@clayroach/effect 3.19.14-source-capture.8 → 3.19.14-source-trace.1

package/src/internal/cause.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1050 @@
+import * as Arr from "../Array.js"
+import type * as Cause from "../Cause.js"
+import * as Chunk from "../Chunk.js"
+import * as Either from "../Either.js"
+import * as Equal from "../Equal.js"
+import type * as FiberId from "../FiberId.js"
+import { constFalse, constTrue, dual, identity, pipe } from "../Function.js"
+import { globalValue } from "../GlobalValue.js"
+import * as Hash from "../Hash.js"
+import * as HashSet from "../HashSet.js"
+import { NodeInspectSymbol, stringifyCircular, toJSON } from "../Inspectable.js"
+import * as Option from "../Option.js"
+import { pipeArguments } from "../Pipeable.js"
+import type { Predicate, Refinement } from "../Predicate.js"
+import { hasProperty, isFunction } from "../Predicate.js"
+import type { AnySpan, Span } from "../Tracer.js"
+import type { NoInfer } from "../Types.js"
+import { getBugErrorMessage } from "./errors.js"
+import * as OpCodes from "./opCodes/cause.js"
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Models
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+const CauseSymbolKey = "effect/Cause"
+
+/** @internal */
+export const CauseTypeId: Cause.CauseTypeId = Symbol.for(
+  CauseSymbolKey
+) as Cause.CauseTypeId
+
+const variance = {
+  /* c8 ignore next */
+  _E: (_: never) => _
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+const proto = {
+  [CauseTypeId]: variance,
+  [Hash.symbol](this: Cause.Cause<any>): number {
+    return pipe(
+      Hash.hash(CauseSymbolKey),
+      Hash.combine(Hash.hash(flattenCause(this))),
+      Hash.cached(this)
+    )
+  },
+  [Equal.symbol](this: Cause.Cause<any>, that: unknown): boolean {
+    return isCause(that) && causeEquals(this, that)
+  },
+  pipe() {
+    return pipeArguments(this, arguments)
+  },
+  toJSON<E>(this: Cause.Cause<E>) {
+    switch (this._tag) {
+      case "Empty":
+        return { _id: "Cause", _tag: this._tag }
+      case "Die":
+        return { _id: "Cause", _tag: this._tag, defect: toJSON(this.defect) }
+      case "Interrupt":
+        return { _id: "Cause", _tag: this._tag, fiberId: this.fiberId.toJSON() }
+      case "Fail":
+        return { _id: "Cause", _tag: this._tag, failure: toJSON(this.error) }
+      case "Sequential":
+      case "Parallel":
+        return { _id: "Cause", _tag: this._tag, left: toJSON(this.left), right: toJSON(this.right) }
+    }
+  },
+  toString<E>(this: Cause.Cause<E>) {
+    return pretty(this)
+  },
+  [NodeInspectSymbol]<E>(this: Cause.Cause<E>) {
+    return this.toJSON()
+  }
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Constructors
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+export const empty: Cause.Cause<never> = (() => {
+  const o = Object.create(proto)
+  o._tag = OpCodes.OP_EMPTY
+  return o
+})()
+
+/** @internal */
+export const fail = <E>(error: E): Cause.Cause<E> => {
+  const o = Object.create(proto)
+  o._tag = OpCodes.OP_FAIL
+  o.error = error
+  return o
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const die = (defect: unknown): Cause.Cause<never> => {
+  const o = Object.create(proto)
+  o._tag = OpCodes.OP_DIE
+  o.defect = defect
+  return o
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const interrupt = (fiberId: FiberId.FiberId): Cause.Cause<never> => {
+  const o = Object.create(proto)
+  o._tag = OpCodes.OP_INTERRUPT
+  o.fiberId = fiberId
+  return o
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const parallel = <E, E2>(left: Cause.Cause<E>, right: Cause.Cause<E2>): Cause.Cause<E | E2> => {
+  const o = Object.create(proto)
+  o._tag = OpCodes.OP_PARALLEL
+  o.left = left
+  o.right = right
+  return o
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const sequential = <E, E2>(left: Cause.Cause<E>, right: Cause.Cause<E2>): Cause.Cause<E | E2> => {
+  const o = Object.create(proto)
+  o._tag = OpCodes.OP_SEQUENTIAL
+  o.left = left
+  o.right = right
+  return o
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Refinements
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isCause = (u: unknown): u is Cause.Cause<unknown> => hasProperty(u, CauseTypeId)
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isEmptyType = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): self is Cause.Empty => self._tag === OpCodes.OP_EMPTY
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isFailType = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): self is Cause.Fail<E> => self._tag === OpCodes.OP_FAIL
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isDieType = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): self is Cause.Die => self._tag === OpCodes.OP_DIE
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isInterruptType = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): self is Cause.Interrupt => self._tag === OpCodes.OP_INTERRUPT
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isSequentialType = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): self is Cause.Sequential<E> =>
+  self._tag === OpCodes.OP_SEQUENTIAL
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isParallelType = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): self is Cause.Parallel<E> => self._tag === OpCodes.OP_PARALLEL
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Getters
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+export const size = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): number => reduceWithContext(self, void 0, SizeCauseReducer)
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isEmpty = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): boolean => {
+  if (self._tag === OpCodes.OP_EMPTY) {
+    return true
+  }
+  return reduce(self, true, (acc, cause) => {
+    switch (cause._tag) {
+      case OpCodes.OP_EMPTY: {
+        return Option.some(acc)
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_DIE:
+      case OpCodes.OP_FAIL:
+      case OpCodes.OP_INTERRUPT: {
+        return Option.some(false)
+      }
+      default: {
+        return Option.none()
+      }
+    }
+  })
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isFailure = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): boolean => Option.isSome(failureOption(self))
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isDie = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): boolean => Option.isSome(dieOption(self))
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isInterrupted = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): boolean => Option.isSome(interruptOption(self))
+
+/** @internal */
+export const isInterruptedOnly = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): boolean =>
+  reduceWithContext(undefined, IsInterruptedOnlyCauseReducer)(self)
+
+/** @internal */
+export const failures = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Chunk.Chunk<E> =>
+  Chunk.reverse(
+    reduce<Chunk.Chunk<E>, E>(
+      self,
+      Chunk.empty<E>(),
+      (list, cause) =>
+        cause._tag === OpCodes.OP_FAIL ?
+          Option.some(pipe(list, Chunk.prepend(cause.error))) :
+          Option.none()
+    )
+  )
+
+/** @internal */
+export const defects = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Chunk.Chunk<unknown> =>
+  Chunk.reverse(
+    reduce<Chunk.Chunk<unknown>, E>(
+      self,
+      Chunk.empty<unknown>(),
+      (list, cause) =>
+        cause._tag === OpCodes.OP_DIE ?
+          Option.some(pipe(list, Chunk.prepend(cause.defect))) :
+          Option.none()
+    )
+  )
+
+/** @internal */
+export const interruptors = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): HashSet.HashSet<FiberId.FiberId> =>
+  reduce(self, HashSet.empty<FiberId.FiberId>(), (set, cause) =>
+    cause._tag === OpCodes.OP_INTERRUPT ?
+      Option.some(pipe(set, HashSet.add(cause.fiberId))) :
+      Option.none())
+
+/** @internal */
+export const failureOption = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Option.Option<E> =>
+  find<E, E>(self, (cause) =>
+    cause._tag === OpCodes.OP_FAIL ?
+      Option.some(cause.error) :
+      Option.none())
+
+/** @internal */
+export const failureOrCause = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Either.Either<Cause.Cause<never>, E> => {
+  const option = failureOption(self)
+  switch (option._tag) {
+    case "None": {
+      // no `E` inside this `Cause`, so it can be safely cast to `never`
+      return Either.right(self as Cause.Cause<never>)
+    }
+    case "Some": {
+      return Either.left(option.value)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const dieOption = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Option.Option<unknown> =>
+  find(self, (cause) =>
+    cause._tag === OpCodes.OP_DIE ?
+      Option.some(cause.defect) :
+      Option.none())
+
+/** @internal */
+export const flipCauseOption = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<Option.Option<E>>): Option.Option<Cause.Cause<E>> =>
+  match(self, {
+    onEmpty: Option.some<Cause.Cause<E>>(empty),
+    onFail: Option.map(fail),
+    onDie: (defect) => Option.some(die(defect)),
+    onInterrupt: (fiberId) => Option.some(interrupt(fiberId)),
+    onSequential: Option.mergeWith(sequential),
+    onParallel: Option.mergeWith(parallel)
+  })
+
+/** @internal */
+export const interruptOption = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Option.Option<FiberId.FiberId> =>
+  find(self, (cause) =>
+    cause._tag === OpCodes.OP_INTERRUPT ?
+      Option.some(cause.fiberId) :
+      Option.none())
+
+/** @internal */
+export const keepDefects = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Option.Option<Cause.Cause<never>> =>
+  match(self, {
+    onEmpty: Option.none(),
+    onFail: () => Option.none(),
+    onDie: (defect) => Option.some(die(defect)),
+    onInterrupt: () => Option.none(),
+    onSequential: Option.mergeWith(sequential),
+    onParallel: Option.mergeWith(parallel)
+  })
+
+/** @internal */
+export const keepDefectsAndElectFailures = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Option.Option<Cause.Cause<never>> =>
+  match(self, {
+    onEmpty: Option.none(),
+    onFail: (failure) => Option.some(die(failure)),
+    onDie: (defect) => Option.some(die(defect)),
+    onInterrupt: () => Option.none(),
+    onSequential: Option.mergeWith(sequential),
+    onParallel: Option.mergeWith(parallel)
+  })
+
+/** @internal */
+export const linearize = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): HashSet.HashSet<Cause.Cause<E>> =>
+  match(self, {
+    onEmpty: HashSet.empty(),
+    onFail: (error) => HashSet.make(fail(error)),
+    onDie: (defect) => HashSet.make(die(defect)),
+    onInterrupt: (fiberId) => HashSet.make(interrupt(fiberId)),
+    onSequential: (leftSet, rightSet) =>
+      HashSet.flatMap(leftSet, (leftCause) => HashSet.map(rightSet, (rightCause) => sequential(leftCause, rightCause))),
+    onParallel: (leftSet, rightSet) =>
+      HashSet.flatMap(leftSet, (leftCause) => HashSet.map(rightSet, (rightCause) => parallel(leftCause, rightCause)))
+  })
+
+/** @internal */
+export const stripFailures = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Cause.Cause<never> =>
+  match(self, {
+    onEmpty: empty,
+    onFail: () => empty,
+    onDie: die,
+    onInterrupt: interrupt,
+    onSequential: sequential,
+    onParallel: parallel
+  })
+
+/** @internal */
+export const electFailures = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>): Cause.Cause<never> =>
+  match(self, {
+    onEmpty: empty,
+    onFail: die,
+    onDie: die,
+    onInterrupt: interrupt,
+    onSequential: sequential,
+    onParallel: parallel
+  })
+
+/** @internal */
+export const stripSomeDefects = dual<
+  (pf: (defect: unknown) => Option.Option<unknown>) => <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Option.Option<Cause.Cause<E>>,
+  <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, pf: (defect: unknown) => Option.Option<unknown>) => Option.Option<Cause.Cause<E>>
+>(
+  2,
+  <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, pf: (defect: unknown) => Option.Option<unknown>): Option.Option<Cause.Cause<E>> =>
+    match(self, {
+      onEmpty: Option.some<Cause.Cause<E>>(empty),
+      onFail: (error) => Option.some(fail(error)),
+      onDie: (defect) => {
+        const option = pf(defect)
+        return Option.isSome(option) ? Option.none() : Option.some(die(defect))
+      },
+      onInterrupt: (fiberId) => Option.some(interrupt(fiberId)),
+      onSequential: Option.mergeWith(sequential),
+      onParallel: Option.mergeWith(parallel)
+    })
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Mapping
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+export const as = dual<
+  <E2>(error: E2) => <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Cause.Cause<E2>,
+  <E, E2>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, error: E2) => Cause.Cause<E2>
+>(2, (self, error) => map(self, () => error))
+
+/** @internal */
+export const map = dual<
+  <E, E2>(f: (e: E) => E2) => (self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Cause.Cause<E2>,
+  <E, E2>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, f: (e: E) => E2) => Cause.Cause<E2>
+>(2, (self, f) => flatMap(self, (e) => fail(f(e))))
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Sequencing
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+export const flatMap = dual<
+  <E, E2>(f: (e: E) => Cause.Cause<E2>) => (self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Cause.Cause<E2>,
+  <E, E2>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, f: (e: E) => Cause.Cause<E2>) => Cause.Cause<E2>
+>(2, (self, f) =>
+  match(self, {
+    onEmpty: empty,
+    onFail: (error) => f(error),
+    onDie: (defect) => die(defect),
+    onInterrupt: (fiberId) => interrupt(fiberId),
+    onSequential: (left, right) => sequential(left, right),
+    onParallel: (left, right) => parallel(left, right)
+  }))
+
+/** @internal */
+export const flatten = <E>(self: Cause.Cause<Cause.Cause<E>>): Cause.Cause<E> => flatMap(self, identity)
+
+/** @internal */
+export const andThen: {
+  <E, E2>(f: (e: E) => Cause.Cause<E2>): (self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Cause.Cause<E2>
+  <E2>(f: Cause.Cause<E2>): <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Cause.Cause<E2>
+  <E, E2>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, f: (e: E) => Cause.Cause<E2>): Cause.Cause<E2>
+  <E, E2>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, f: Cause.Cause<E2>): Cause.Cause<E2>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <E, E2>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, f: ((e: E) => Cause.Cause<E2>) | Cause.Cause<E2>): Cause.Cause<E2> =>
+    isFunction(f) ? flatMap(self, f) : flatMap(self, () => f)
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Equality
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+export const contains = dual<
+  <E2>(that: Cause.Cause<E2>) => <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>) => boolean,
+  <E, E2>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, that: Cause.Cause<E2>) => boolean
+>(2, (self, that) => {
+  if (that._tag === OpCodes.OP_EMPTY || self === that) {
+    return true
+  }
+  return reduce(self, false, (accumulator, cause) => {
+    return Option.some(accumulator || causeEquals(cause, that))
+  })
+})
+
+/** @internal */
+const causeEquals = (left: Cause.Cause<unknown>, right: Cause.Cause<unknown>): boolean => {
+  let leftStack: Chunk.Chunk<Cause.Cause<unknown>> = Chunk.of(left)
+  let rightStack: Chunk.Chunk<Cause.Cause<unknown>> = Chunk.of(right)
+  while (Chunk.isNonEmpty(leftStack) && Chunk.isNonEmpty(rightStack)) {
+    const [leftParallel, leftSequential] = pipe(
+      Chunk.headNonEmpty(leftStack),
+      reduce(
+        [HashSet.empty<unknown>(), Chunk.empty<Cause.Cause<unknown>>()] as const,
+        ([parallel, sequential], cause) => {
+          const [par, seq] = evaluateCause(cause)
+          return Option.some(
+            [
+              pipe(parallel, HashSet.union(par)),
+              pipe(sequential, Chunk.appendAll(seq))
+            ] as const
+          )
+        }
+      )
+    )
+    const [rightParallel, rightSequential] = pipe(
+      Chunk.headNonEmpty(rightStack),
+      reduce(
+        [HashSet.empty<unknown>(), Chunk.empty<Cause.Cause<unknown>>()] as const,
+        ([parallel, sequential], cause) => {
+          const [par, seq] = evaluateCause(cause)
+          return Option.some(
+            [
+              pipe(parallel, HashSet.union(par)),
+              pipe(sequential, Chunk.appendAll(seq))
+            ] as const
+          )
+        }
+      )
+    )
+    if (!Equal.equals(leftParallel, rightParallel)) {
+      return false
+    }
+    leftStack = leftSequential
+    rightStack = rightSequential
+  }
+  return true
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Flattening
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Flattens a cause to a sequence of sets of causes, where each set represents
+ * causes that fail in parallel and sequential sets represent causes that fail
+ * after each other.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+const flattenCause = (cause: Cause.Cause<unknown>): Chunk.Chunk<HashSet.HashSet<unknown>> => {
+  return flattenCauseLoop(Chunk.of(cause), Chunk.empty())
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+const flattenCauseLoop = (
+  causes: Chunk.Chunk<Cause.Cause<unknown>>,
+  flattened: Chunk.Chunk<HashSet.HashSet<unknown>>
+): Chunk.Chunk<HashSet.HashSet<unknown>> => {
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-constant-condition
+  while (1) {
+    const [parallel, sequential] = pipe(
+      causes,
+      Arr.reduce(
+        [HashSet.empty<unknown>(), Chunk.empty<Cause.Cause<unknown>>()] as const,
+        ([parallel, sequential], cause) => {
+          const [par, seq] = evaluateCause(cause)
+          return [
+            pipe(parallel, HashSet.union(par)),
+            pipe(sequential, Chunk.appendAll(seq))
+          ]
+        }
+      )
+    )
+    const updated = HashSet.size(parallel) > 0 ?
+      pipe(flattened, Chunk.prepend(parallel)) :
+      flattened
+    if (Chunk.isEmpty(sequential)) {
+      return Chunk.reverse(updated)
+    }
+    causes = sequential
+    flattened = updated
+  }
+  throw new Error(getBugErrorMessage("Cause.flattenCauseLoop"))
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Finding
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+export const find = dual<
+  <E, Z>(pf: (cause: Cause.Cause<E>) => Option.Option<Z>) => (self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Option.Option<Z>,
+  <E, Z>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, pf: (cause: Cause.Cause<E>) => Option.Option<Z>) => Option.Option<Z>
+>(2, <E, Z>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, pf: (cause: Cause.Cause<E>) => Option.Option<Z>) => {
+  const stack: Array<Cause.Cause<E>> = [self]
+  while (stack.length > 0) {
+    const item = stack.pop()!
+    const option = pf(item)
+    switch (option._tag) {
+      case "None": {
+        switch (item._tag) {
+          case OpCodes.OP_SEQUENTIAL:
+          case OpCodes.OP_PARALLEL: {
+            stack.push(item.right)
+            stack.push(item.left)
+            break
+          }
+        }
+        break
+      }
+      case "Some": {
+        return option
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return Option.none()
+})
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Filtering
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+export const filter: {
+  <E, EB extends E>(
+    refinement: Refinement<Cause.Cause<NoInfer<E>>, Cause.Cause<EB>>
+  ): (self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Cause.Cause<EB>
+  <E>(predicate: Predicate<Cause.Cause<NoInfer<E>>>): (self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Cause.Cause<E>
+  <E, EB extends E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, refinement: Refinement<Cause.Cause<E>, Cause.Cause<EB>>): Cause.Cause<EB>
+  <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, predicate: Predicate<Cause.Cause<E>>): Cause.Cause<E>
+} = dual(
+  2,
+  <E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, predicate: Predicate<Cause.Cause<E>>): Cause.Cause<E> =>
+    reduceWithContext(self, void 0, FilterCauseReducer(predicate))
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Evaluation
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Takes one step in evaluating a cause, returning a set of causes that fail
+ * in parallel and a list of causes that fail sequentially after those causes.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+const evaluateCause = (
+  self: Cause.Cause<unknown>
+): [HashSet.HashSet<unknown>, Chunk.Chunk<Cause.Cause<unknown>>] => {
+  let cause: Cause.Cause<unknown> | undefined = self
+  const stack: Array<Cause.Cause<unknown>> = []
+  let _parallel = HashSet.empty<unknown>()
+  let _sequential = Chunk.empty<Cause.Cause<unknown>>()
+  while (cause !== undefined) {
+    switch (cause._tag) {
+      case OpCodes.OP_EMPTY: {
+        if (stack.length === 0) {
+          return [_parallel, _sequential]
+        }
+        cause = stack.pop()
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_FAIL: {
+        _parallel = HashSet.add(_parallel, Chunk.make(cause._tag, cause.error))
+        if (stack.length === 0) {
+          return [_parallel, _sequential]
+        }
+        cause = stack.pop()
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_DIE: {
+        _parallel = HashSet.add(_parallel, Chunk.make(cause._tag, cause.defect))
+        if (stack.length === 0) {
+          return [_parallel, _sequential]
+        }
+        cause = stack.pop()
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_INTERRUPT: {
+        _parallel = HashSet.add(_parallel, Chunk.make(cause._tag, cause.fiberId as unknown))
+        if (stack.length === 0) {
+          return [_parallel, _sequential]
+        }
+        cause = stack.pop()
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_SEQUENTIAL: {
+        switch (cause.left._tag) {
+          case OpCodes.OP_EMPTY: {
+            cause = cause.right
+            break
+          }
+          case OpCodes.OP_SEQUENTIAL: {
+            cause = sequential(cause.left.left, sequential(cause.left.right, cause.right))
+            break
+          }
+          case OpCodes.OP_PARALLEL: {
+            cause = parallel(
+              sequential(cause.left.left, cause.right),
+              sequential(cause.left.right, cause.right)
+            )
+            break
+          }
+          default: {
+            _sequential = Chunk.prepend(_sequential, cause.right)
+            cause = cause.left
+            break
+          }
+        }
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_PARALLEL: {
+        stack.push(cause.right)
+        cause = cause.left
+        break
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  throw new Error(getBugErrorMessage("Cause.evaluateCauseLoop"))
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Reducing
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+const SizeCauseReducer: Cause.CauseReducer<unknown, unknown, number> = {
+  emptyCase: () => 0,
+  failCase: () => 1,
+  dieCase: () => 1,
+  interruptCase: () => 1,
+  sequentialCase: (_, left, right) => left + right,
+  parallelCase: (_, left, right) => left + right
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+const IsInterruptedOnlyCauseReducer: Cause.CauseReducer<unknown, unknown, boolean> = {
+  emptyCase: constTrue,
+  failCase: constFalse,
+  dieCase: constFalse,
+  interruptCase: constTrue,
+  sequentialCase: (_, left, right) => left && right,
+  parallelCase: (_, left, right) => left && right
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+const FilterCauseReducer = <E>(
+  predicate: Predicate<Cause.Cause<E>>
+): Cause.CauseReducer<unknown, E, Cause.Cause<E>> => ({
+  emptyCase: () => empty,
+  failCase: (_, error) => fail(error),
+  dieCase: (_, defect) => die(defect),
+  interruptCase: (_, fiberId) => interrupt(fiberId),
+  sequentialCase: (_, left, right) => {
+    if (predicate(left)) {
+      if (predicate(right)) {
+        return sequential(left, right)
+      }
+      return left
+    }
+    if (predicate(right)) {
+      return right
+    }
+    return empty
+  },
+  parallelCase: (_, left, right) => {
+    if (predicate(left)) {
+      if (predicate(right)) {
+        return parallel(left, right)
+      }
+      return left
+    }
+    if (predicate(right)) {
+      return right
+    }
+    return empty
+  }
+})
+
+/** @internal */
+type CauseCase = SequentialCase | ParallelCase
+
+const OP_SEQUENTIAL_CASE = "SequentialCase"
+
+const OP_PARALLEL_CASE = "ParallelCase"
+
+/** @internal */
+interface SequentialCase {
+  readonly _tag: typeof OP_SEQUENTIAL_CASE
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+interface ParallelCase {
+  readonly _tag: typeof OP_PARALLEL_CASE
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const match = dual<
+  <Z, E>(
+    options: {
+      readonly onEmpty: Z
+      readonly onFail: (error: E) => Z
+      readonly onDie: (defect: unknown) => Z
+      readonly onInterrupt: (fiberId: FiberId.FiberId) => Z
+      readonly onSequential: (left: Z, right: Z) => Z
+      readonly onParallel: (left: Z, right: Z) => Z
+    }
+  ) => (self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Z,
+  <Z, E>(
+    self: Cause.Cause<E>,
+    options: {
+      readonly onEmpty: Z
+      readonly onFail: (error: E) => Z
+      readonly onDie: (defect: unknown) => Z
+      readonly onInterrupt: (fiberId: FiberId.FiberId) => Z
+      readonly onSequential: (left: Z, right: Z) => Z
+      readonly onParallel: (left: Z, right: Z) => Z
+    }
+  ) => Z
+>(2, (self, { onDie, onEmpty, onFail, onInterrupt, onParallel, onSequential }) => {
+  return reduceWithContext(self, void 0, {
+    emptyCase: () => onEmpty,
+    failCase: (_, error) => onFail(error),
+    dieCase: (_, defect) => onDie(defect),
+    interruptCase: (_, fiberId) => onInterrupt(fiberId),
+    sequentialCase: (_, left, right) => onSequential(left, right),
+    parallelCase: (_, left, right) => onParallel(left, right)
+  })
+})
+
+/** @internal */
+export const reduce = dual<
+  <Z, E>(zero: Z, pf: (accumulator: Z, cause: Cause.Cause<E>) => Option.Option<Z>) => (self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Z,
+  <Z, E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, zero: Z, pf: (accumulator: Z, cause: Cause.Cause<E>) => Option.Option<Z>) => Z
+>(3, <Z, E>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, zero: Z, pf: (accumulator: Z, cause: Cause.Cause<E>) => Option.Option<Z>) => {
+  let accumulator: Z = zero
+  let cause: Cause.Cause<E> | undefined = self
+  const causes: Array<Cause.Cause<E>> = []
+  while (cause !== undefined) {
+    const option = pf(accumulator, cause)
+    accumulator = Option.isSome(option) ? option.value : accumulator
+    switch (cause._tag) {
+      case OpCodes.OP_SEQUENTIAL: {
+        causes.push(cause.right)
+        cause = cause.left
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_PARALLEL: {
+        causes.push(cause.right)
+        cause = cause.left
+        break
+      }
+      default: {
+        cause = undefined
+        break
+      }
+    }
+    if (cause === undefined && causes.length > 0) {
+      cause = causes.pop()!
+    }
+  }
+  return accumulator
+})
+
+/** @internal */
+export const reduceWithContext = dual<
+  <C, E, Z>(context: C, reducer: Cause.CauseReducer<C, E, Z>) => (self: Cause.Cause<E>) => Z,
+  <C, E, Z>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, context: C, reducer: Cause.CauseReducer<C, E, Z>) => Z
+>(3, <C, E, Z>(self: Cause.Cause<E>, context: C, reducer: Cause.CauseReducer<C, E, Z>) => {
+  const input: Array<Cause.Cause<E>> = [self]
+  const output: Array<Either.Either<Z, CauseCase>> = []
+  while (input.length > 0) {
+    const cause = input.pop()!
+    switch (cause._tag) {
+      case OpCodes.OP_EMPTY: {
+        output.push(Either.right(reducer.emptyCase(context)))
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_FAIL: {
+        output.push(Either.right(reducer.failCase(context, cause.error)))
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_DIE: {
+        output.push(Either.right(reducer.dieCase(context, cause.defect)))
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_INTERRUPT: {
+        output.push(Either.right(reducer.interruptCase(context, cause.fiberId)))
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_SEQUENTIAL: {
+        input.push(cause.right)
+        input.push(cause.left)
+        output.push(Either.left({ _tag: OP_SEQUENTIAL_CASE }))
+        break
+      }
+      case OpCodes.OP_PARALLEL: {
+        input.push(cause.right)
+        input.push(cause.left)
+        output.push(Either.left({ _tag: OP_PARALLEL_CASE }))
+        break
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const accumulator: Array<Z> = []
+  while (output.length > 0) {
+    const either = output.pop()!
+    switch (either._tag) {
+      case "Left": {
+        switch (either.left._tag) {
+          case OP_SEQUENTIAL_CASE: {
+            const left = accumulator.pop()!
+            const right = accumulator.pop()!
+            const value = reducer.sequentialCase(context, left, right)
+            accumulator.push(value)
+            break
+          }
+          case OP_PARALLEL_CASE: {
+            const left = accumulator.pop()!
+            const right = accumulator.pop()!
+            const value = reducer.parallelCase(context, left, right)
+            accumulator.push(value)
+            break
+          }
+        }
+        break
+      }
+      case "Right": {
+        accumulator.push(either.right)
+        break
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (accumulator.length === 0) {
+    throw new Error(
+      "BUG: Cause.reduceWithContext - please report an issue at https://github.com/Effect-TS/effect/issues"
+    )
+  }
+  return accumulator.pop()!
+})
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Pretty Printing
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** @internal */
+export const pretty = <E>(cause: Cause.Cause<E>, options?: {
+  readonly renderErrorCause?: boolean | undefined
+}): string => {
+  if (isInterruptedOnly(cause)) {
+    return "All fibers interrupted without errors."
+  }
+  return prettyErrors<E>(cause).map(function(e) {
+    if (options?.renderErrorCause !== true || e.cause === undefined) {
+      return e.stack
+    }
+    return `${e.stack} {\n${renderErrorCause(e.cause as PrettyError, "  ")}\n}`
+  }).join("\n")
+}
+
+const renderErrorCause = (cause: PrettyError, prefix: string) => {
+  const lines = cause.stack!.split("\n")
+  let stack = `${prefix}[cause]: ${lines[0]}`
+  for (let i = 1, len = lines.length; i < len; i++) {
+    stack += `\n${prefix}${lines[i]}`
+  }
+  if (cause.cause) {
+    stack += ` {\n${renderErrorCause(cause.cause as PrettyError, `${prefix}  `)}\n${prefix}}`
+  }
+  return stack
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export class PrettyError extends globalThis.Error implements Cause.PrettyError {
+  span: undefined | Span = undefined
+  constructor(originalError: unknown) {
+    const originalErrorIsObject = typeof originalError === "object" && originalError !== null
+    const prevLimit = Error.stackTraceLimit
+    Error.stackTraceLimit = 1
+    super(
+      prettyErrorMessage(originalError),
+      originalErrorIsObject && "cause" in originalError && typeof originalError.cause !== "undefined"
+        ? { cause: new PrettyError(originalError.cause) }
+        : undefined
+    )
+    if (this.message === "") {
+      this.message = "An error has occurred"
+    }
+    Error.stackTraceLimit = prevLimit
+    this.name = originalError instanceof Error ? originalError.name : "Error"
+    if (originalErrorIsObject) {
+      if (spanSymbol in originalError) {
+        this.span = originalError[spanSymbol] as Span
+      }
+      Object.keys(originalError).forEach((key) => {
+        if (!(key in this)) {
+          // @ts-expect-error
+          this[key] = originalError[key]
+        }
+      })
+    }
+    this.stack = prettyErrorStack(
+      `${this.name}: ${this.message}`,
+      originalError instanceof Error && originalError.stack
+        ? originalError.stack
+        : "",
+      this.span
+    )
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A utility function for generating human-readable error messages from a generic error of type `unknown`.
+ *
+ * Rules:
+ *
+ * 1) If the input `u` is already a string, it's considered a message.
+ * 2) If `u` is an Error instance with a message defined, it uses the message.
+ * 3) If `u` has a user-defined `toString()` method, it uses that method.
+ * 4) Otherwise, it uses `Inspectable.stringifyCircular` to produce a string representation and uses it as the error message,
+ *   with "Error" added as a prefix.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export const prettyErrorMessage = (u: unknown): string => {
+  // 1)
+  if (typeof u === "string") {
+    return u
+  }
+  // 2)
+  if (typeof u === "object" && u !== null && u instanceof Error) {
+    return u.message
+  }
+  // 3)
+  try {
+    if (
+      hasProperty(u, "toString") &&
+      isFunction(u["toString"]) &&
+      u["toString"] !== Object.prototype.toString &&
+      u["toString"] !== globalThis.Array.prototype.toString
+    ) {
+      return u["toString"]()
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // something's off, rollback to json
+  }
+  // 4)
+  return stringifyCircular(u)
+}
+
+const locationRegex = /\((.*)\)/g
+
+/** @internal */
+export const spanToTrace = globalValue("effect/Tracer/spanToTrace", () => new WeakMap())
+
+const prettyErrorStack = (message: string, stack: string, span?: Span | undefined): string => {
+  const out: Array<string> = [message]
+  const lines = stack.startsWith(message) ? stack.slice(message.length).split("\n") : stack.split("\n")
+
+  for (let i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+    if (lines[i].includes(" at new BaseEffectError") || lines[i].includes(" at new YieldableError")) {
+      i++
+      continue
+    }
+    if (lines[i].includes("Generator.next")) {
+      break
+    }
+    if (lines[i].includes("effect_internal_function")) {
+      break
+    }
+    out.push(
+      lines[i]
+        .replace(/at .*effect_instruction_i.*\((.*)\)/, "at $1")
+        .replace(/EffectPrimitive\.\w+/, "<anonymous>")
+    )
+  }
+
+  if (span) {
+    let current: Span | AnySpan | undefined = span
+    let i = 0
+    while (current && current._tag === "Span" && i < 10) {
+      const stackFn = spanToTrace.get(current)
+      if (typeof stackFn === "function") {
+        const stack = stackFn()
+        if (typeof stack === "string") {
+          const locationMatchAll = stack.matchAll(locationRegex)
+          let match = false
+          for (const [, location] of locationMatchAll) {
+            match = true
+            out.push(`    at ${current.name} (${location})`)
+          }
+          if (!match) {
+            out.push(`    at ${current.name} (${stack.replace(/^at /, "")})`)
+          }
+        } else {
+          out.push(`    at ${current.name}`)
+        }
+      } else {
+        out.push(`    at ${current.name}`)
+      }
+      current = Option.getOrUndefined(current.parent)
+      i++
+    }
+  }
+
+  return out.join("\n")
+}
+
+/** @internal */
+export const spanSymbol = Symbol.for("effect/SpanAnnotation")
+
+/** @internal */
+export const prettyErrors = <E>(cause: Cause.Cause<E>): Array<PrettyError> =>
+  reduceWithContext(cause, void 0, {
+    emptyCase: (): Array<PrettyError> => [],
+    dieCase: (_, unknownError) => {
+      return [new PrettyError(unknownError)]
+    },
+    failCase: (_, error) => {
+      return [new PrettyError(error)]
+    },
+    interruptCase: () => [],
+    parallelCase: (_, l, r) => [...l, ...r],
+    sequentialCase: (_, l, r) => [...l, ...r]
+  })