@ckeditor/ckeditor5-engine 30.0.0

package/src/conversion/downcasthelpers.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1706 @@
+/**
+ * @license Copyright (c) 2003-2021, CKSource - Frederico Knabben. All rights reserved.
+ * For licensing, see LICENSE.md or https://ckeditor.com/legal/ckeditor-oss-license
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Contains downcast (model-to-view) converters for {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastDispatcher}.
+ *
+ * @module engine/conversion/downcasthelpers
+ */
+
+import ModelRange from '../model/range';
+import ModelSelection from '../model/selection';
+import ModelElement from '../model/element';
+
+import ViewAttributeElement from '../view/attributeelement';
+import DocumentSelection from '../model/documentselection';
+import ConversionHelpers from './conversionhelpers';
+
+import { cloneDeep } from 'lodash-es';
+import CKEditorError from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-utils/src/ckeditorerror';
+import toArray from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-utils/src/toarray';
+
+/**
+ * Downcast conversion helper functions.
+ *
+ * @extends module:engine/conversion/conversionhelpers~ConversionHelpers
+ */
+export default class DowncastHelpers extends ConversionHelpers {
+	/**
+	 * Model element to view element conversion helper.
+	 *
+	 * This conversion results in creating a view element. For example, model `<paragraph>Foo</paragraph>` becomes `<p>Foo</p>` in the view.
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).elementToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'paragraph',
+	 *			view: 'p'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).elementToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'paragraph',
+	 *			view: 'div',
+	 *			converterPriority: 'high'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).elementToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'fancyParagraph',
+	 *			view: {
+	 *				name: 'p',
+	 *				classes: 'fancy'
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).elementToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'heading',
+	 *			view: ( modelElement, conversionApi ) => {
+	 *				const { writer } = conversionApi;
+	 *
+	 *				return writer.createContainerElement( 'h' + modelElement.getAttribute( 'level' ) );
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * The element-to-element conversion supports the reconversion mechanism. This is helpful in the conversion to complex view structures
+	 * where multiple atomic element-to-element and attribute-to-attribute or attribute-to-element could be used. By specifying
+	 * `triggerBy()` events you can trigger reconverting the model to full view tree structures at once.
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).elementToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'complex',
+	 *			view: ( modelElement, conversionApi ) => createComplexViewFromModel( modelElement, conversionApi ),
+	 *			triggerBy: {
+	 *				attributes: [ 'foo', 'bar' ],
+	 *				children: [ 'slot' ]
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * See {@link module:engine/conversion/conversion~Conversion#for `conversion.for()`} to learn how to add a converter
+	 * to the conversion process.
+	 *
+	 * You can read more about element-to-element conversion in the
+	 * {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/conversion/custom-element-conversion Custom element conversion} guide.
+	 *
+	 * @method #elementToElement
+	 * @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+	 * @param {String} config.model The name of the model element to convert.
+	 * @param {module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition|Function} config.view A view element definition or a function
+	 * that takes the model element and {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastConversionApi downcast conversion API}
+	 * as parameters and returns a view container element.
+	 * @param {Object} [config.triggerBy] Reconversion triggers. At least one trigger must be defined.
+	 * @param {Array.<String>} config.triggerBy.attributes The name of the element's attributes whose change will trigger element
+	 * reconversion.
+	 * @param {Array.<String>} config.triggerBy.children The name of direct children whose adding or removing will trigger element
+	 * reconversion.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~DowncastHelpers}
+	 */
+	elementToElement( config ) {
+		return this.add( downcastElementToElement( config ) );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Model attribute to view element conversion helper.
+	 *
+	 * This conversion results in wrapping view nodes with a view attribute element. For example, a model text node with
+	 * `"Foo"` as data and the `bold` attribute becomes `<strong>Foo</strong>` in the view.
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'bold',
+	 *			view: 'strong'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'bold',
+	 *			view: 'b',
+	 *			converterPriority: 'high'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'invert',
+	 *			view: {
+	 *				name: 'span',
+	 *				classes: [ 'font-light', 'bg-dark' ]
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToElement( {
+	 *			model: {
+	 *				key: 'fontSize',
+	 *				values: [ 'big', 'small' ]
+	 *			},
+	 *			view: {
+	 *				big: {
+	 *					name: 'span',
+	 *					styles: {
+	 *						'font-size': '1.2em'
+	 *					}
+	 *				},
+	 *				small: {
+	 *					name: 'span',
+	 *					styles: {
+	 *						'font-size': '0.8em'
+	 *					}
+	 *				}
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'bold',
+	 *			view: ( modelAttributeValue, conversionApi ) => {
+	 *				const { writer } = conversionApi;
+	 *
+	 *				return writer.createAttributeElement( 'span', {
+	 *					style: 'font-weight:' + modelAttributeValue
+	 *				} );
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToElement( {
+	 *			model: {
+	 *				key: 'color',
+	 *				name: '$text'
+	 *			},
+	 *			view: ( modelAttributeValue, conversionApi ) => {
+	 *				const { writer } = conversionApi;
+	 *
+	 *				return writer.createAttributeElement( 'span', {
+	 *					style: 'color:' + modelAttributeValue
+	 *				} );
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * See {@link module:engine/conversion/conversion~Conversion#for `conversion.for()`} to learn how to add a converter
+	 * to the conversion process.
+	 *
+	 * @method #attributeToElement
+	 * @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+	 * @param {String|Object} config.model The key of the attribute to convert from or a `{ key, values }` object. `values` is an array
+	 * of `String`s with possible values if the model attribute is an enumerable.
+	 * @param {module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition|Function|Object} config.view A view element definition or a function
+	 * that takes the model attribute value and
+	 * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastConversionApi downcast conversion API} as parameters and returns a view
+	 * attribute element. If `config.model.values` is given, `config.view` should be an object assigning values from `config.model.values`
+	 * to view element definitions or functions.
+	 * @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal'] Converter priority.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~DowncastHelpers}
+	 */
+	attributeToElement( config ) {
+		return this.add( downcastAttributeToElement( config ) );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Model attribute to view attribute conversion helper.
+	 *
+	 * This conversion results in adding an attribute to a view node, basing on an attribute from a model node. For example,
+	 * `<imageInline src='foo.jpg'></imageInline>` is converted to `<img src='foo.jpg'></img>`.
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToAttribute( {
+	 *			model: 'source',
+	 *			view: 'src'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToAttribute( {
+	 *			model: 'source',
+	 *			view: 'href',
+	 *			converterPriority: 'high'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToAttribute( {
+	 *			model: {
+	 *				name: 'imageInline',
+	 *				key: 'source'
+	 *			},
+	 *			view: 'src'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToAttribute( {
+	 *			model: {
+	 *				name: 'styled',
+	 *				values: [ 'dark', 'light' ]
+	 *			},
+	 *			view: {
+	 *				dark: {
+	 *					key: 'class',
+	 *					value: [ 'styled', 'styled-dark' ]
+	 *				},
+	 *				light: {
+	 *					key: 'class',
+	 *					value: [ 'styled', 'styled-light' ]
+	 *				}
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToAttribute( {
+	 *			model: 'styled',
+	 *			view: modelAttributeValue => ( {
+	 *				key: 'class',
+	 *				value: 'styled-' + modelAttributeValue
+	 *			} )
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * **Note**: Downcasting to a style property requires providing `value` as an object:
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToAttribute( {
+	 *			model: 'lineHeight',
+	 *			view: modelAttributeValue => ( {
+	 *				key: 'style',
+	 *				value: {
+	 *					'line-height': modelAttributeValue,
+	 *					'border-bottom': '1px dotted #ba2'
+	 *				}
+	 *			} )
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * See {@link module:engine/conversion/conversion~Conversion#for `conversion.for()`} to learn how to add a converter
+	 * to the conversion process.
+	 *
+	 * @method #attributeToAttribute
+	 * @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+	 * @param {String|Object} config.model The key of the attribute to convert from or a `{ key, values, [ name ] }` object describing
+	 * the attribute key, possible values and, optionally, an element name to convert from.
+	 * @param {String|Object|Function} config.view A view attribute key, or a `{ key, value }` object or a function that takes
+	 * the model attribute value and {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastConversionApi downcast conversion API}
+	 * as parameters and returns a `{ key, value }` object. If `key` is `'class'`, `value` can be a `String` or an
+	 * array of `String`s. If `key` is `'style'`, `value` is an object with key-value pairs. In other cases, `value` is a `String`.
+	 * If `config.model.values` is set, `config.view` should be an object assigning values from `config.model.values` to
+	 * `{ key, value }` objects or a functions.
+	 * @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal'] Converter priority.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~DowncastHelpers}
+	 */
+	attributeToAttribute( config ) {
+		return this.add( downcastAttributeToAttribute( config ) );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Model marker to view element conversion helper.
+	 *
+	 * **Note**: This method should be used mainly for editing downcast and it is recommended
+	 * to use {@link #markerToData `#markerToData()`} helper instead.
+	 *
+	 * This helper may produce invalid HTML code (e.g. a span between table cells).
+	 * It should be used only when you are sure that the produced HTML will be semantically correct.
+	 *
+	 * This conversion results in creating a view element on the boundaries of the converted marker. If the converted marker
+	 * is collapsed, only one element is created. For example, model marker set like this: `<paragraph>F[oo b]ar</paragraph>`
+	 * becomes `<p>F<span data-marker="search"></span>oo b<span data-marker="search"></span>ar</p>` in the view.
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'editingDowncast' ).markerToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'search',
+	 *			view: 'marker-search'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'editingDowncast' ).markerToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'search',
+	 *			view: 'search-result',
+	 *			converterPriority: 'high'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'editingDowncast' ).markerToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'search',
+	 *			view: {
+	 *				name: 'span',
+	 *				attributes: {
+	 *					'data-marker': 'search'
+	 *				}
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'editingDowncast' ).markerToElement( {
+	 *			model: 'search',
+	 *			view: ( markerData, conversionApi ) => {
+	 *				const { writer } = conversionApi;
+	 *
+	 *				return writer.createUIElement( 'span', {
+	 *					'data-marker': 'search',
+	 *					'data-start': markerData.isOpening
+	 *				} );
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * If a function is passed as the `config.view` parameter, it will be used to generate both boundary elements. The function
+	 * receives the `data` object and {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastConversionApi downcast conversion API}
+	 * as a parameters and should return an instance of the
+	 * {@link module:engine/view/uielement~UIElement view UI element}. The `data` object and
+	 * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastConversionApi `conversionApi`} are passed from
+	 * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastDispatcher#event:addMarker}. Additionally,
+	 * the `data.isOpening` parameter is passed, which is set to `true` for the marker start boundary element, and `false` to
+	 * the marker end boundary element.
+	 *
+	 * See {@link module:engine/conversion/conversion~Conversion#for `conversion.for()`} to learn how to add a converter
+	 * to the conversion process.
+	 *
+	 * @method #markerToElement
+	 * @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+	 * @param {String} config.model The name of the model marker (or model marker group) to convert.
+	 * @param {module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition|Function} config.view A view element definition or a function that
+	 * takes the model marker data and {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastConversionApi downcast conversion API}
+	 * as a parameters and returns a view UI element.
+	 * @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal'] Converter priority.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~DowncastHelpers}
+	 */
+	markerToElement( config ) {
+		return this.add( downcastMarkerToElement( config ) );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Model marker to highlight conversion helper.
+	 *
+	 * This conversion results in creating a highlight on view nodes. For this kind of conversion,
+	 * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor} should be provided.
+	 *
+	 * For text nodes, a `<span>` {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement} is created and it wraps all text nodes
+	 * in the converted marker range. For example, a model marker set like this: `<paragraph>F[oo b]ar</paragraph>` becomes
+	 * `<p>F<span class="comment">oo b</span>ar</p>` in the view.
+	 *
+	 * {@link module:engine/view/containerelement~ContainerElement} may provide a custom way of handling highlight. Most often,
+	 * the element itself is given classes and attributes described in the highlight descriptor (instead of being wrapped in `<span>`).
+	 * For example, a model marker set like this:
+	 * `[<imageInline src="foo.jpg"></imageInline>]` becomes `<img src="foo.jpg" class="comment"></img>` in the view.
+	 *
+	 * For container elements, the conversion is two-step. While the converter processes the highlight descriptor and passes it
+	 * to a container element, it is the container element instance itself that applies values from the highlight descriptor.
+	 * So, in a sense, the converter takes care of stating what should be applied on what, while the element decides how to apply that.
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).markerToHighlight( { model: 'comment', view: { classes: 'comment' } } );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).markerToHighlight( {
+	 *			model: 'comment',
+	 *			view: { classes: 'comment' },
+	 *			converterPriority: 'high'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).markerToHighlight( {
+	 *			model: 'comment',
+	 *			view: ( data, conversionApi ) => {
+	 *				// Assuming that the marker name is in a form of comment:commentType:commentId.
+	 *				const [ , commentType, commentId ] = data.markerName.split( ':' );
+	 *
+	 *				return {
+	 *					classes: [ 'comment', 'comment-' + commentType ],
+	 *					attributes: { 'data-comment-id': commentId }
+	 *				};
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * If a function is passed as the `config.view` parameter, it will be used to generate the highlight descriptor. The function
+	 * receives the `data` object and {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastConversionApi downcast conversion API}
+	 * as a parameters and should return a
+	 * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor highlight descriptor}.
+	 * The `data` object properties are passed from {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastDispatcher#event:addMarker}.
+	 *
+	 * See {@link module:engine/conversion/conversion~Conversion#for `conversion.for()`} to learn how to add a converter
+	 * to the conversion process.
+	 *
+	 * @method #markerToHighlight
+	 * @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+	 * @param {String} config.model The name of the model marker (or model marker group) to convert.
+	 * @param {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor|Function} config.view A highlight descriptor
+	 * that will be used for highlighting or a function that takes the model marker data and
+	 * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastConversionApi downcast conversion API} as a parameters
+	 * and returns a highlight descriptor.
+	 * @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal'] Converter priority.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~DowncastHelpers}
+	 */
+	markerToHighlight( config ) {
+		return this.add( downcastMarkerToHighlight( config ) );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Model marker converter for data downcast.
+	 *
+	 * This conversion creates a representation for model marker boundaries in the view:
+	 *
+	 * * If the marker boundary is before or after a model element, a view attribute is set on a corresponding view element.
+	 * * In other cases, a view element with the specified tag name is inserted at the corresponding view position.
+	 *
+	 * Typically, the marker names use the `group:uniqueId:otherData` convention. For example: `comment:e34zfk9k2n459df53sjl34:zx32c`.
+	 * The default configuration for this conversion is that the first part is the `group` part and the rest of
+	 * the marker name becomes the `name` part.
+	 *
+	 * Tag and attribute names and values are generated from the marker name:
+	 *
+	 * * The templates for attributes are `data-[group]-start-before="[name]"`, `data-[group]-start-after="[name]"`,
+	 * `data-[group]-end-before="[name]"` and `data-[group]-end-after="[name]"`.
+	 * * The templates for view elements are `<[group]-start name="[name]">` and `<[group]-end name="[name]">`.
+	 *
+	 * Attributes mark whether the given marker's start or end boundary is before or after the given element.
+	 * The `data-[group]-start-before` and `data-[group]-end-after` attributes are favored.
+	 * The other two are used when the former two cannot be used.
+	 *
+	 * The conversion configuration can take a function that will generate different group and name parts.
+	 * If such a function is set as the `config.view` parameter, it is passed a marker name and it is expected to return an object with two
+	 * properties: `group` and `name`. If the function returns a falsy value, the conversion will not take place.
+	 *
+	 * Basic usage:
+	 *
+	 *		// Using the default conversion.
+	 *		// In this case, all markers with names starting with 'comment:' will be converted.
+	 *		// The `group` parameter will be set to `comment`.
+	 *		// The `name` parameter will be the rest of the marker name (without the `:`).
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'dataDowncast' ).markerToData( {
+	 *			model: 'comment'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * An example of a view that may be generated by this conversion (assuming a marker with the name `comment:commentId:uid` marked
+	 * by `[]`):
+	 *
+	 *		// Model:
+	 *		<paragraph>Foo[bar</paragraph>
+	 *		<imageBlock src="abc.jpg"></imageBlock>]
+	 *
+	 *		// View:
+	 *		<p>Foo<comment-start name="commentId:uid"></comment-start>bar</p>
+	 *		<figure data-comment-end-after="commentId:uid" class="image"><img src="abc.jpg" /></figure>
+	 *
+	 * In the example above, the comment starts before "bar" and ends after the image.
+	 *
+	 * If the `name` part is empty, the following view may be generated:
+	 *
+	 *		<p>Foo <myMarker-start></myMarker-start>bar</p>
+	 *		<figure data-myMarker-end-after="" class="image"><img src="abc.jpg" /></figure>
+	 *
+	 * **Note:** A situation where some markers have the `name` part and some do not, is incorrect and should be avoided.
+	 *
+	 * Examples where `data-group-start-after` and `data-group-end-before` are used:
+	 *
+	 *		// Model:
+	 *		<blockQuote>[]<paragraph>Foo</paragraph></blockQuote>
+	 *
+	 * 		// View:
+	 *		<blockquote><p data-group-end-before="name" data-group-start-before="name">Foo</p></blockquote>
+	 *
+	 * Similarly, when a marker is collapsed after the last element:
+	 *
+	 *		// Model:
+	 *		<blockQuote><paragraph>Foo</paragraph>[]</blockQuote>
+	 *
+	 *		// View:
+	 *		<blockquote><p data-group-end-after="name" data-group-start-after="name">Foo</p></blockquote>
+	 *
+	 * When there are multiple markers from the same group stored in the same attribute of the same element, their
+	 * name parts are put together in the attribute value, for example: `data-group-start-before="name1,name2,name3"`.
+	 *
+	 * Other examples of usage:
+	 *
+	 *		// Using a custom function which is the same as the default conversion:
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'dataDowncast' ).markerToData( {
+	 *			model: 'comment'
+	 *			view: markerName => ( {
+	 *				group: 'comment',
+	 *				name: markerName.substr( 8 ) // Removes 'comment:' part.
+	 *			} )
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		// Using the converter priority:
+	 *		editor.conversion.for( 'dataDowncast' ).markerToData( {
+	 *			model: 'comment'
+	 *			view: markerName => ( {
+	 *				group: 'comment',
+	 *				name: markerName.substr( 8 ) // Removes 'comment:' part.
+	 *			} ),
+	 *			converterPriority: 'high'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * This kind of conversion is useful for saving data into the database, so it should be used in the data conversion pipeline.
+	 *
+	 * See the {@link module:engine/conversion/conversion~Conversion#for `conversion.for()`} API guide to learn how to
+	 * add a converter to the conversion process.
+	 *
+	 * @method #markerToData
+	 * @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+	 * @param {String} config.model The name of the model marker (or the model marker group) to convert.
+	 * @param {Function} [config.view] A function that takes the model marker name and
+	 * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastConversionApi downcast conversion API} as the parameters
+	 * and returns an object with the `group` and `name` properties.
+	 * @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal'] Converter priority.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~DowncastHelpers}
+	 */
+	markerToData( config ) {
+		return this.add( downcastMarkerToData( config ) );
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Function factory that creates a default downcast converter for text insertion changes.
+ *
+ * The converter automatically consumes the corresponding value from the consumables list and stops the event (see
+ * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastDispatcher}).
+ *
+ *		modelDispatcher.on( 'insert:$text', insertText() );
+ *
+ * @returns {Function} Insert text event converter.
+ */
+export function insertText() {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		if ( !conversionApi.consumable.consume( data.item, 'insert' ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const viewWriter = conversionApi.writer;
+		const viewPosition = conversionApi.mapper.toViewPosition( data.range.start );
+		const viewText = viewWriter.createText( data.item.data );
+
+		viewWriter.insert( viewPosition, viewText );
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Function factory that creates a default downcast converter for node remove changes.
+ *
+ *		modelDispatcher.on( 'remove', remove() );
+ *
+ * @returns {Function} Remove event converter.
+ */
+export function remove() {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		// Find the view range start position by mapping the model position at which the remove happened.
+		const viewStart = conversionApi.mapper.toViewPosition( data.position );
+
+		const modelEnd = data.position.getShiftedBy( data.length );
+		const viewEnd = conversionApi.mapper.toViewPosition( modelEnd, { isPhantom: true } );
+
+		const viewRange = conversionApi.writer.createRange( viewStart, viewEnd );
+
+		// Trim the range to remove in case some UI elements are on the view range boundaries.
+		const removed = conversionApi.writer.remove( viewRange.getTrimmed() );
+
+		// After the range is removed, unbind all view elements from the model.
+		// Range inside view document fragment is used to unbind deeply.
+		for ( const child of conversionApi.writer.createRangeIn( removed ).getItems() ) {
+			conversionApi.mapper.unbindViewElement( child );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a `<span>` {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement view attribute element} from the information
+ * provided by the {@link module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor highlight descriptor} object. If the priority
+ * is not provided in the descriptor, the default priority will be used.
+ *
+ * @param {module:engine/view/downcastwriter~DowncastWriter} writer
+ * @param {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor} descriptor
+ * @returns {module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement}
+ */
+export function createViewElementFromHighlightDescriptor( writer, descriptor ) {
+	const viewElement = writer.createAttributeElement( 'span', descriptor.attributes );
+
+	if ( descriptor.classes ) {
+		viewElement._addClass( descriptor.classes );
+	}
+
+	if ( typeof descriptor.priority === 'number' ) {
+		viewElement._priority = descriptor.priority;
+	}
+
+	viewElement._id = descriptor.id;
+
+	return viewElement;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Function factory that creates a converter which converts a non-collapsed {@link module:engine/model/selection~Selection model selection}
+ * to a {@link module:engine/view/documentselection~DocumentSelection view selection}. The converter consumes appropriate
+ * value from the `consumable` object and maps model positions from the selection to view positions.
+ *
+ *		modelDispatcher.on( 'selection', convertRangeSelection() );
+ *
+ * @returns {Function} Selection converter.
+ */
+export function convertRangeSelection() {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		const selection = data.selection;
+
+		if ( selection.isCollapsed ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( !conversionApi.consumable.consume( selection, 'selection' ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const viewRanges = [];
+
+		for ( const range of selection.getRanges() ) {
+			const viewRange = conversionApi.mapper.toViewRange( range );
+			viewRanges.push( viewRange );
+		}
+
+		conversionApi.writer.setSelection( viewRanges, { backward: selection.isBackward } );
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Function factory that creates a converter which converts a collapsed {@link module:engine/model/selection~Selection model selection} to
+ * a {@link module:engine/view/documentselection~DocumentSelection view selection}. The converter consumes appropriate
+ * value from the `consumable` object, maps the model selection position to the view position and breaks
+ * {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement attribute elements} at the selection position.
+ *
+ *		modelDispatcher.on( 'selection', convertCollapsedSelection() );
+ *
+ * An example of the view state before and after converting the collapsed selection:
+ *
+ *		   <p><strong>f^oo<strong>bar</p>
+ *		-> <p><strong>f</strong>^<strong>oo</strong>bar</p>
+ *
+ * By breaking attribute elements like `<strong>`, the selection is in a correct element. Then, when the selection attribute is
+ * converted, broken attributes might be merged again, or the position where the selection is may be wrapped
+ * with different, appropriate attribute elements.
+ *
+ * See also {@link module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~clearAttributes} which does a clean-up
+ * by merging attributes.
+ *
+ * @returns {Function} Selection converter.
+ */
+export function convertCollapsedSelection() {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		const selection = data.selection;
+
+		if ( !selection.isCollapsed ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( !conversionApi.consumable.consume( selection, 'selection' ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const viewWriter = conversionApi.writer;
+		const modelPosition = selection.getFirstPosition();
+		const viewPosition = conversionApi.mapper.toViewPosition( modelPosition );
+		const brokenPosition = viewWriter.breakAttributes( viewPosition );
+
+		viewWriter.setSelection( brokenPosition );
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Function factory that creates a converter which clears artifacts after the previous
+ * {@link module:engine/model/selection~Selection model selection} conversion. It removes all empty
+ * {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement view attribute elements} and merges sibling attributes at all start and end
+ * positions of all ranges.
+ *
+ *		   <p><strong>^</strong></p>
+ *		-> <p>^</p>
+ *
+ *		   <p><strong>foo</strong>^<strong>bar</strong>bar</p>
+ *		-> <p><strong>foo^bar<strong>bar</p>
+ *
+ *		   <p><strong>foo</strong><em>^</em><strong>bar</strong>bar</p>
+ *		-> <p><strong>foo^bar<strong>bar</p>
+ *
+ * This listener should be assigned before any converter for the new selection:
+ *
+ *		modelDispatcher.on( 'selection', clearAttributes() );
+ *
+ * See {@link module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~convertCollapsedSelection}
+ * which does the opposite by breaking attributes in the selection position.
+ *
+ * @returns {Function} Selection converter.
+ */
+export function clearAttributes() {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		const viewWriter = conversionApi.writer;
+		const viewSelection = viewWriter.document.selection;
+
+		for ( const range of viewSelection.getRanges() ) {
+			// Not collapsed selection should not have artifacts.
+			if ( range.isCollapsed ) {
+				// Position might be in the node removed by the view writer.
+				if ( range.end.parent.isAttached() ) {
+					conversionApi.writer.mergeAttributes( range.start );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		viewWriter.setSelection( null );
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Function factory that creates a converter which converts set/change/remove attribute changes from the model to the view.
+ * It can also be used to convert selection attributes. In that case, an empty attribute element will be created and the
+ * selection will be put inside it.
+ *
+ * Attributes from the model are converted to a view element that will be wrapping these view nodes that are bound to
+ * model elements having the given attribute. This is useful for attributes like `bold` that may be set on text nodes in the model
+ * but are represented as an element in the view:
+ *
+ *		[paragraph]              MODEL ====> VIEW        <p>
+ *			|- a {bold: true}                             |- <b>
+ *			|- b {bold: true}                             |   |- ab
+ *			|- c                                          |- c
+ *
+ * Passed `Function` will be provided with the attribute value and then all the parameters of the
+ * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastDispatcher#event:attribute `attribute` event}.
+ * It is expected that the function returns an {@link module:engine/view/element~Element}.
+ * The result of the function will be the wrapping element.
+ * When the provided `Function` does not return any element, no conversion will take place.
+ *
+ * The converter automatically consumes the corresponding value from the consumables list and stops the event (see
+ * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastDispatcher}).
+ *
+ *		modelDispatcher.on( 'attribute:bold', wrap( ( modelAttributeValue, { writer } ) => {
+ *			return writer.createAttributeElement( 'strong' );
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * @protected
+ * @param {Function} elementCreator Function returning a view element that will be used for wrapping.
+ * @returns {Function} Set/change attribute converter.
+ */
+export function wrap( elementCreator ) {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		// Recreate current wrapping node. It will be used to unwrap view range if the attribute value has changed
+		// or the attribute was removed.
+		const oldViewElement = elementCreator( data.attributeOldValue, conversionApi );
+
+		// Create node to wrap with.
+		const newViewElement = elementCreator( data.attributeNewValue, conversionApi );
+
+		if ( !oldViewElement && !newViewElement ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( !conversionApi.consumable.consume( data.item, evt.name ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const viewWriter = conversionApi.writer;
+		const viewSelection = viewWriter.document.selection;
+
+		if ( data.item instanceof ModelSelection || data.item instanceof DocumentSelection ) {
+			// Selection attribute conversion.
+			viewWriter.wrap( viewSelection.getFirstRange(), newViewElement );
+		} else {
+			// Node attribute conversion.
+			let viewRange = conversionApi.mapper.toViewRange( data.range );
+
+			// First, unwrap the range from current wrapper.
+			if ( data.attributeOldValue !== null && oldViewElement ) {
+				viewRange = viewWriter.unwrap( viewRange, oldViewElement );
+			}
+
+			if ( data.attributeNewValue !== null && newViewElement ) {
+				viewWriter.wrap( viewRange, newViewElement );
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Function factory that creates a converter which converts node insertion changes from the model to the view.
+ * The function passed will be provided with all the parameters of the dispatcher's
+ * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastDispatcher#event:insert `insert` event}.
+ * It is expected that the function returns an {@link module:engine/view/element~Element}.
+ * The result of the function will be inserted into the view.
+ *
+ * The converter automatically consumes the corresponding value from the consumables list, stops the event (see
+ * {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastDispatcher}) and binds the model and view elements.
+ *
+ *		downcastDispatcher.on(
+ *			'insert:myElem',
+ *			insertElement( ( modelItem, { writer } ) => {
+ *				const text = writer.createText( 'myText' );
+ *				const myElem = writer.createElement( 'myElem', { myAttr: 'my-' + modelItem.getAttribute( 'myAttr' ) }, text );
+ *
+ *				// Do something fancy with `myElem` using `modelItem` or other parameters.
+ *
+ *				return myElem;
+ *			}
+ *		) );
+ *
+ * @protected
+ * @param {Function} elementCreator Function returning a view element, which will be inserted.
+ * @returns {Function} Insert element event converter.
+ */
+export function insertElement( elementCreator ) {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		const viewElement = elementCreator( data.item, conversionApi );
+
+		if ( !viewElement ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( !conversionApi.consumable.consume( data.item, 'insert' ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const viewPosition = conversionApi.mapper.toViewPosition( data.range.start );
+
+		conversionApi.mapper.bindElements( data.item, viewElement );
+		conversionApi.writer.insert( viewPosition, viewElement );
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Function factory that creates a converter which converts marker adding change to the
+ * {@link module:engine/view/uielement~UIElement view UI element}.
+ *
+ * The view UI element that will be added to the view depends on the passed parameter. See {@link ~insertElement}.
+ * In case of a non-collapsed range, the UI element will not wrap nodes but separate elements will be placed at the beginning
+ * and at the end of the range.
+ *
+ * This converter binds created UI elements with the marker name using {@link module:engine/conversion/mapper~Mapper#bindElementToMarker}.
+ *
+ * @protected
+ * @param {module:engine/view/uielement~UIElement|Function} elementCreator A view UI element or a function returning the view element
+ * that will be inserted.
+ * @returns {Function} Insert element event converter.
+ */
+export function insertUIElement( elementCreator ) {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		// Create two view elements. One will be inserted at the beginning of marker, one at the end.
+		// If marker is collapsed, only "opening" element will be inserted.
+		data.isOpening = true;
+		const viewStartElement = elementCreator( data, conversionApi );
+
+		data.isOpening = false;
+		const viewEndElement = elementCreator( data, conversionApi );
+
+		if ( !viewStartElement || !viewEndElement ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const markerRange = data.markerRange;
+
+		// Marker that is collapsed has consumable build differently that non-collapsed one.
+		// For more information see `addMarker` event description.
+		// If marker's range is collapsed - check if it can be consumed.
+		if ( markerRange.isCollapsed && !conversionApi.consumable.consume( markerRange, evt.name ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If marker's range is not collapsed - consume all items inside.
+		for ( const value of markerRange ) {
+			if ( !conversionApi.consumable.consume( value.item, evt.name ) ) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		const mapper = conversionApi.mapper;
+		const viewWriter = conversionApi.writer;
+
+		// Add "opening" element.
+		viewWriter.insert( mapper.toViewPosition( markerRange.start ), viewStartElement );
+		conversionApi.mapper.bindElementToMarker( viewStartElement, data.markerName );
+
+		// Add "closing" element only if range is not collapsed.
+		if ( !markerRange.isCollapsed ) {
+			viewWriter.insert( mapper.toViewPosition( markerRange.end ), viewEndElement );
+			conversionApi.mapper.bindElementToMarker( viewEndElement, data.markerName );
+		}
+
+		evt.stop();
+	};
+}
+
+// Function factory that returns a default downcast converter for removing a {@link module:engine/view/uielement~UIElement UI element}
+// based on marker remove change.
+//
+// This converter unbinds elements from the marker name.
+//
+// @returns {Function} Removed UI element converter.
+function removeUIElement() {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		const elements = conversionApi.mapper.markerNameToElements( data.markerName );
+
+		if ( !elements ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		for ( const element of elements ) {
+			conversionApi.mapper.unbindElementFromMarkerName( element, data.markerName );
+			conversionApi.writer.clear( conversionApi.writer.createRangeOn( element ), element );
+		}
+
+		conversionApi.writer.clearClonedElementsGroup( data.markerName );
+
+		evt.stop();
+	};
+}
+
+// Function factory that creates a default converter for model markers.
+//
+// See {@link DowncastHelpers#markerToData} for more information what type of view is generated.
+//
+// This converter binds created UI elements and affected view elements with the marker name
+// using {@link module:engine/conversion/mapper~Mapper#bindElementToMarker}.
+//
+// @returns {Function} Add marker converter.
+function insertMarkerData( viewCreator ) {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		const viewMarkerData = viewCreator( data.markerName, conversionApi );
+
+		if ( !viewMarkerData ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const markerRange = data.markerRange;
+
+		if ( !conversionApi.consumable.consume( markerRange, evt.name ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Adding closing data first to keep the proper order in the view.
+		handleMarkerBoundary( markerRange, false, conversionApi, data, viewMarkerData );
+		handleMarkerBoundary( markerRange, true, conversionApi, data, viewMarkerData );
+
+		evt.stop();
+	};
+}
+
+// Helper function for `insertMarkerData()` that marks a marker boundary at the beginning or end of given `range`.
+function handleMarkerBoundary( range, isStart, conversionApi, data, viewMarkerData ) {
+	const modelPosition = isStart ? range.start : range.end;
+	const elementAfter = modelPosition.nodeAfter && modelPosition.nodeAfter.is( 'element' ) ? modelPosition.nodeAfter : null;
+	const elementBefore = modelPosition.nodeBefore && modelPosition.nodeBefore.is( 'element' ) ? modelPosition.nodeBefore : null;
+
+	if ( elementAfter || elementBefore ) {
+		let modelElement;
+		let isBefore;
+
+		// If possible, we want to add `data-group-start-before` and `data-group-end-after` attributes.
+		if ( isStart && elementAfter || !isStart && !elementBefore ) {
+			// [<elementAfter>...</elementAfter> -> <elementAfter data-group-start-before="...">...</elementAfter>
+			// <parent>]<elementAfter> -> <parent><elementAfter data-group-end-before="...">
+			modelElement = elementAfter;
+			isBefore = true;
+		} else {
+			// <elementBefore>...</elementBefore>] -> <elementBefore data-group-end-after="...">...</elementBefore>
+			// </elementBefore>[</parent> -> </elementBefore data-group-start-after="..."></parent>
+			modelElement = elementBefore;
+			isBefore = false;
+		}
+
+		const viewElement = conversionApi.mapper.toViewElement( modelElement );
+
+		// In rare circumstances, the model element may be not mapped to any view element and that would cause an error.
+		// One of those situations is a soft break inside code block.
+		if ( viewElement ) {
+			insertMarkerAsAttribute( viewElement, isStart, isBefore, conversionApi, data, viewMarkerData );
+
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	const viewPosition = conversionApi.mapper.toViewPosition( modelPosition );
+
+	insertMarkerAsElement( viewPosition, isStart, conversionApi, data, viewMarkerData );
+}
+
+// Helper function for `insertMarkerData()` that marks a marker boundary in the view as an attribute on a view element.
+function insertMarkerAsAttribute( viewElement, isStart, isBefore, conversionApi, data, viewMarkerData ) {
+	const attributeName = `data-${ viewMarkerData.group }-${ isStart ? 'start' : 'end' }-${ isBefore ? 'before' : 'after' }`;
+
+	const markerNames = viewElement.hasAttribute( attributeName ) ? viewElement.getAttribute( attributeName ).split( ',' ) : [];
+
+	// Adding marker name at the beginning to have the same order in the attribute as there is with marker elements.
+	markerNames.unshift( viewMarkerData.name );
+
+	conversionApi.writer.setAttribute( attributeName, markerNames.join( ',' ), viewElement );
+	conversionApi.mapper.bindElementToMarker( viewElement, data.markerName );
+}
+
+// Helper function for `insertMarkerData()` that marks a marker boundary in the view as a separate view ui element.
+function insertMarkerAsElement( position, isStart, conversionApi, data, viewMarkerData ) {
+	const viewElementName = `${ viewMarkerData.group }-${ isStart ? 'start' : 'end' }`;
+
+	const attrs = viewMarkerData.name ? { 'name': viewMarkerData.name } : null;
+	const viewElement = conversionApi.writer.createUIElement( viewElementName, attrs );
+
+	conversionApi.writer.insert( position, viewElement );
+	conversionApi.mapper.bindElementToMarker( viewElement, data.markerName );
+}
+
+// Function factory that creates a converter for removing a model marker data added by the {@link #insertMarkerData} converter.
+//
+// @returns {Function} Remove marker converter.
+function removeMarkerData( viewCreator ) {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		const viewData = viewCreator( data.markerName, conversionApi );
+
+		if ( !viewData ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const elements = conversionApi.mapper.markerNameToElements( data.markerName );
+
+		if ( !elements ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		for ( const element of elements ) {
+			conversionApi.mapper.unbindElementFromMarkerName( element, data.markerName );
+
+			if ( element.is( 'containerElement' ) ) {
+				removeMarkerFromAttribute( `data-${ viewData.group }-start-before`, element );
+				removeMarkerFromAttribute( `data-${ viewData.group }-start-after`, element );
+				removeMarkerFromAttribute( `data-${ viewData.group }-end-before`, element );
+				removeMarkerFromAttribute( `data-${ viewData.group }-end-after`, element );
+			} else {
+				conversionApi.writer.clear( conversionApi.writer.createRangeOn( element ), element );
+			}
+		}
+
+		conversionApi.writer.clearClonedElementsGroup( data.markerName );
+
+		evt.stop();
+
+		function removeMarkerFromAttribute( attributeName, element ) {
+			if ( element.hasAttribute( attributeName ) ) {
+				const markerNames = new Set( element.getAttribute( attributeName ).split( ',' ) );
+				markerNames.delete( viewData.name );
+
+				if ( markerNames.size == 0 ) {
+					conversionApi.writer.removeAttribute( attributeName, element );
+				} else {
+					conversionApi.writer.setAttribute( attributeName, Array.from( markerNames ).join( ',' ), element );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Function factory that creates a converter which converts set/change/remove attribute changes from the model to the view.
+//
+// Attributes from the model are converted to the view element attributes in the view. You may provide a custom function to generate
+// a key-value attribute pair to add/change/remove. If not provided, model attributes will be converted to view element
+// attributes on a one-to-one basis.
+//
+// *Note:** The provided attribute creator should always return the same `key` for a given attribute from the model.
+//
+// The converter automatically consumes the corresponding value from the consumables list and stops the event (see
+// {@link module:engine/conversion/downcastdispatcher~DowncastDispatcher}).
+//
+//		modelDispatcher.on( 'attribute:customAttr:myElem', changeAttribute( ( value, data ) => {
+//			// Change attribute key from `customAttr` to `class` in the view.
+//			const key = 'class';
+//			let value = data.attributeNewValue;
+//
+//			// Force attribute value to 'empty' if the model element is empty.
+//			if ( data.item.childCount === 0 ) {
+//				value = 'empty';
+//			}
+//
+//			// Return the key-value pair.
+//			return { key, value };
+//		} ) );
+//
+// @param {Function} [attributeCreator] Function returning an object with two properties: `key` and `value`, which
+// represent the attribute key and attribute value to be set on a {@link module:engine/view/element~Element view element}.
+// The function is passed the model attribute value as the first parameter and additional data about the change as the second parameter.
+// @returns {Function} Set/change attribute converter.
+function changeAttribute( attributeCreator ) {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		const oldAttribute = attributeCreator( data.attributeOldValue, conversionApi );
+		const newAttribute = attributeCreator( data.attributeNewValue, conversionApi );
+
+		if ( !oldAttribute && !newAttribute ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( !conversionApi.consumable.consume( data.item, evt.name ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const viewElement = conversionApi.mapper.toViewElement( data.item );
+		const viewWriter = conversionApi.writer;
+
+		// If model item cannot be mapped to a view element, it means item is not an `Element` instance but a `TextProxy` node.
+		// Only elements can have attributes in a view so do not proceed for anything else (#1587).
+		if ( !viewElement ) {
+			/**
+			 * This error occurs when a {@link module:engine/model/textproxy~TextProxy text node's} attribute is to be downcasted
+			 * by {@link module:engine/conversion/conversion~Conversion#attributeToAttribute `Attribute to Attribute converter`}.
+			 * In most cases it is caused by converters misconfiguration when only "generic" converter is defined:
+			 *
+			 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToAttribute( {
+			 *			model: 'attribute-name',
+			 *			view: 'attribute-name'
+			 *		} ) );
+			 *
+			 * and given attribute is used on text node, for example:
+			 *
+			 *		model.change( writer => {
+			 *			writer.insertText( 'Foo', { 'attribute-name': 'bar' }, parent, 0 );
+			 *		} );
+			 *
+			 * In such cases, to convert the same attribute for both {@link module:engine/model/element~Element}
+			 * and {@link module:engine/model/textproxy~TextProxy `Text`} nodes, text specific
+			 * {@link module:engine/conversion/conversion~Conversion#attributeToElement `Attribute to Element converter`}
+			 * with higher {@link module:utils/priorities~PriorityString priority} must also be defined:
+			 *
+			 *		editor.conversion.for( 'downcast' ).attributeToElement( {
+			 *			model: {
+			 *				key: 'attribute-name',
+			 *				name: '$text'
+			 *			},
+			 *			view: ( value, { writer } ) => {
+			 *				return writer.createAttributeElement( 'span', { 'attribute-name': value } );
+			 *			},
+			 *			converterPriority: 'high'
+			 *		} ) );
+			 *
+			 * @error conversion-attribute-to-attribute-on-text
+			 */
+			throw new CKEditorError(
+				'conversion-attribute-to-attribute-on-text',
+				[ data, conversionApi ]
+			);
+		}
+
+		// First remove the old attribute if there was one.
+		if ( data.attributeOldValue !== null && oldAttribute ) {
+			if ( oldAttribute.key == 'class' ) {
+				const classes = toArray( oldAttribute.value );
+
+				for ( const className of classes ) {
+					viewWriter.removeClass( className, viewElement );
+				}
+			} else if ( oldAttribute.key == 'style' ) {
+				const keys = Object.keys( oldAttribute.value );
+
+				for ( const key of keys ) {
+					viewWriter.removeStyle( key, viewElement );
+				}
+			} else {
+				viewWriter.removeAttribute( oldAttribute.key, viewElement );
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Then set the new attribute.
+		if ( data.attributeNewValue !== null && newAttribute ) {
+			if ( newAttribute.key == 'class' ) {
+				const classes = toArray( newAttribute.value );
+
+				for ( const className of classes ) {
+					viewWriter.addClass( className, viewElement );
+				}
+			} else if ( newAttribute.key == 'style' ) {
+				const keys = Object.keys( newAttribute.value );
+
+				for ( const key of keys ) {
+					viewWriter.setStyle( key, newAttribute.value[ key ], viewElement );
+				}
+			} else {
+				viewWriter.setAttribute( newAttribute.key, newAttribute.value, viewElement );
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Function factory that creates a converter which converts the text inside marker's range. The converter wraps the text with
+// {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement} created from the provided descriptor.
+// See {link module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~createViewElementFromHighlightDescriptor}.
+//
+// It can also be used to convert the selection that is inside a marker. In that case, an empty attribute element will be
+// created and the selection will be put inside it.
+//
+// If the highlight descriptor does not provide the `priority` property, `10` will be used.
+//
+// If the highlight descriptor does not provide the `id` property, the name of the marker will be used.
+//
+// This converter binds the created {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement attribute elemens} with the marker name
+// using the {@link module:engine/conversion/mapper~Mapper#bindElementToMarker} method.
+//
+// @param {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor|Function} highlightDescriptor
+// @returns {Function}
+function highlightText( highlightDescriptor ) {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		if ( !data.item ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( !( data.item instanceof ModelSelection || data.item instanceof DocumentSelection ) && !data.item.is( '$textProxy' ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const descriptor = prepareDescriptor( highlightDescriptor, data, conversionApi );
+
+		if ( !descriptor ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( !conversionApi.consumable.consume( data.item, evt.name ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const viewWriter = conversionApi.writer;
+		const viewElement = createViewElementFromHighlightDescriptor( viewWriter, descriptor );
+		const viewSelection = viewWriter.document.selection;
+
+		if ( data.item instanceof ModelSelection || data.item instanceof DocumentSelection ) {
+			viewWriter.wrap( viewSelection.getFirstRange(), viewElement, viewSelection );
+		} else {
+			const viewRange = conversionApi.mapper.toViewRange( data.range );
+			const rangeAfterWrap = viewWriter.wrap( viewRange, viewElement );
+
+			for ( const element of rangeAfterWrap.getItems() ) {
+				if ( element.is( 'attributeElement' ) && element.isSimilar( viewElement ) ) {
+					conversionApi.mapper.bindElementToMarker( element, data.markerName );
+
+					// One attribute element is enough, because all of them are bound together by the view writer.
+					// Mapper uses this binding to get all the elements no matter how many of them are registered in the mapper.
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Converter function factory. It creates a function which applies the marker's highlight to an element inside the marker's range.
+//
+// The converter checks if an element has the `addHighlight` function stored as a
+// {@link module:engine/view/element~Element#_setCustomProperty custom property} and, if so, uses it to apply the highlight.
+// In such case the converter will consume all element's children, assuming that they were handled by the element itself.
+//
+// When the `addHighlight` custom property is not present, the element is not converted in any special way.
+// This means that converters will proceed to convert the element's child nodes.
+//
+// If the highlight descriptor does not provide the `priority` property, `10` will be used.
+//
+// If the highlight descriptor does not provide the `id` property, the name of the marker will be used.
+//
+// This converter binds altered {@link module:engine/view/containerelement~ContainerElement container elements} with the marker name using
+// the {@link module:engine/conversion/mapper~Mapper#bindElementToMarker} method.
+//
+// @param {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor|Function} highlightDescriptor
+// @returns {Function}
+function highlightElement( highlightDescriptor ) {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		if ( !data.item ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( !( data.item instanceof ModelElement ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const descriptor = prepareDescriptor( highlightDescriptor, data, conversionApi );
+
+		if ( !descriptor ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ( !conversionApi.consumable.test( data.item, evt.name ) ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const viewElement = conversionApi.mapper.toViewElement( data.item );
+
+		if ( viewElement && viewElement.getCustomProperty( 'addHighlight' ) ) {
+			// Consume element itself.
+			conversionApi.consumable.consume( data.item, evt.name );
+
+			// Consume all children nodes.
+			for ( const value of ModelRange._createIn( data.item ) ) {
+				conversionApi.consumable.consume( value.item, evt.name );
+			}
+
+			viewElement.getCustomProperty( 'addHighlight' )( viewElement, descriptor, conversionApi.writer );
+
+			conversionApi.mapper.bindElementToMarker( viewElement, data.markerName );
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Function factory that creates a converter which converts the removing model marker to the view.
+//
+// Both text nodes and elements are handled by this converter but they are handled a bit differently.
+//
+// Text nodes are unwrapped using the {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement attribute element} created from the
+// provided highlight descriptor. See {link module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor}.
+//
+// For elements, the converter checks if an element has the `removeHighlight` function stored as a
+// {@link module:engine/view/element~Element#_setCustomProperty custom property}. If so, it uses it to remove the highlight.
+// In such case, the children of that element will not be converted.
+//
+// When `removeHighlight` is not present, the element is not converted in any special way.
+// The converter will proceed to convert the element's child nodes instead.
+//
+// If the highlight descriptor does not provide the `priority` property, `10` will be used.
+//
+// If the highlight descriptor does not provide the `id` property, the name of the marker will be used.
+//
+// This converter unbinds elements from the marker name.
+//
+// @param {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor|Function} highlightDescriptor
+// @returns {Function}
+function removeHighlight( highlightDescriptor ) {
+	return ( evt, data, conversionApi ) => {
+		// This conversion makes sense only for non-collapsed range.
+		if ( data.markerRange.isCollapsed ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		const descriptor = prepareDescriptor( highlightDescriptor, data, conversionApi );
+
+		if ( !descriptor ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// View element that will be used to unwrap `AttributeElement`s.
+		const viewHighlightElement = createViewElementFromHighlightDescriptor( conversionApi.writer, descriptor );
+
+		// Get all elements bound with given marker name.
+		const elements = conversionApi.mapper.markerNameToElements( data.markerName );
+
+		if ( !elements ) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		for ( const element of elements ) {
+			conversionApi.mapper.unbindElementFromMarkerName( element, data.markerName );
+
+			if ( element.is( 'attributeElement' ) ) {
+				conversionApi.writer.unwrap( conversionApi.writer.createRangeOn( element ), viewHighlightElement );
+			} else {
+				// if element.is( 'containerElement' ).
+				element.getCustomProperty( 'removeHighlight' )( element, descriptor.id, conversionApi.writer );
+			}
+		}
+
+		conversionApi.writer.clearClonedElementsGroup( data.markerName );
+
+		evt.stop();
+	};
+}
+
+// Model element to view element conversion helper.
+//
+// See {@link ~DowncastHelpers#elementToElement `.elementToElement()` downcast helper} for examples and config params description.
+//
+// @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+// @param {String} config.model
+// @param {module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition|Function} config.view
+// @param {Object} [config.triggerBy]
+// @param {Array.<String>} [config.triggerBy.attributes]
+// @param {Array.<String>} [config.triggerBy.children]
+// @returns {Function} Conversion helper.
+function downcastElementToElement( config ) {
+	config = cloneDeep( config );
+
+	config.view = normalizeToElementConfig( config.view, 'container' );
+
+	return dispatcher => {
+		dispatcher.on( 'insert:' + config.model, insertElement( config.view ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+
+		if ( config.triggerBy ) {
+			if ( config.triggerBy.attributes ) {
+				for ( const attributeKey of config.triggerBy.attributes ) {
+					dispatcher._mapReconversionTriggerEvent( config.model, `attribute:${ attributeKey }:${ config.model }` );
+				}
+			}
+
+			if ( config.triggerBy.children ) {
+				for ( const childName of config.triggerBy.children ) {
+					dispatcher._mapReconversionTriggerEvent( config.model, `insert:${ childName }` );
+					dispatcher._mapReconversionTriggerEvent( config.model, `remove:${ childName }` );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+// Model attribute to view element conversion helper.
+//
+// See {@link ~DowncastHelpers#attributeToElement `.attributeToElement()` downcast helper} for examples.
+//
+// @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+// @param {String|Object} config.model The key of the attribute to convert from or a `{ key, values }` object. `values` is an array
+// of `String`s with possible values if the model attribute is an enumerable.
+// @param {module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition|Function|Object} config.view A view element definition or a function
+// that takes the model attribute value and {@link module:engine/view/downcastwriter~DowncastWriter view downcast writer}
+// as parameters and returns a view attribute element. If `config.model.values` is
+// given, `config.view` should be an object assigning values from `config.model.values` to view element definitions or functions.
+// @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal'] Converter priority.
+// @returns {Function} Conversion helper.
+function downcastAttributeToElement( config ) {
+	config = cloneDeep( config );
+
+	const modelKey = config.model.key ? config.model.key : config.model;
+	let eventName = 'attribute:' + modelKey;
+
+	if ( config.model.name ) {
+		eventName += ':' + config.model.name;
+	}
+
+	if ( config.model.values ) {
+		for ( const modelValue of config.model.values ) {
+			config.view[ modelValue ] = normalizeToElementConfig( config.view[ modelValue ], 'attribute' );
+		}
+	} else {
+		config.view = normalizeToElementConfig( config.view, 'attribute' );
+	}
+
+	const elementCreator = getFromAttributeCreator( config );
+
+	return dispatcher => {
+		dispatcher.on( eventName, wrap( elementCreator ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+	};
+}
+
+// Model attribute to view attribute conversion helper.
+//
+// See {@link ~DowncastHelpers#attributeToAttribute `.attributeToAttribute()` downcast helper} for examples.
+//
+// @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+// @param {String|Object} config.model The key of the attribute to convert from or a `{ key, values, [ name ] }` object describing
+// the attribute key, possible values and, optionally, an element name to convert from.
+// @param {String|Object|Function} config.view A view attribute key, or a `{ key, value }` object or a function that takes
+// the model attribute value and returns a `{ key, value }` object. If `key` is `'class'`, `value` can be a `String` or an
+// array of `String`s. If `key` is `'style'`, `value` is an object with key-value pairs. In other cases, `value` is a `String`.
+// If `config.model.values` is set, `config.view` should be an object assigning values from `config.model.values` to
+// `{ key, value }` objects or a functions.
+// @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal'] Converter priority.
+// @returns {Function} Conversion helper.
+function downcastAttributeToAttribute( config ) {
+	config = cloneDeep( config );
+
+	const modelKey = config.model.key ? config.model.key : config.model;
+	let eventName = 'attribute:' + modelKey;
+
+	if ( config.model.name ) {
+		eventName += ':' + config.model.name;
+	}
+
+	if ( config.model.values ) {
+		for ( const modelValue of config.model.values ) {
+			config.view[ modelValue ] = normalizeToAttributeConfig( config.view[ modelValue ] );
+		}
+	} else {
+		config.view = normalizeToAttributeConfig( config.view );
+	}
+
+	const elementCreator = getFromAttributeCreator( config );
+
+	return dispatcher => {
+		dispatcher.on( eventName, changeAttribute( elementCreator ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+	};
+}
+
+// Model marker to view element conversion helper.
+//
+// See {@link ~DowncastHelpers#markerToElement `.markerToElement()` downcast helper} for examples.
+//
+// @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+// @param {String} config.model The name of the model marker (or model marker group) to convert.
+// @param {module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition|Function} config.view A view element definition or a function
+// that takes the model marker data as a parameter and returns a view UI element.
+// @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal'] Converter priority.
+// @returns {Function} Conversion helper.
+function downcastMarkerToElement( config ) {
+	config = cloneDeep( config );
+
+	config.view = normalizeToElementConfig( config.view, 'ui' );
+
+	return dispatcher => {
+		dispatcher.on( 'addMarker:' + config.model, insertUIElement( config.view ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+		dispatcher.on( 'removeMarker:' + config.model, removeUIElement( config.view ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+	};
+}
+
+// Model marker to view data conversion helper.
+//
+// See {@link ~DowncastHelpers#markerToData `markerToData()` downcast helper} to learn more.
+//
+// @param {Object} config
+// @param {String} config.model
+// @param {Function} [config.view]
+// @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal']
+// @returns {Function} Conversion helper.
+function downcastMarkerToData( config ) {
+	config = cloneDeep( config );
+
+	const group = config.model;
+
+	// Default conversion.
+	if ( !config.view ) {
+		config.view = markerName => ( {
+			group,
+			name: markerName.substr( config.model.length + 1 )
+		} );
+	}
+
+	return dispatcher => {
+		dispatcher.on( 'addMarker:' + group, insertMarkerData( config.view ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+		dispatcher.on( 'removeMarker:' + group, removeMarkerData( config.view ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+	};
+}
+
+// Model marker to highlight conversion helper.
+//
+// See {@link ~DowncastHelpers#markerToElement `.markerToElement()` downcast helper} for examples.
+//
+// @param {Object} config Conversion configuration.
+// @param {String} config.model The name of the model marker (or model marker group) to convert.
+// @param {module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor|Function} config.view A highlight descriptor
+// that will be used for highlighting or a function that takes the model marker data as a parameter and returns a highlight descriptor.
+// @param {module:utils/priorities~PriorityString} [config.converterPriority='normal'] Converter priority.
+// @returns {Function} Conversion helper.
+function downcastMarkerToHighlight( config ) {
+	return dispatcher => {
+		dispatcher.on( 'addMarker:' + config.model, highlightText( config.view ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+		dispatcher.on( 'addMarker:' + config.model, highlightElement( config.view ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+		dispatcher.on( 'removeMarker:' + config.model, removeHighlight( config.view ), { priority: config.converterPriority || 'normal' } );
+	};
+}
+
+// Takes `config.view`, and if it is an {@link module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition}, converts it
+// to a function (because lower level converters accept only element creator functions).
+//
+// @param {module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition|Function} view View configuration.
+// @param {'container'|'attribute'|'ui'} viewElementType View element type to create.
+// @returns {Function} Element creator function to use in lower level converters.
+function normalizeToElementConfig( view, viewElementType ) {
+	if ( typeof view == 'function' ) {
+		// If `view` is already a function, don't do anything.
+		return view;
+	}
+
+	return ( modelData, conversionApi ) => createViewElementFromDefinition( view, conversionApi, viewElementType );
+}
+
+// Creates a view element instance from the provided {@link module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition} and class.
+//
+// @param {module:engine/view/elementdefinition~ElementDefinition} viewElementDefinition
+// @param {module:engine/view/downcastwriter~DowncastWriter} viewWriter
+// @param {'container'|'attribute'|'ui'} viewElementType
+// @returns {module:engine/view/element~Element}
+function createViewElementFromDefinition( viewElementDefinition, conversionApi, viewElementType ) {
+	if ( typeof viewElementDefinition == 'string' ) {
+		// If `viewElementDefinition` is given as a `String`, normalize it to an object with `name` property.
+		viewElementDefinition = { name: viewElementDefinition };
+	}
+
+	let element;
+	const viewWriter = conversionApi.writer;
+	const attributes = Object.assign( {}, viewElementDefinition.attributes );
+
+	if ( viewElementType == 'container' ) {
+		element = viewWriter.createContainerElement( viewElementDefinition.name, attributes );
+	} else if ( viewElementType == 'attribute' ) {
+		const options = {
+			priority: viewElementDefinition.priority || ViewAttributeElement.DEFAULT_PRIORITY
+		};
+
+		element = viewWriter.createAttributeElement( viewElementDefinition.name, attributes, options );
+	} else {
+		// 'ui'.
+		element = viewWriter.createUIElement( viewElementDefinition.name, attributes );
+	}
+
+	if ( viewElementDefinition.styles ) {
+		const keys = Object.keys( viewElementDefinition.styles );
+
+		for ( const key of keys ) {
+			viewWriter.setStyle( key, viewElementDefinition.styles[ key ], element );
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ( viewElementDefinition.classes ) {
+		const classes = viewElementDefinition.classes;
+
+		if ( typeof classes == 'string' ) {
+			viewWriter.addClass( classes, element );
+		} else {
+			for ( const className of classes ) {
+				viewWriter.addClass( className, element );
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return element;
+}
+
+function getFromAttributeCreator( config ) {
+	if ( config.model.values ) {
+		return ( modelAttributeValue, conversionApi ) => {
+			const view = config.view[ modelAttributeValue ];
+
+			if ( view ) {
+				return view( modelAttributeValue, conversionApi );
+			}
+
+			return null;
+		};
+	} else {
+		return config.view;
+	}
+}
+
+// Takes the configuration, adds default parameters if they do not exist and normalizes other parameters to be used in downcast converters
+// for generating a view attribute.
+//
+// @param {Object} view View configuration.
+function normalizeToAttributeConfig( view ) {
+	if ( typeof view == 'string' ) {
+		return modelAttributeValue => ( { key: view, value: modelAttributeValue } );
+	} else if ( typeof view == 'object' ) {
+		// { key, value, ... }
+		if ( view.value ) {
+			return () => view;
+		}
+		// { key, ... }
+		else {
+			return modelAttributeValue => ( { key: view.key, value: modelAttributeValue } );
+		}
+	} else {
+		// function.
+		return view;
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper function for `highlight`. Prepares the actual descriptor object using value passed to the converter.
+function prepareDescriptor( highlightDescriptor, data, conversionApi ) {
+	// If passed descriptor is a creator function, call it. If not, just use passed value.
+	const descriptor = typeof highlightDescriptor == 'function' ?
+		highlightDescriptor( data, conversionApi ) :
+		highlightDescriptor;
+
+	if ( !descriptor ) {
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	// Apply default descriptor priority.
+	if ( !descriptor.priority ) {
+		descriptor.priority = 10;
+	}
+
+	// Default descriptor id is marker name.
+	if ( !descriptor.id ) {
+		descriptor.id = data.markerName;
+	}
+
+	return descriptor;
+}
+
+/**
+ * An object describing how the marker highlight should be represented in the view.
+ *
+ * Each text node contained in a highlighted range will be wrapped in a `<span>`
+ * {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement view attribute element} with CSS class(es), attributes and a priority
+ * described by this object.
+ *
+ * Additionally, each {@link module:engine/view/containerelement~ContainerElement container element} can handle displaying the highlight
+ * separately by providing the `addHighlight` and `removeHighlight` custom properties. In this case:
+ *
+ *  * The `HighlightDescriptor` object is passed to the `addHighlight` function upon conversion and should be used to apply the highlight to
+ *  the element.
+ *  * The descriptor `id` is passed to the `removeHighlight` function upon conversion and should be used to remove the highlight with the
+ *  given ID from the element.
+ *
+ * @typedef {Object} module:engine/conversion/downcasthelpers~HighlightDescriptor
+ *
+ * @property {String|Array.<String>} classes A CSS class or an array of classes to set. If the descriptor is used to
+ * create an {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement attribute element} over text nodes, these classes will be set
+ * on that attribute element. If the descriptor is applied to an element, usually these classes will be set on that element, however,
+ * this depends on how the element converts the descriptor.
+ *
+ * @property {String} [id] Descriptor identifier. If not provided, it defaults to the converted marker's name.
+ *
+ * @property {Number} [priority] Descriptor priority. If not provided, it defaults to `10`. If the descriptor is used to create
+ * an {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement attribute element}, it will be that element's
+ * {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement#priority priority}. If the descriptor is applied to an element,
+ * the priority will be used to determine which descriptor is more important.
+ *
+ * @property {Object} [attributes] Attributes to set. If the descriptor is used to create
+ * an {@link module:engine/view/attributeelement~AttributeElement attribute element} over text nodes, these attributes will be set on that
+ * attribute element. If the descriptor is applied to an element, usually these attributes will be set on that element, however,
+ * this depends on how the element converts the descriptor.
+ */