@ckeditor/ckeditor5-engine 30.0.0

package/src/model/schema.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1851 @@
+/**
+ * @license Copyright (c) 2003-2021, CKSource - Frederico Knabben. All rights reserved.
+ * For licensing, see LICENSE.md or https://ckeditor.com/legal/ckeditor-oss-license
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @module engine/model/schema
+ */
+
+import CKEditorError from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-utils/src/ckeditorerror';
+import ObservableMixin from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-utils/src/observablemixin';
+import mix from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-utils/src/mix';
+
+import Range from './range';
+import Position from './position';
+import Element from './element';
+import Text from './text';
+import TreeWalker from './treewalker';
+
+/**
+ * The model's schema. It defines the allowed and disallowed structures of nodes as well as nodes' attributes.
+ * The schema is usually defined by the features and based on them, the editing framework and features
+ * make decisions on how to change and process the model.
+ *
+ * The instance of schema is available in {@link module:engine/model/model~Model#schema `editor.model.schema`}.
+ *
+ * Read more about the schema in:
+ *
+ * * The {@glink framework/guides/architecture/editing-engine#schema schema section} of the
+ * {@glink framework/guides/architecture/editing-engine Introduction to the Editing engine architecture} guide.
+ * * The {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide.
+ *
+ * @mixes module:utils/observablemixin~ObservableMixin
+ */
+export default class Schema {
+	/**
+	 * Creates a schema instance.
+	 */
+	constructor() {
+		this._sourceDefinitions = {};
+
+		/**
+		 * A dictionary containing attribute properties.
+		 *
+		 * @private
+		 * @member {Object.<String,String>}
+		 */
+		this._attributeProperties = {};
+
+		this.decorate( 'checkChild' );
+		this.decorate( 'checkAttribute' );
+
+		this.on( 'checkAttribute', ( evt, args ) => {
+			args[ 0 ] = new SchemaContext( args[ 0 ] );
+		}, { priority: 'highest' } );
+
+		this.on( 'checkChild', ( evt, args ) => {
+			args[ 0 ] = new SchemaContext( args[ 0 ] );
+			args[ 1 ] = this.getDefinition( args[ 1 ] );
+		}, { priority: 'highest' } );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Registers a schema item. Can only be called once for every item name.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.register( 'paragraph', {
+	 *			inheritAllFrom: '$block'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * @param {String} itemName
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition} definition
+	 */
+	register( itemName, definition ) {
+		if ( this._sourceDefinitions[ itemName ] ) {
+			/**
+			 * A single item cannot be registered twice in the schema.
+			 *
+			 * This situation may happen when:
+			 *
+			 * * Two or more plugins called {@link #register `register()`} with the same name. This will usually mean that
+			 * there is a collision between plugins which try to use the same element in the model. Unfortunately,
+			 * the only way to solve this is by modifying one of these plugins to use a unique model element name.
+			 * * A single plugin was loaded twice. This happens when it is installed by npm/yarn in two versions
+			 * and usually means one or more of the following issues:
+			 *     * a version mismatch (two of your dependencies require two different versions of this plugin),
+			 *     * incorrect imports (this plugin is somehow imported twice in a way which confuses webpack),
+			 *     * mess in `node_modules/` (`rm -rf node_modules/` may help).
+			 *
+			 * **Note:** Check the logged `itemName` to better understand which plugin was duplicated/conflicting.
+			 *
+			 * @param itemName The name of the model element that is being registered twice.
+			 * @error schema-cannot-register-item-twice
+			 */
+			throw new CKEditorError(
+				'schema-cannot-register-item-twice',
+				this,
+				{
+					itemName
+				}
+			);
+		}
+
+		this._sourceDefinitions[ itemName ] = [
+			Object.assign( {}, definition )
+		];
+
+		this._clearCache();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Extends a {@link #register registered} item's definition.
+	 *
+	 * Extending properties such as `allowIn` will add more items to the existing properties,
+	 * while redefining properties such as `isBlock` will override the previously defined ones.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.register( 'foo', {
+	 *			allowIn: '$root',
+	 *			isBlock: true;
+	 *		} );
+	 *		schema.extend( 'foo', {
+	 *			allowIn: 'blockQuote',
+	 *			isBlock: false
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		schema.getDefinition( 'foo' );
+	 *		//	{
+	 *		//		allowIn: [ '$root', 'blockQuote' ],
+	 *		// 		isBlock: false
+	 *		//	}
+	 *
+	 * @param {String} itemName
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition} definition
+	 */
+	extend( itemName, definition ) {
+		if ( !this._sourceDefinitions[ itemName ] ) {
+			/**
+			 * Cannot extend an item which was not registered yet.
+			 *
+			 * This error happens when a plugin tries to extend the schema definition of an item which was not
+			 * {@link #register registered} yet.
+			 *
+			 * @param itemName The name of the model element which is being extended.
+			 * @error schema-cannot-extend-missing-item
+			 */
+			throw new CKEditorError( 'schema-cannot-extend-missing-item', this, {
+				itemName
+			} );
+		}
+
+		this._sourceDefinitions[ itemName ].push( Object.assign( {}, definition ) );
+
+		this._clearCache();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns data of all registered items.
+	 *
+	 * This method should normally be used for reflection purposes (e.g. defining a clone of a certain element,
+	 * checking a list of all block elements, etc).
+	 * Use specific methods (such as {@link #checkChild `checkChild()`} or {@link #isLimit `isLimit()`})
+	 * in other cases.
+	 *
+	 * @returns {Object.<String,module:engine/model/schema~SchemaCompiledItemDefinition>}
+	 */
+	getDefinitions() {
+		if ( !this._compiledDefinitions ) {
+			this._compile();
+		}
+
+		return this._compiledDefinitions;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a definition of the given item or `undefined` if an item is not registered.
+	 *
+	 * This method should normally be used for reflection purposes (e.g. defining a clone of a certain element,
+	 * checking a list of all block elements, etc).
+	 * Use specific methods (such as {@link #checkChild `checkChild()`} or {@link #isLimit `isLimit()`})
+	 * in other cases.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item|module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem|String} item
+	 * @returns {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaCompiledItemDefinition}
+	 */
+	getDefinition( item ) {
+		let itemName;
+
+		if ( typeof item == 'string' ) {
+			itemName = item;
+		} else if ( item.is && ( item.is( '$text' ) || item.is( '$textProxy' ) ) ) {
+			itemName = '$text';
+		}
+		// Element or module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem.
+		else {
+			itemName = item.name;
+		}
+
+		return this.getDefinitions()[ itemName ];
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given item is registered in the schema.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.isRegistered( 'paragraph' ); // -> true
+	 *		schema.isRegistered( editor.model.document.getRoot() ); // -> true
+	 *		schema.isRegistered( 'foo' ); // -> false
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item|module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem|String} item
+ 	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	isRegistered( item ) {
+		return !!this.getDefinition( item );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given item is defined to be
+	 * a block by the {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}'s `isBlock` property.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.isBlock( 'paragraph' ); // -> true
+	 *		schema.isBlock( '$root' ); // -> false
+	 *
+	 *		const paragraphElement = writer.createElement( 'paragraph' );
+	 *		schema.isBlock( paragraphElement ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 * See the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#block-elements Block elements} section of
+	 * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide for more details.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item|module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem|String} item
+  	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	isBlock( item ) {
+		const def = this.getDefinition( item );
+
+		return !!( def && def.isBlock );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given item should be treated as a limit element.
+	 *
+	 * It considers an item to be a limit element if its
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}'s
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition#isLimit `isLimit`} or
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition#isObject `isObject`} property
+	 * was set to `true`.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.isLimit( 'paragraph' ); // -> false
+	 *		schema.isLimit( '$root' ); // -> true
+	 *		schema.isLimit( editor.model.document.getRoot() ); // -> true
+	 *		schema.isLimit( 'imageBlock' ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 * See the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#limit-elements Limit elements} section of
+	 * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide for more details.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item|module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem|String} item
+  	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	isLimit( item ) {
+		const def = this.getDefinition( item );
+
+		if ( !def ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return !!( def.isLimit || def.isObject );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given item should be treated as an object element.
+	 *
+	 * It considers an item to be an object element if its
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}'s
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition#isObject `isObject`} property
+	 * was set to `true`.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.isObject( 'paragraph' ); // -> false
+	 *		schema.isObject( 'imageBlock' ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 *		const imageElement = writer.createElement( 'imageBlock' );
+	 *		schema.isObject( imageElement ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 * See the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#object-elements Object elements} section of
+	 * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide for more details.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item|module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem|String} item
+  	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	isObject( item ) {
+		const def = this.getDefinition( item );
+
+		if ( !def ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		// Note: Check out the implementation of #isLimit(), #isSelectable(), and #isContent()
+		// to understand why these three constitute an object.
+		return !!( def.isObject || ( def.isLimit && def.isSelectable && def.isContent ) );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given item is defined to be
+	 * an inline element by the {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}'s `isInline` property.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.isInline( 'paragraph' ); // -> false
+	 *		schema.isInline( 'softBreak' ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 *		const text = writer.createText( 'foo' );
+	 *		schema.isInline( text ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 * See the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#inline-elements Inline elements} section of
+	 * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide for more details.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item|module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem|String} item
+	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	isInline( item ) {
+		const def = this.getDefinition( item );
+
+		return !!( def && def.isInline );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given item is defined to be
+	 * a selectable element by the {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}'s `isSelectable` property.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.isSelectable( 'paragraph' ); // -> false
+	 *		schema.isSelectable( 'heading1' ); // -> false
+	 *		schema.isSelectable( 'imageBlock' ); // -> true
+	 *		schema.isSelectable( 'tableCell' ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 *		const text = writer.createText( 'foo' );
+	 *		schema.isSelectable( text ); // -> false
+	 *
+	 * See the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#selectable-elements Selectable elements section} of
+	 * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide for more details.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item|module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem|String} item
+	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	isSelectable( item ) {
+		const def = this.getDefinition( item );
+
+		if ( !def ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return !!( def.isSelectable || def.isObject );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns `true` if the given item is defined to be
+	 * a content by the {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}'s `isContent` property.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.isContent( 'paragraph' ); // -> false
+	 *		schema.isContent( 'heading1' ); // -> false
+	 *		schema.isContent( 'imageBlock' ); // -> true
+	 *		schema.isContent( 'horizontalLine' ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 *		const text = writer.createText( 'foo' );
+	 *		schema.isContent( text ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 * See the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#content-elements Content elements section} of
+	 * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide for more details.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/item~Item|module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem|String} item
+	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	isContent( item ) {
+		const def = this.getDefinition( item );
+
+		if ( !def ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return !!( def.isContent || def.isObject );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether the given node (`child`) can be a child of the given context.
+	 *
+	 *		schema.checkChild( model.document.getRoot(), paragraph ); // -> false
+	 *
+	 *		schema.register( 'paragraph', {
+	 *			allowIn: '$root'
+	 *		} );
+	 *		schema.checkChild( model.document.getRoot(), paragraph ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 * Note: When verifying whether the given node can be a child of the given context, the
+	 * schema also verifies the entire context &mdash; from its root to its last element. Therefore, it is possible
+	 * for `checkChild()` to return `false` even though the context's last element can contain the checked child.
+	 * It happens if one of the context's elements does not allow its child.
+	 *
+	 * @fires checkChild
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextDefinition} context The context in which the child will be checked.
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/node~Node|String} def The child to check.
+	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	checkChild( context, def ) {
+		// Note: context and child are already normalized here to a SchemaContext and SchemaCompiledItemDefinition.
+		if ( !def ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return this._checkContextMatch( def, context );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether the given attribute can be applied in the given context (on the last
+	 * item of the context).
+	 *
+	 *		schema.checkAttribute( textNode, 'bold' ); // -> false
+	 *
+	 *		schema.extend( '$text', {
+	 *			allowAttributes: 'bold'
+	 *		} );
+	 *		schema.checkAttribute( textNode, 'bold' ); // -> true
+	 *
+	 * @fires checkAttribute
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextDefinition} context The context in which the attribute will be checked.
+	 * @param {String} attributeName
+	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	checkAttribute( context, attributeName ) {
+		const def = this.getDefinition( context.last );
+
+		if ( !def ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		return def.allowAttributes.includes( attributeName );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether the given element (`elementToMerge`) can be merged with the specified base element (`positionOrBaseElement`).
+	 *
+	 * In other words &mdash; whether `elementToMerge`'s children {@link #checkChild are allowed} in the `positionOrBaseElement`.
+	 *
+	 * This check ensures that elements merged with {@link module:engine/model/writer~Writer#merge `Writer#merge()`}
+	 * will be valid.
+	 *
+	 * Instead of elements, you can pass the instance of the {@link module:engine/model/position~Position} class as the
+	 * `positionOrBaseElement`. It means that the elements before and after the position will be checked whether they can be merged.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/position~Position|module:engine/model/element~Element} positionOrBaseElement The position or base
+	 * element to which the `elementToMerge` will be merged.
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/element~Element} elementToMerge The element to merge. Required if `positionOrBaseElement` is an element.
+	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	checkMerge( positionOrBaseElement, elementToMerge = null ) {
+		if ( positionOrBaseElement instanceof Position ) {
+			const nodeBefore = positionOrBaseElement.nodeBefore;
+			const nodeAfter = positionOrBaseElement.nodeAfter;
+
+			if ( !( nodeBefore instanceof Element ) ) {
+				/**
+				 * The node before the merge position must be an element.
+				 *
+				 * @error schema-check-merge-no-element-before
+				 */
+				throw new CKEditorError(
+					'schema-check-merge-no-element-before',
+					this
+				);
+			}
+
+			if ( !( nodeAfter instanceof Element ) ) {
+				/**
+				 * The node after the merge position must be an element.
+				 *
+				 * @error schema-check-merge-no-element-after
+				 */
+				throw new CKEditorError(
+					'schema-check-merge-no-element-after',
+					this
+				);
+			}
+
+			return this.checkMerge( nodeBefore, nodeAfter );
+		}
+
+		for ( const child of elementToMerge.getChildren() ) {
+			if ( !this.checkChild( positionOrBaseElement, child ) ) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Allows registering a callback to the {@link #checkChild} method calls.
+	 *
+	 * Callbacks allow you to implement rules which are not otherwise possible to achieve
+	 * by using the declarative API of {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}.
+	 * For example, by using this method you can disallow elements in specific contexts.
+	 *
+	 * This method is a shorthand for using the {@link #event:checkChild} event. For even better control,
+	 * you can use that event instead.
+	 *
+	 * Example:
+	 *
+	 *		// Disallow heading1 directly inside a blockQuote.
+	 *		schema.addChildCheck( ( context, childDefinition ) => {
+	 *			if ( context.endsWith( 'blockQuote' ) && childDefinition.name == 'heading1' ) {
+	 *				return false;
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * Which translates to:
+	 *
+	 *		schema.on( 'checkChild', ( evt, args ) => {
+	 *			const context = args[ 0 ];
+	 *			const childDefinition = args[ 1 ];
+	 *
+	 *			if ( context.endsWith( 'blockQuote' ) && childDefinition && childDefinition.name == 'heading1' ) {
+	 *				// Prevent next listeners from being called.
+	 *				evt.stop();
+	 *				// Set the checkChild()'s return value.
+	 *				evt.return = false;
+	 *			}
+	 *		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+	 *
+	 * @param {Function} callback The callback to be called. It is called with two parameters:
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext} (context) instance and
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaCompiledItemDefinition} (child-to-check definition).
+	 * The callback may return `true/false` to override `checkChild()`'s return value. If it does not return
+	 * a boolean value, the default algorithm (or other callbacks) will define `checkChild()`'s return value.
+	 */
+	addChildCheck( callback ) {
+		this.on( 'checkChild', ( evt, [ ctx, childDef ] ) => {
+			// checkChild() was called with a non-registered child.
+			// In 99% cases such check should return false, so not to overcomplicate all callbacks
+			// don't even execute them.
+			if ( !childDef ) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			const retValue = callback( ctx, childDef );
+
+			if ( typeof retValue == 'boolean' ) {
+				evt.stop();
+				evt.return = retValue;
+			}
+		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Allows registering a callback to the {@link #checkAttribute} method calls.
+	 *
+	 * Callbacks allow you to implement rules which are not otherwise possible to achieve
+	 * by using the declarative API of {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}.
+	 * For example, by using this method you can disallow attribute if node to which it is applied
+	 * is contained within some other element (e.g. you want to disallow `bold` on `$text` within `heading1`).
+	 *
+	 * This method is a shorthand for using the {@link #event:checkAttribute} event. For even better control,
+	 * you can use that event instead.
+	 *
+	 * Example:
+	 *
+	 *		// Disallow bold on $text inside heading1.
+	 *		schema.addAttributeCheck( ( context, attributeName ) => {
+	 *			if ( context.endsWith( 'heading1 $text' ) && attributeName == 'bold' ) {
+	 *				return false;
+	 *			}
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * Which translates to:
+	 *
+	 *		schema.on( 'checkAttribute', ( evt, args ) => {
+	 *			const context = args[ 0 ];
+	 *			const attributeName = args[ 1 ];
+	 *
+	 *			if ( context.endsWith( 'heading1 $text' ) && attributeName == 'bold' ) {
+	 *				// Prevent next listeners from being called.
+	 *				evt.stop();
+	 *				// Set the checkAttribute()'s return value.
+	 *				evt.return = false;
+	 *			}
+	 *		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+	 *
+	 * @param {Function} callback The callback to be called. It is called with two parameters:
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext} (context) instance and attribute name.
+	 * The callback may return `true/false` to override `checkAttribute()`'s return value. If it does not return
+	 * a boolean value, the default algorithm (or other callbacks) will define `checkAttribute()`'s return value.
+	 */
+	addAttributeCheck( callback ) {
+		this.on( 'checkAttribute', ( evt, [ ctx, attributeName ] ) => {
+			const retValue = callback( ctx, attributeName );
+
+			if ( typeof retValue == 'boolean' ) {
+				evt.stop();
+				evt.return = retValue;
+			}
+		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method allows assigning additional metadata to the model attributes. For example,
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~AttributeProperties `AttributeProperties#isFormatting` property} is
+	 * used to mark formatting attributes (like `bold` or `italic`).
+	 *
+	 *		// Mark bold as a formatting attribute.
+	 *		schema.setAttributeProperties( 'bold', {
+	 *			isFormatting: true
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		// Override code not to be considered a formatting markup.
+	 *		schema.setAttributeProperties( 'code', {
+	 *			isFormatting: false
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * Properties are not limited to members defined in the
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~AttributeProperties `AttributeProperties` type} and you can also use custom properties:
+	 *
+	 *		schema.setAttributeProperties( 'blockQuote', {
+	 *			customProperty: 'value'
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 * Subsequent calls with the same attribute will extend its custom properties:
+	 *
+	 *		schema.setAttributeProperties( 'blockQuote', {
+	 *			one: 1
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		schema.setAttributeProperties( 'blockQuote', {
+	 *			two: 2
+	 *		} );
+	 *
+	 *		console.log( schema.getAttributeProperties( 'blockQuote' ) );
+	 *		// Logs: { one: 1, two: 2 }
+	 *
+	 * @param {String} attributeName A name of the attribute to receive the properties.
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/schema~AttributeProperties} properties A dictionary of properties.
+	 */
+	setAttributeProperties( attributeName, properties ) {
+		this._attributeProperties[ attributeName ] = Object.assign( this.getAttributeProperties( attributeName ), properties );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns properties associated with a given model attribute. See {@link #setAttributeProperties `setAttributeProperties()`}.
+	 *
+	 * @param {String} attributeName A name of the attribute.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/model/schema~AttributeProperties}
+	 */
+	getAttributeProperties( attributeName ) {
+		return this._attributeProperties[ attributeName ] || {};
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the lowest {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#isLimit limit element} containing the entire
+	 * selection/range/position or the root otherwise.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/selection~Selection|module:engine/model/documentselection~DocumentSelection|
+	 * module:engine/model/range~Range|module:engine/model/position~Position} selectionOrRangeOrPosition
+	 * The selection/range/position to check.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/model/element~Element} The lowest limit element containing
+	 * the entire `selectionOrRangeOrPosition`.
+	 */
+	getLimitElement( selectionOrRangeOrPosition ) {
+		let element;
+
+		if ( selectionOrRangeOrPosition instanceof Position ) {
+			element = selectionOrRangeOrPosition.parent;
+		} else {
+			const ranges = selectionOrRangeOrPosition instanceof Range ?
+				[ selectionOrRangeOrPosition ] :
+				Array.from( selectionOrRangeOrPosition.getRanges() );
+
+			// Find the common ancestor for all selection's ranges.
+			element = ranges
+				.reduce( ( element, range ) => {
+					const rangeCommonAncestor = range.getCommonAncestor();
+
+					if ( !element ) {
+						return rangeCommonAncestor;
+					}
+
+					return element.getCommonAncestor( rangeCommonAncestor, { includeSelf: true } );
+				}, null );
+		}
+
+		while ( !this.isLimit( element ) ) {
+			if ( element.parent ) {
+				element = element.parent;
+			} else {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return element;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether the attribute is allowed in selection:
+	 *
+	 * * if the selection is not collapsed, then checks if the attribute is allowed on any of nodes in that range,
+	 * * if the selection is collapsed, then checks if on the selection position there's a text with the
+	 * specified attribute allowed.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/selection~Selection|module:engine/model/documentselection~DocumentSelection} selection
+	 * Selection which will be checked.
+	 * @param {String} attribute The name of the attribute to check.
+	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	checkAttributeInSelection( selection, attribute ) {
+		if ( selection.isCollapsed ) {
+			const firstPosition = selection.getFirstPosition();
+			const context = [
+				...firstPosition.getAncestors(),
+				new Text( '', selection.getAttributes() )
+			];
+
+			// Check whether schema allows for a text with the attribute in the selection.
+			return this.checkAttribute( context, attribute );
+		} else {
+			const ranges = selection.getRanges();
+
+			// For all ranges, check nodes in them until you find a node that is allowed to have the attribute.
+			for ( const range of ranges ) {
+				for ( const value of range ) {
+					if ( this.checkAttribute( value.item, attribute ) ) {
+						// If we found a node that is allowed to have the attribute, return true.
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If we haven't found such node, return false.
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Transforms the given set of ranges into a set of ranges where the given attribute is allowed (and can be applied).
+	 *
+	 * @param {Array.<module:engine/model/range~Range>} ranges Ranges to be validated.
+	 * @param {String} attribute The name of the attribute to check.
+	 * @returns {Iterable.<module:engine/model/range~Range>} Ranges in which the attribute is allowed.
+	 */
+	* getValidRanges( ranges, attribute ) {
+		ranges = convertToMinimalFlatRanges( ranges );
+
+		for ( const range of ranges ) {
+			yield* this._getValidRangesForRange( range, attribute );
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Basing on given `position`, finds and returns a {@link module:engine/model/range~Range range} which is
+	 * nearest to that `position` and is a correct range for selection.
+	 *
+	 * The correct selection range might be collapsed when it is located in a position where the text node can be placed.
+	 * Non-collapsed range is returned when selection can be placed around element marked as an "object" in
+	 * the {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema schema}.
+	 *
+	 * Direction of searching for the nearest correct selection range can be specified as:
+	 *
+	 * * `both` - searching will be performed in both ways,
+	 * * `forward` - searching will be performed only forward,
+	 * * `backward` - searching will be performed only backward.
+	 *
+	 * When valid selection range cannot be found, `null` is returned.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/position~Position} position Reference position where new selection range should be looked for.
+	 * @param {'both'|'forward'|'backward'} [direction='both'] Search direction.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/model/range~Range|null} Nearest selection range or `null` if one cannot be found.
+	 */
+	getNearestSelectionRange( position, direction = 'both' ) {
+		// Return collapsed range if provided position is valid.
+		if ( this.checkChild( position, '$text' ) ) {
+			return new Range( position );
+		}
+
+		let backwardWalker, forwardWalker;
+
+		// Never leave a limit element.
+		const limitElement = position.getAncestors().reverse().find( item => this.isLimit( item ) ) || position.root;
+
+		if ( direction == 'both' || direction == 'backward' ) {
+			backwardWalker = new TreeWalker( {
+				boundaries: Range._createIn( limitElement ),
+				startPosition: position,
+				direction: 'backward'
+			} );
+		}
+
+		if ( direction == 'both' || direction == 'forward' ) {
+			forwardWalker = new TreeWalker( {
+				boundaries: Range._createIn( limitElement ),
+				startPosition: position
+			} );
+		}
+
+		for ( const data of combineWalkers( backwardWalker, forwardWalker ) ) {
+			const type = ( data.walker == backwardWalker ? 'elementEnd' : 'elementStart' );
+			const value = data.value;
+
+			if ( value.type == type && this.isObject( value.item ) ) {
+				return Range._createOn( value.item );
+			}
+
+			if ( this.checkChild( value.nextPosition, '$text' ) ) {
+				return new Range( value.nextPosition );
+			}
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tries to find position ancestors that allow to insert a given node.
+	 * It starts searching from the given position and goes node by node to the top of the model tree
+	 * as long as a {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#isLimit limit element}, an
+	 * {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#isObject object element} or a topmost ancestor is not reached.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/position~Position} position The position that the search will start from.
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/node~Node|String} node The node for which an allowed parent should be found or its name.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/model/element~Element|null} element Allowed parent or null if nothing was found.
+	 */
+	findAllowedParent( position, node ) {
+		let parent = position.parent;
+
+		while ( parent ) {
+			if ( this.checkChild( parent, node ) ) {
+				return parent;
+			}
+
+			// Do not split limit elements.
+			if ( this.isLimit( parent ) ) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			parent = parent.parent;
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes attributes disallowed by the schema.
+	 *
+	 * @param {Iterable.<module:engine/model/node~Node>} nodes Nodes that will be filtered.
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/writer~Writer} writer
+	 */
+	removeDisallowedAttributes( nodes, writer ) {
+		for ( const node of nodes ) {
+			// When node is a `Text` it has no children, so just filter it out.
+			if ( node.is( '$text' ) ) {
+				removeDisallowedAttributeFromNode( this, node, writer );
+			}
+			// In a case of `Element` iterates through positions between nodes inside this element
+			// and filter out node before the current position, or position parent when position
+			// is at start of an element. Using positions prevent from omitting merged nodes
+			// see https://github.com/ckeditor/ckeditor5-engine/issues/1789.
+			else {
+				const rangeInNode = Range._createIn( node );
+				const positionsInRange = rangeInNode.getPositions();
+
+				for ( const position of positionsInRange ) {
+					const item = position.nodeBefore || position.parent;
+
+					removeDisallowedAttributeFromNode( this, item, writer );
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates an instance of the schema context.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextDefinition} context
+	 * @returns {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext}
+	 */
+	createContext( context ) {
+		return new SchemaContext( context );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_clearCache() {
+		this._compiledDefinitions = null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @private
+	 */
+	_compile() {
+		const compiledDefinitions = {};
+		const sourceRules = this._sourceDefinitions;
+		const itemNames = Object.keys( sourceRules );
+
+		for ( const itemName of itemNames ) {
+			compiledDefinitions[ itemName ] = compileBaseItemRule( sourceRules[ itemName ], itemName );
+		}
+
+		for ( const itemName of itemNames ) {
+			compileAllowChildren( compiledDefinitions, itemName );
+		}
+
+		for ( const itemName of itemNames ) {
+			compileAllowContentOf( compiledDefinitions, itemName );
+		}
+
+		for ( const itemName of itemNames ) {
+			compileAllowWhere( compiledDefinitions, itemName );
+		}
+
+		for ( const itemName of itemNames ) {
+			compileAllowAttributesOf( compiledDefinitions, itemName );
+			compileInheritPropertiesFrom( compiledDefinitions, itemName );
+		}
+
+		for ( const itemName of itemNames ) {
+			cleanUpAllowIn( compiledDefinitions, itemName );
+			setupAllowChildren( compiledDefinitions, itemName );
+			cleanUpAllowAttributes( compiledDefinitions, itemName );
+		}
+
+		this._compiledDefinitions = compiledDefinitions;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaCompiledItemDefinition} def
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext} context
+	 * @param {Number} contextItemIndex
+	 */
+	_checkContextMatch( def, context, contextItemIndex = context.length - 1 ) {
+		const contextItem = context.getItem( contextItemIndex );
+
+		if ( def.allowIn.includes( contextItem.name ) ) {
+			if ( contextItemIndex == 0 ) {
+				return true;
+			} else {
+				const parentRule = this.getDefinition( contextItem );
+
+				return this._checkContextMatch( parentRule, context, contextItemIndex - 1 );
+			}
+		} else {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Takes a flat range and an attribute name. Traverses the range recursively and deeply to find and return all ranges
+	 * inside the given range on which the attribute can be applied.
+	 *
+	 * This is a helper function for {@link ~Schema#getValidRanges}.
+	 *
+	 * @private
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/range~Range} range The range to process.
+	 * @param {String} attribute The name of the attribute to check.
+	 * @returns {Iterable.<module:engine/model/range~Range>} Ranges in which the attribute is allowed.
+	 */
+	* _getValidRangesForRange( range, attribute ) {
+		let start = range.start;
+		let end = range.start;
+
+		for ( const item of range.getItems( { shallow: true } ) ) {
+			if ( item.is( 'element' ) ) {
+				yield* this._getValidRangesForRange( Range._createIn( item ), attribute );
+			}
+
+			if ( !this.checkAttribute( item, attribute ) ) {
+				if ( !start.isEqual( end ) ) {
+					yield new Range( start, end );
+				}
+
+				start = Position._createAfter( item );
+			}
+
+			end = Position._createAfter( item );
+		}
+
+		if ( !start.isEqual( end ) ) {
+			yield new Range( start, end );
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+mix( Schema, ObservableMixin );
+
+/**
+ * Event fired when the {@link #checkChild} method is called. It allows plugging in
+ * additional behavior, for example implementing rules which cannot be defined using the declarative
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition} interface.
+ *
+ * **Note:** The {@link #addChildCheck} method is a more handy way to register callbacks. Internally,
+ * it registers a listener to this event but comes with a simpler API and it is the recommended choice
+ * in most of the cases.
+ *
+ * The {@link #checkChild} method fires an event because it is
+ * {@link module:utils/observablemixin~ObservableMixin#decorate decorated} with it. Thanks to that you can
+ * use this event in various ways, but the most important use case is overriding standard behavior of the
+ * `checkChild()` method. Let's see a typical listener template:
+ *
+ *		schema.on( 'checkChild', ( evt, args ) => {
+ *			const context = args[ 0 ];
+ *			const childDefinition = args[ 1 ];
+ *		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+ *
+ * The listener is added with a `high` priority to be executed before the default method is really called. The `args` callback
+ * parameter contains arguments passed to `checkChild( context, child )`. However, the `context` parameter is already
+ * normalized to a {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext} instance and `child` to a
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaCompiledItemDefinition} instance, so you do not have to worry about
+ * the various ways how `context` and `child` may be passed to `checkChild()`.
+ *
+ * **Note:** `childDefinition` may be `undefined` if `checkChild()` was called with a non-registered element.
+ *
+ * So, in order to implement a rule "disallow `heading1` in `blockQuote`", you can add such a listener:
+ *
+ *		schema.on( 'checkChild', ( evt, args ) => {
+ *			const context = args[ 0 ];
+ *			const childDefinition = args[ 1 ];
+ *
+ *			if ( context.endsWith( 'blockQuote' ) && childDefinition && childDefinition.name == 'heading1' ) {
+ *				// Prevent next listeners from being called.
+ *				evt.stop();
+ *				// Set the checkChild()'s return value.
+ *				evt.return = false;
+ *			}
+ *		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+ *
+ * Allowing elements in specific contexts will be a far less common use case, because it is normally handled by the
+ * `allowIn` rule from {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}. But if you have a complex scenario
+ * where `listItem` should be allowed only in element `foo` which must be in element `bar`, then this would be the way:
+ *
+ *		schema.on( 'checkChild', ( evt, args ) => {
+ *			const context = args[ 0 ];
+ *			const childDefinition = args[ 1 ];
+ *
+ *			if ( context.endsWith( 'bar foo' ) && childDefinition.name == 'listItem' ) {
+ *				// Prevent next listeners from being called.
+ *				evt.stop();
+ *				// Set the checkChild()'s return value.
+ *				evt.return = true;
+ *			}
+ *		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+ *
+ * @event checkChild
+ * @param {Array} args The `checkChild()`'s arguments.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Event fired when the {@link #checkAttribute} method is called. It allows plugging in
+ * additional behavior, for example implementing rules which cannot be defined using the declarative
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition} interface.
+ *
+ * **Note:** The {@link #addAttributeCheck} method is a more handy way to register callbacks. Internally,
+ * it registers a listener to this event but comes with a simpler API and it is the recommended choice
+ * in most of the cases.
+ *
+ * The {@link #checkAttribute} method fires an event because it is
+ * {@link module:utils/observablemixin~ObservableMixin#decorate decorated} with it. Thanks to that you can
+ * use this event in various ways, but the most important use case is overriding the standard behavior of the
+ * `checkAttribute()` method. Let's see a typical listener template:
+ *
+ *		schema.on( 'checkAttribute', ( evt, args ) => {
+ *			const context = args[ 0 ];
+ *			const attributeName = args[ 1 ];
+ *		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+ *
+ * The listener is added with a `high` priority to be executed before the default method is really called. The `args` callback
+ * parameter contains arguments passed to `checkAttribute( context, attributeName )`. However, the `context` parameter is already
+ * normalized to a {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext} instance, so you do not have to worry about
+ * the various ways how `context` may be passed to `checkAttribute()`.
+ *
+ * So, in order to implement a rule "disallow `bold` in a text which is in a `heading1`, you can add such a listener:
+ *
+ *		schema.on( 'checkAttribute', ( evt, args ) => {
+ *			const context = args[ 0 ];
+ *			const attributeName = args[ 1 ];
+ *
+ *			if ( context.endsWith( 'heading1 $text' ) && attributeName == 'bold' ) {
+ *				// Prevent next listeners from being called.
+ *				evt.stop();
+ *				// Set the checkAttribute()'s return value.
+ *				evt.return = false;
+ *			}
+ *		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+ *
+ * Allowing attributes in specific contexts will be a far less common use case, because it is normally handled by the
+ * `allowAttributes` rule from {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition}. But if you have a complex scenario
+ * where `bold` should be allowed only in element `foo` which must be in element `bar`, then this would be the way:
+ *
+ *		schema.on( 'checkAttribute', ( evt, args ) => {
+ *			const context = args[ 0 ];
+ *			const attributeName = args[ 1 ];
+ *
+ *			if ( context.endsWith( 'bar foo $text' ) && attributeName == 'bold' ) {
+ *				// Prevent next listeners from being called.
+ *				evt.stop();
+ *				// Set the checkAttribute()'s return value.
+ *				evt.return = true;
+ *			}
+ *		}, { priority: 'high' } );
+ *
+ * @event checkAttribute
+ * @param {Array} args The `checkAttribute()`'s arguments.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A definition of a {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema schema} item.
+ *
+ * You can define the following rules:
+ *
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#allowIn `allowIn`} &ndash; Defines in which other items this item will be allowed.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#allowChildren `allowChildren`} &ndash; Defines which other items are allowed inside this item.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#allowAttributes `allowAttributes`} &ndash; Defines allowed attributes of the given item.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#allowContentOf `allowContentOf`} &ndash; Inherits "allowed children" from other items.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#allowWhere `allowWhere`} &ndash; Inherits "allowed in" from other items.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#allowAttributesOf `allowAttributesOf`} &ndash; Inherits attributes from other items.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#inheritTypesFrom `inheritTypesFrom`} &ndash; Inherits `is*` properties of other items.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#inheritAllFrom `inheritAllFrom`} &ndash;
+ * A shorthand for `allowContentOf`, `allowWhere`, `allowAttributesOf`, `inheritTypesFrom`.
+ *
+ * # The `is*` properties
+ *
+ * There are a couple commonly used `is*` properties. Their role is to assign additional semantics to schema items.
+ * You can define more properties but you will also need to implement support for them in the existing editor features.
+ *
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#isBlock `isBlock`} &ndash; Whether this item is paragraph-like.
+ * Generally speaking, content is usually made out of blocks like paragraphs, list items, images, headings, etc.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#isInline `isInline`} &ndash; Whether an item is "text-like" and should be treated as an inline node.
+ * Examples of inline elements: `$text`, `softBreak` (`<br>`), etc.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#isLimit `isLimit`} &ndash; It can be understood as whether this element
+ * should not be split by <kbd>Enter</kbd>. Examples of limit elements: `$root`, table cell, image caption, etc.
+ * In other words, all actions that happen inside a limit element are limited to its content.
+ * All objects are treated as limit elements, too.
+ * * {@link ~SchemaItemDefinition#isObject `isObject`} &ndash; Whether an item is "self-contained" and should be treated as a whole.
+ * Examples of object elements: `imageBlock`, `table`, `video`, etc. An object is also a limit, so
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#isLimit `isLimit()`} returns `true` for object elements automatically.
+ *
+ * Read more about the meaning of these types in the
+ * {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#defining-additional-semantics dedicated section of the Schema deep dive} guide.
+ *
+ * # Generic items
+ *
+ * There are three basic generic items: `$root`, `$block` and `$text`.
+ * They are defined as follows:
+ *
+ *		this.schema.register( '$root', {
+ *			isLimit: true
+ *		} );
+ *		this.schema.register( '$block', {
+ *			allowIn: '$root',
+ *			isBlock: true
+ *		} );
+ *		this.schema.register( '$text', {
+ *			allowIn: '$block',
+ *			isInline: true
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * They reflect typical editor content that is contained within one root, consists of several blocks
+ * (paragraphs, lists items, headings, images) which, in turn, may contain text inside.
+ *
+ * By inheriting from the generic items you can define new items which will get extended by other editor features.
+ * Read more about generic types in the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide.
+ *
+ * # Example definitions
+ *
+ * Allow `paragraph` in roots and block quotes:
+ *
+ *		schema.register( 'paragraph', {
+ *			allowIn: [ '$root', 'blockQuote' ],
+ *			isBlock: true
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * Allow `paragraph` everywhere where `$block` is allowed (i.e. in `$root`):
+ *
+ *		schema.register( 'paragraph', {
+ *			allowWhere: '$block',
+ *			isBlock: true
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * Allow `paragraph` inside a `$root` and allow `$text` as a `paragraph` child:
+ *
+ *		schema.register( 'paragraph', {
+ *			allowIn: '$root',
+ *			allowChildren: '$text',
+ *			isBlock: true
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * Make `imageBlock` a block object, which is allowed everywhere where `$block` is.
+ * Also, allow `src` and `alt` attributes in it:
+ *
+ *		schema.register( 'imageBlock', {
+ *			allowWhere: '$block',
+ *			allowAttributes: [ 'src', 'alt' ],
+ *			isBlock: true,
+ *			isObject: true
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * Make `caption` allowed in `imageBlock` and make it allow all the content of `$block`s (usually, `$text`).
+ * Also, mark it as a limit element so it cannot be split:
+ *
+ *		schema.register( 'caption', {
+ *			allowIn: 'imageBlock',
+ *			allowContentOf: '$block',
+ *			isLimit: true
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * Make `listItem` inherit all from `$block` but also allow additional attributes:
+ *
+ *		schema.register( 'listItem', {
+ *			inheritAllFrom: '$block',
+ *			allowAttributes: [ 'listType', 'listIndent' ]
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * Which translates to:
+ *
+ *		schema.register( 'listItem', {
+ *			allowWhere: '$block',
+ *			allowContentOf: '$block',
+ *			allowAttributesOf: '$block',
+ *			inheritTypesFrom: '$block',
+ *			allowAttributes: [ 'listType', 'listIndent' ]
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * # Tips
+ *
+ * * Check schema definitions of existing features to see how they are defined.
+ * * If you want to publish your feature so other developers can use it, try to use
+ * generic items as much as possible.
+ * * Keep your model clean. Limit it to the actual data and store information in a normalized way.
+ * * Remember about defining the `is*` properties. They do not affect the allowed structures, but they can
+ * affect how the editor features treat your elements.
+ *
+ * @typedef {Object} module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition
+ *
+ * @property {String|Array.<String>} allowIn Defines in which other items this item will be allowed.
+ * @property {String|Array.<String>} allowChildren Defines which other items are allowed inside this item.
+ * @property {String|Array.<String>} allowAttributes Defines allowed attributes of the given item.
+ * @property {String|Array.<String>} allowContentOf Inherits "allowed children" from other items.
+ * @property {String|Array.<String>} allowWhere Inherits "allowed in" from other items.
+ * @property {String|Array.<String>} allowAttributesOf Inherits attributes from other items.
+ * @property {String|Array.<String>} inheritTypesFrom Inherits `is*` properties of other items.
+ * @property {String} inheritAllFrom A shorthand for `allowContentOf`, `allowWhere`, `allowAttributesOf`, `inheritTypesFrom`.
+ *
+ * @property {Boolean} isBlock
+ * Whether this item is paragraph-like. Generally speaking, content is usually made out of blocks
+ * like paragraphs, list items, images, headings, etc. All these elements are marked as blocks. A block
+ * should not allow another block inside. Note: There is also the `$block` generic item which has `isBlock` set to `true`.
+ * Most block type items will inherit from `$block` (through `inheritAllFrom`).
+ *
+ * Read more about the block elements in the
+ * {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#block-elements Block elements section} of
+ * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive}.
+ *
+ * @property {Boolean} isInline
+ * Whether an item is "text-like" and should be treated as an inline node. Examples of inline elements:
+ * `$text`, `softBreak` (`<br>`), etc.
+ *
+ * Read more about the inline elements in the
+ * {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#inline-elements Inline elements section} of the Schema deep dive guide.
+ *
+ * @property {Boolean} isLimit
+ * It can be understood as whether this element should not be split by <kbd>Enter</kbd>.
+ * Examples of limit elements: `$root`, table cell, image caption, etc. In other words, all actions that happen inside
+ * a limit element are limited to its content.
+ *
+ * Read more about the limit elements in the
+ * {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#limit-elements Limit elements section} of
+ * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide.
+ *
+ * @property {Boolean} isObject
+ * Whether an item is "self-contained" and should be treated as a whole. Examples of object elements:
+ * `imageBlock`, `table`, `video`, etc.
+ *
+ * **Note:** An object is also a limit, so
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#isLimit `isLimit()`} returns `true` for object elements automatically.
+ *
+ * Read more about the object elements in the
+ * {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#object-elements Object elements section} of the Schema deep dive guide.
+ *
+ * @property {Boolean} isSelectable
+ * `true` when an element should be selectable as a whole by the user. Examples of selectable elements: `imageBlock`, `table`, `tableCell`,
+ * etc.
+ *
+ * **Note:** An object is also a selectable element, so
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#isSelectable `isSelectable()`} returns `true` for object elements automatically.
+ *
+ * Read more about selectable elements in the
+ * {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#selectable-elements Selectable elements section} of
+ * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide.
+ *
+ * @property {Boolean} isContent
+ * An item is a content when it always finds its way to the editor data output regardless of the number and type of its descendants.
+ * Examples of content elements: `$text`, `imageBlock`, `table`, etc. (but not `paragraph`, `heading1` or `tableCell`).
+ *
+ * **Note:** An object is also a content element, so
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#isContent `isContent()`} returns `true` for object elements automatically.
+ *
+ * Read more about content elements in the
+ * {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema#content-elements Content elements section} of
+ * the {@glink framework/guides/deep-dive/schema Schema deep dive} guide.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A simplified version of {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition} after
+ * compilation by the {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema schema}.
+ * Rules fed to the schema by {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#register}
+ * and {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#extend} methods are defined in the
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaItemDefinition} format.
+ * Later on, they are compiled to `SchemaCompiledItemDefinition` so when you use e.g.
+ * the {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#getDefinition} method you get the compiled version.
+ *
+ * The compiled version contains only the following properties:
+ *
+ * * The `name` property,
+ * * The `is*` properties,
+ * * The `allowIn` array,
+ * * The `allowChildren` array,
+ * * The `allowAttributes` array.
+ *
+ * @typedef {Object} module:engine/model/schema~SchemaCompiledItemDefinition
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A schema context &mdash; a list of ancestors of a given position in the document.
+ *
+ * Considering such position:
+ *
+ *		<$root>
+ *			<blockQuote>
+ *				<paragraph>
+ *					^
+ *				</paragraph>
+ *			</blockQuote>
+ *		</$root>
+ *
+ * The context of this position is its {@link module:engine/model/position~Position#getAncestors lists of ancestors}:
+ *
+ *		[ rootElement, blockQuoteElement, paragraphElement ]
+ *
+ * Contexts are used in the {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#event:checkChild `Schema#checkChild`} and
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#event:checkAttribute `Schema#checkAttribute`} events as a definition
+ * of a place in the document where the check occurs. The context instances are created based on the first arguments
+ * of the {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#checkChild `Schema#checkChild()`} and
+ * {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#checkAttribute `Schema#checkAttribute()`} methods so when
+ * using these methods you need to use {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextDefinition}s.
+ */
+export class SchemaContext {
+	/**
+	 * Creates an instance of the context.
+	 *
+	 * @param {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextDefinition} context
+	 */
+	constructor( context ) {
+		if ( context instanceof SchemaContext ) {
+			return context;
+		}
+
+		if ( typeof context == 'string' ) {
+			context = [ context ];
+		} else if ( !Array.isArray( context ) ) {
+			// `context` is item or position.
+			// Position#getAncestors() doesn't accept any parameters but it works just fine here.
+			context = context.getAncestors( { includeSelf: true } );
+		}
+
+		this._items = context.map( mapContextItem );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The number of items.
+	 *
+	 * @type {Number}
+	 */
+	get length() {
+		return this._items.length;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The last item (the lowest node).
+	 *
+	 * @type {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem}
+	 */
+	get last() {
+		return this._items[ this._items.length - 1 ];
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Iterable interface.
+	 *
+	 * Iterates over all context items.
+	 *
+	 * @returns {Iterable.<module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem>}
+	 */
+	[ Symbol.iterator ]() {
+		return this._items[ Symbol.iterator ]();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a new schema context instance with an additional item.
+	 *
+	 * Item can be added as:
+	 *
+	 * 		const context = new SchemaContext( [ '$root' ] );
+	 *
+	 * 		// An element.
+	 * 		const fooElement = writer.createElement( 'fooElement' );
+	 * 		const newContext = context.push( fooElement ); // [ '$root', 'fooElement' ]
+	 *
+	 * 		// A text node.
+	 * 		const text = writer.createText( 'foobar' );
+	 * 		const newContext = context.push( text ); // [ '$root', '$text' ]
+	 *
+	 * 		// A string (element name).
+	 * 		const newContext = context.push( 'barElement' ); // [ '$root', 'barElement' ]
+	 *
+	 * **Note** {@link module:engine/model/node~Node} that is already in the model tree will be added as the only item
+	 * (without ancestors).
+	 *
+	 * @param {String|module:engine/model/node~Node|Array<String|module:engine/model/node~Node>} item An item that will be added
+	 * to the current context.
+	 * @returns {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext} A new schema context instance with an additional item.
+	 */
+	push( item ) {
+		const ctx = new SchemaContext( [ item ] );
+
+		ctx._items = [ ...this._items, ...ctx._items ];
+
+		return ctx;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets an item on the given index.
+	 *
+	 * @returns {module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem}
+	 */
+	getItem( index ) {
+		return this._items[ index ];
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the names of items.
+	 *
+	 * @returns {Iterable.<String>}
+	 */
+	* getNames() {
+		yield* this._items.map( item => item.name );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether the context ends with the given nodes.
+	 *
+	 *		const ctx = new SchemaContext( [ rootElement, paragraphElement, textNode ] );
+	 *
+	 *		ctx.endsWith( '$text' ); // -> true
+	 *		ctx.endsWith( 'paragraph $text' ); // -> true
+	 *		ctx.endsWith( '$root' ); // -> false
+	 *		ctx.endsWith( 'paragraph' ); // -> false
+	 *
+	 * @param {String} query
+	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	endsWith( query ) {
+		return Array.from( this.getNames() ).join( ' ' ).endsWith( query );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether the context starts with the given nodes.
+	 *
+	 *		const ctx = new SchemaContext( [ rootElement, paragraphElement, textNode ] );
+	 *
+	 *		ctx.endsWith( '$root' ); // -> true
+	 *		ctx.endsWith( '$root paragraph' ); // -> true
+	 *		ctx.endsWith( '$text' ); // -> false
+	 *		ctx.endsWith( 'paragraph' ); // -> false
+	 *
+	 * @param {String} query
+	 * @returns {Boolean}
+	 */
+	startsWith( query ) {
+		return Array.from( this.getNames() ).join( ' ' ).startsWith( query );
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * The definition of a {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext schema context}.
+ *
+ * Contexts can be created in multiple ways:
+ *
+ * * By defining a **node** – in this cases this node and all its ancestors will be used.
+ * * By defining a **position** in the document – in this case all its ancestors will be used.
+ * * By defining an **array of nodes** – in this case this array defines the entire context.
+ * * By defining a **name of node** - in this case node will be "mocked". It is not recommended because context
+ * will be unrealistic (e.g. attributes of these nodes are not specified). However, at times this may be the only
+ * way to define the context (e.g. when checking some hypothetical situation).
+ * * By defining an **array of node names** (potentially, mixed with real nodes) – The same as **name of node**
+ * but it is possible to create a path.
+ * * By defining a {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext} instance - in this case the same instance as provided
+ * will be return.
+ *
+ * Examples of context definitions passed to the {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#checkChild `Schema#checkChild()`}
+ * method:
+ *
+ *		// Assuming that we have a $root > blockQuote > paragraph structure, the following code
+ *		// will check node 'foo' in the following context:
+ *		// [ rootElement, blockQuoteElement, paragraphElement ]
+ *		const contextDefinition = paragraphElement;
+ * 		const childToCheck = 'foo';
+ *		schema.checkChild( contextDefinition, childToCheck );
+ *
+ *		// Also check in [ rootElement, blockQuoteElement, paragraphElement ].
+ *		schema.checkChild( model.createPositionAt( paragraphElement, 0 ), 'foo' );
+ *
+ *		// Check in [ rootElement, paragraphElement ].
+ *		schema.checkChild( [ rootElement, paragraphElement ], 'foo' );
+ *
+ *		// Check only fakeParagraphElement.
+ *		schema.checkChild( 'paragraph', 'foo' );
+ *
+ *		// Check in [ fakeRootElement, fakeBarElement, paragraphElement ].
+ *		schema.checkChild( [ '$root', 'bar', paragraphElement ], 'foo' );
+ *
+ * All these `checkChild()` calls will fire {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#event:checkChild `Schema#checkChild`}
+ * events in which `args[ 0 ]` is an instance of the context. Therefore, you can write a listener like this:
+ *
+ *		schema.on( 'checkChild', ( evt, args ) => {
+ *			const ctx = args[ 0 ];
+ *
+ *			console.log( Array.from( ctx.getNames() ) );
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * Which will log the following:
+ *
+ *		[ '$root', 'blockQuote', 'paragraph' ]
+ *		[ '$root', 'paragraph' ]
+ *		[ '$root', 'bar', 'paragraph' ]
+ *
+ * Note: When using the {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#checkAttribute `Schema#checkAttribute()`} method
+ * you may want to check whether a text node may have an attribute. A {@link module:engine/model/text~Text} is a
+ * correct way to define a context so you can do this:
+ *
+ *		schema.checkAttribute( textNode, 'bold' );
+ *
+ * But sometimes you want to check whether a text at a given position might've had some attribute,
+ * in which case you can create a context by mixing in an array of elements with a `'$text'` string:
+ *
+ *		// Check in [ rootElement, paragraphElement, textNode ].
+ *		schema.checkChild( [ ...positionInParagraph.getAncestors(), '$text' ], 'bold' );
+ *
+ * @typedef {module:engine/model/node~Node|module:engine/model/position~Position|module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext|
+ * String|Array.<String|module:engine/model/node~Node>} module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextDefinition
+ */
+
+/**
+ * An item of the {@link module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContext schema context}.
+ *
+ * It contains 3 properties:
+ *
+ * * `name` – the name of this item,
+ * * `* getAttributeKeys()` – a generator of keys of item attributes,
+ * * `getAttribute( keyName )` – a method to get attribute values.
+ *
+ * The context item interface is a highly simplified version of {@link module:engine/model/node~Node} and its role
+ * is to expose only the information which schema checks are able to provide (which is the name of the node and
+ * node's attributes).
+ *
+ *		schema.on( 'checkChild', ( evt, args ) => {
+ *			const ctx = args[ 0 ];
+ *			const firstItem = ctx.getItem( 0 );
+ *
+ *			console.log( firstItem.name ); // -> '$root'
+ *			console.log( firstItem.getAttribute( 'foo' ) ); // -> 'bar'
+ *			console.log( Array.from( firstItem.getAttributeKeys() ) ); // -> [ 'foo', 'faa' ]
+ *		} );
+ *
+ * @typedef {Object} module:engine/model/schema~SchemaContextItem
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A structure containing additional metadata describing the attribute.
+ *
+ * See {@link module:engine/model/schema~Schema#setAttributeProperties `Schema#setAttributeProperties()`} for usage examples.
+ *
+ * @typedef {Object} module:engine/model/schema~AttributeProperties
+ * @property {Boolean} [isFormatting] Indicates that the attribute should be considered as a visual formatting, like `bold`, `italic` or
+ * `fontSize` rather than semantic attribute (such as `src`, `listType`, etc.). For example, it is used by the "Remove format" feature.
+ * @property {Boolean} [copyOnEnter] Indicates that given text attribute should be copied to the next block when enter is pressed.
+ */
+
+function compileBaseItemRule( sourceItemRules, itemName ) {
+	const itemRule = {
+		name: itemName,
+
+		allowIn: [],
+		allowContentOf: [],
+		allowWhere: [],
+
+		allowAttributes: [],
+		allowAttributesOf: [],
+
+		allowChildren: [],
+
+		inheritTypesFrom: []
+	};
+
+	copyTypes( sourceItemRules, itemRule );
+
+	copyProperty( sourceItemRules, itemRule, 'allowIn' );
+	copyProperty( sourceItemRules, itemRule, 'allowContentOf' );
+	copyProperty( sourceItemRules, itemRule, 'allowWhere' );
+
+	copyProperty( sourceItemRules, itemRule, 'allowAttributes' );
+	copyProperty( sourceItemRules, itemRule, 'allowAttributesOf' );
+
+	copyProperty( sourceItemRules, itemRule, 'allowChildren' );
+
+	copyProperty( sourceItemRules, itemRule, 'inheritTypesFrom' );
+
+	makeInheritAllWork( sourceItemRules, itemRule );
+
+	return itemRule;
+}
+
+function compileAllowChildren( compiledDefinitions, itemName ) {
+	const item = compiledDefinitions[ itemName ];
+
+	for ( const allowChildrenItem of item.allowChildren ) {
+		const allowedChildren = compiledDefinitions[ allowChildrenItem ];
+
+		// The allowChildren property may point to an unregistered element.
+		if ( !allowedChildren ) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		allowedChildren.allowIn.push( itemName );
+	}
+
+	// The allowIn property already includes correct items, reset the allowChildren property
+	// to avoid duplicates later when setting up compilation results.
+	item.allowChildren.length = 0;
+}
+
+function compileAllowContentOf( compiledDefinitions, itemName ) {
+	for ( const allowContentOfItemName of compiledDefinitions[ itemName ].allowContentOf ) {
+		// The allowContentOf property may point to an unregistered element.
+		if ( compiledDefinitions[ allowContentOfItemName ] ) {
+			const allowedChildren = getAllowedChildren( compiledDefinitions, allowContentOfItemName );
+
+			allowedChildren.forEach( allowedItem => {
+				allowedItem.allowIn.push( itemName );
+			} );
+		}
+	}
+
+	delete compiledDefinitions[ itemName ].allowContentOf;
+}
+
+function compileAllowWhere( compiledDefinitions, itemName ) {
+	for ( const allowWhereItemName of compiledDefinitions[ itemName ].allowWhere ) {
+		const inheritFrom = compiledDefinitions[ allowWhereItemName ];
+
+		// The allowWhere property may point to an unregistered element.
+		if ( inheritFrom ) {
+			const allowedIn = inheritFrom.allowIn;
+
+			compiledDefinitions[ itemName ].allowIn.push( ...allowedIn );
+		}
+	}
+
+	delete compiledDefinitions[ itemName ].allowWhere;
+}
+
+function compileAllowAttributesOf( compiledDefinitions, itemName ) {
+	for ( const allowAttributeOfItem of compiledDefinitions[ itemName ].allowAttributesOf ) {
+		const inheritFrom = compiledDefinitions[ allowAttributeOfItem ];
+
+		if ( inheritFrom ) {
+			const inheritAttributes = inheritFrom.allowAttributes;
+
+			compiledDefinitions[ itemName ].allowAttributes.push( ...inheritAttributes );
+		}
+	}
+
+	delete compiledDefinitions[ itemName ].allowAttributesOf;
+}
+
+function compileInheritPropertiesFrom( compiledDefinitions, itemName ) {
+	const item = compiledDefinitions[ itemName ];
+
+	for ( const inheritPropertiesOfItem of item.inheritTypesFrom ) {
+		const inheritFrom = compiledDefinitions[ inheritPropertiesOfItem ];
+
+		if ( inheritFrom ) {
+			const typeNames = Object.keys( inheritFrom ).filter( name => name.startsWith( 'is' ) );
+
+			for ( const name of typeNames ) {
+				if ( !( name in item ) ) {
+					item[ name ] = inheritFrom[ name ];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	delete item.inheritTypesFrom;
+}
+
+// Remove items which weren't registered (because it may break some checks or we'd need to complicate them).
+// Make sure allowIn doesn't contain repeated values.
+function cleanUpAllowIn( compiledDefinitions, itemName ) {
+	const itemRule = compiledDefinitions[ itemName ];
+	const existingItems = itemRule.allowIn.filter( itemToCheck => compiledDefinitions[ itemToCheck ] );
+
+	itemRule.allowIn = Array.from( new Set( existingItems ) );
+}
+
+// Setup allowChildren items based on allowIn.
+function setupAllowChildren( compiledDefinitions, itemName ) {
+	const itemRule = compiledDefinitions[ itemName ];
+
+	for ( const allowedParentItemName of itemRule.allowIn ) {
+		const allowedParentItem = compiledDefinitions[ allowedParentItemName ];
+
+		allowedParentItem.allowChildren.push( itemName );
+	}
+}
+
+function cleanUpAllowAttributes( compiledDefinitions, itemName ) {
+	const itemRule = compiledDefinitions[ itemName ];
+
+	itemRule.allowAttributes = Array.from( new Set( itemRule.allowAttributes ) );
+}
+
+function copyTypes( sourceItemRules, itemRule ) {
+	for ( const sourceItemRule of sourceItemRules ) {
+		const typeNames = Object.keys( sourceItemRule ).filter( name => name.startsWith( 'is' ) );
+
+		for ( const name of typeNames ) {
+			itemRule[ name ] = sourceItemRule[ name ];
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function copyProperty( sourceItemRules, itemRule, propertyName ) {
+	for ( const sourceItemRule of sourceItemRules ) {
+		if ( typeof sourceItemRule[ propertyName ] == 'string' ) {
+			itemRule[ propertyName ].push( sourceItemRule[ propertyName ] );
+		} else if ( Array.isArray( sourceItemRule[ propertyName ] ) ) {
+			itemRule[ propertyName ].push( ...sourceItemRule[ propertyName ] );
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function makeInheritAllWork( sourceItemRules, itemRule ) {
+	for ( const sourceItemRule of sourceItemRules ) {
+		const inheritFrom = sourceItemRule.inheritAllFrom;
+
+		if ( inheritFrom ) {
+			itemRule.allowContentOf.push( inheritFrom );
+			itemRule.allowWhere.push( inheritFrom );
+			itemRule.allowAttributesOf.push( inheritFrom );
+			itemRule.inheritTypesFrom.push( inheritFrom );
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function getAllowedChildren( compiledDefinitions, itemName ) {
+	const itemRule = compiledDefinitions[ itemName ];
+
+	return getValues( compiledDefinitions ).filter( def => def.allowIn.includes( itemRule.name ) );
+}
+
+function getValues( obj ) {
+	return Object.keys( obj ).map( key => obj[ key ] );
+}
+
+function mapContextItem( ctxItem ) {
+	if ( typeof ctxItem == 'string' || ctxItem.is( 'documentFragment' ) ) {
+		return {
+			name: typeof ctxItem == 'string' ? ctxItem : '$documentFragment',
+
+			* getAttributeKeys() {},
+
+			getAttribute() {}
+		};
+	} else {
+		return {
+			// '$text' means text nodes and text proxies.
+			name: ctxItem.is( 'element' ) ? ctxItem.name : '$text',
+
+			* getAttributeKeys() {
+				yield* ctxItem.getAttributeKeys();
+			},
+
+			getAttribute( key ) {
+				return ctxItem.getAttribute( key );
+			}
+		};
+	}
+}
+
+// Generator function returning values from provided walkers, switching between them at each iteration. If only one walker
+// is provided it will return data only from that walker.
+//
+// @param {module:engine/module/treewalker~TreeWalker} [backward] Walker iterating in backward direction.
+// @param {module:engine/module/treewalker~TreeWalker} [forward] Walker iterating in forward direction.
+// @returns {Iterable.<Object>} Object returned at each iteration contains `value` and `walker` (informing which walker returned
+// given value) fields.
+function* combineWalkers( backward, forward ) {
+	let done = false;
+
+	while ( !done ) {
+		done = true;
+
+		if ( backward ) {
+			const step = backward.next();
+
+			if ( !step.done ) {
+				done = false;
+				yield {
+					walker: backward,
+					value: step.value
+				};
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( forward ) {
+			const step = forward.next();
+
+			if ( !step.done ) {
+				done = false;
+				yield {
+					walker: forward,
+					value: step.value
+				};
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Takes an array of non-intersecting ranges. For each of them gets minimal flat ranges covering that range and returns
+// all those minimal flat ranges.
+//
+// @param {Array.<module:engine/model/range~Range>} ranges Ranges to process.
+// @returns {Iterable.<module:engine/model/range~Range>} Minimal flat ranges of given `ranges`.
+function* convertToMinimalFlatRanges( ranges ) {
+	for ( const range of ranges ) {
+		yield* range.getMinimalFlatRanges();
+	}
+}
+
+function removeDisallowedAttributeFromNode( schema, node, writer ) {
+	for ( const attribute of node.getAttributeKeys() ) {
+		if ( !schema.checkAttribute( node, attribute ) ) {
+			writer.removeAttribute( attribute, node );
+		}
+	}
+}