@clayroach/effect 3.19.14-source-capture.8 → 3.19.14-source-trace.2

package/src/Option.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2170 @@
+/**
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+import type { Either } from "./Either.js"
+import * as Equal from "./Equal.js"
+import * as Equivalence from "./Equivalence.js"
+import type { LazyArg } from "./Function.js"
+import { constNull, constUndefined, dual, identity, isFunction } from "./Function.js"
+import type { TypeLambda } from "./HKT.js"
+import type { Inspectable } from "./Inspectable.js"
+import * as doNotation from "./internal/doNotation.js"
+import * as either from "./internal/either.js"
+import * as option from "./internal/option.js"
+import type { Order } from "./Order.js"
+import * as order from "./Order.js"
+import type { Pipeable } from "./Pipeable.js"
+import type { Predicate, Refinement } from "./Predicate.js"
+import type { Covariant, NoInfer, NotFunction } from "./Types.js"
+import type * as Unify from "./Unify.js"
+import * as Gen from "./Utils.js"
+
+/**
+ * The `Option` data type represents optional values. An `Option<A>` can either
+ * be `Some<A>`, containing a value of type `A`, or `None`, representing the
+ * absence of a value.
+ *
+ * **When to Use**
+ *
+ * You can use `Option` in scenarios like:
+ *
+ * - Using it for initial values
+ * - Returning values from functions that are not defined for all possible
+ *   inputs (referred to as “partial functions”)
+ * - Managing optional fields in data structures
+ * - Handling optional function arguments
+ *
+ * @category Models
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export type Option<A> = None<A> | Some<A>
+
+/**
+ * @category Symbols
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const TypeId: unique symbol = Symbol.for("effect/Option")
+
+/**
+ * @category Symbols
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export type TypeId = typeof TypeId
+
+/**
+ * @category Models
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export interface None<out A> extends Pipeable, Inspectable {
+  readonly _tag: "None"
+  readonly _op: "None"
+  readonly [TypeId]: {
+    readonly _A: Covariant<A>
+  }
+  [Unify.typeSymbol]?: unknown
+  [Unify.unifySymbol]?: OptionUnify<this>
+  [Unify.ignoreSymbol]?: OptionUnifyIgnore
+}
+
+/**
+ * @category Models
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export interface Some<out A> extends Pipeable, Inspectable {
+  readonly _tag: "Some"
+  readonly _op: "Some"
+  readonly value: A
+  readonly [TypeId]: {
+    readonly _A: Covariant<A>
+  }
+  [Unify.typeSymbol]?: unknown
+  [Unify.unifySymbol]?: OptionUnify<this>
+  [Unify.ignoreSymbol]?: OptionUnifyIgnore
+}
+
+/**
+ * @category Models
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export interface OptionUnify<A extends { [Unify.typeSymbol]?: any }> {
+  Option?: () => A[Unify.typeSymbol] extends Option<infer A0> | infer _ ? Option<A0> : never
+}
+
+/**
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export declare namespace Option {
+  /**
+   * Extracts the type of the value contained in an `Option`.
+   *
+   * **Example** (Getting the Value Type of an Option)
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * import { Option } from "effect"
+   *
+   * // Declare an Option holding a string
+   * declare const myOption: Option.Option<string>
+   *
+   * // Extract the type of the value within the Option
+   * //
+   * //      ┌─── string
+   * //      ▼
+   * type MyType = Option.Option.Value<typeof myOption>
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   * @category Type-level Utils
+   */
+  export type Value<T extends Option<any>> = [T] extends [Option<infer _A>] ? _A : never
+}
+
+/**
+ * @category Models
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export interface OptionUnifyIgnore {}
+
+/**
+ * @category Type Lambdas
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export interface OptionTypeLambda extends TypeLambda {
+  readonly type: Option<this["Target"]>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents the absence of a value by creating an empty `Option`.
+ *
+ * `Option.none` returns an `Option<never>`, which is a subtype of `Option<A>`.
+ * This means you can use it in place of any `Option<A>` regardless of the type
+ * `A`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Creating an Option with No Value)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // An Option holding no value
+ * //
+ * //      ┌─── Option<never>
+ * //      ▼
+ * const noValue = Option.none()
+ *
+ * console.log(noValue)
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link some} for the opposite operation.
+ *
+ * @category Constructors
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const none = <A = never>(): Option<A> => option.none
+
+/**
+ * Wraps the given value into an `Option` to represent its presence.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Creating an Option with a Value)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // An Option holding the number 1
+ * //
+ * //      ┌─── Option<number>
+ * //      ▼
+ * const value = Option.some(1)
+ *
+ * console.log(value)
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link none} for the opposite operation.
+ *
+ * @category Constructors
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const some: <A>(value: A) => Option<A> = option.some
+
+/**
+ * Determines whether the given value is an `Option`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function checks if a value is an instance of `Option`. It returns `true`
+ * if the value is either `Option.some` or `Option.none`, and `false` otherwise.
+ * This is particularly useful when working with unknown values or when you need
+ * to ensure type safety in your code.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.isOption(Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: true
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.isOption(Option.none()))
+ * // Output: true
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.isOption({}))
+ * // Output: false
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Guards
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const isOption: (input: unknown) => input is Option<unknown> = option.isOption
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether an `Option` represents the absence of a value (`None`).
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.isNone(Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: false
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.isNone(Option.none()))
+ * // Output: true
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link isSome} for the opposite check.
+ *
+ * @category Guards
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const isNone: <A>(self: Option<A>) => self is None<A> = option.isNone
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether an `Option` contains a value (`Some`).
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.isSome(Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: true
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.isSome(Option.none()))
+ * // Output: false
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link isNone} for the opposite check.
+ *
+ * @category Guards
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const isSome: <A>(self: Option<A>) => self is Some<A> = option.isSome
+
+/**
+ * Performs pattern matching on an `Option` to handle both `Some` and `None`
+ * cases.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to match against an `Option` and handle both
+ * scenarios: when the `Option` is `None` (i.e., contains no value), and when
+ * the `Option` is `Some` (i.e., contains a value). It executes one of the
+ * provided functions based on the case:
+ *
+ * - If the `Option` is `None`, the `onNone` function is executed and its result
+ *   is returned.
+ * - If the `Option` is `Some`, the `onSome` function is executed with the
+ *   contained value, and its result is returned.
+ *
+ * This function provides a concise and functional way to handle optional values
+ * without resorting to `if` or manual checks, making your code more declarative
+ * and readable.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Pattern Matching with Option)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const foo = Option.some(1)
+ *
+ * const message = Option.match(foo, {
+ *   onNone: () => "Option is empty",
+ *   onSome: (value) => `Option has a value: ${value}`
+ * })
+ *
+ * console.log(message)
+ * // Output: "Option has a value: 1"
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Pattern matching
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const match: {
+  <B, A, C = B>(options: {
+    readonly onNone: LazyArg<B>
+    readonly onSome: (a: A) => C
+  }): (self: Option<A>) => B | C
+  <A, B, C = B>(self: Option<A>, options: {
+    readonly onNone: LazyArg<B>
+    readonly onSome: (a: A) => C
+  }): B | C
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B, C = B>(self: Option<A>, { onNone, onSome }: {
+    readonly onNone: LazyArg<B>
+    readonly onSome: (a: A) => C
+  }): B | C => isNone(self) ? onNone() : onSome(self.value)
+)
+
+/**
+ * Converts an `Option`-returning function into a type guard.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function transforms a function that returns an `Option` into a type
+ * guard, ensuring type safety when validating or narrowing types. The returned
+ * type guard function checks whether the input satisfies the condition defined
+ * in the original `Option`-returning function.
+ *
+ * If the original function returns `Option.some`, the type guard evaluates to
+ * `true`, confirming the input is of the desired type. If the function returns
+ * `Option.none`, the type guard evaluates to `false`.
+ *
+ * This utility is especially useful for validating types in union types,
+ * filtering arrays, or ensuring safe handling of specific subtypes.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * type MyData = string | number
+ *
+ * const parseString = (data: MyData): Option.Option<string> =>
+ *   typeof data === "string" ? Option.some(data) : Option.none()
+ *
+ * //      ┌─── (a: MyData) => a is string
+ * //      ▼
+ * const isString = Option.toRefinement(parseString)
+ *
+ * console.log(isString("a"))
+ * // Output: true
+ *
+ * console.log(isString(1))
+ * // Output: false
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const toRefinement = <A, B extends A>(f: (a: A) => Option<B>): (a: A) => a is B => (a: A): a is B => isSome(f(a))
+
+/**
+ * Converts an `Iterable` into an `Option`, wrapping the first element if it
+ * exists.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes an `Iterable` (e.g., an array, a generator, or any object
+ * implementing the `Iterable` interface) and returns an `Option` based on its
+ * content:
+ *
+ * - If the `Iterable` contains at least one element, the first element is
+ *   wrapped in a `Some` and returned.
+ * - If the `Iterable` is empty, `None` is returned, representing the absence of
+ *   a value.
+ *
+ * This utility is useful for safely handling collections that might be empty,
+ * ensuring you explicitly handle both cases where a value exists or doesn't.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.fromIterable([1, 2, 3]))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.fromIterable([]))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Constructors
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const fromIterable = <A>(collection: Iterable<A>): Option<A> => {
+  for (const a of collection) {
+    return some(a)
+  }
+  return none()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts an `Either` into an `Option` by discarding the error and extracting
+ * the right value.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes an `Either` and returns an `Option` based on its value:
+ *
+ * - If the `Either` is a `Right`, its value is wrapped in a `Some` and
+ *   returned.
+ * - If the `Either` is a `Left`, the error is discarded, and `None` is
+ *   returned.
+ *
+ * This is particularly useful when you only care about the success case
+ * (`Right`) of an `Either` and want to handle the result using `Option`. By
+ * using this function, you can convert `Either` into a simpler structure for
+ * cases where error handling is not required.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Either, Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.getRight(Either.right("ok")))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'ok' }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.getRight(Either.left("err")))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link getLeft} for the opposite operation.
+ *
+ * @category Conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getRight: <R, L>(self: Either<R, L>) => Option<R> = either.getRight
+
+/**
+ * Converts an `Either` into an `Option` by discarding the right value and
+ * extracting the left value.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function transforms an `Either` into an `Option` as follows:
+ *
+ * - If the `Either` is a `Left`, its value is wrapped in a `Some` and returned.
+ * - If the `Either` is a `Right`, the value is discarded, and `None` is
+ *   returned.
+ *
+ * This utility is useful when you only care about the error case (`Left`) of an
+ * `Either` and want to handle it as an `Option`. By discarding the right value,
+ * it simplifies error-focused workflows.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Either, Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.getLeft(Either.right("ok")))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.getLeft(Either.left("err")))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'err' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link getRight} for the opposite operation.
+ *
+ * @category Conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getLeft: <R, L>(self: Either<R, L>) => Option<L> = either.getLeft
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value contained in the `Option` if it is `Some`, otherwise
+ * evaluates and returns the result of `onNone`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to provide a fallback value or computation for when
+ * an `Option` is `None`. If the `Option` contains a value (`Some`), that value
+ * is returned. If it is empty (`None`), the `onNone` function is executed, and
+ * its result is returned instead.
+ *
+ * This utility is helpful for safely handling `Option` values by ensuring you
+ * always receive a meaningful result, whether or not the `Option` contains a
+ * value. It is particularly useful for providing default values or alternative
+ * logic when working with optional values.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some(1).pipe(Option.getOrElse(() => 0)))
+ * // Output: 1
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.none().pipe(Option.getOrElse(() => 0)))
+ * // Output: 0
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link getOrNull} for a version that returns `null` instead of executing a function.
+ * @see {@link getOrUndefined} for a version that returns `undefined` instead of executing a function.
+ *
+ * @category Getters
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getOrElse: {
+  <B>(onNone: LazyArg<B>): <A>(self: Option<A>) => B | A
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, onNone: LazyArg<B>): A | B
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, onNone: LazyArg<B>): A | B => isNone(self) ? onNone() : self.value
+)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the provided `Option` `that` if the current `Option` (`self`) is
+ * `None`; otherwise, it returns `self`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function provides a fallback mechanism for `Option` values. If the
+ * current `Option` is `None` (i.e., it contains no value), the `that` function
+ * is evaluated, and its resulting `Option` is returned. If the current `Option`
+ * is `Some` (i.e., it contains a value), the original `Option` is returned
+ * unchanged.
+ *
+ * This is particularly useful for chaining fallback values or computations,
+ * allowing you to provide alternative `Option` values when the first one is
+ * empty.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.none().pipe(Option.orElse(() => Option.none())))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some("a").pipe(Option.orElse(() => Option.none())))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'a' }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.none().pipe(Option.orElse(() => Option.some("b"))))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'b' }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some("a").pipe(Option.orElse(() => Option.some("b"))))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'a' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Error handling
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const orElse: {
+  <B>(that: LazyArg<Option<B>>): <A>(self: Option<A>) => Option<B | A>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, that: LazyArg<Option<B>>): Option<A | B>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, that: LazyArg<Option<B>>): Option<A | B> => isNone(self) ? that() : self
+)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the provided default value wrapped in `Some` if the current `Option`
+ * (`self`) is `None`; otherwise, returns `self`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function provides a way to supply a default value for cases where an
+ * `Option` is `None`. If the current `Option` is empty (`None`), the `onNone`
+ * function is executed to compute the default value, which is then wrapped in a
+ * `Some`. If the current `Option` contains a value (`Some`), it is returned as
+ * is.
+ *
+ * This is particularly useful for handling optional values where a fallback
+ * default needs to be provided explicitly in case of absence.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.none().pipe(Option.orElseSome(() => "b")))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'b' }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some("a").pipe(Option.orElseSome(() => "b")))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'a' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Error handling
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const orElseSome: {
+  <B>(onNone: LazyArg<B>): <A>(self: Option<A>) => Option<B | A>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, onNone: LazyArg<B>): Option<A | B>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, onNone: LazyArg<B>): Option<A | B> => isNone(self) ? some(onNone()) : self
+)
+
+/**
+ * Similar to {@link orElse}, but returns an `Either` wrapped in an `Option` to
+ * indicate the source of the value.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to provide a fallback `Option` in case the current
+ * `Option` (`self`) is `None`. However, unlike `orElse`, it returns the value
+ * wrapped in an `Either` object, providing additional information about where
+ * the value came from:
+ *
+ * - If the value is from the fallback `Option` (`that`), it is wrapped in an
+ *   `Either.right`.
+ * - If the value is from the original `Option` (`self`), it is wrapped in an
+ *   `Either.left`.
+ *
+ * This is especially useful when you need to differentiate between values
+ * originating from the primary `Option` and those coming from the fallback,
+ * while still maintaining the `Option`-style handling.
+ *
+ * @category Error handling
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const orElseEither: {
+  <B>(that: LazyArg<Option<B>>): <A>(self: Option<A>) => Option<Either<B, A>>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, that: LazyArg<Option<B>>): Option<Either<B, A>>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, that: LazyArg<Option<B>>): Option<Either<B, A>> =>
+    isNone(self) ? map(that(), either.right) : map(self, either.left)
+)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the first `Some` value found in an `Iterable` collection of
+ * `Option`s, or `None` if no `Some` is found.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function iterates over a collection of `Option` values and returns the
+ * first `Some` it encounters. If the collection contains only `None` values,
+ * the result will also be `None`. This utility is useful for efficiently
+ * finding the first valid value in a sequence of potentially empty or invalid
+ * options.
+ *
+ * The iteration stops as soon as a `Some` is found, making this function
+ * efficient for large collections.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.firstSomeOf([
+ *   Option.none(),
+ *   Option.some(1),
+ *   Option.some(2)
+ * ]))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Error handling
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const firstSomeOf = <T, C extends Iterable<Option<T>> = Iterable<Option<T>>>(
+  collection: C
+): [C] extends [Iterable<Option<infer A>>] ? Option<A> : never => {
+  let out: Option<unknown> = none()
+  for (out of collection) {
+    if (isSome(out)) {
+      return out as any
+    }
+  }
+  return out as any
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts a nullable value into an `Option`. Returns `None` if the value is
+ * `null` or `undefined`, otherwise wraps the value in a `Some`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.fromNullable(undefined))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.fromNullable(null))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.fromNullable(1))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const fromNullable = <A>(
+  nullableValue: A
+): Option<NonNullable<A>> => (nullableValue == null ? none() : some(nullableValue as NonNullable<A>))
+
+/**
+ * Lifts a function that returns `null` or `undefined` into the `Option`
+ * context.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes a function `f` that might return `null` or `undefined`
+ * and transforms it into a function that returns an `Option`. The resulting
+ * function will return:
+ * - `Some` if the original function produces a non-null, non-undefined value.
+ * - `None` if the original function produces `null` or `undefined`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const parse = (s: string): number | undefined => {
+ *   const n = parseFloat(s)
+ *   return isNaN(n) ? undefined : n
+ * }
+ *
+ * const parseOption = Option.liftNullable(parse)
+ *
+ * console.log(parseOption("1"))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }
+ *
+ * console.log(parseOption("not a number"))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const liftNullable = <A extends ReadonlyArray<unknown>, B>(
+  f: (...a: A) => B | null | undefined
+): (...a: A) => Option<NonNullable<B>> =>
+(...a) => fromNullable(f(...a))
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value contained in the `Option` if it is `Some`; otherwise,
+ * returns `null`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function provides a way to extract the value of an `Option` while
+ * falling back to `null` if the `Option` is `None`.
+ *
+ * It is particularly useful in scenarios where `null` is an acceptable
+ * placeholder for the absence of a value, such as when interacting with APIs or
+ * systems that use `null` as a default for missing values.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.getOrNull(Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: 1
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.getOrNull(Option.none()))
+ * // Output: null
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Getters
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getOrNull: <A>(self: Option<A>) => A | null = getOrElse(constNull)
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value contained in the `Option` if it is `Some`; otherwise,
+ * returns `undefined`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function provides a way to extract the value of an `Option` while
+ * falling back to `undefined` if the `Option` is `None`.
+ *
+ * It is particularly useful in scenarios where `undefined` is an acceptable
+ * placeholder for the absence of a value, such as when interacting with APIs or
+ * systems that use `undefined` as a default for missing values.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.getOrUndefined(Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: 1
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.getOrUndefined(Option.none()))
+ * // Output: undefined
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Getters
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getOrUndefined: <A>(self: Option<A>) => A | undefined = getOrElse(constUndefined)
+
+/**
+ * Lifts a function that throws exceptions into a function that returns an
+ * `Option`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This utility function takes a function `f` that might throw an exception and
+ * transforms it into a safer function that returns an `Option`. If the original
+ * function executes successfully, the result is wrapped in a `Some`. If an
+ * exception is thrown, the result is `None`, allowing the developer to handle
+ * errors in a functional, type-safe way.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const parse = Option.liftThrowable(JSON.parse)
+ *
+ * console.log(parse("1"))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }
+ *
+ * console.log(parse(""))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const liftThrowable = <A extends ReadonlyArray<unknown>, B>(
+  f: (...a: A) => B
+): (...a: A) => Option<B> =>
+(...a) => {
+  try {
+    return some(f(...a))
+  } catch {
+    return none()
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extracts the value of an `Option` or throws an error if the `Option` is
+ * `None`, using a custom error factory.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to extract the value of an `Option` when it is
+ * `Some`. If the `Option` is `None`, it throws an error generated by the
+ * provided `onNone` function. This utility is particularly useful when you need
+ * a fail-fast behavior for empty `Option` values and want to provide a custom
+ * error message or object.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert"
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * assert.deepStrictEqual(
+ *   Option.getOrThrowWith(Option.some(1), () => new Error('Unexpected None')),
+ *   1
+ * )
+ * assert.throws(() => Option.getOrThrowWith(Option.none(), () => new Error('Unexpected None')))
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link getOrThrow} for a version that throws a default error.
+ *
+ * @category Conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getOrThrowWith: {
+  (onNone: () => unknown): <A>(self: Option<A>) => A
+  <A>(self: Option<A>, onNone: () => unknown): A
+} = dual(2, <A>(self: Option<A>, onNone: () => unknown): A => {
+  if (isSome(self)) {
+    return self.value
+  }
+  throw onNone()
+})
+
+/**
+ * Extracts the value of an `Option` or throws a default error if the `Option`
+ * is `None`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function extracts the value from an `Option` if it is `Some`. If the
+ * `Option` is `None`, it throws a default error. It is useful for fail-fast
+ * scenarios where the absence of a value is treated as an exceptional case and
+ * a default error is sufficient.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert"
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * assert.deepStrictEqual(Option.getOrThrow(Option.some(1)), 1)
+ * assert.throws(() => Option.getOrThrow(Option.none()))
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link getOrThrowWith} for a version that allows you to provide a custom error.
+ *
+ * @category Conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getOrThrow: <A>(self: Option<A>) => A = getOrThrowWith(() => new Error("getOrThrow called on a None"))
+
+/**
+ * Transforms the value inside a `Some` to a new value using the provided
+ * function, while leaving `None` unchanged.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function applies a mapping function `f` to the value inside an `Option`
+ * if it is a `Some`. If the `Option` is `None`, it remains unchanged. The
+ * result is a new `Option` with the transformed value (if it was a `Some`) or
+ * still `None`.
+ *
+ * This utility is particularly useful for chaining transformations in a
+ * functional way without needing to manually handle `None` cases.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // Mapping over a `Some`
+ * const someValue = Option.some(2)
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.map(someValue, (n) => n * 2))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 4 }
+ *
+ * // Mapping over a `None`
+ * const noneValue = Option.none<number>()
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.map(noneValue, (n) => n * 2))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Mapping
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const map: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => B): (self: Option<A>) => Option<B>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => B): Option<B>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => B): Option<B> => isNone(self) ? none() : some(f(self.value))
+)
+
+/**
+ * Replaces the value inside a `Some` with the specified constant value, leaving
+ * `None` unchanged.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function transforms an `Option` by replacing the value inside a `Some`
+ * with the given constant value `b`. If the `Option` is `None`, it remains
+ * unchanged.
+ *
+ * This is useful when you want to preserve the presence of a value (`Some`) but
+ * replace its content with a fixed value.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // Replacing the value of a `Some`
+ * const someValue = Option.some(42)
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.as(someValue, "new value"))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'new value' }
+ *
+ * // Replacing a `None` (no effect)
+ * const noneValue = Option.none<number>()
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.as(noneValue, "new value"))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Mapping
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const as: {
+  <B>(b: B): <X>(self: Option<X>) => Option<B>
+  <X, B>(self: Option<X>, b: B): Option<B>
+} = dual(2, <X, B>(self: Option<X>, b: B): Option<B> => map(self, () => b))
+
+/**
+ * Replaces the value inside a `Some` with the constant value `void`, leaving
+ * `None` unchanged.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function transforms an `Option` by replacing the value inside a `Some`
+ * with `void`. If the `Option` is `None`, it remains unchanged.
+ *
+ * This is particularly useful in scenarios where the presence or absence of a
+ * value is significant, but the actual content of the value is irrelevant.
+ *
+ * @category Mapping
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const asVoid: <_>(self: Option<_>) => Option<void> = as(undefined)
+
+const void_: Option<void> = some(undefined)
+export {
+  /**
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   */
+  void_ as void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Applies a function to the value of a `Some` and flattens the resulting
+ * `Option`. If the input is `None`, it remains `None`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to chain computations that return `Option` values.
+ * If the input `Option` is `Some`, the provided function `f` is applied to the
+ * contained value, and the resulting `Option` is returned. If the input is
+ * `None`, the function is not applied, and the result remains `None`.
+ *
+ * This utility is particularly useful for sequencing operations that may fail
+ * or produce optional results, enabling clean and concise workflows for
+ * handling such cases.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * interface Address {
+ *   readonly city: string
+ *   readonly street: Option.Option<string>
+ * }
+ *
+ * interface User {
+ *   readonly id: number
+ *   readonly username: string
+ *   readonly email: Option.Option<string>
+ *   readonly address: Option.Option<Address>
+ * }
+ *
+ * const user: User = {
+ *   id: 1,
+ *   username: "john_doe",
+ *   email: Option.some("john.doe@example.com"),
+ *   address: Option.some({
+ *     city: "New York",
+ *     street: Option.some("123 Main St")
+ *   })
+ * }
+ *
+ * // Use flatMap to extract the street value
+ * const street = user.address.pipe(
+ *   Option.flatMap((address) => address.street)
+ * )
+ *
+ * console.log(street)
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: '123 Main St' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Sequencing
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const flatMap: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => Option<B>): (self: Option<A>) => Option<B>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => Option<B>): Option<B>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => Option<B>): Option<B> => isNone(self) ? none() : f(self.value)
+)
+
+/**
+ * Chains two `Option`s together. The second `Option` can either be a static
+ * value or depend on the result of the first `Option`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function enables sequencing of two `Option` computations. If the first
+ * `Option` is `Some`, the second `Option` is evaluated. The second `Option` can
+ * either:
+ *
+ * - Be a static `Option` value.
+ * - Be a function that produces an `Option`, optionally based on the value of
+ *   the first `Option`.
+ *
+ * If the first `Option` is `None`, the function skips the evaluation of the
+ * second `Option` and directly returns `None`.
+ *
+ * @category Sequencing
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const andThen: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => Option<B>): (self: Option<A>) => Option<B>
+  <B>(f: Option<B>): <A>(self: Option<A>) => Option<B>
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => B): (self: Option<A>) => Option<B>
+  <B>(f: NotFunction<B>): <A>(self: Option<A>) => Option<B>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => Option<B>): Option<B>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: Option<B>): Option<B>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => B): Option<B>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: NotFunction<B>): Option<B>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => Option<B> | Option<B>): Option<B> =>
+    flatMap(self, (a) => {
+      const b = isFunction(f) ? f(a) : f
+      return isOption(b) ? b : some(b)
+    })
+)
+
+/**
+ * Combines `flatMap` and `fromNullable`, transforming the value inside a `Some`
+ * using a function that may return `null` or `undefined`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function applies a transformation function `f` to the value inside a
+ * `Some`. The function `f` may return a value, `null`, or `undefined`. If `f`
+ * returns a value, it is wrapped in a `Some`. If `f` returns `null` or
+ * `undefined`, the result is `None`. If the input `Option` is `None`, the
+ * function is not applied, and `None` is returned.
+ *
+ * This utility is particularly useful when working with deeply nested optional
+ * values or chaining computations that may result in `null` or `undefined` at
+ * some point.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * interface Employee {
+ *   company?: {
+ *     address?: {
+ *       street?: {
+ *         name?: string
+ *       }
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ * }
+ *
+ * const employee1: Employee = { company: { address: { street: { name: "high street" } } } }
+ *
+ * // Extracting a deeply nested property
+ * console.log(
+ *   Option.some(employee1)
+ *     .pipe(Option.flatMapNullable((employee) => employee.company?.address?.street?.name))
+ * )
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'high street' }
+ *
+ * const employee2: Employee = { company: { address: { street: {} } } }
+ *
+ * // Property does not exist
+ * console.log(
+ *   Option.some(employee2)
+ *     .pipe(Option.flatMapNullable((employee) => employee.company?.address?.street?.name))
+ * )
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Sequencing
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const flatMapNullable: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => B | null | undefined): (self: Option<A>) => Option<NonNullable<B>>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => B | null | undefined): Option<NonNullable<B>>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => B | null | undefined): Option<NonNullable<B>> =>
+    isNone(self) ? none() : fromNullable(f(self.value))
+)
+
+/**
+ * Flattens an `Option` of `Option` into a single `Option`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes an `Option` that wraps another `Option` and flattens it
+ * into a single `Option`. If the outer `Option` is `Some`, the function
+ * extracts the inner `Option`. If the outer `Option` is `None`, the result
+ * remains `None`.
+ *
+ * This is useful for simplifying nested `Option` structures that may arise
+ * during functional operations.
+ *
+ * @category Sequencing
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const flatten: <A>(self: Option<Option<A>>) => Option<A> = flatMap(identity)
+
+/**
+ * Combines two `Option`s, keeping the value from the second `Option` if both
+ * are `Some`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes two `Option`s and returns the second one if the first is
+ * `Some`. If the first `Option` is `None`, the result will also be `None`,
+ * regardless of the second `Option`. It effectively "zips" the two `Option`s
+ * while discarding the value from the first `Option`.
+ *
+ * This is particularly useful when sequencing computations where the result of
+ * the first computation is not needed, and you only care about the result of
+ * the second computation.
+ *
+ * @category Zipping
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const zipRight: {
+  <B>(that: Option<B>): <_>(self: Option<_>) => Option<B>
+  <X, B>(self: Option<X>, that: Option<B>): Option<B>
+} = dual(2, <X, B>(self: Option<X>, that: Option<B>): Option<B> => flatMap(self, () => that))
+
+/**
+ * Combines two `Option`s, keeping the value from the first `Option` if both are
+ * `Some`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes two `Option`s and returns the first one if it is `Some`.
+ * If either the first `Option` or the second `Option` is `None`, the result
+ * will be `None`. This operation "zips" the two `Option`s while discarding the
+ * value from the second `Option`.
+ *
+ * This is useful when sequencing computations where the second `Option`
+ * represents a dependency or condition that must hold, but its value is
+ * irrelevant.
+ *
+ * @category Zipping
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const zipLeft: {
+  <_>(that: Option<_>): <A>(self: Option<A>) => Option<A>
+  <A, X>(self: Option<A>, that: Option<X>): Option<A>
+} = dual(2, <A, X>(self: Option<A>, that: Option<X>): Option<A> => tap(self, () => that))
+
+/**
+ * Composes two functions that return `Option` values, creating a new function
+ * that chains them together.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to compose two computations, each represented by a
+ * function that returns an `Option`. The result of the first function is passed
+ * to the second function if it is `Some`. If the first function returns `None`,
+ * the composed function short-circuits and returns `None` without invoking the
+ * second function.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const parse = (s: string): Option.Option<number> => isNaN(Number(s)) ? Option.none() : Option.some(Number(s))
+ *
+ * const double = (n: number): Option.Option<number> => n > 0 ? Option.some(n * 2) : Option.none()
+ *
+ * const parseAndDouble = Option.composeK(parse, double)
+ *
+ * console.log(parseAndDouble("42"))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 84 }
+ *
+ * console.log(parseAndDouble("not a number"))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Sequencing
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const composeK: {
+  <B, C>(bfc: (b: B) => Option<C>): <A>(afb: (a: A) => Option<B>) => (a: A) => Option<C>
+  <A, B, C>(afb: (a: A) => Option<B>, bfc: (b: B) => Option<C>): (a: A) => Option<C>
+} = dual(2, <A, B, C>(afb: (a: A) => Option<B>, bfc: (b: B) => Option<C>) => (a: A): Option<C> => flatMap(afb(a), bfc))
+
+/**
+ * Applies the provided function `f` to the value of the `Option` if it is
+ * `Some` and returns the original `Option`, unless `f` returns `None`, in which
+ * case it returns `None`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to perform additional computations on the value of
+ * an `Option` without modifying its original value. If the `Option` is `Some`,
+ * the provided function `f` is executed with the value, and its result
+ * determines whether the original `Option` is returned (`Some`) or the result
+ * is `None` if `f` returns `None`. If the input `Option` is `None`, the
+ * function is not executed, and `None` is returned.
+ *
+ * This is particularly useful for applying side conditions or performing
+ * validation checks while retaining the original `Option`'s value.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const getInteger = (n: number) => Number.isInteger(n) ? Option.some(n) : Option.none()
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.tap(Option.none(), getInteger))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.tap(Option.some(1), getInteger))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.tap(Option.some(1.14), getInteger))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Sequencing
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const tap: {
+  <A, X>(f: (a: A) => Option<X>): (self: Option<A>) => Option<A>
+  <A, X>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => Option<X>): Option<A>
+} = dual(2, <A, X>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => Option<X>): Option<A> => flatMap(self, (a) => map(f(a), () => a)))
+
+/**
+ * Combines two `Option` values into a single `Option` containing a tuple of
+ * their values if both are `Some`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes two `Option`s and combines their values into a tuple `[A,
+ * B]` if both are `Some`. If either of the `Option`s is `None`, the result is
+ * `None`. This is particularly useful for combining multiple `Option` values
+ * into a single one, ensuring both contain valid values.
+ *
+ * @category Combining
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const product = <A, B>(self: Option<A>, that: Option<B>): Option<[A, B]> =>
+  isSome(self) && isSome(that) ? some([self.value, that.value]) : none()
+
+/**
+ * Combines an `Option` with a collection of `Option`s into a single `Option`
+ * containing a tuple of their values if all are `Some`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes a primary `Option` and a collection of `Option`s and
+ * combines their values into a tuple `[A, ...Array<A>]` if all are `Some`. If
+ * the primary `Option` or any `Option` in the collection is `None`, the result
+ * is `None`.
+ *
+ * @category Combining
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const productMany = <A>(
+  self: Option<A>,
+  collection: Iterable<Option<A>>
+): Option<[A, ...Array<A>]> => {
+  if (isNone(self)) {
+    return none()
+  }
+  const out: [A, ...Array<A>] = [self.value]
+  for (const o of collection) {
+    if (isNone(o)) {
+      return none()
+    }
+    out.push(o.value)
+  }
+  return some(out)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Combines a structure of `Option`s into a single `Option` containing the
+ * values with the same structure.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes a structure of `Option`s (a tuple, struct, or iterable)
+ * and produces a single `Option` that contains the values from the input
+ * structure if all `Option`s are `Some`. If any `Option` in the input is
+ * `None`, the result is `None`. The structure of the input is preserved in the
+ * output.
+ *
+ * - If the input is a tuple (e.g., an array), the result will be an `Option`
+ *   containing a tuple with the same length.
+ * - If the input is a struct (e.g., an object), the result will be an `Option`
+ *   containing a struct with the same keys.
+ * - If the input is an iterable, the result will be an `Option` containing an
+ *   array.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const maybeName: Option.Option<string> = Option.some("John")
+ * const maybeAge: Option.Option<number> = Option.some(25)
+ *
+ * //      ┌─── Option<[string, number]>
+ * //      ▼
+ * const tuple = Option.all([maybeName, maybeAge])
+ * console.log(tuple)
+ * // Output:
+ * // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: [ 'John', 25 ] }
+ *
+ * //      ┌─── Option<{ name: string; age: number; }>
+ * //      ▼
+ * const struct = Option.all({ name: maybeName, age: maybeAge })
+ * console.log(struct)
+ * // Output:
+ * // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: { name: 'John', age: 25 } }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Combining
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+// @ts-expect-error
+export const all: <const I extends Iterable<Option<any>> | Record<string, Option<any>>>(
+  input: I
+) => [I] extends [ReadonlyArray<Option<any>>] ? Option<
+    { -readonly [K in keyof I]: [I[K]] extends [Option<infer A>] ? A : never }
+  >
+  : [I] extends [Iterable<Option<infer A>>] ? Option<Array<A>>
+  : Option<{ -readonly [K in keyof I]: [I[K]] extends [Option<infer A>] ? A : never }> = (
+    input: Iterable<Option<any>> | Record<string, Option<any>>
+  ): Option<any> => {
+    if (Symbol.iterator in input) {
+      const out: Array<Option<any>> = []
+      for (const o of (input as Iterable<Option<any>>)) {
+        if (isNone(o)) {
+          return none()
+        }
+        out.push(o.value)
+      }
+      return some(out)
+    }
+
+    const out: Record<string, any> = {}
+    for (const key of Object.keys(input)) {
+      const o = input[key]
+      if (isNone(o)) {
+        return none()
+      }
+      out[key] = o.value
+    }
+    return some(out)
+  }
+
+/**
+ * Combines two `Option` values into a new `Option` by applying a provided
+ * function to their values.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes two `Option` values (`self` and `that`) and a combining
+ * function `f`. If both `Option` values are `Some`, the function `f` is applied
+ * to their values, and the result is wrapped in a new `Some`. If either
+ * `Option` is `None`, the result is `None`.
+ *
+ * This utility is useful for combining two optional computations into a single
+ * result while maintaining type safety and avoiding explicit checks for `None`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const maybeName: Option.Option<string> = Option.some("John")
+ * const maybeAge: Option.Option<number> = Option.some(25)
+ *
+ * // Combine the name and age into a person object
+ * const person = Option.zipWith(maybeName, maybeAge, (name, age) => ({
+ *   name: name.toUpperCase(),
+ *   age
+ * }))
+ *
+ * console.log(person)
+ * // Output:
+ * // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: { name: 'JOHN', age: 25 } }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Zipping
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const zipWith: {
+  <B, A, C>(that: Option<B>, f: (a: A, b: B) => C): (self: Option<A>) => Option<C>
+  <A, B, C>(self: Option<A>, that: Option<B>, f: (a: A, b: B) => C): Option<C>
+} = dual(
+  3,
+  <A, B, C>(self: Option<A>, that: Option<B>, f: (a: A, b: B) => C): Option<C> =>
+    map(product(self, that), ([a, b]) => f(a, b))
+)
+
+/**
+ * Applies a function inside a `Some` to a value inside another `Some`,
+ * combining them into a new `Option`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to apply a function wrapped in an `Option` (`self`)
+ * to a value wrapped in another `Option` (`that`). If both `Option`s are
+ * `Some`, the function is applied to the value, and the result is wrapped in a
+ * new `Some`. If either `Option` is `None`, the result is `None`.
+ *
+ * @category Combining
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const ap: {
+  <A>(that: Option<A>): <B>(self: Option<(a: A) => B>) => Option<B>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<(a: A) => B>, that: Option<A>): Option<B>
+} = dual(2, <A, B>(self: Option<(a: A) => B>, that: Option<A>): Option<B> => zipWith(self, that, (f, a) => f(a)))
+
+/**
+ * Reduces an `Iterable` of `Option<A>` to a single value of type `B`, ignoring
+ * elements that are `None`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes an initial value of type `B` and a reducing function `f`
+ * that combines the accumulator with values of type `A`. It processes an
+ * iterable of `Option<A>`, applying `f` only to the `Some` values while
+ * ignoring the `None` values. The result is a single value of type `B`.
+ *
+ * This utility is particularly useful for aggregating values from an iterable
+ * of `Option`s while skipping the absent (`None`) values.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option, pipe } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const iterable = [Option.some(1), Option.none(), Option.some(2), Option.none()]
+ *
+ * console.log(pipe(iterable, Option.reduceCompact(0, (b, a) => b + a)))
+ * // Output: 3
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Reducing
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const reduceCompact: {
+  <B, A>(b: B, f: (b: B, a: A) => B): (self: Iterable<Option<A>>) => B
+  <A, B>(self: Iterable<Option<A>>, b: B, f: (b: B, a: A) => B): B
+} = dual(
+  3,
+  <A, B>(self: Iterable<Option<A>>, b: B, f: (b: B, a: A) => B): B => {
+    let out: B = b
+    for (const oa of self) {
+      if (isSome(oa)) {
+        out = f(out, oa.value)
+      }
+    }
+    return out
+  }
+)
+
+/**
+ * Converts an `Option` into an `Array`.
+ * If the input is `None`, an empty array is returned.
+ * If the input is `Some`, its value is wrapped in a single-element array.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.toArray(Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: [1]
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.toArray(Option.none()))
+ * // Output: []
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Conversions
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const toArray = <A>(self: Option<A>): Array<A> => isNone(self) ? [] : [self.value]
+
+/**
+ * Splits an `Option` into two `Option`s based on the result of a mapping
+ * function that produces an `Either`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes an `Option` and a mapping function `f` that converts its
+ * value into an `Either`. It returns a tuple of two `Option`s:
+ *
+ * - The first `Option` (`left`) contains the value from the `Left` side of the
+ *   `Either` if it exists, otherwise `None`.
+ * - The second `Option` (`right`) contains the value from the `Right` side of
+ *   the `Either` if it exists, otherwise `None`.
+ *
+ * If the input `Option` is `None`, both returned `Option`s are `None`.
+ *
+ * This utility is useful for filtering and categorizing the contents of an
+ * `Option` based on a bifurcating computation.
+ *
+ * @category Filtering
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const partitionMap: {
+  <A, B, C>(f: (a: A) => Either<C, B>): (self: Option<A>) => [left: Option<B>, right: Option<C>]
+  <A, B, C>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => Either<C, B>): [left: Option<B>, right: Option<C>]
+} = dual(2, <A, B, C>(
+  self: Option<A>,
+  f: (a: A) => Either<C, B>
+): [excluded: Option<B>, satisfying: Option<C>] => {
+  if (isNone(self)) {
+    return [none(), none()]
+  }
+  const e = f(self.value)
+  return either.isLeft(e) ? [some(e.left), none()] : [none(), some(e.right)]
+})
+
+// TODO(4.0): remove?
+/**
+ * Alias of {@link flatMap}.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // Transform and filter numbers
+ * const transformEven = (n: Option.Option<number>): Option.Option<string> =>
+ *   Option.filterMap(n, (n) => (n % 2 === 0 ? Option.some(`Even: ${n}`) : Option.none()))
+ *
+ * console.log(transformEven(Option.none()))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ *
+ * console.log(transformEven(Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ *
+ * console.log(transformEven(Option.some(2)))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'Even: 2' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Filtering
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const filterMap: {
+  <A, B>(f: (a: A) => Option<B>): (self: Option<A>) => Option<B>
+  <A, B>(self: Option<A>, f: (a: A) => Option<B>): Option<B>
+} = flatMap
+
+/**
+ * Filters an `Option` using a predicate. If the predicate is not satisfied or the `Option` is `None` returns `None`.
+ *
+ * If you need to change the type of the `Option` in addition to filtering, see `filterMap`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const removeEmptyString = (input: Option.Option<string>) =>
+ *   Option.filter(input, (value) => value !== "")
+ *
+ * console.log(removeEmptyString(Option.none()))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ *
+ * console.log(removeEmptyString(Option.some("")))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ *
+ * console.log(removeEmptyString(Option.some("a")))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 'a' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Filtering
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const filter: {
+  <A, B extends A>(refinement: Refinement<NoInfer<A>, B>): (self: Option<A>) => Option<B>
+  <A>(predicate: Predicate<NoInfer<A>>): (self: Option<A>) => Option<A>
+  <A, B extends A>(self: Option<A>, refinement: Refinement<A, B>): Option<B>
+  <A>(self: Option<A>, predicate: Predicate<A>): Option<A>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A>(self: Option<A>, predicate: Predicate<A>): Option<A> =>
+    filterMap(self, (b) => (predicate(b) ? option.some(b) : option.none))
+)
+
+/**
+ * Creates an `Equivalence` instance for comparing `Option` values, using a
+ * provided `Equivalence` for the inner type.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes an `Equivalence` instance for a specific type `A` and
+ * produces an `Equivalence` instance for `Option<A>`. The resulting
+ * `Equivalence` determines whether two `Option` values are equivalent:
+ *
+ * - Two `None`s are considered equivalent.
+ * - A `Some` and a `None` are not equivalent.
+ * - Two `Some` values are equivalent if their inner values are equivalent
+ *   according to the provided `Equivalence`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Comparing Optional Numbers for Equivalence)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Number, Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const isEquivalent = Option.getEquivalence(Number.Equivalence)
+ *
+ * console.log(isEquivalent(Option.none(), Option.none()))
+ * // Output: true
+ *
+ * console.log(isEquivalent(Option.none(), Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: false
+ *
+ * console.log(isEquivalent(Option.some(1), Option.none()))
+ * // Output: false
+ *
+ * console.log(isEquivalent(Option.some(1), Option.some(2)))
+ * // Output: false
+ *
+ * console.log(isEquivalent(Option.some(1), Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: true
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Equivalence
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getEquivalence = <A>(isEquivalent: Equivalence.Equivalence<A>): Equivalence.Equivalence<Option<A>> =>
+  Equivalence.make((x, y) => isNone(x) ? isNone(y) : isNone(y) ? false : isEquivalent(x.value, y.value))
+
+/**
+ * Creates an `Order` instance for comparing `Option` values, using a provided
+ * `Order` for the inner type.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function produces an `Order` instance for `Option<A>`, allowing `Option`
+ * values to be compared:
+ *
+ * - `None` is always considered less than any `Some` value.
+ * - If both are `Some`, their inner values are compared using the provided
+ *   `Order` instance.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Number, Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const order = Option.getOrder(Number.Order)
+ *
+ * console.log(order(Option.none(), Option.none()))
+ * // Output: 0
+ *
+ * console.log(order(Option.none(), Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: -1
+ *
+ * console.log(order(Option.some(1), Option.none()))
+ * // Output: 1
+ *
+ * console.log(order(Option.some(1), Option.some(2)))
+ * // Output: -1
+ *
+ * console.log(order(Option.some(1), Option.some(1)))
+ * // Output: 0
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Sorting
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const getOrder = <A>(O: Order<A>): Order<Option<A>> =>
+  order.make((self, that) => isSome(self) ? (isSome(that) ? O(self.value, that.value) : 1) : -1)
+
+/**
+ * Lifts a binary function to work with `Option` values, allowing the function
+ * to operate on two `Option`s.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function takes a binary function `f` and returns a new function that
+ * applies `f` to the values of two `Option`s (`self` and `that`). If both
+ * `Option`s are `Some`, the binary function `f` is applied to their values, and
+ * the result is wrapped in a new `Some`. If either `Option` is `None`, the
+ * result is `None`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // A binary function to add two numbers
+ * const add = (a: number, b: number): number => a + b
+ *
+ * // Lift the `add` function to work with `Option` values
+ * const addOptions = Option.lift2(add)
+ *
+ * // Both `Option`s are `Some`
+ * console.log(addOptions(Option.some(2), Option.some(3)))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 5 }
+ *
+ * // One `Option` is `None`
+ * console.log(addOptions(Option.some(2), Option.none()))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Lifting
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const lift2 = <A, B, C>(f: (a: A, b: B) => C): {
+  (that: Option<B>): (self: Option<A>) => Option<C>
+  (self: Option<A>, that: Option<B>): Option<C>
+} => dual(2, (self: Option<A>, that: Option<B>): Option<C> => zipWith(self, that, f))
+
+/**
+ * Lifts a `Predicate` or `Refinement` into the `Option` context, returning a
+ * `Some` of the input value if the predicate is satisfied, or `None` otherwise.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function transforms a `Predicate` (or a more specific `Refinement`) into
+ * a function that produces an `Option`. If the predicate evaluates to `true`,
+ * the input value is wrapped in a `Some`. If the predicate evaluates to
+ * `false`, the result is `None`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * // Check if a number is positive
+ * const isPositive = (n: number) => n > 0
+ *
+ * //      ┌─── (b: number) => Option<number>
+ * //      ▼
+ * const parsePositive = Option.liftPredicate(isPositive)
+ *
+ * console.log(parsePositive(1))
+ * // Output: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: 1 }
+ *
+ * console.log(parsePositive(-1))
+ * // OUtput: { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'None' }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Lifting
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const liftPredicate: { // Note: I intentionally avoid using the NoInfer pattern here.
+  <A, B extends A>(refinement: Refinement<A, B>): (a: A) => Option<B>
+  <B extends A, A = B>(predicate: Predicate<A>): (b: B) => Option<B>
+  <A, B extends A>(
+    self: A,
+    refinement: Refinement<A, B>
+  ): Option<B>
+  <B extends A, A = B>(
+    self: B,
+    predicate: Predicate<A>
+  ): Option<B>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <B extends A, A = B>(b: B, predicate: Predicate<A>): Option<B> => predicate(b) ? some(b) : none()
+)
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function that checks if an `Option` contains a specified value,
+ * using a provided equivalence function.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to check whether an `Option` contains a specific
+ * value. It uses an equivalence function `isEquivalent` to compare the value
+ * inside the `Option` to the provided value. If the `Option` is `Some` and the
+ * equivalence function returns `true`, the result is `true`. If the `Option` is
+ * `None` or the values are not equivalent, the result is `false`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Number, Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const contains = Option.containsWith(Number.Equivalence)
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some(2).pipe(contains(2)))
+ * // Output: true
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some(1).pipe(contains(2)))
+ * // Output: false
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.none().pipe(contains(2)))
+ * // Output: false
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link contains} for a version that uses the default `Equivalence`.
+ *
+ * @category Elements
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const containsWith = <A>(isEquivalent: (self: A, that: A) => boolean): {
+  (a: A): (self: Option<A>) => boolean
+  (self: Option<A>, a: A): boolean
+} => dual(2, (self: Option<A>, a: A): boolean => isNone(self) ? false : isEquivalent(self.value, a))
+
+const _equivalence = Equal.equivalence()
+
+/**
+ * Returns a function that checks if an `Option` contains a specified value
+ * using the default `Equivalence`.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to check whether an `Option` contains a specific
+ * value. It uses the default `Equivalence` for equality comparison. If the
+ * `Option` is `Some` and its value is equivalent to the provided value, the
+ * result is `true`. If the `Option` is `None` or the values are not equivalent,
+ * the result is `false`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some(2).pipe(Option.contains(2)))
+ * // Output: true
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some(1).pipe(Option.contains(2)))
+ * // Output: false
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.none().pipe(Option.contains(2)))
+ * // Output: false
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link containsWith} for a version that allows you to specify a custom equivalence function.
+ *
+ * @category Elements
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const contains: {
+  <A>(a: A): (self: Option<A>) => boolean
+  <A>(self: Option<A>, a: A): boolean
+} = containsWith(_equivalence)
+
+/**
+ * Checks if a value in an `Option` satisfies a given predicate or refinement.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * This function allows you to check if a value inside a `Some` meets a
+ * specified condition. If the `Option` is `None`, the result is `false`. If the
+ * `Option` is `Some`, the provided predicate or refinement is applied to the
+ * value:
+ *
+ * - If the condition is met, the result is `true`.
+ * - If the condition is not met, the result is `false`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const isEven = (n: number) => n % 2 === 0
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some(2).pipe(Option.exists(isEven)))
+ * // Output: true
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.some(1).pipe(Option.exists(isEven)))
+ * // Output: false
+ *
+ * console.log(Option.none().pipe(Option.exists(isEven)))
+ * // Output: false
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Elements
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const exists: {
+  <A, B extends A>(refinement: Refinement<NoInfer<A>, B>): (self: Option<A>) => self is Option<B>
+  <A>(predicate: Predicate<NoInfer<A>>): (self: Option<A>) => boolean
+  <A, B extends A>(self: Option<A>, refinement: Refinement<A, B>): self is Option<B>
+  <A>(self: Option<A>, predicate: Predicate<A>): boolean
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <A, B extends A>(self: Option<A>, refinement: Refinement<A, B>): self is Option<B> =>
+    isNone(self) ? false : refinement(self.value)
+)
+
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// do notation
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * The "do simulation" in Effect allows you to write code in a more declarative style, similar to the "do notation" in other programming languages. It provides a way to define variables and perform operations on them using functions like `bind` and `let`.
+ *
+ * Here's how the do simulation works:
+ *
+ * 1. Start the do simulation using the `Do` value
+ * 2. Within the do simulation scope, you can use the `bind` function to define variables and bind them to `Option` values
+ * 3. You can accumulate multiple `bind` statements to define multiple variables within the scope
+ * 4. Inside the do simulation scope, you can also use the `let` function to define variables and bind them to simple values
+ * 5. Regular `Option` functions like `map` and `filter` can still be used within the do simulation. These functions will receive the accumulated variables as arguments within the scope
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert"
+ * import { Option, pipe } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const result = pipe(
+ *   Option.Do,
+ *   Option.bind("x", () => Option.some(2)),
+ *   Option.bind("y", () => Option.some(3)),
+ *   Option.let("sum", ({ x, y }) => x + y),
+ *   Option.filter(({ x, y }) => x * y > 5)
+ * )
+ * assert.deepStrictEqual(result, Option.some({ x: 2, y: 3, sum: 5 }))
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link Do}
+ * @see {@link bind}
+ * @see {@link let_ let}
+ *
+ * @category Do notation
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const bindTo: {
+  <N extends string>(name: N): <A>(self: Option<A>) => Option<{ [K in N]: A }>
+  <A, N extends string>(self: Option<A>, name: N): Option<{ [K in N]: A }>
+} = doNotation.bindTo<OptionTypeLambda>(map)
+
+const let_: {
+  <N extends string, A extends object, B>(
+    name: Exclude<N, keyof A>,
+    f: (a: NoInfer<A>) => B
+  ): (self: Option<A>) => Option<{ [K in N | keyof A]: K extends keyof A ? A[K] : B }>
+  <A extends object, N extends string, B>(
+    self: Option<A>,
+    name: Exclude<N, keyof A>,
+    f: (a: NoInfer<A>) => B
+  ): Option<{ [K in N | keyof A]: K extends keyof A ? A[K] : B }>
+} = doNotation.let_<OptionTypeLambda>(map)
+
+export {
+  /**
+   * The "do simulation" in Effect allows you to write code in a more declarative style, similar to the "do notation" in other programming languages. It provides a way to define variables and perform operations on them using functions like `bind` and `let`.
+   *
+   * Here's how the do simulation works:
+   *
+   * 1. Start the do simulation using the `Do` value
+   * 2. Within the do simulation scope, you can use the `bind` function to define variables and bind them to `Option` values
+   * 3. You can accumulate multiple `bind` statements to define multiple variables within the scope
+   * 4. Inside the do simulation scope, you can also use the `let` function to define variables and bind them to simple values
+   * 5. Regular `Option` functions like `map` and `filter` can still be used within the do simulation. These functions will receive the accumulated variables as arguments within the scope
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * import * as assert from "node:assert"
+   * import { Option, pipe } from "effect"
+   *
+   * const result = pipe(
+   *   Option.Do,
+   *   Option.bind("x", () => Option.some(2)),
+   *   Option.bind("y", () => Option.some(3)),
+   *   Option.let("sum", ({ x, y }) => x + y),
+   *   Option.filter(({ x, y }) => x * y > 5)
+   * )
+   * assert.deepStrictEqual(result, Option.some({ x: 2, y: 3, sum: 5 }))
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @see {@link Do}
+   * @see {@link bind}
+   * @see {@link bindTo}
+   *
+   * @category Do notation
+   * @since 2.0.0
+   */
+  let_ as let
+}
+
+/**
+ * The "do simulation" in Effect allows you to write code in a more declarative style, similar to the "do notation" in other programming languages. It provides a way to define variables and perform operations on them using functions like `bind` and `let`.
+ *
+ * Here's how the do simulation works:
+ *
+ * 1. Start the do simulation using the `Do` value
+ * 2. Within the do simulation scope, you can use the `bind` function to define variables and bind them to `Option` values
+ * 3. You can accumulate multiple `bind` statements to define multiple variables within the scope
+ * 4. Inside the do simulation scope, you can also use the `let` function to define variables and bind them to simple values
+ * 5. Regular `Option` functions like `map` and `filter` can still be used within the do simulation. These functions will receive the accumulated variables as arguments within the scope
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert"
+ * import { Option, pipe } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const result = pipe(
+ *   Option.Do,
+ *   Option.bind("x", () => Option.some(2)),
+ *   Option.bind("y", () => Option.some(3)),
+ *   Option.let("sum", ({ x, y }) => x + y),
+ *   Option.filter(({ x, y }) => x * y > 5)
+ * )
+ * assert.deepStrictEqual(result, Option.some({ x: 2, y: 3, sum: 5 }))
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link Do}
+ * @see {@link bindTo}
+ * @see {@link let_ let}
+ *
+ * @category Do notation
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const bind: {
+  <N extends string, A extends object, B>(
+    name: Exclude<N, keyof A>,
+    f: (a: NoInfer<A>) => Option<B>
+  ): (self: Option<A>) => Option<{ [K in N | keyof A]: K extends keyof A ? A[K] : B }>
+  <A extends object, N extends string, B>(
+    self: Option<A>,
+    name: Exclude<N, keyof A>,
+    f: (a: NoInfer<A>) => Option<B>
+  ): Option<{ [K in N | keyof A]: K extends keyof A ? A[K] : B }>
+} = doNotation.bind<OptionTypeLambda>(map, flatMap)
+
+/**
+ * The "do simulation" in Effect allows you to write code in a more declarative style, similar to the "do notation" in other programming languages. It provides a way to define variables and perform operations on them using functions like `bind` and `let`.
+ *
+ * Here's how the do simulation works:
+ *
+ * 1. Start the do simulation using the `Do` value
+ * 2. Within the do simulation scope, you can use the `bind` function to define variables and bind them to `Option` values
+ * 3. You can accumulate multiple `bind` statements to define multiple variables within the scope
+ * 4. Inside the do simulation scope, you can also use the `let` function to define variables and bind them to simple values
+ * 5. Regular `Option` functions like `map` and `filter` can still be used within the do simulation. These functions will receive the accumulated variables as arguments within the scope
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import * as assert from "node:assert"
+ * import { Option, pipe } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const result = pipe(
+ *   Option.Do,
+ *   Option.bind("x", () => Option.some(2)),
+ *   Option.bind("y", () => Option.some(3)),
+ *   Option.let("sum", ({ x, y }) => x + y),
+ *   Option.filter(({ x, y }) => x * y > 5)
+ * )
+ * assert.deepStrictEqual(result, Option.some({ x: 2, y: 3, sum: 5 }))
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link bindTo}
+ * @see {@link bind}
+ * @see {@link let_ let}
+ *
+ * @category Do notation
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const Do: Option<{}> = some({})
+
+const adapter = Gen.adapter<OptionTypeLambda>()
+
+/**
+ * Similar to `Effect.gen`, `Option.gen` provides a more readable,
+ * generator-based syntax for working with `Option` values, making code that
+ * involves `Option` easier to write and understand. This approach is similar to
+ * using `async/await` but tailored for `Option`.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Using `Option.gen` to Create a Combined Value)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Option } from "effect"
+ *
+ * const maybeName: Option.Option<string> = Option.some("John")
+ * const maybeAge: Option.Option<number> = Option.some(25)
+ *
+ * const person = Option.gen(function* () {
+ *   const name = (yield* maybeName).toUpperCase()
+ *   const age = yield* maybeAge
+ *   return { name, age }
+ * })
+ *
+ * console.log(person)
+ * // Output:
+ * // { _id: 'Option', _tag: 'Some', value: { name: 'JOHN', age: 25 } }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category Generators
+ * @since 2.0.0
+ */
+export const gen: Gen.Gen<OptionTypeLambda, Gen.Adapter<OptionTypeLambda>> = (...args) => {
+  const f = args.length === 1 ? args[0] : args[1].bind(args[0])
+  const iterator = f(adapter)
+  let state: IteratorResult<any> = iterator.next()
+  while (!state.done) {
+    const current = Gen.isGenKind(state.value)
+      ? state.value.value
+      : Gen.yieldWrapGet(state.value)
+    if (isNone(current)) {
+      return current
+    }
+    state = iterator.next(current.value as never)
+  }
+  return some(state.value)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Merges two optional values, applying a function if both exist.
+ * Unlike {@link zipWith}, this function returns `None` only if both inputs are `None`.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export const mergeWith = <A>(f: (a1: A, a2: A) => A) => (o1: Option<A>, o2: Option<A>): Option<A> => {
+  if (isNone(o1)) {
+    return o2
+  } else if (isNone(o2)) {
+    return o1
+  }
+  return some(f(o1.value, o2.value))
+}