manager_id = m1.employee_id
947
+ INNER JOIN employees m2 ON m1.manager_id = m2.employee_id
948
+ WHERE m2.manager_id IS NULL
949
+ )
950
+ SELECT * FROM employee_levels
951
+ ORDER BY level, employee_name;
952
+ ```
953
+
954
+ #### 相关子查询
955
+
956
+ ```sql
957
+ -- 相关子查询示例
958
+ SELECT
959
+ product_id,
960
+ product_name,
961
+ price,
962
+ (SELECT AVG(price)
963
+ FROM products p2
964
+ WHERE p2.category = p1.category) as category_avg_price
965
+ FROM products p1
966
+ WHERE price > (
967
+ SELECT AVG(price)
968
+ FROM products p2
969
+ WHERE p2.category = p1.category
970
+ );
971
+ ```
972
+
973
+ ***
974
+
975
+ ## 高级特性
976
+
977
+ ### 全文搜索
978
+
979
+ 内置的全文搜索功能,支持多种匹配模式:
980
+
981
+ ```sql
982
+ -- 全文搜索函数
983
+ WITH documents AS (
984
+ SELECT 1 as doc_id, '人工智能和机器学习技术正在快速发展' as content
985
+ UNION ALL SELECT 2, '深度学习是机器学习的一个重要分支'
986
+ UNION ALL SELECT 3, '云计算为人工智能提供了强大的计算能力'
987
+ )
988
+ SELECT
989
+ doc_id,
990
+ content,
991
+ -- 匹配所有关键词
992
+ match_all(content, '机器学习 人工智能', map('analyzer', 'chinese')) as matches_all,
993
+ -- 匹配任意关键词
994
+ match_any(content, '机器学习 深度学习', map('analyzer', 'chinese')) as matches_any,
995
+ -- 短语匹配
996
+ match_phrase(content, '机器学习技术', map('analyzer', 'chinese')) as phrase_match
997
+ FROM documents
998
+ WHERE match_all(content, '机器学习', map('analyzer', 'chinese'));
999
+ ```
1000
+
1001
+ ### 向量搜索
1002
+
1003
+ 支持高效的向量相似性搜索:
1004
+
1005
+ ```sql
1006
+ -- 向量相似性搜索
1007
+ WITH document_embeddings AS (
1008
+ SELECT 1 as doc_id, 'AI技术文档' as title, VECTOR(0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 0.2) as embedding
1009
+ UNION ALL SELECT 2, '机器学习指南', VECTOR(0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.3)
1010
+ UNION ALL SELECT 3, '数据库教程', VECTOR(0.8, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4)
1011
+ ),
1012
+ search_query AS (
1013
+ SELECT VECTOR(0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 0.2) as query_vector
1014
+ )
1015
+ SELECT
1016
+ d.doc_id,
1017
+ d.title,
1018
+ cosine_distance(d.embedding, s.query_vector) as similarity_score
1019
+ FROM document_embeddings d
1020
+ CROSS JOIN search_query s
1021
+ WHERE cosine_distance(d.embedding, s.query_vector) < 0.5
1022
+ ORDER BY similarity_score
1023
+ LIMIT 10;
1024
+ ```
1025
+
1026
+ ### 历史数据查询
1027
+
1028
+ 对于需要查询历史数据的场景,建议使用时间字段进行过滤:
1029
+
1030
+ ```sql
1031
+ -- 查询指定时间范围的数据
1032
+ SELECT * FROM orders
1033
+ WHERE created_time >= '2024-06-01 00:00:00'
1034
+ AND created_time <= '2024-06-01 23:59:59';
1035
+
1036
+ -- 查询相对时间的数据
1037
+ SELECT * FROM orders
1038
+ WHERE created_time >= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() - INTERVAL '1' HOUR;
1039
+ ```
1040
+
1041
+ ***
1042
+
1043
+ ## 索引优化
1044
+
1045
+ 云器Lakehouse支持三种类型的索引来优化查询性能,每种索引针对不同的查询场景:
1046
+
1047
+ ### 索引类型概览
1048
+
1049
+ | 索引类型 | 适用场景 | 支持的数据类型 | 查询函数 |
1050
+ | ----------- | ------- | -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- |
1051
+ | BLOOMFILTER | 等值查询过滤 | 除interval、struct、map、array外的基本类型 | 标准WHERE条件 |
1052
+ | INVERTED | 全文搜索 | STRING类型 | match\_all、match\_any、match\_phrase |
1053
+ | VECTOR | 向量相似性搜索 | VECTOR类型 | cosine\_distance、l2\_distance等 |
1054
+
1055
+ ### 1. 布隆过滤器索引 (BLOOMFILTER INDEX)
1056
+
1057
+ 布隆过滤器索引用于快速过滤等值查询,特别适用于高基数列。
1058
+
1059
+ #### 创建语法
1060
+
1061
+ ```sql
1062
+ -- 基础语法
1063
+ CREATE BLOOMFILTER INDEX [IF NOT EXISTS] index_name
1064
+ ON TABLE [schema].table_name(column_name)
1065
+ [COMMENT 'comment']
1066
+ [PROPERTIES ('key'='value')];
1067
+
1068
+ -- 示例
1069
+ CREATE BLOOMFILTER INDEX idx_customer_id
1070
+ ON TABLE orders(customer_id)
1071
+ COMMENT '客户ID布隆过滤器索引';
1072
+ ```
1073
+
1074
+ #### 使用示例
1075
+
1076
+ ```sql
1077
+ -- 创建测试表
1078
+ CREATE TABLE product_sales (
1079
+ product_id INT,
1080
+ category STRING,
1081
+ sales_amount DOUBLE,
1082
+ sale_date DATE
1083
+ );
1084
+
1085
+ -- 创建布隆过滤器索引
1086
+ CREATE BLOOMFILTER INDEX idx_category_bloom
1087
+ ON TABLE product_sales(category)
1088
+ COMMENT '产品类别布隆过滤器索引';
1089
+
1090
+ -- 使用索引进行等值查询(索引会自动应用)
1091
+ SELECT product_id, sales_amount
1092
+ FROM product_sales
1093
+ WHERE category = '电子产品'; -- 布隆过滤器加速此查询
1094
+ ```
1095
+
1096
+ #### 限制说明
1097
+
1098
+ * **仅对新数据生效**:创建后只对新写入的数据有效,已有数据需要重写
1099
+ * **不支持BUILD INDEX**:布隆过滤器索引不支持对存量数据构建索引
1100
+ * **数据类型限制**:不支持interval、struct、map、array等复杂类型
1101
+
1102
+ ### 2. 倒排索引 (INVERTED INDEX)
1103
+
1104
+ 倒排索引用于全文搜索功能,支持多种文本分析器。
1105
+
1106
+ #### 创建语法
1107
+
1108
+ ```sql
1109
+ -- 建表时创建
1110
+ CREATE TABLE documents (
1111
+ doc_id INT,
1112
+ title STRING,
1113
+ content STRING,
1114
+ INDEX content_idx (content) INVERTED COMMENT '内容倒排索引'
1115
+ );
1116
+
1117
+ -- 已有表添加索引
1118
+ CREATE INVERTED INDEX [IF NOT EXISTS] index_name
1119
+ ON TABLE [schema].table_name(column_name)
1120
+ PROPERTIES('analyzer'='analyzer_type');
1121
+ ```
1122
+
1123
+ #### 分析器类型
1124
+
1125
+ | 分析器 | 适用场景 | 说明 |
1126
+ | ------- | ----- | ----------- |
1127
+ | chinese | 中文文本 | 支持中文分词 |
1128
+ | english | 英文文本 | 英文分词和词干提取 |
1129
+ | keyword | 关键词匹配 | 不分词,完整匹配 |
1130
+ | unicode | 通用文本 | Unicode字符处理 |
1131
+
1132
+ #### 使用示例
1133
+
1134
+ ```sql
1135
+ -- 创建倒排索引
1136
+ CREATE INVERTED INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_content_search
1137
+ ON TABLE documents(content)
1138
+ PROPERTIES('analyzer'='chinese');
1139
+
1140
+ -- 构建索引(对已有数据生效)
1141
+ BUILD INDEX idx_content_search ON documents;
1142
+
1143
+ -- 全文搜索查询
1144
+ -- 匹配所有关键词
1145
+ SELECT doc_id, title, content
1146
+ FROM documents
1147
+ WHERE match_all(content, '人工智能 机器学习', map('analyzer', 'chinese'));
1148
+
1149
+ -- 匹配任意关键词
1150
+ SELECT doc_id, title, content
1151
+ FROM documents
1152
+ WHERE match_any(content, '人工智能 深度学习', map('analyzer', 'chinese'));
1153
+
1154
+ -- 短语匹配
1155
+ SELECT doc_id, title, content
1156
+ FROM documents
1157
+ WHERE match_phrase(content, '机器学习技术', map('analyzer', 'chinese'));
1158
+ ```
1159
+
1160
+ #### 支持分区构建
1161
+
1162
+ ```sql
1163
+ -- 按分区构建索引
1164
+ BUILD INDEX idx_content_search ON documents
1165
+ WHERE partition_date >= '2024-06-01' AND partition_date <= '2024-06-30';
1166
+ ```
1167
+
1168
+ ### 3. 向量索引 (VECTOR INDEX)
1169
+
1170
+ 向量索引专为AI/ML场景设计,支持高效的向量相似性搜索。
1171
+
1172
+ #### 创建语法
1173
+
1174
+ ```sql
1175
+ CREATE VECTOR INDEX [IF NOT EXISTS] index_name
1176
+ ON TABLE [schema].table_name(column_name)
1177
+ PROPERTIES(
1178
+ "scalar.type" = "scalar_type",
1179
+ "distance.function" = "distance_function",
1180
+ "ef_construction" = "ef_value",
1181
+ "M" = "M_value"
1182
+ );
1183
+ ```
1184
+
1185
+ #### 参数说明
1186
+
1187
+ | 参数 | 可选值 | 默认值 | 说明 |
1188
+ | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------- | --------------- |
1189
+ | scalar.type | f32, f16, i8, b1 | f32 | 向量标量类型 |
1190
+ | distance.function | cosine\_distance, l2\_distance, jaccard\_distance, hamming\_distance | cosine\_distance | 距离计算函数 |
1191
+ | ef\_construction | 整数 | 200 | 构建参数,影响召回率和构建时间 |
1192
+ | M | 整数 | 16 | 图的连接度,影响查询性能 |
1193
+
1194
+ #### 使用示例
1195
+
1196
+ ```sql
1197
+ -- 创建包含向量列的表
1198
+ CREATE TABLE document_embeddings (
1199
+ doc_id INT,
1200
+ title STRING,
1201
+ embedding VECTOR(512), -- 512维向量
1202
+ created_at TIMESTAMP_LTZ
1203
+ );
1204
+
1205
+ -- 创建向量索引
1206
+ CREATE VECTOR INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_doc_embedding
1207
+ ON TABLE document_embeddings(embedding)
1208
+ PROPERTIES(
1209
+ "scalar.type" = "f32",
1210
+ "distance.function" = "cosine_distance",
1211
+ "ef_construction" = "200",
1212
+ "M" = "16"
1213
+ ) COMMENT '文档向量嵌入索引';
1214
+
1215
+ -- 构建索引
1216
+ BUILD INDEX idx_doc_embedding ON document_embeddings;
1217
+
1218
+ -- 向量相似性搜索
1219
+ WITH query_vector AS (
1220
+ SELECT VECTOR(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ...) as search_embedding -- 查询向量
1221
+ )
1222
+ SELECT
1223
+ d.doc_id,
1224
+ d.title,
1225
+ cosine_distance(d.embedding, q.search_embedding) as similarity_score
1226
+ FROM document_embeddings d
1227
+ CROSS JOIN query_vector q
1228
+ WHERE cosine_distance(d.embedding, q.search_embedding) < 0.5 -- 相似度阈值
1229
+ ORDER BY similarity_score
1230
+ LIMIT 10;
1231
+
1232
+ -- 使用其他距离函数
1233
+ SELECT
1234
+ doc_id,
1235
+ title,
1236
+ l2_distance(embedding, VECTOR(0.1, 0.2, 0.3)) as l2_dist,
1237
+ dot_product(embedding, VECTOR(0.1, 0.2, 0.3)) as dot_prod
1238
+ FROM document_embeddings
1239
+ ORDER BY l2_dist
1240
+ LIMIT 5;
1241
+ ```
1242
+
1243
+ ### 索引管理
1244
+
1245
+ #### 创建索引的IF NOT EXISTS支持
1246
+
1247
+ **✅ 语法支持**:所有三种索引类型都支持 `IF NOT EXISTS` 语法:
1248
+
1249
+ ```sql
1250
+ -- 布隆过滤器索引
1251
+ CREATE BLOOMFILTER INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_name ON TABLE table_name(column);
1252
+
1253
+ -- 倒排索引
1254
+ CREATE INVERTED INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_name ON TABLE table_name(column);
1255
+
1256
+ -- 向量索引
1257
+ CREATE VECTOR INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_name ON TABLE table_name(column);
1258
+ ```
1259
+
1260
+ **⚠️ 当前实现说明**:虽然语法已支持,但在同一列创建相同类型的重复索引时仍可能报错。这表明语法解析正确,但逻辑检查还在持续完善中。
1261
+
1262
+ #### 构建索引 (BUILD INDEX)
1263
+
1264
+ 对已有数据构建索引,仅支持INVERTED和VECTOR索引:
1265
+
1266
+ ```sql
1267
+ -- 全表构建
1268
+ BUILD INDEX index_name ON [schema].table_name;
1269
+
1270
+ -- 分区构建
1271
+ BUILD INDEX index_name ON table_name
1272
+ WHERE partition_col = 'value' AND other_col > 100;
1273
+
1274
+ -- 多分区构建
1275
+ BUILD INDEX index_name ON table_name
1276
+ WHERE partition_date >= '2024-06-01'
1277
+ AND partition_date <= '2024-06-30';
1278
+ ```
1279
+
1280
+ #### 查看索引信息
1281
+
1282
+ ```sql
1283
+ -- 查看表的所有索引
1284
+ DESCRIBE TABLE table_name;
1285
+
1286
+ -- 查看特定索引详情
1287
+ DESCRIBE INDEX index_name;
1288
+
1289
+ -- 扩展索引信息
1290
+ DESCRIBE INDEX EXTENDED index_name;
1291
+ ```
1292
+
1293
+ #### 删除索引
1294
+
1295
+ ```sql
1296
+ DROP INDEX [IF EXISTS] index_name;
1297
+ ```
1298
+
1299
+ ### 查询优化建议
1300
+
1301
+ #### 复合搜索:结合多种索引
1302
+
1303
+ ```sql
1304
+ -- 结合布隆过滤器和全文搜索
1305
+ SELECT doc_id, title, content
1306
+ FROM documents
1307
+ WHERE category = 'technology' -- 布隆过滤器索引加速
1308
+ AND match_any(content, '人工智能', map('analyzer', 'chinese')); -- 倒排索引搜索
1309
+
1310
+ -- 向量搜索与过滤结合
1311
+ SELECT doc_id, title, embedding,
1312
+ cosine_distance(embedding, VECTOR(0.1, 0.2, 0.3)) as score
1313
+ FROM document_embeddings
1314
+ WHERE doc_type = 'article' -- 先过滤再向量搜索
1315
+ AND cosine_distance(embedding, VECTOR(0.1, 0.2, 0.3)) < 0.3
1316
+ ORDER BY score
1317
+ LIMIT 20;
1318
+ ```
1319
+
1320
+ ***
1321
+
1322
+ ## 性能优化
1323
+
1324
+ ### 查询优化原则
1325
+
1326
+ #### 分区裁剪优化
1327
+
1328
+ ```sql
1329
+ -- 正确的分区查询方式
1330
+ SELECT *
1331
+ FROM partitioned_table
1332
+ WHERE date_partition >= '2024-06-01'
1333
+ AND date_partition <= '2024-06-30'
1334
+ AND status = 'active';
1335
+
1336
+ -- 避免的反模式
1337
+ -- WHERE year(date_partition) = 2024 -- 无法利用分区裁剪
1338
+ ```
1339
+
1340
+ #### 谓词下推优化
1341
+
1342
+ ```sql
1343
+ -- 在JOIN前过滤数据
1344
+ WITH filtered_orders AS (
1345
+ SELECT customer_id, order_id, total_amount
1346
+ FROM orders
1347
+ WHERE order_date >= '2024-06-01'
1348
+ AND total_amount > 100
1349
+ ),
1350
+ active_customers AS (
1351
+ SELECT customer_id, customer_name
1352
+ FROM customers
1353
+ WHERE status = 'active'
1354
+ )
1355
+ SELECT c.customer_name, o.order_id, o.total_amount
1356
+ FROM active_customers c
1357
+ JOIN filtered_orders o ON c.customer_id = o.customer_id;
1358
+ ```
1359
+
1360
+ #### 列裁剪优化
1361
+
1362
+ ```sql
1363
+ -- 只选择需要的列
1364
+ SELECT customer_id, customer_name, total_orders
1365
+ FROM customers
1366
+ WHERE registration_date >= '2024-01-01';
1367
+
1368
+ -- 使用EXCEPT排除不需要的列
1369
+ SELECT * EXCEPT(internal_notes, created_by, updated_by)
1370
+ FROM customer_details;
1371
+ ```
1372
+
1373
+ ### 分页查询优化策略
1374
+
1375
+ 根据使用的工具选择合适的分页策略:
1376
+
1377
+ #### **📱 Web UI 分页策略**
1378
+
1379
+ 适用于:Lakehouse Studio界面探索(受10000行显示限制)
1380
+
1381
+ ```sql
1382
+ -- 策略1:条件过滤 + 小批量查看
1383
+ SELECT customer_id, order_count, last_order_date
1384
+ FROM customer_summary
1385
+ WHERE customer_type = 'premium' -- 先过滤
1386
+ AND last_order_date >= '2024-01-01'
1387
+ ORDER BY order_count DESC
1388
+ LIMIT 100; -- 在显示限制内
1389
+
1390
+ -- 策略2:时间窗口分页
1391
+ SELECT order_id, customer_id, amount
1392
+ FROM orders
1393
+ WHERE order_date >= '2024-06-01 00:00:00'
1394
+ AND order_date < '2024-06-01 06:00:00' -- 6小时窗口
1395
+ ORDER BY order_date
1396
+ LIMIT 1000;
1397
+
1398
+ -- 策略3:分类查看
1399
+ SELECT product_id, product_name, price
1400
+ FROM products
1401
+ WHERE category = 'electronics' -- 单一类别
1402
+ ORDER BY price DESC
1403
+ LIMIT 500;
1404
+ ```
1405
+
1406
+ #### **💻 编程接口分页策略**
1407
+
1408
+ 适用于:JDBC、Python SDK等客户端(无硬性行数限制)
1409
+
1410
+ ```sql
1411
+ -- 策略1:基于游标的分页(推荐)
1412
+ -- 第一页
1413
+ SELECT customer_id, order_id, order_date, amount
1414
+ FROM orders
1415
+ WHERE customer_id >= 0 -- 起始点
1416
+ ORDER BY customer_id, order_id
1417
+ LIMIT 1000;
1418
+
1419
+ -- 下一页(基于上一页的最后一条记录)
1420
+ SELECT customer_id, order_id, order_date, amount
1421
+ FROM orders
1422
+ WHERE customer_id > :last_customer_id -- 游标位置
1423
+ OR (customer_id = :last_customer_id AND order_id > :last_order_id)
1424
+ ORDER BY customer_id, order_id
1425
+ LIMIT 1000;
1426
+
1427
+ -- 策略2:范围分页
1428
+ -- 第一批:ID 0-9999
1429
+ SELECT * FROM large_table
1430
+ WHERE id BETWEEN 0 AND 9999
1431
+ ORDER BY id;
1432
+
1433
+ -- 第二批:ID 10000-19999
1434
+ SELECT * FROM large_table
1435
+ WHERE id BETWEEN 10000 AND 19999
1436
+ ORDER BY id;
1437
+
1438
+ -- 策略3:时间分区分页
1439
+ -- 处理2024年6月的数据,按天分批
1440
+ SELECT * FROM orders
1441
+ WHERE order_date >= '2024-06-01'
1442
+ AND order_date < '2024-06-02'
1443
+ ORDER BY order_id;
1444
+ ```
1445
+
1446
+ #### **🔄 流式处理策略**
1447
+
1448
+ 适用于:大数据ETL、数据导出场景
1449
+
1450
+ ```sql
1451
+ -- 策略1:分批流式处理
1452
+ -- Python伪代码示例
1453
+ """
1454
+ batch_size = 50000
1455
+ offset = 0
1456
+ while True:
1457
+ sql = f'''
1458
+ SELECT * FROM large_table
1459
+ WHERE process_date = '2024-06-01'
1460
+ ORDER BY id
1461
+ LIMIT {batch_size} OFFSET {offset}
1462
+ '''
1463
+ rows = execute_query(sql)
1464
+ if not rows:
1465
+ break
1466
+ process_batch(rows)
1467
+ offset += batch_size
1468
+ """
1469
+
1470
+ -- 策略2:条件迭代处理
1471
+ -- 适用于有序主键的表
1472
+ """
1473
+ last_id = 0
1474
+ batch_size = 50000
1475
+ while True:
1476
+ sql = f'''
1477
+ SELECT * FROM large_table
1478
+ WHERE id > {last_id}
1479
+ ORDER BY id
1480
+ LIMIT {batch_size}
1481
+ '''
1482
+ rows = execute_query(sql)
1483
+ if not rows:
1484
+ break
1485
+ process_batch(rows)
1486
+ last_id = rows[-1]['id']
1487
+ """
1488
+ ```
1489
+
1490
+ ### 性能调优建议
1491
+
1492
+ #### 1. 索引选择策略
1493
+
1494
+ * **高基数等值查询**:使用BLOOMFILTER索引
1495
+ * **文本搜索需求**:使用INVERTED索引,选择合适的分析器
1496
+ * **向量相似性搜索**:使用VECTOR索引,调整ef\_construction和M参数
1497
+
1498
+ #### 2. 构建策略
1499
+
1500
+ * **大表分区构建**:分批构建索引,避免单次处理过多数据
1501
+ * **业务低峰期构建**:BUILD INDEX是同步操作,消耗计算资源
1502
+ * **监控构建进度**:通过Job Profile查看构建状态
1503
+
1504
+ #### 3. 查询优化
1505
+
1506
+ ```sql
1507
+ -- 推荐:分区裁剪 + 索引过滤
1508
+ SELECT *
1509
+ FROM partitioned_table
1510
+ WHERE partition_date >= '2024-06-01' -- 分区裁剪
1511
+ AND category = 'electronics' -- 布隆过滤器索引
1512
+ AND match_any(description, '手机', map('analyzer', 'chinese')); -- 倒排索引
1513
+
1514
+ -- 避免:在索引列上使用函数
1515
+ -- 错误示例
1516
+ WHERE UPPER(category) = 'ELECTRONICS' -- 无法利用索引
1517
+
1518
+ -- 正确示例
1519
+ WHERE category = 'electronics' -- 可以利用索引
1520
+ ```
1521
+
1522
+ ***
1523
+
1524
+ ## 最佳实践
1525
+
1526
+ ### 查询编写建议
1527
+
1528
+ 1. **明确指定列名**:避免使用`SELECT *`,明确指定需要的列
1529
+ 2. **合理使用索引**:为高频查询的过滤条件创建适当的索引
1530
+ 3. **优化JOIN顺序**:将小表放在JOIN的右侧,使用MAPJOIN提示
1531
+ 4. **使用分区裁剪**:在WHERE条件中直接使用分区字段
1532
+ 5. **避免函数包装分区字段**:不要对分区字段使用函数
1533
+ 6. **了解工具限制**:根据使用的客户端选择合适的查询策略
1534
+
1535
+ ### 数据类型选择建议
1536
+
1537
+ 1. **半结构化数据优先选择JSON**:性能优于STRING存储
1538
+ 2. **时间数据根据场景选择TIMESTAMP\_LTZ或TIMESTAMP\_NTZ**
1539
+ 3. **向量数据使用VECTOR类型**:获得原生性能优化
1540
+ 4. **大文本数据考虑全文搜索需求**:可配合相应的搜索功能使用
1541
+ 5. **理解NULL值显示特性**:数值和时间类型NULL有特殊显示格式
1542
+
1543
+ ### 索引最佳实践
1544
+
1545
+ 1. **合理选择索引类型**:根据查询模式选择合适的索引
1546
+ 2. **避免过度索引**:索引会增加存储成本和写入开销
1547
+ 3. **定期维护索引**:监控索引使用情况和性能影响
1548
+ 4. **测试验证效果**:创建索引后验证查询性能提升
1549
+ 5. **考虑数据特征**:高基数列适合布隆过滤器,文本列适合倒排索引
1550
+
1551
+ ### 错误处理建议
1552
+
1553
+ 1. **使用TRY\_CAST进行安全类型转换**
1554
+ 2. **检查转换结果是否为"nan**"
1555
+ 3. **为窗口函数的NULL结果提供合适的默认值处理**
1556
+ 4. **在数据质量检查中识别和处理异常值**
1557
+
1558
+ ### 工具链选择建议
1559
+
1560
+ | 场景 | 推荐工具 | 注意事项 | 优化策略 |
1561
+ | -------- | --------------- | ----------- | ---------------- |
1562
+ | **数据探索** | Web Studio | 10000行显示限制 | 添加过滤条件,专注分析逻辑 |
1563
+ | **应用开发** | JDBC/Python SDK | 内存和网络限制 | 分批处理,合理设置批次大小 |
1564
+ | **批量处理** | 编程接口 | 避免一次性加载大数据集 | 实现分批处理逻辑 |
1565
+ | **报表展示** | BI工具 | 各工具限制不同 | 了解具体工具限制,设计合适数据源 |
1566
+ | **性能测试** | 多工具对比 | 在真实环境验证 | 测试不同工具的实际表现 |
1567
+
1568
+ ***
1569
+
1570
+ ## 常见问题
1571
+
1572
+ ### Q: 是否支持递归CTE(WITH RECURSIVE)?
1573
+
1574
+ A: 当前版本不支持递归CTE语法。对于层次化数据处理,可以使用多级JOIN或自连接方式:
1575
+
1576
+ ```sql
1577
+ -- 替代方案:使用多级JOIN处理层次数据
1578
+ WITH level_1 AS (
1579
+ SELECT employee_id, employee_name, 1 as level
1580
+ FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL
1581
+ ),
1582
+ level_2 AS (
1583
+ SELECT e.employee_id, e.employee_name, 2 as level
1584
+ FROM employees e
1585
+ JOIN level_1 l1 ON e.manager_id = l1.employee_id
1586
+ )
1587
+ SELECT * FROM level_1
1588
+ UNION ALL
1589
+ SELECT * FROM level_2;
1590
+ ```
1591
+
1592
+ ### Q: 如何查询历史版本数据?
1593
+
1594
+ A: 当前建议使用时间字段进行历史数据查询:
1595
+
1596
+ ```sql
1597
+ -- 使用创建时间字段查询历史数据
1598
+ SELECT * FROM orders
1599
+ WHERE created_time >= '2024-06-01 00:00:00'
1600
+ AND created_time <= '2024-06-01 23:59:59';
1601
+
1602
+ -- 查询相对时间的数据
1603
+ SELECT * FROM orders
1604
+ WHERE created_time >= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() - INTERVAL '1' HOUR;
1605
+ ```
1606
+
1607
+ ### Q: 为什么类型转换失败时返回"nan"而不是NULL?
1608
+
1609
+ A: Lakehouse采用更宽松的类型转换策略,转换失败时返回特殊值"nan"。可以使用以下方式进行安全转换:
1610
+
1611
+ ```sql
1612
+ -- 检查转换是否成功
1613
+ SELECT
1614
+ CASE
1615
+ WHEN TRY_CAST(column AS INT) IS NOT NULL
1616
+ AND CAST(TRY_CAST(column AS INT) AS STRING) != 'nan'
1617
+ THEN TRY_CAST(column AS INT)
1618
+ ELSE 0 -- 或其他默认值
1619
+ END as safe_converted_value
1620
+ FROM table_name;
1621
+ ```
1622
+
1623
+ ### Q: 窗口函数中的NULL值为什么显示为特殊格式?
1624
+
1625
+ A: 这是Lakehouse中数值类型和时间类型NULL值的特殊显示方式:
1626
+
1627
+ ```sql
1628
+ -- 数值类型NULL显示为"nan",时间类型NULL显示为"NaT"
1629
+ SELECT
1630
+ LAG(customer_id) OVER (...) as prev_id, -- 显示为"nan"
1631
+ LAG(timestamp_column) OVER (...) as prev_time, -- 显示为"NaT"
1632
+ CASE
1633
+ WHEN LAG(timestamp_column) OVER (...) IS NULL -- IS NULL判断仍然有效
1634
+ THEN 'No Previous Value'
1635
+ ELSE 'Has Previous Value'
1636
+ END as status
1637
+ FROM table_name;
1638
+ ```
1639
+
1640
+ ### Q: 如何迁移Spark中的regexp\_like函数?
1641
+
1642
+ A: Lakehouse不支持regexp\_like函数,可以使用以下替代方案:
1643
+
1644
+ ```sql
1645
+ -- 替代方案1:使用LIKE
1646
+ WHERE column_name LIKE '%pattern%'
1647
+
1648
+ -- 替代方案2:使用regexp_extract检查是否有匹配
1649
+ WHERE regexp_extract(column_name, 'pattern', 0) != ''
1650
+
1651
+ -- 替代方案3:组合多个条件
1652
+ WHERE column_name LIKE '%pattern1%' OR column_name LIKE '%pattern2%'
1653
+ ```
1654
+
1655
+ ### Q: LATERAL VIEW explode语法不支持怎么办?
1656
+
1657
+ A: 直接使用explode函数,无需LATERAL VIEW:
1658
+
1659
+ ```sql
1660
+ -- Spark语法
1661
+ -- SELECT id, item FROM table LATERAL VIEW explode(array_column) AS item;
1662
+
1663
+ -- Lakehouse语法
1664
+ SELECT id, explode(array_column) as item FROM table;
1665
+ ```
1666
+
1667
+ ### Q: 哪些索引支持BUILD INDEX?
1668
+
1669
+ A: 只有INVERTED索引和VECTOR索引支持BUILD INDEX命令:
1670
+
1671
+ ```sql
1672
+ -- 支持BUILD INDEX
1673
+ BUILD INDEX inverted_idx ON table_name; -- 倒排索引
1674
+ BUILD INDEX vector_idx ON table_name; -- 向量索引
1675
+
1676
+ -- 不支持BUILD INDEX
1677
+ -- BUILD INDEX bloom_idx ON table_name; -- 布隆过滤器索引不支持
1678
+ ```
1679
+
1680
+ 布隆过滤器索引只对新写入的数据生效,如需对已有数据生效,需要重写数据。
1681
+
1682
+ ### Q: Web UI显示只有10000行,但我的数据有更多,如何查看全部?
1683
+
1684
+ A: 这是Web UI的显示限制,不是数据库的限制。建议:
1685
+
1686
+ ```sql
1687
+ -- Web UI策略:添加过滤条件
1688
+ SELECT * FROM large_table
1689
+ WHERE category = 'electronics' -- 先过滤
1690
+ AND created_date >= '2024-06-01'
1691
+ LIMIT 1000;
1692
+
1693
+ -- 或使用WEB UI的全量下载功能下载后再查看
1694
+
1695
+ -- 或使用编程接口处理全量数据
1696
+ -- Python示例:
1697
+ """
1698
+ import clickzetta
1699
+ conn = clickzetta.connect(...)
1700
+ cursor = conn.cursor()
1701
+ cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM large_table")
1702
+ for row in cursor.fetchall(): -- 可处理超过10000行
1703
+ process(row)
1704
+ """
1705
+ ```
1706
+
1707
+ ### Q: 不同工具的查询限制如何确认?
1708
+
1709
+ A: 建议在实际使用前测试:
1710
+
1711
+ 1. **Web UI**:已知限制10000行
1712
+ 2. **JDBC客户端**:通过简单查询测试实际限制
1713
+ 3. **Python SDK**:查阅官方文档或测试验证
1714
+ 4. **BI工具**:查阅工具文档或联系厂商
1715
+ 5. **自定义应用**:在开发环境中进行压力测试
1716
+
1717
+ ### Q: OFFSET功能有限制吗?
1718
+
1719
+ A: 经过实际验证,Lakehouse的OFFSET功能没有硬性限制:
1720
+
1721
+ ```sql
1722
+ -- ✅ 这些查询都可以正常执行
1723
+ SELECT * FROM table ORDER BY id LIMIT 10 OFFSET 10000; -- 正常
1724
+ SELECT * FROM table ORDER BY id LIMIT 10 OFFSET 15000; -- 正常
1725
+ SELECT * FROM table ORDER BY id LIMIT 10 OFFSET 50000; -- 正常
1726
+
1727
+ -- 限制主要来自:
1728
+ -- 1. 使用的客户端工具的显示限制
1729
+ -- 2. 网络传输和内存的实际约束
1730
+ -- 3. 查询性能考虑(深度分页性能较差)
1731
+ ```
1732
+
1733
+ ### Q: 索引的IF NOT EXISTS语法有什么特殊行为?
1734
+
1735
+ A: 语法完全支持,但当前实现有些特殊性:
1736
+
1737
+ ```sql
1738
+ -- ✅ 语法支持
1739
+ CREATE BLOOMFILTER INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_name ON TABLE table_name(column);
1740
+ CREATE INVERTED INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_name ON TABLE table_name(column);
1741
+ CREATE VECTOR INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_name ON TABLE table_name(column);
1742
+
1743
+ -- ⚠️ 当前行为:在同一列创建相同类型的重复索引时仍可能报错
1744
+ -- 这表明语法解析正确,但逻辑检查还在持续完善中
1745
+ ```
1746
+
1747
+ 建议在生产环境中谨慎使用,必要时先检查索引是否已存在。
1748
+
1749
+ ***
1750
+
1751
+ ## 总结
1752
+
1753
+ 云器Lakehouse作为现代化的数据湖解决方案,在保持SQL标准兼容性的同时,为大数据分析和AI应用提供了强大的扩展能力。通过本文档的学习,您应该能够:
1754
+
1755
+ ### 🎯 **掌握的核心技能**
1756
+
1757
+ * **标准SQL查询**:熟练使用SELECT、JOIN、窗口函数等基础功能
1758
+ * **现代数据类型**:充分利用JSON、VECTOR、ARRAY等复杂数据类型
1759
+ * **性能优化**:通过索引、分区、查询提示等方式提升查询效率
1760
+ * **全文搜索**:使用倒排索引进行智能文本检索
1761
+ * **向量搜索**:支持AI/ML场景的相似性搜索需求
1762
+ * **工具链认知**:了解不同客户端工具的限制和最佳实践
1763
+ * **NULL值处理**:理解数值和时间类型NULL值的特殊显示格式
1764
+
1765
+ ### 🚀 **进阶发展建议**
1766
+
1767
+ 1. **深入索引优化**:根据业务场景选择合适的索引策略
1768
+ 2. **分区表设计**:掌握分区表的创建和查询优化技巧
1769
+ 3. **数据管道构建**:结合动态表、流处理等高级功能
1770
+ 4. **AI/ML集成**:探索向量搜索和知识图谱应用
1771
+ 5. **多工具协作**:根据不同场景选择最适合的查询工具
1772
+
1773
+ ### 🔑 **重要认知**
1774
+
1775
+ * **工具限制 ≠ 系统限制**:始终区分客户端限制和数据库引擎能力
1776
+ * **策略选择**:根据使用的工具选择合适的查询和分页策略
1777
+ * **性能权衡**:在功能需求和性能表现之间找到最佳平衡点
1778
+ * **数据类型理解**:掌握NULL值显示特性,正确处理数据转换
1779
+
1780
+ ### 💡 **持续学习**
1781
+
1782
+ * 关注云器官方文档更新,了解新功能特性
1783
+ * 参与社区讨论,分享使用经验和最佳实践
1784
+ * 定期回顾查询性能,持续优化数据处理流程
1785
+ * 在实际项目中验证不同工具的表现,积累经验
1786
+
1787
+ ### 🤝 **获取帮助**
1788
+
1789
+ 如果在使用过程中遇到问题,建议:
1790
+
1791
+ 1. 首先查阅本文档的"常见问题"部分
1792
+ 2. 参考官方技术文档获取详细说明
1793
+ 3. 在实际环境中验证工具的限制和能力
1794
+ 4. 联系技术支持团队获取专业协助
1795
+
1796
+ 云器Lakehouse将持续发展,我们期待您在数据分析和AI探索的旅程中取得更大成功!
1797
+
1798
+ ***
1799
+
1800
+ ## 参考资源
1801
+
1802
+ * [Lakehouse SQL函数参考](https://yunqi.tech/documents/SUMMARY)
1803
+ * [数据类型详细说明](https://yunqi.tech/documents/datatype-conversion)
1804
+ * [JSON数据类型文档](https://yunqi.tech/documents/json_analyze)
1805
+ * [向量搜索功能文档](https://yunqi.tech/documents/vector-search)
1806
+ * [全文搜索功能文档](https://yunqi.tech/documents/inverted-index)
1807
+ * [布隆过滤器索引文档](https://yunqi.tech/documents/CREATE-BLOOMFILTER-INDEX)
1808
+ * [倒排索引文档](https://yunqi.tech/documents/create-inverted-index)
1809
+ * [向量索引文档](https://yunqi.tech/documents/create-vector-index)
1810
+ * [索引构建文档](https://yunqi.tech/documents/build-inverted-index)
1811
+ * [性能优化指南](https://yunqi.tech/documents/analytics_cluster_best_practices)
1812
+ * [JDBC使用文档](https://yunqi.tech/documents/java_reference/jdbc)
1813
+ * [Python SDK文档](https://yunqi.tech/documents/python_reference/connector)
1814
+ * [试用账号限制说明](https://yunqi.tech/documents/trial-account-quotas-and-limits)
1815
+
1816
+ ***
1817
+
1818
+ **注意**:本文档基于Lakehouse 2025年6月的产品文档整理,建议定期查看官方文档获取最新更新。在生产环境中使用前,请务必在测试环境中验证所有操作的正确性和性能影响。