@cdxgen/cdxgen 0.0.1 → 13.0.0

package/lib/inventory/ciParsers/githubActions.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2434 @@
+import { randomUUID as uuidv4 } from "node:crypto";
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import path from "node:path";
+
+import { build } from "@cdxgen/cdx-purl";
+import { parse as _load } from "yaml";
+
+import { scanTextForHiddenUnicode } from "../unicodeScan.js";
+import { disambiguateSteps } from "./common.js";
+
+/**
+ * Known GitHub Actions permission scopes that grant write access.
+ * @type {string[]}
+ */
+const WRITE_SCOPES = [
+  "actions",
+  "artifact-metadata",
+  "attestations",
+  "checks",
+  "contents",
+  "deployments",
+  "discussions",
+  "id-token",
+  "issues",
+  "models",
+  "packages",
+  "pages",
+  "pull-requests",
+  "security-events",
+  "statuses",
+];
+
+/**
+ * Workflow triggers considered high-risk because they can execute code in a
+ * privileged context or expose secrets to untrusted input.
+ * @type {string[]}
+ */
+const HIGH_RISK_TRIGGERS = [
+  "pull_request_target",
+  "issue_comment",
+  "workflow_run",
+];
+
+const LOW_RISK_INTERPOLATION_PATTERNS = [
+  /^github\.sha$/,
+  /^github\.event\.pull_request\.(?:head|base)\.sha$/,
+  /^github\.event\.workflow_run\.head_sha$/,
+  /^github\.event\.pull_request\.number$/,
+  /^github\.event\.issue\.number$/,
+  /^github\.run_attempt$/,
+  /^github\.run_id$/,
+  /^github\.run_number$/,
+];
+
+const LEGACY_PUBLISH_TOKEN_ENV_NAMES = new Set([
+  "NPM_CONFIG_TOKEN",
+  "TWINE_PASSWORD",
+]);
+
+const SECRET_LIKE_ENV_NAME_PATTERN =
+  /token|secret|password|credential|auth|api[_-]?key|access[_-]?key|client[_-]?secret/i;
+
+const SENSITIVE_ENV_VALUE_PATTERN =
+  /secrets\.[A-Za-z0-9_]+|github\.token|ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_(?:TOKEN|URL)/i;
+
+const SHELL_VARIABLE_REFERENCE_PATTERN =
+  /\$[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*\b|\$\{[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*}|%[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*%|\$env:[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*\b/i;
+
+const IMPLICIT_SENSITIVE_ENV_NAMES = [
+  "ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_TOKEN",
+  "ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_URL",
+  "ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN",
+  "GITHUB_TOKEN",
+];
+
+const OUTBOUND_NETWORK_TOOLS = [
+  ["curl", /\bcurl\b/i],
+  ["wget", /\bwget\b/i],
+  ["invoke-webrequest", /\b(?:invoke-webrequest|iwr)\b/i],
+  ["invoke-restmethod", /\b(?:invoke-restmethod|irm)\b/i],
+  ["nc", /\b(?:nc|ncat|netcat)\b/i],
+  ["scp", /\bscp\b/i],
+  ["rsync", /\brsync\b/i],
+  ["ftp", /\b(?:ftp|sftp)\b/i],
+];
+
+const KNOWN_DISPATCH_ACTIONS = [
+  {
+    kind: "repository_dispatch",
+    mechanism: "repository-dispatch-action",
+    pattern: /^peter-evans\/repository-dispatch(?:@|$)/i,
+    repoKeys: ["repository"],
+    targetKeys: ["event-type"],
+  },
+  {
+    kind: "workflow_dispatch",
+    mechanism: "workflow-dispatch-action",
+    pattern:
+      /^(?:benc-uk\/workflow-dispatch|lasith-kg\/dispatch-workflow|convictional\/trigger-workflow-and-wait-for-workflow)(?:@|$)/i,
+    repoKeys: ["repo", "repository"],
+    targetKeys: ["workflow", "workflow_id", "event-type", "ref"],
+  },
+];
+
+const CARGO_TOOLCHAIN_ACTION_PATTERNS = [
+  /^dtolnay\/rust-toolchain(?:@|$)/i,
+  /^actions-rs\/toolchain(?:@|$)/i,
+  /^moonrepo\/setup-rust(?:@|$)/i,
+];
+
+const CARGO_CACHE_ACTION_PATTERNS = [/^swatinem\/rust-cache(?:@|$)/i];
+
+const CARGO_TOOL_INSTALL_ACTION_PATTERNS = [/^taiki-e\/install-action(?:@|$)/i];
+
+const DEPENDENCY_CACHE_SETUP_ACTIONS = [
+  {
+    pattern: /^actions\/setup-node(?:@|$)/i,
+    ecosystem: "npm",
+    inputNames: ["package-manager-cache", "cache"],
+  },
+  {
+    pattern: /^actions\/setup-python(?:@|$)/i,
+    ecosystem: "pypi",
+    inputNames: ["cache"],
+  },
+  {
+    pattern: /^actions\/setup-go(?:@|$)/i,
+    ecosystem: "go",
+    inputNames: ["cache"],
+  },
+  {
+    pattern: /^actions\/setup-java(?:@|$)/i,
+    ecosystem: "java",
+    inputNames: ["cache"],
+  },
+  {
+    pattern: /^moonrepo\/setup-rust(?:@|$)/i,
+    ecosystem: "cargo",
+    inputNames: ["cache"],
+  },
+];
+
+const FORK_CONTEXT_PATTERNS = [
+  [
+    "github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork",
+    /github\.event\.pull_request\.head\.repo\.fork/i,
+  ],
+  [
+    "github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name",
+    /github\.event\.pull_request\.head\.repo\.full_name/i,
+  ],
+  [
+    "github.event.pull_request.head.repo.clone_url",
+    /github\.event\.pull_request\.head\.repo\.clone_url/i,
+  ],
+  [
+    "github.event.workflow_run.head_repository.fork",
+    /github\.event\.workflow_run\.head_repository\.fork/i,
+  ],
+  [
+    "github.event.workflow_run.head_repository.full_name",
+    /github\.event\.workflow_run\.head_repository\.full_name/i,
+  ],
+  [
+    "github.event.pull_request.head.ref",
+    /github\.event\.pull_request\.head\.ref/i,
+  ],
+  ["github.head_ref", /github\.head_ref/i],
+];
+
+const UNTRUSTED_CHECKOUT_CONTEXT_PATTERNS = [
+  [
+    "github.event.pull_request.head.sha",
+    /github\.event\.pull_request\.head\.sha/i,
+  ],
+  [
+    "github.event.pull_request.head.ref",
+    /github\.event\.pull_request\.head\.ref/i,
+  ],
+  [
+    "github.event.pull_request.head.label",
+    /github\.event\.pull_request\.head\.label/i,
+  ],
+  ["github.head_ref", /github\.head_ref/i],
+  [
+    "github.event.workflow_run.head_sha",
+    /github\.event\.workflow_run\.head_sha/i,
+  ],
+  [
+    "github.event.workflow_run.head_branch",
+    /github\.event\.workflow_run\.head_branch/i,
+  ],
+];
+
+/**
+ * Analyse a workflow-level or job-level permissions map for any write grants.
+ *
+ * Accepts the raw `permissions` value from a workflow YAML which can be an
+ * object mapping scope names to `"read"` / `"write"`, or the shorthand
+ * strings `"write-all"` / `"read-all"`.
+ *
+ * @param {Object|string|undefined} permissions - The permissions map or shorthand string.
+ * @returns {boolean} `true` when at least one scope has write access.
+ */
+function analyzePermissions(permissions) {
+  if (!permissions) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (typeof permissions === "string") {
+    return permissions === "write-all";
+  }
+  if (typeof permissions !== "object") {
+    return false;
+  }
+  for (const scope of WRITE_SCOPES) {
+    if (permissions[scope] === "write") {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function extractWriteScopes(permissions) {
+  if (!permissions) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  if (typeof permissions === "string") {
+    return permissions === "write-all" ? ["all"] : [];
+  }
+  if (typeof permissions !== "object") {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const scopes = [];
+  for (const scope of WRITE_SCOPES) {
+    if (permissions[scope] === "write") {
+      scopes.push(scope);
+    }
+  }
+  return scopes;
+}
+
+function hasIdTokenWritePermission(permissions) {
+  if (!permissions) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (typeof permissions === "string") {
+    return permissions === "write-all";
+  }
+  if (typeof permissions !== "object") {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return permissions["id-token"] === "write";
+}
+
+function getPropertyValueFromProperties(properties, propName) {
+  return properties.find((property) => property.name === propName)?.value;
+}
+
+function appendSensitiveOperationProperties(properties) {
+  const sensitiveOperations = new Set();
+  if (
+    getPropertyValueFromProperties(
+      properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:referencesSensitiveContext",
+    ) === "true"
+  ) {
+    sensitiveOperations.add("references-sensitive-context");
+  }
+  if (
+    getPropertyValueFromProperties(
+      properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:dispatchesWorkflow",
+    ) === "true"
+  ) {
+    sensitiveOperations.add("dispatches-workflow");
+  }
+  if (
+    getPropertyValueFromProperties(
+      properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:mutatesRunnerState",
+    ) === "true"
+  ) {
+    sensitiveOperations.add("mutates-runner-state");
+  }
+  if (
+    getPropertyValueFromProperties(
+      properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:usesLegacyPublishToken",
+    ) === "true"
+  ) {
+    sensitiveOperations.add("legacy-publish-token");
+  }
+  if (
+    getPropertyValueFromProperties(
+      properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:hasOutboundNetworkCommand",
+    ) === "true" &&
+    getPropertyValueFromProperties(
+      properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:referencesSensitiveContext",
+    ) === "true"
+  ) {
+    sensitiveOperations.add("outbound-network-with-sensitive-context");
+  }
+  const actionUses = getPropertyValueFromProperties(
+    properties,
+    "cdx:github:action:uses",
+  );
+  const persistCredentials = getPropertyValueFromProperties(
+    properties,
+    "cdx:github:checkout:persistCredentials",
+  );
+  if (
+    actionUses?.includes("actions/checkout") &&
+    persistCredentials !== "false"
+  ) {
+    sensitiveOperations.add("checkout-persist-credentials");
+  }
+  if (!sensitiveOperations.size) {
+    return;
+  }
+  properties.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:hasSensitiveOperations",
+    value: "true",
+  });
+  properties.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:sensitiveOperations",
+    value: Array.from(sensitiveOperations).join(","),
+  });
+}
+
+function normalizeRunnerLabels(runsOn) {
+  if (!runsOn) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  if (Array.isArray(runsOn)) {
+    return runsOn.map((label) => String(label).trim()).filter(Boolean);
+  }
+  if (typeof runsOn === "string") {
+    return runsOn
+      .split(",")
+      .map((label) => label.trim())
+      .filter(Boolean);
+  }
+  if (typeof runsOn === "object") {
+    return normalizeRunnerLabels(runsOn.labels);
+  }
+  return [];
+}
+
+function normalizeRunnerValue(runsOn) {
+  const labels = normalizeRunnerLabels(runsOn);
+  if (runsOn && typeof runsOn === "object" && !Array.isArray(runsOn)) {
+    const group = runsOn.group ? String(runsOn.group).trim() : "";
+    return [group, ...labels].filter(Boolean).join(",") || "unknown";
+  }
+  return labels.join(",") || "unknown";
+}
+
+function isSelfHostedRunner(runsOn) {
+  return normalizeRunnerLabels(runsOn).some((label) =>
+    label.toLowerCase().includes("self-hosted"),
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Detect if a step uses `actions/checkout` and extract the
+ * `persist-credentials` setting (defaults to `true` when absent).
+ *
+ * @param {Object} step - A single workflow step object.
+ * @returns {Array<{name: string, value: string}>} Property entries to append.
+ */
+function analyzeCheckoutStep(step) {
+  const props = [];
+  if (step.uses?.includes("actions/checkout")) {
+    const persistCreds = step.with?.["persist-credentials"] ?? true;
+    const checkoutRef = step.with?.ref;
+    const checkoutRepository = step.with?.repository;
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:checkout:persistCredentials",
+      value: String(persistCreds),
+    });
+    if (checkoutRef) {
+      props.push({ name: "cdx:github:checkout:ref", value: checkoutRef });
+    }
+    if (checkoutRepository) {
+      props.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:checkout:repository",
+        value: checkoutRepository,
+      });
+    }
+    const untrustedCheckoutContexts = [
+      ...detectCheckoutUntrustedContexts(checkoutRef),
+      ...detectCheckoutUntrustedContexts(checkoutRepository),
+    ];
+    if (untrustedCheckoutContexts.length) {
+      props.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:checkout:checksOutUntrustedRef",
+        value: "true",
+      });
+      props.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:checkout:untrustedRefContexts",
+        value: [...new Set(untrustedCheckoutContexts)].join(","),
+      });
+    }
+    const forkContextRefs = [
+      ...detectForkContextReferences(checkoutRef),
+      ...detectForkContextReferences(checkoutRepository),
+    ];
+    if (forkContextRefs.length) {
+      props.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:checkout:referencesForkContext",
+        value: "true",
+      });
+      props.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:checkout:forkContextRefs",
+        value: [...new Set(forkContextRefs)].join(","),
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return props;
+}
+
+function detectCheckoutUntrustedContexts(textValue) {
+  if (!textValue || typeof textValue !== "string") {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const refs = [];
+  UNTRUSTED_CHECKOUT_CONTEXT_PATTERNS.forEach(([name, pattern]) => {
+    if (pattern.test(textValue)) {
+      refs.push(name);
+    }
+  });
+  return refs;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Detect `actions/cache` usage and extract key, path, and restore-keys
+ * metadata from the step's `with` block.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} step - A single workflow step object.
+ * @returns {Array<{name: string, value: string}>} Property entries to append.
+ */
+function analyzeCacheStep(step) {
+  const props = [];
+  if (step.uses?.includes("actions/cache")) {
+    const cacheKey = step.with?.key;
+    if (step.with?.key) {
+      props.push({ name: "cdx:github:cache:key", value: cacheKey });
+      if (/hashFiles\s*\(/i.test(cacheKey)) {
+        props.push({
+          name: "cdx:github:cache:keyUsesHashFiles",
+          value: "true",
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    if (step.with?.path) {
+      props.push({ name: "cdx:github:cache:path", value: step.with.path });
+    }
+    if (step.with?.["restore-keys"]) {
+      let keys = step.with["restore-keys"];
+      if (Array.isArray(keys)) {
+        keys = keys.join(",");
+      } else if (typeof keys === "string" && keys.includes("\n")) {
+        keys = keys
+          .split("\n")
+          .map((k) => k.trim())
+          .filter((k) => k)
+          .join(",");
+      }
+      props.push({ name: "cdx:github:cache:restoreKeys", value: keys });
+      props.push({ name: "cdx:github:cache:hasRestoreKeys", value: "true" });
+    }
+  }
+  return props;
+}
+
+function analyzeCargoActionStep(step) {
+  const props = [];
+  if (!step?.uses || typeof step.uses !== "string") {
+    return props;
+  }
+  const cargoRoles = new Set();
+  if (
+    CARGO_TOOLCHAIN_ACTION_PATTERNS.some((pattern) => pattern.test(step.uses))
+  ) {
+    cargoRoles.add("toolchain");
+  }
+  if (CARGO_CACHE_ACTION_PATTERNS.some((pattern) => pattern.test(step.uses))) {
+    cargoRoles.add("cache");
+  }
+  if (
+    CARGO_TOOL_INSTALL_ACTION_PATTERNS.some((pattern) =>
+      pattern.test(step.uses),
+    )
+  ) {
+    cargoRoles.add("tool-install");
+  }
+  if (
+    step.uses.includes("actions/cache") &&
+    typeof step.with?.path === "string" &&
+    /(?:^|[\\/])\.cargo(?:[\\/]|$)|cargo[\\/](?:registry|git)/i.test(
+      step.with.path,
+    )
+  ) {
+    cargoRoles.add("cache");
+  }
+  if (!cargoRoles.size) {
+    return props;
+  }
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:action:ecosystem",
+    value: "cargo",
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:action:role",
+    value: [...cargoRoles].join(","),
+  });
+  return props;
+}
+
+function isExplicitFalseLikeValue(value) {
+  if (value === false) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (typeof value !== "string") {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return ["0", "false", "no", "off", "disabled"].includes(
+    value.trim().toLowerCase(),
+  );
+}
+
+function analyzeSetupActionCacheStep(step) {
+  const props = [];
+  if (!step?.uses || typeof step.uses !== "string") {
+    return props;
+  }
+  const setupAction = DEPENDENCY_CACHE_SETUP_ACTIONS.find((candidate) =>
+    candidate.pattern.test(step.uses),
+  );
+  if (!setupAction || !step.with || typeof step.with !== "object") {
+    return props;
+  }
+  const disableInputName = setupAction.inputNames.find(
+    (inputName) =>
+      Object.hasOwn(step.with, inputName) &&
+      isExplicitFalseLikeValue(step.with[inputName]),
+  );
+  if (!disableInputName) {
+    return props;
+  }
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:action:disablesBuildCache",
+    value: "true",
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:action:buildCacheEcosystem",
+    value: setupAction.ecosystem,
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:action:buildCacheDisableInput",
+    value: disableInputName,
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:action:buildCacheDisableValue",
+    value: String(step.with[disableInputName]),
+  });
+  return props;
+}
+
+function analyzeCargoRunStep(normalizedRun) {
+  const props = [];
+  if (!normalizedRun || typeof normalizedRun !== "string") {
+    return props;
+  }
+  const cargoSubcommands = new Set();
+  for (const match of normalizedRun.matchAll(/\bcargo\s+([a-z][\w-]*)/gi)) {
+    if (match[1]) {
+      cargoSubcommands.add(match[1].toLowerCase());
+    }
+  }
+  if (!cargoSubcommands.size) {
+    return props;
+  }
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:usesCargo",
+    value: "true",
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:cargoSubcommands",
+    value: [...cargoSubcommands].join(","),
+  });
+  if (/\s--workspace\b|\s--all\b|\s--all-targets\b/i.test(normalizedRun)) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:step:cargoWorkspaceScope",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  return props;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Detect untrusted expression interpolation in `run:` blocks.
+ *
+ * Scans the raw shell string for `${{ … }}` patterns and flags any that
+ * reference user-controlled contexts such as `github.event.pull_request.*`,
+ * `github.event.issue.*`, `github.event.comment.*`, `github.head_ref`, or
+ * `inputs.*`.
+ *
+ * @param {string|undefined} runValue - The raw `run:` block string.
+ * @returns {{ hasInterpolation: boolean, vars: string[] }}
+ */
+function detectUntrustedInterpolation(runValue) {
+  if (!runValue) return { hasInterpolation: false, vars: [] };
+  // Capture expression content inside ${{ … }}, allowing nested single braces
+  // (e.g. the || operator in `${{ a || b }}` where } appears inside the expr).
+  const pattern = /\$\{\{\s*([^}]+(?:}[^}])*)}}/g;
+  const matches = [...runValue.matchAll(pattern)];
+  const untrustedVars = new Set();
+
+  for (const match of matches) {
+    const expr = match[1].trim();
+    if (LOW_RISK_INTERPOLATION_PATTERNS.some((pattern) => pattern.test(expr))) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (
+      expr.startsWith("github.event.pull_request.title") ||
+      expr.startsWith("github.event.pull_request.body") ||
+      expr.startsWith("github.event.pull_request.head.ref") ||
+      expr.startsWith("github.event.pull_request.head.label") ||
+      expr.startsWith("github.event.issue.title") ||
+      expr.startsWith("github.event.issue.body") ||
+      expr.startsWith("github.event.comment.body") ||
+      expr.startsWith("github.event.review.body") ||
+      expr.startsWith("github.event.review_comment.body") ||
+      expr.startsWith("github.head_ref") ||
+      expr.startsWith("inputs.")
+    ) {
+      untrustedVars.add(expr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    hasInterpolation: untrustedVars.size > 0,
+    vars: Array.from(untrustedVars),
+  };
+}
+
+function isLegacyPublishTokenEnvName(envName) {
+  if (!envName || typeof envName !== "string") {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return (
+    envName.endsWith("_TOKEN") ||
+    envName.startsWith("POETRY_PYPI_TOKEN") ||
+    LEGACY_PUBLISH_TOKEN_ENV_NAMES.has(envName)
+  );
+}
+
+function detectPublishEcosystem(runValue) {
+  if (!runValue || typeof runValue !== "string") {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  if (/\b(?:npm|pnpm|yarn|bun)\s+publish\b/i.test(runValue)) {
+    return "npm";
+  }
+  if (
+    /\btwine\s+upload\b/i.test(runValue) ||
+    /\bpoetry\s+publish\b/i.test(runValue) ||
+    /\bflit\s+publish\b/i.test(runValue)
+  ) {
+    return "pypi";
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+function normalizeRunValueEntry(entry) {
+  if (
+    typeof entry === "string" ||
+    typeof entry === "number" ||
+    typeof entry === "boolean"
+  ) {
+    return String(entry);
+  }
+  return "";
+}
+
+function normalizeRunValue(runValue) {
+  if (typeof runValue === "string") {
+    return runValue;
+  }
+  if (typeof runValue === "number" || typeof runValue === "boolean") {
+    return String(runValue);
+  }
+  if (Array.isArray(runValue)) {
+    const normalizedEntries = runValue
+      .map((entry) => normalizeRunValueEntry(entry))
+      .filter(Boolean);
+    return normalizedEntries.length ? normalizedEntries.join("\n") : undefined;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+function analyzeLegacyPublishStep(step, effectiveEnv) {
+  const props = [];
+  const normalizedRun = normalizeRunValue(step?.run);
+  const publishEcosystem = detectPublishEcosystem(normalizedRun);
+  if (!publishEcosystem) {
+    return props;
+  }
+  const tokenSources = [];
+  if (normalizedRun && /\B--token(?:=|\s+\S+)/i.test(normalizedRun)) {
+    tokenSources.push("cli-flag");
+  }
+  const legacyEnvNames = Object.keys(effectiveEnv || {}).filter(
+    isLegacyPublishTokenEnvName,
+  );
+  legacyEnvNames.forEach((envName) => {
+    tokenSources.push(`env:${envName}`);
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:isPublishCommand",
+    value: "true",
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:publishEcosystem",
+    value: publishEcosystem,
+  });
+  if (!tokenSources.length) {
+    return props;
+  }
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:usesLegacyPublishToken",
+    value: "true",
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:legacyPublishTokenSources",
+    value: tokenSources.join(","),
+  });
+  return props;
+}
+
+function detectRunnerStateMutation(runValue) {
+  if (!runValue || typeof runValue !== "string") {
+    return { hasMutation: false, targets: [] };
+  }
+  const targets = new Set();
+  const patterns = [
+    [
+      "GITHUB_ENV",
+      /(?:>>?|1>>?)\s*["']?(?:\$GITHUB_ENV|\$\{GITHUB_ENV}|%GITHUB_ENV%|\$env:GITHUB_ENV)["']?/i,
+    ],
+    [
+      "GITHUB_PATH",
+      /(?:>>?|1>>?)\s*["']?(?:\$GITHUB_PATH|\$\{GITHUB_PATH}|%GITHUB_PATH%|\$env:GITHUB_PATH)["']?/i,
+    ],
+    [
+      "GITHUB_OUTPUT",
+      /(?:>>?|1>>?)\s*["']?(?:\$GITHUB_OUTPUT|\$\{GITHUB_OUTPUT}|%GITHUB_OUTPUT%|\$env:GITHUB_OUTPUT)["']?/i,
+    ],
+  ];
+  patterns.forEach(([target, pattern]) => {
+    if (pattern.test(runValue)) {
+      targets.add(target);
+    }
+  });
+  if (/::set-output\b/i.test(runValue)) {
+    targets.add("GITHUB_OUTPUT");
+  }
+  return {
+    hasMutation: targets.size > 0,
+    targets: Array.from(targets),
+  };
+}
+
+function detectOutboundNetworkCommand(runValue) {
+  if (!runValue || typeof runValue !== "string") {
+    return { hasOutboundCommand: false, tools: [] };
+  }
+  const tools = [];
+  OUTBOUND_NETWORK_TOOLS.forEach(([name, pattern]) => {
+    if (pattern.test(runValue)) {
+      tools.push(name);
+    }
+  });
+  return {
+    hasOutboundCommand: tools.length > 0,
+    tools,
+  };
+}
+
+function collectSensitiveEnvBindings(effectiveEnv) {
+  const sensitiveRefs = [];
+  Object.entries(effectiveEnv || {}).forEach(([envName, envValue]) => {
+    if (isSensitiveEnvBinding(envName, envValue)) {
+      sensitiveRefs.push(`env:${envName}`);
+    }
+  });
+  return sensitiveRefs;
+}
+
+function isSensitiveEnvBinding(envName, envValue) {
+  if (!envName || typeof envName !== "string") {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (IMPLICIT_SENSITIVE_ENV_NAMES.includes(envName)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (SECRET_LIKE_ENV_NAME_PATTERN.test(envName)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (typeof envValue !== "string") {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return SENSITIVE_ENV_VALUE_PATTERN.test(envValue);
+}
+
+function detectSensitiveContextReferences(runValue, effectiveEnv) {
+  if (!runValue || typeof runValue !== "string") {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const sensitiveRefs = new Set();
+  Object.entries(effectiveEnv || {}).forEach(([envName, envValue]) => {
+    if (!isSensitiveEnvBinding(envName, envValue)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const envPattern = new RegExp(
+      `(?:\\$${envName}\\b|\\$\\{${envName}\\}|%${envName}%|\\$env:${envName}\\b|process\\.env\\.${envName}\\b|process\\.env\\[['"]${envName}['"]])`,
+      "i",
+    );
+    if (envPattern.test(runValue)) {
+      sensitiveRefs.add(`env:${envName}`);
+    }
+  });
+  const contextPatterns = [
+    ["context:github.token", /github\.token/i],
+    ["context:secrets", /secrets\.[A-Za-z0-9_]+/i],
+    [
+      "context:github-token-input",
+      /github-token|process\.env\.GITHUB_TOKEN|process\.env\[['"]GITHUB_TOKEN['"]]/i,
+    ],
+    [
+      "context:actions-id-token",
+      /ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_(?:TOKEN|URL)|id-token/i,
+    ],
+  ];
+  contextPatterns.forEach(([name, pattern]) => {
+    if (pattern.test(runValue)) {
+      sensitiveRefs.add(name);
+    }
+  });
+  return Array.from(sensitiveRefs);
+}
+
+function detectOutboundExfiltrationIndicators(runValue, sensitiveContextRefs) {
+  if (
+    !runValue ||
+    typeof runValue !== "string" ||
+    !Array.isArray(sensitiveContextRefs) ||
+    !sensitiveContextRefs.length
+  ) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const indicators = new Set();
+  if (
+    /(?:^|\s)(?:--header|-H)\s+[^\n]*(?:authorization|x-(?:api-key|auth-token|github-token)|private-token|token:)/i.test(
+      runValue,
+    ) &&
+    SHELL_VARIABLE_REFERENCE_PATTERN.test(runValue)
+  ) {
+    indicators.add("auth-header");
+  }
+  if (
+    /\b(?:--data(?:-raw|-binary|-urlencode)?|--body|--form|--upload-file|-InFile|-Body|-Form)\b|(?:^|\s)-[dFT]\b/i.test(
+      runValue,
+    )
+  ) {
+    indicators.add("request-payload");
+  }
+  if (
+    /(?:^|\s)(?:-X|--request)\s*(?:POST|PUT|PATCH)\b|\b-Method\s+(?:Post|Put|Patch)\b/i.test(
+      runValue,
+    )
+  ) {
+    indicators.add("state-changing-method");
+  }
+  if (
+    /\?[^\n"'\s]*(?:token|sig|signature|auth|secret|key)=/i.test(runValue) &&
+    SHELL_VARIABLE_REFERENCE_PATTERN.test(runValue)
+  ) {
+    indicators.add("query-parameter");
+  }
+  if (/\b(?:scp|rsync)\b/i.test(runValue)) {
+    indicators.add("file-transfer");
+  }
+  if (
+    /\b(?:nc|ncat|netcat)\b[^\n]*(?:<|<<)/i.test(runValue) ||
+    /\|\s*(?:nc|ncat|netcat)\b/i.test(runValue)
+  ) {
+    indicators.add("stream-transfer");
+  }
+  if (
+    /\b(?:base64|openssl\s+enc)\b[^\n|]*\|\s*(?:curl|wget|nc|ncat|netcat)\b/i.test(
+      runValue,
+    )
+  ) {
+    indicators.add("encoded-payload");
+  }
+  if (
+    sensitiveContextRefs.some(
+      (ref) =>
+        ref === "context:actions-id-token" ||
+        ref === "context:github.token" ||
+        ref.startsWith("context:secrets"),
+    )
+  ) {
+    indicators.add("platform-credential");
+  }
+  return Array.from(indicators);
+}
+
+function detectForkContextReferences(textValue) {
+  if (!textValue || typeof textValue !== "string") {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const refs = [];
+  FORK_CONTEXT_PATTERNS.forEach(([name, pattern]) => {
+    if (pattern.test(textValue)) {
+      refs.push(name);
+    }
+  });
+  return refs;
+}
+
+function addDispatchTarget(targets, prefix, value) {
+  if (!value || typeof value !== "string") {
+    return;
+  }
+  const normalizedValue = value.trim();
+  if (!normalizedValue) {
+    return;
+  }
+  targets.add(`${prefix}:${normalizedValue}`);
+}
+
+function normalizeDispatchTargetPrefix(key) {
+  if (!key) {
+    return "unknown";
+  }
+  if (["repository", "repo"].includes(key)) {
+    return "repo";
+  }
+  if (["workflow", "workflow_id"].includes(key)) {
+    return "workflow";
+  }
+  if (key === "event-type") {
+    return "event";
+  }
+  return key.replace(/_/g, "-");
+}
+
+function detectWorkflowDispatchInvocations(textValue) {
+  const kinds = new Set();
+  const mechanisms = new Set();
+  const targets = new Set();
+  if (!textValue || typeof textValue !== "string") {
+    return {
+      hasDispatch: false,
+      kinds: [],
+      mechanisms: [],
+      targets: [],
+      usesExplicitRepositoryTarget: false,
+    };
+  }
+  const ghWorkflowRunMatch = textValue.match(
+    /\bgh\s+workflow\s+run\s+([^\s"'`]+)/i,
+  );
+  if (ghWorkflowRunMatch) {
+    kinds.add("workflow_dispatch");
+    mechanisms.add("gh-workflow-run");
+    addDispatchTarget(targets, "workflow", ghWorkflowRunMatch[1]);
+  }
+  const ghRepoMatch = textValue.match(
+    /\b--repo\s+([A-Za-z0-9_.-]+\/[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+)/i,
+  );
+  if (ghRepoMatch) {
+    addDispatchTarget(targets, "repo", ghRepoMatch[1]);
+  }
+  for (const match of textValue.matchAll(
+    /\/repos\/([A-Za-z0-9_.-]+\/[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+)\/actions\/workflows\/([^/\s"'`]+)\/dispatches\b/gi,
+  )) {
+    kinds.add("workflow_dispatch");
+    mechanisms.add("github-api-workflow-dispatch");
+    addDispatchTarget(targets, "repo", match[1]);
+    addDispatchTarget(targets, "workflow", match[2]);
+  }
+  for (const match of textValue.matchAll(
+    /\/repos\/([A-Za-z0-9_.-]+\/[A-Za-z0-9_.-]+)\/dispatches\b/gi,
+  )) {
+    kinds.add("repository_dispatch");
+    mechanisms.add("github-api-repository-dispatch");
+    addDispatchTarget(targets, "repo", match[1]);
+  }
+  if (
+    /\b(?:github|octokit)\.rest\.actions\.createWorkflowDispatch\b/i.test(
+      textValue,
+    )
+  ) {
+    kinds.add("workflow_dispatch");
+    mechanisms.add("github-script-workflow-dispatch");
+  }
+  if (
+    /\b(?:github|octokit)\.rest\.repos\.createDispatchEvent\b/i.test(textValue)
+  ) {
+    kinds.add("repository_dispatch");
+    mechanisms.add("github-script-repository-dispatch");
+  }
+  if (
+    /\b(?:github|octokit)\.request\s*\(\s*["'`](?:POST\s+)?\/repos\/\{owner}\/\{repo}\/actions\/workflows\/\{workflow_id}\/dispatches/i.test(
+      textValue,
+    )
+  ) {
+    kinds.add("workflow_dispatch");
+    mechanisms.add("octokit-request-workflow-dispatch");
+  }
+  if (
+    /\b(?:github|octokit)\.request\s*\(\s*["'`](?:POST\s+)?\/repos\/\{owner}\/\{repo}\/dispatches/i.test(
+      textValue,
+    )
+  ) {
+    kinds.add("repository_dispatch");
+    mechanisms.add("octokit-request-repository-dispatch");
+  }
+  const ownerMatch = textValue.match(/\bowner\s*:\s*["'`]([^"'`]+)["'`]/i);
+  const repoMatch = textValue.match(/\brepo\s*:\s*["'`]([^"'`]+)["'`]/i);
+  const workflowMatch = textValue.match(
+    /\bworkflow(?:_id)?\s*:\s*["'`]([^"'`]+)["'`]/i,
+  );
+  const eventTypeMatch = textValue.match(
+    /\bevent_type\s*:\s*["'`]([^"'`]+)["'`]/i,
+  );
+  const refMatch = textValue.match(/\bref\s*:\s*["'`]([^"'`]+)["'`]/i);
+  if (ownerMatch && repoMatch) {
+    addDispatchTarget(targets, "repo", `${ownerMatch[1]}/${repoMatch[1]}`);
+  }
+  if (workflowMatch) {
+    addDispatchTarget(targets, "workflow", workflowMatch[1]);
+  }
+  if (eventTypeMatch) {
+    addDispatchTarget(targets, "event", eventTypeMatch[1]);
+  }
+  if (refMatch) {
+    addDispatchTarget(targets, "ref", refMatch[1]);
+  }
+  const targetList = Array.from(targets);
+  return {
+    hasDispatch: kinds.size > 0,
+    kinds: Array.from(kinds),
+    mechanisms: Array.from(mechanisms),
+    targets: targetList,
+    usesExplicitRepositoryTarget: targetList.some((target) =>
+      target.startsWith("repo:"),
+    ),
+  };
+}
+
+function analyzeDispatchActionStep(step) {
+  const props = [];
+  if (!step?.uses || typeof step.uses !== "string") {
+    return props;
+  }
+  const dispatchAction = KNOWN_DISPATCH_ACTIONS.find((candidate) =>
+    candidate.pattern.test(step.uses),
+  );
+  if (!dispatchAction) {
+    return props;
+  }
+  const targets = new Set();
+  dispatchAction.repoKeys.forEach((key) => {
+    addDispatchTarget(
+      targets,
+      normalizeDispatchTargetPrefix(key),
+      step.with?.[key],
+    );
+  });
+  dispatchAction.targetKeys.forEach((key) => {
+    addDispatchTarget(
+      targets,
+      normalizeDispatchTargetPrefix(key),
+      step.with?.[key],
+    );
+  });
+  props.push({ name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchesWorkflow", value: "true" });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchKinds",
+    value: dispatchAction.kind,
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchMechanisms",
+    value: dispatchAction.mechanism,
+  });
+  if (targets.size) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchTargets",
+      value: Array.from(targets).join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (Array.from(targets).some((target) => target.startsWith("repo:"))) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchUsesExplicitRepositoryTarget",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  return props;
+}
+
+function appendDispatchProperties(properties, dispatchInfo) {
+  if (!dispatchInfo?.hasDispatch) {
+    return;
+  }
+  properties.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchesWorkflow",
+    value: "true",
+  });
+  properties.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchKinds",
+    value: dispatchInfo.kinds.join(","),
+  });
+  properties.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchMechanisms",
+    value: dispatchInfo.mechanisms.join(","),
+  });
+  if (dispatchInfo.targets.length) {
+    properties.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchTargets",
+      value: dispatchInfo.targets.join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (dispatchInfo.usesExplicitRepositoryTarget) {
+    properties.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:step:dispatchUsesExplicitRepositoryTarget",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+function appendHiddenUnicodeProperties(properties, scan, prefix) {
+  if (!scan?.hasHiddenUnicode) {
+    return;
+  }
+  properties.push({
+    name: `${prefix}:hasHiddenUnicode`,
+    value: "true",
+  });
+  properties.push({
+    name: `${prefix}:hiddenUnicodeCodePoints`,
+    value: scan.codePoints.join(","),
+  });
+  properties.push({
+    name: `${prefix}:hiddenUnicodeLineNumbers`,
+    value: scan.lineNumbers.join(","),
+  });
+  if (scan.inComments) {
+    properties.push({
+      name: `${prefix}:hiddenUnicodeInComments`,
+      value: "true",
+    });
+    properties.push({
+      name: `${prefix}:hiddenUnicodeCommentCodePoints`,
+      value: scan.commentCodePoints.join(","),
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Classify a GitHub Actions version reference as `"sha"`, `"tag"`, or `"branch"`.
+ *
+ * @param {string|undefined} versionRef - The part after `@` in `uses: owner/action@ref`.
+ * @returns {"sha"|"tag"|"branch"|"unknown"} The pinning category.
+ */
+function getVersionPinningType(versionRef) {
+  if (!versionRef) {
+    return "unknown";
+  }
+  if (/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/.test(versionRef)) {
+    return "sha";
+  }
+  if (
+    versionRef === "main" ||
+    versionRef === "master" ||
+    versionRef.includes("/")
+  ) {
+    return "branch";
+  }
+  return "tag";
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalise the `on:` trigger value from a workflow YAML into a
+ * comma-separated string of trigger names.
+ *
+ * GitHub Actions supports three forms:
+ *  - string:  `on: push`
+ *  - array:   `on: [push, pull_request]`
+ *  - object:  `on: { push: { branches: [main] } }`
+ *
+ * @param {string|string[]|Object|undefined} triggers - Raw `on` value.
+ * @returns {string} Comma-separated trigger names, or empty string.
+ */
+function normalizeTriggers(triggers) {
+  if (!triggers) return "";
+  if (typeof triggers === "string") return triggers;
+  if (Array.isArray(triggers)) return triggers.join(",");
+  return Object.keys(triggers).join(",");
+}
+
+function extractWorkflowDispatchInputs(triggers) {
+  if (!triggers || typeof triggers !== "object") {
+    return [];
+  }
+  if (!triggers.workflow_dispatch?.inputs) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  return Object.keys(triggers.workflow_dispatch.inputs);
+}
+
+function extractRepositoryDispatchTypes(triggers) {
+  if (!triggers || typeof triggers !== "object") {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const repositoryDispatch = triggers.repository_dispatch;
+  if (!repositoryDispatch || typeof repositoryDispatch !== "object") {
+    return [];
+  }
+  if (!Array.isArray(repositoryDispatch.types)) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  return repositoryDispatch.types
+    .map((eventType) => String(eventType || "").trim())
+    .filter(Boolean);
+}
+
+function normalizeTriggerNames(triggers) {
+  const csv = normalizeTriggers(triggers);
+  if (!csv) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  return csv
+    .split(",")
+    .map((trigger) => trigger.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean);
+}
+
+function extractWorkflowCallMetadata(triggers) {
+  if (!triggers || typeof triggers !== "object") {
+    return { inputs: [], outputs: [], secrets: [] };
+  }
+  const workflowCall = triggers.workflow_call;
+  if (!workflowCall || typeof workflowCall !== "object") {
+    return { inputs: [], outputs: [], secrets: [] };
+  }
+  return {
+    inputs: Object.keys(workflowCall.inputs || {}),
+    outputs: Object.keys(workflowCall.outputs || {}),
+    secrets: Object.keys(workflowCall.secrets || {}),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine whether the given trigger value includes at least one high-risk
+ * trigger (`pull_request_target`, `issue_comment`, or `workflow_run`).
+ *
+ * @param {string|string[]|Object|undefined} triggers - Raw `on` value.
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+function hasHighRiskTrigger(triggers) {
+  const csv = normalizeTriggers(triggers);
+  if (!csv) return false;
+  return csv.split(",").some((t) => HIGH_RISK_TRIGGERS.includes(t.trim()));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build the set of common workflow-context properties that are duplicated
+ * onto every component (action or run-step) so that policy rules written
+ * against `components[…]` can evaluate workflow-level attributes without
+ * traversing the formulation tree.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} ctx
+ * @param {boolean} ctx.hasWritePermissions - Whether workflow OR job has write perms.
+ * @param {boolean} ctx.hasIdTokenWrite     - Whether `id-token: write` is granted.
+ * @param {string}  ctx.triggers            - Comma-separated trigger names.
+ * @param {boolean} ctx.isHighRisk          - Whether any trigger is high-risk.
+ * @param {string} concurrencyGroup         - Workflow concurrency group.
+ * @returns {Array<{name: string, value: string}>}
+ */
+function buildWorkflowContextProperties({
+  hasExplicitPermissionsBlock,
+  hasAnyExplicitPermissionsBlock,
+  hasWritePermissions,
+  hasIdTokenWrite,
+  triggers,
+  triggerNames,
+  isHighRisk,
+  concurrencyGroup,
+  writeScopes,
+  dispatchInputs,
+  repositoryDispatchTypes,
+  workflowReceiverAliases,
+  workflowCallMetadata,
+}) {
+  const props = [];
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:workflow:hasExplicitPermissionsBlock",
+    value: String(Boolean(hasExplicitPermissionsBlock)),
+  });
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:workflow:hasAnyExplicitPermissionsBlock",
+    value: String(Boolean(hasAnyExplicitPermissionsBlock)),
+  });
+  if (hasWritePermissions) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:hasWritePermissions",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  if (hasIdTokenWrite) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:hasIdTokenWrite",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  if (writeScopes?.length) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:writeScopes",
+      value: [...new Set(writeScopes)].join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (triggers) {
+    props.push({ name: "cdx:github:workflow:triggers", value: triggers });
+  }
+  const triggerSet = new Set(triggerNames || normalizeTriggerNames(triggers));
+  const triggerFlags = [
+    ["pull_request", "cdx:github:workflow:hasPullRequestTrigger"],
+    ["pull_request_target", "cdx:github:workflow:hasPullRequestTargetTrigger"],
+    ["issue_comment", "cdx:github:workflow:hasIssueCommentTrigger"],
+    ["repository_dispatch", "cdx:github:workflow:hasRepositoryDispatchTrigger"],
+    ["workflow_run", "cdx:github:workflow:hasWorkflowRunTrigger"],
+    ["workflow_dispatch", "cdx:github:workflow:hasWorkflowDispatchTrigger"],
+    ["workflow_call", "cdx:github:workflow:hasWorkflowCallTrigger"],
+  ];
+  triggerFlags.forEach(([triggerName, propName]) => {
+    if (triggerSet.has(triggerName)) {
+      props.push({ name: propName, value: "true" });
+    }
+  });
+  if (isHighRisk) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:hasHighRiskTrigger",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  if (concurrencyGroup) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:concurrencyGroup",
+      value: concurrencyGroup,
+    });
+  }
+  if (dispatchInputs?.length) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:hasWorkflowDispatchInputs",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:workflowDispatchInputs",
+      value: dispatchInputs.join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (repositoryDispatchTypes?.length) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:repositoryDispatchTypes",
+      value: repositoryDispatchTypes.join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (workflowReceiverAliases?.length) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:workflowDispatchReceiverAliases",
+      value: workflowReceiverAliases.join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (workflowCallMetadata?.inputs?.length) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:workflowCallInputs",
+      value: workflowCallMetadata.inputs.join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (workflowCallMetadata?.secrets?.length) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:workflowCallSecrets",
+      value: workflowCallMetadata.secrets.join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (workflowCallMetadata?.outputs?.length) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:workflowCallOutputs",
+      value: workflowCallMetadata.outputs.join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (
+    workflowCallMetadata?.inputs?.length ||
+    workflowCallMetadata?.secrets?.length ||
+    workflowCallMetadata?.outputs?.length
+  ) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:workflow:isWorkflowCallProducer",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  return props;
+}
+
+function buildJobContextProperties({
+  hasExplicitPermissionsBlock,
+  hasWritePermissions,
+  hasIdTokenWrite,
+  isSelfHosted,
+  writeScopes,
+  condition,
+}) {
+  const props = [];
+  props.push({
+    name: "cdx:github:job:hasExplicitPermissionsBlock",
+    value: String(Boolean(hasExplicitPermissionsBlock)),
+  });
+  if (hasWritePermissions) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:job:hasWritePermissions",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  if (hasIdTokenWrite) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:job:hasIdTokenWrite",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  if (isSelfHosted) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:job:isSelfHosted",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  if (writeScopes?.length) {
+    props.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:job:writeScopes",
+      value: [...new Set(writeScopes)].join(","),
+    });
+  }
+  if (condition) {
+    props.push({ name: "cdx:github:job:if", value: condition });
+  }
+  return props;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {string} filePath workflow file path
+ * @returns {string} workflow name derived from the file stem
+ */
+function deriveWorkflowNameFromPath(filePath) {
+  const pathImpl = filePath.includes("\\") ? path.win32 : path.posix;
+  return pathImpl.parse(pathImpl.basename(filePath)).name;
+}
+
+function deriveWorkflowReceiverAliases(filePath, workflowName) {
+  const aliases = new Set();
+  if (workflowName) {
+    aliases.add(String(workflowName).trim());
+  }
+  if (filePath) {
+    const normalizedPath = String(filePath).replace(/\\/g, "/");
+    const fileName = normalizedPath.split("/").pop() || normalizedPath;
+    const fileStem = fileName.replace(/\.ya?ml$/i, "");
+    aliases.add(fileName);
+    aliases.add(fileStem);
+    aliases.add(normalizedPath);
+  }
+  return Array.from(aliases)
+    .map((alias) => alias.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean);
+}
+
+function getPropertyValue(obj, propName) {
+  return obj?.properties?.find((property) => property.name === propName)?.value;
+}
+
+function upsertCsvProperty(properties, name, values) {
+  const normalizedValues = [...new Set((values || []).filter(Boolean))];
+  if (!normalizedValues.length) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const existingProperty = properties.find(
+    (property) => property.name === name,
+  );
+  if (!existingProperty) {
+    properties.push({ name, value: normalizedValues.join(",") });
+    return;
+  }
+  existingProperty.value = [
+    ...new Set([
+      ...String(existingProperty.value || "")
+        .split(",")
+        .map((value) => value.trim())
+        .filter(Boolean),
+      ...normalizedValues,
+    ]),
+  ].join(",");
+}
+
+function upsertBooleanProperty(properties, name) {
+  const existingProperty = properties.find(
+    (property) => property.name === name,
+  );
+  if (existingProperty) {
+    existingProperty.value = "true";
+    return;
+  }
+  properties.push({ name, value: "true" });
+}
+
+function parseDispatchTargets(value) {
+  return String(value || "")
+    .split(",")
+    .map((target) => target.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean)
+    .map((target) => {
+      const separatorIndex = target.indexOf(":");
+      if (separatorIndex === -1) {
+        return { type: "unknown", value: target };
+      }
+      return {
+        type: target.slice(0, separatorIndex),
+        value: target.slice(separatorIndex + 1),
+      };
+    });
+}
+
+function normalizeDispatchTargetValue(value) {
+  return String(value || "")
+    .trim()
+    .toLowerCase();
+}
+
+function buildLocalDispatchReceiverIndexes(workflows) {
+  const workflowDispatchAliasIndex = new Map();
+  const repositoryDispatchTypeIndex = new Map();
+  (workflows || []).forEach((workflow) => {
+    if (
+      getPropertyValue(
+        workflow,
+        "cdx:github:workflow:hasWorkflowDispatchTrigger",
+      ) === "true"
+    ) {
+      const aliases = String(
+        getPropertyValue(
+          workflow,
+          "cdx:github:workflow:workflowDispatchReceiverAliases",
+        ) || "",
+      )
+        .split(",")
+        .map((alias) => alias.trim())
+        .filter(Boolean);
+      aliases.forEach((alias) => {
+        const normalizedAlias = normalizeDispatchTargetValue(alias);
+        if (!workflowDispatchAliasIndex.has(normalizedAlias)) {
+          workflowDispatchAliasIndex.set(normalizedAlias, []);
+        }
+        workflowDispatchAliasIndex.get(normalizedAlias).push(workflow);
+      });
+    }
+    if (
+      getPropertyValue(
+        workflow,
+        "cdx:github:workflow:hasRepositoryDispatchTrigger",
+      ) === "true"
+    ) {
+      const eventTypes = String(
+        getPropertyValue(
+          workflow,
+          "cdx:github:workflow:repositoryDispatchTypes",
+        ) || "",
+      )
+        .split(",")
+        .map((eventType) => eventType.trim())
+        .filter(Boolean);
+      eventTypes.forEach((eventType) => {
+        const normalizedEventType = normalizeDispatchTargetValue(eventType);
+        if (!repositoryDispatchTypeIndex.has(normalizedEventType)) {
+          repositoryDispatchTypeIndex.set(normalizedEventType, []);
+        }
+        repositoryDispatchTypeIndex.get(normalizedEventType).push(workflow);
+      });
+    }
+  });
+  return {
+    repositoryDispatchTypeIndex,
+    workflowDispatchAliasIndex,
+  };
+}
+
+function enrichLocalDispatchRelationships(workflows, components) {
+  const { repositoryDispatchTypeIndex, workflowDispatchAliasIndex } =
+    buildLocalDispatchReceiverIndexes(workflows);
+  (components || []).forEach((component) => {
+    if (
+      getPropertyValue(component, "cdx:github:step:dispatchesWorkflow") !==
+      "true"
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const dispatchTargets = parseDispatchTargets(
+      getPropertyValue(component, "cdx:github:step:dispatchTargets"),
+    );
+    if (dispatchTargets.some((target) => target.type === "repo")) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const matchedWorkflows = [];
+    const matchBases = [];
+    dispatchTargets.forEach((target) => {
+      if (target.type === "workflow") {
+        const candidates =
+          workflowDispatchAliasIndex.get(
+            normalizeDispatchTargetValue(target.value),
+          ) || [];
+        if (candidates.length === 1) {
+          matchedWorkflows.push(candidates[0]);
+          matchBases.push(`workflow:${target.value}`);
+        }
+      }
+      if (target.type === "event") {
+        const candidates =
+          repositoryDispatchTypeIndex.get(
+            normalizeDispatchTargetValue(target.value),
+          ) || [];
+        if (candidates.length === 1) {
+          matchedWorkflows.push(candidates[0]);
+          matchBases.push(`repository_dispatch:${target.value}`);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    const uniqueMatchedWorkflows = [...new Set(matchedWorkflows)];
+    if (!uniqueMatchedWorkflows.length) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const receiverWorkflowFiles = uniqueMatchedWorkflows
+      .map((workflow) => getPropertyValue(workflow, "cdx:github:workflow:file"))
+      .filter(Boolean);
+    const receiverWorkflowNames = uniqueMatchedWorkflows
+      .map((workflow) => getPropertyValue(workflow, "cdx:github:workflow:name"))
+      .filter(Boolean);
+    upsertBooleanProperty(
+      component.properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:hasLocalDispatchReceiver",
+    );
+    upsertCsvProperty(
+      component.properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:dispatchReceiverWorkflowFiles",
+      receiverWorkflowFiles,
+    );
+    upsertCsvProperty(
+      component.properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:dispatchReceiverWorkflowNames",
+      receiverWorkflowNames,
+    );
+    upsertCsvProperty(
+      component.properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:dispatchReceiverMatchBasis",
+      matchBases,
+    );
+    upsertCsvProperty(
+      component.properties,
+      "cdx:github:step:dispatchReceiverConfidence",
+      ["high"],
+    );
+    uniqueMatchedWorkflows.forEach((workflow) => {
+      const senderWorkflowFile = getPropertyValue(
+        component,
+        "cdx:github:workflow:file",
+      );
+      const senderWorkflowName = getPropertyValue(
+        component,
+        "cdx:github:workflow:name",
+      );
+      upsertBooleanProperty(
+        workflow.properties,
+        "cdx:github:workflow:hasLocalDispatchSender",
+      );
+      upsertCsvProperty(
+        workflow.properties,
+        "cdx:github:workflow:dispatchSenderWorkflowFiles",
+        [senderWorkflowFile],
+      );
+      upsertCsvProperty(
+        workflow.properties,
+        "cdx:github:workflow:dispatchSenderWorkflowNames",
+        [senderWorkflowName],
+      );
+      upsertCsvProperty(
+        workflow.properties,
+        "cdx:github:workflow:dispatchSenderMatchBasis",
+        matchBases,
+      );
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function buildReusableWorkflowComponent(
+  job,
+  jobName,
+  filePath,
+  workflowName,
+  jobRunner,
+  jobContextProperties,
+  workflowContextProperties,
+  options,
+) {
+  const uses = job?.uses;
+  if (!uses || typeof uses !== "string") {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  let group;
+  let name = uses;
+  let purl;
+  let versionRef;
+  let versionPinningType = "unknown";
+  let isShaPinned = false;
+  const isExternal = !uses.startsWith("./");
+
+  if (isExternal) {
+    const tmpA = uses.split("@");
+    const workflowRef = tmpA[0];
+    versionRef = tmpA[1];
+    versionPinningType = getVersionPinningType(versionRef);
+    isShaPinned = versionPinningType === "sha";
+    if (workflowRef.includes("/.github/workflows/")) {
+      const [repoPath, workflowPath] = workflowRef.split("/.github/workflows/");
+      group = repoPath;
+      name = workflowPath;
+    } else {
+      const refParts = workflowRef.split("/");
+      name = refParts.pop() || workflowRef;
+      group = refParts.join("/");
+    }
+    if (versionRef) {
+      purl = build({
+        type: "github",
+        namespace: group || undefined || null,
+        name: name,
+        version: versionRef || null,
+      });
+    }
+  } else {
+    const pathImpl = uses.includes("\\") ? path.win32 : path.posix;
+    name = pathImpl.basename(uses);
+  }
+
+  const componentRef = purl || `github-workflow:${uses}`;
+  const properties = [
+    { name: "internal:SrcFile", value: filePath },
+    { name: "cdx:github:workflow:name", value: workflowName },
+    { name: "cdx:github:workflow:file", value: filePath },
+    { name: "cdx:github:job:name", value: jobName },
+    {
+      name: "cdx:github:job:runner",
+      value: normalizeRunnerValue(jobRunner),
+    },
+    { name: "cdx:github:reusableWorkflow:uses", value: uses },
+    {
+      name: "cdx:github:reusableWorkflow:isExternal",
+      value: String(isExternal),
+    },
+    {
+      name: "cdx:github:reusableWorkflow:versionPinningType",
+      value: versionPinningType,
+    },
+    {
+      name: "cdx:github:reusableWorkflow:isShaPinned",
+      value: String(isShaPinned),
+    },
+  ];
+  if (versionRef) {
+    properties.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:reusableWorkflow:ref",
+      value: versionRef,
+    });
+  }
+  if (job.secrets === "inherit") {
+    properties.push({
+      name: "cdx:github:reusableWorkflow:secretsInherit",
+      value: "true",
+    });
+  }
+  if (job.with && typeof job.with === "object") {
+    const withKeys = Object.keys(job.with);
+    if (withKeys.length) {
+      properties.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:reusableWorkflow:withKeys",
+        value: withKeys.join(","),
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  properties.push(...jobContextProperties);
+  properties.push(...workflowContextProperties);
+  const component = {
+    "bom-ref": componentRef,
+    type: "application",
+    group,
+    name,
+    version: versionRef,
+    purl,
+    properties,
+    scope: isExternal ? "required" : "excluded",
+    tags: ["reusable-workflow"],
+  };
+  if (options?.specVersion >= 1.7 && isExternal) {
+    component.isExternal = true;
+  }
+  return component;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a single GitHub Actions workflow file into workflow, component, and dependency data.
+ *
+ * @param {string} f Absolute path to a workflow YAML file
+ * @param {Object} options CLI options
+ * @returns {{ workflows: Object[], components: Object[], dependencies: Object[] }}
+ */
+
+export function parseWorkflowFile(f, options) {
+  const workflows = [];
+  const components = [];
+  const dependencies = [];
+
+  let raw;
+  try {
+    raw = readFileSync(f, { encoding: "utf-8" });
+  } catch (_e) {
+    return { workflows, components, dependencies };
+  }
+
+  let yamlObj;
+  const hiddenUnicodeScan = scanTextForHiddenUnicode(raw, { syntax: "yaml" });
+  try {
+    yamlObj = _load(raw);
+  } catch (_e) {
+    return { workflows, components, dependencies };
+  }
+
+  if (!yamlObj?.jobs) {
+    return { workflows, components, dependencies };
+  }
+  const workflowName = yamlObj.name || deriveWorkflowNameFromPath(f);
+  const workflowTriggers = yamlObj.on || yamlObj.true;
+  const workflowHasExplicitPermissionsBlock = Object.hasOwn(
+    yamlObj,
+    "permissions",
+  );
+  const workflowPermissions = workflowHasExplicitPermissionsBlock
+    ? yamlObj.permissions || {}
+    : {};
+  const workflowEnv = yamlObj.env || {};
+  const workflowHasWritePermissions = analyzePermissions(workflowPermissions);
+  const workflowWriteScopes = new Set(extractWriteScopes(workflowPermissions));
+  const workflowConcurrency = yamlObj.concurrency || {};
+  const workflowHasIdTokenWrite =
+    hasIdTokenWritePermission(workflowPermissions);
+  const triggers = normalizeTriggers(workflowTriggers);
+  const triggerNames = normalizeTriggerNames(workflowTriggers);
+  const isHighRisk = hasHighRiskTrigger(workflowTriggers);
+  const workflowDispatchInputs =
+    extractWorkflowDispatchInputs(workflowTriggers);
+  const repositoryDispatchTypes =
+    extractRepositoryDispatchTypes(workflowTriggers);
+  const workflowCallMetadata = extractWorkflowCallMetadata(workflowTriggers);
+  const workflowReceiverAliases = deriveWorkflowReceiverAliases(
+    f,
+    workflowName,
+  );
+
+  const workflowRef = uuidv4();
+  const tasks = [];
+  const workflowDependsOn = [];
+  let anyJobHasExplicitPermissionsBlock = false;
+  let anyJobHasWritePermissions = false;
+  let anyJobHasIdTokenWrite = false;
+
+  for (const jobName of Object.keys(yamlObj.jobs)) {
+    const job = yamlObj.jobs[jobName];
+    const jobRef = uuidv4();
+    const steps = [];
+    const jobDependsOn = [];
+
+    // Job needs (dependency links)
+    let jobNeeds = job.needs || [];
+    if (!Array.isArray(jobNeeds)) {
+      jobNeeds = [jobNeeds];
+    }
+
+    const jobRunner = job["runs-on"] || "unknown";
+    const jobEnvironment = job.environment?.name || job.environment || "";
+    const jobEnv = job.env || {};
+    const jobTimeout = job["timeout-minutes"] || null;
+    const jobHasExplicitPermissionsBlock = Object.hasOwn(job, "permissions");
+    const jobPermissions = jobHasExplicitPermissionsBlock
+      ? job.permissions || {}
+      : {};
+    const jobHasWritePermissions = analyzePermissions(jobPermissions);
+    const jobWriteScopes = extractWriteScopes(jobPermissions);
+    const jobHasIdTokenWrite = hasIdTokenWritePermission(jobPermissions);
+    const jobServices = job.services ? Object.keys(job.services) : [];
+    const jobIsSelfHosted = isSelfHostedRunner(jobRunner);
+    const effectiveWritePerms =
+      workflowHasWritePermissions || jobHasWritePermissions;
+    const effectiveIdTokenWrite = workflowHasIdTokenWrite || jobHasIdTokenWrite;
+    const effectiveWriteScopes = [
+      ...workflowWriteScopes,
+      ...jobWriteScopes,
+    ].filter(Boolean);
+    anyJobHasExplicitPermissionsBlock ||= jobHasExplicitPermissionsBlock;
+    anyJobHasWritePermissions ||= jobHasWritePermissions;
+    anyJobHasIdTokenWrite ||= jobHasIdTokenWrite;
+    jobWriteScopes.forEach((scope) => {
+      workflowWriteScopes.add(scope);
+    });
+
+    // Shared workflow-context properties for this job's components
+    const sharedCtxProps = buildWorkflowContextProperties({
+      hasExplicitPermissionsBlock: workflowHasExplicitPermissionsBlock,
+      hasAnyExplicitPermissionsBlock:
+        workflowHasExplicitPermissionsBlock || jobHasExplicitPermissionsBlock,
+      hasWritePermissions: effectiveWritePerms,
+      hasIdTokenWrite: effectiveIdTokenWrite,
+      triggers,
+      triggerNames,
+      isHighRisk,
+      writeScopes: effectiveWriteScopes,
+      dispatchInputs: workflowDispatchInputs,
+      repositoryDispatchTypes,
+      workflowReceiverAliases,
+      workflowCallMetadata,
+    });
+    const sharedJobCtxProps = buildJobContextProperties({
+      hasExplicitPermissionsBlock: jobHasExplicitPermissionsBlock,
+      hasWritePermissions: jobHasWritePermissions,
+      hasIdTokenWrite: jobHasIdTokenWrite,
+      isSelfHosted: jobIsSelfHosted,
+      writeScopes: jobWriteScopes,
+      condition: job.if,
+    });
+
+    const jobProperties = [
+      { name: "cdx:github:job:name", value: jobName },
+      {
+        name: "cdx:github:job:runner",
+        value: normalizeRunnerValue(jobRunner),
+      },
+    ];
+    if (jobEnvironment) {
+      jobProperties.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:job:environment",
+        value: jobEnvironment,
+      });
+    }
+    if (jobTimeout) {
+      jobProperties.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:job:timeoutMinutes",
+        value: jobTimeout.toString(),
+      });
+    }
+    if (jobServices.length) {
+      jobProperties.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:job:services",
+        value: jobServices.join(","),
+      });
+    }
+    if (jobNeeds.length) {
+      jobProperties.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:job:needs",
+        value: jobNeeds.join(","),
+      });
+    }
+    if (job.uses) {
+      jobProperties.push({ name: "cdx:github:job:uses", value: job.uses });
+      jobProperties.push({
+        name: "cdx:github:job:isReusableWorkflowCall",
+        value: "true",
+      });
+    }
+    jobProperties.push(...sharedJobCtxProps);
+    jobProperties.push(...sharedCtxProps);
+
+    const reusableWorkflowComponent = buildReusableWorkflowComponent(
+      job,
+      jobName,
+      f,
+      workflowName,
+      jobRunner,
+      sharedJobCtxProps,
+      sharedCtxProps,
+      options,
+    );
+    if (reusableWorkflowComponent) {
+      components.push(reusableWorkflowComponent);
+      jobDependsOn.push(reusableWorkflowComponent["bom-ref"]);
+      steps.push({
+        name: job.uses,
+        commands: [{ executed: job.uses }],
+      });
+    }
+
+    for (const step of job.steps || []) {
+      const stepName = step.name || step.uses || "unnamed step";
+      const commands = [];
+      let actionProperties = [];
+      const effectiveEnv = { ...workflowEnv, ...jobEnv, ...(step.env || {}) };
+      if (step.uses) {
+        commands.push({ executed: step.uses });
+        // Collect action references as components
+        const tmpA = step.uses.split("@");
+        if (tmpA.length === 2) {
+          const groupName = tmpA[0];
+          const tagOrCommit = tmpA[1];
+          const versionPinningType = getVersionPinningType(tagOrCommit);
+          const isShaPinned = versionPinningType === "sha";
+
+          const tmpB = groupName.split("/");
+          const name = tmpB.length >= 2 ? tmpB.pop() : tmpB[0];
+          const group = tmpB.join("/");
+          const purl = build({
+            type: "github",
+            namespace: group || undefined || null,
+            name: name,
+            version: tagOrCommit || null,
+          });
+
+          actionProperties = [
+            ...actionProperties,
+            { name: "internal:SrcFile", value: f },
+            { name: "cdx:github:workflow:name", value: workflowName },
+            { name: "cdx:github:workflow:file", value: f },
+            { name: "cdx:github:job:name", value: jobName },
+            {
+              name: "cdx:github:job:runner",
+              value: normalizeRunnerValue(jobRunner),
+            },
+            { name: "cdx:github:action:uses", value: step.uses },
+            {
+              name: "cdx:github:action:versionPinningType",
+              value: versionPinningType,
+            },
+            {
+              name: "cdx:github:action:isShaPinned",
+              value: isShaPinned.toString(),
+            },
+          ];
+          if (step.name) {
+            actionProperties.push({
+              name: "cdx:github:step:name",
+              value: step.name,
+            });
+          }
+          if (step.if) {
+            actionProperties.push({
+              name: "cdx:github:step:condition",
+              value: step.if,
+            });
+            actionProperties.push({
+              name: "cdx:github:step:if",
+              value: step.if,
+            });
+          }
+          if (step["continue-on-error"]) {
+            actionProperties.push({
+              name: "cdx:github:step:continueOnError",
+              value: "true",
+            });
+          }
+          if (step.timeout) {
+            actionProperties.push({
+              name: "cdx:github:step:timeout",
+              value: step.timeout.toString(),
+            });
+          }
+          const isOfficial =
+            group?.startsWith("github/") || group === "actions";
+          const isVerified = group?.startsWith("github/");
+          actionProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:actions:isOfficial",
+            value: String(isOfficial),
+          });
+          actionProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:actions:isVerified",
+            value: String(isVerified),
+          });
+          actionProperties.push(...analyzeCheckoutStep(step));
+          actionProperties.push(...analyzeCacheStep(step));
+          actionProperties.push(...analyzeCargoActionStep(step));
+          actionProperties.push(...analyzeSetupActionCacheStep(step));
+          actionProperties.push(...analyzeDispatchActionStep(step));
+          if (
+            step.uses?.includes("actions/github-script") &&
+            typeof step.with?.script === "string"
+          ) {
+            const scriptDispatchInfo = detectWorkflowDispatchInvocations(
+              step.with.script,
+            );
+            appendDispatchProperties(actionProperties, scriptDispatchInfo);
+            const githubScriptSensitiveRefs = [
+              ...detectSensitiveContextReferences(
+                step.with.script,
+                effectiveEnv,
+              ),
+              ...collectSensitiveEnvBindings(effectiveEnv),
+            ];
+            if (step.with["github-token"]) {
+              githubScriptSensitiveRefs.push("input:github-token");
+            }
+            if (githubScriptSensitiveRefs.length) {
+              actionProperties.push({
+                name: "cdx:github:step:referencesSensitiveContext",
+                value: "true",
+              });
+              actionProperties.push({
+                name: "cdx:github:step:sensitiveContextRefs",
+                value: [...new Set(githubScriptSensitiveRefs)].join(","),
+              });
+            }
+            const forkContextRefs = detectForkContextReferences(
+              step.with.script,
+            );
+            if (forkContextRefs.length) {
+              actionProperties.push({
+                name: "cdx:github:step:referencesForkContext",
+                value: "true",
+              });
+              actionProperties.push({
+                name: "cdx:github:step:forkContextRefs",
+                value: [...new Set(forkContextRefs)].join(","),
+              });
+            }
+          }
+          appendSensitiveOperationProperties(actionProperties);
+          actionProperties.push(...sharedJobCtxProps);
+          actionProperties.push(...sharedCtxProps);
+          const evidence = {
+            identity: [
+              {
+                field: "purl",
+                confidence: 0.5,
+                methods: [
+                  {
+                    technique: "source-code-analysis",
+                    confidence: 0.5,
+                    value: f,
+                  },
+                ],
+              },
+            ],
+          };
+          const acomp = {
+            "bom-ref": purl,
+            type: "application",
+            group,
+            name,
+            version: tagOrCommit,
+            purl,
+            properties: actionProperties,
+            scope: "required",
+            evidence,
+          };
+          if (options?.specVersion >= 1.7) {
+            acomp.isExternal = true;
+          }
+          components.push(acomp);
+          jobDependsOn.push(purl);
+        }
+      } else {
+        const normalizedRun = normalizeRunValue(step.run);
+        if (normalizedRun === undefined) {
+          steps.push({
+            name: stepName,
+          });
+          continue;
+        }
+        commands.push({ executed: normalizedRun.trim().split("\n")[0] });
+        const stepRef = `${jobRef}-step-${steps.length + 1}`;
+        const runProperties = [
+          { name: "internal:SrcFile", value: f },
+          { name: "cdx:github:workflow:name", value: workflowName },
+          { name: "cdx:github:workflow:file", value: f },
+          { name: "cdx:github:job:name", value: jobName },
+          { name: "cdx:github:step:type", value: "run" },
+          {
+            name: "cdx:github:step:command",
+            value: normalizedRun.trim().split("\n")[0],
+          },
+        ];
+        if (step.if) {
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:condition",
+            value: step.if,
+          });
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:if",
+            value: step.if,
+          });
+        }
+        if (step["continue-on-error"]) {
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:continueOnError",
+            value: "true",
+          });
+        }
+        runProperties.push(...sharedJobCtxProps);
+        runProperties.push(...sharedCtxProps);
+
+        const { hasInterpolation, vars } =
+          detectUntrustedInterpolation(normalizedRun);
+        runProperties.push(...analyzeCargoRunStep(normalizedRun));
+        if (hasInterpolation) {
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:hasUntrustedInterpolation",
+            value: "true",
+          });
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:interpolatedVars",
+            value: vars.join(","),
+          });
+        }
+        const { hasMutation, targets } =
+          detectRunnerStateMutation(normalizedRun);
+        if (hasMutation) {
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:mutatesRunnerState",
+            value: "true",
+          });
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:runnerStateTargets",
+            value: targets.join(","),
+          });
+        }
+        const { hasOutboundCommand, tools } =
+          detectOutboundNetworkCommand(normalizedRun);
+        if (hasOutboundCommand) {
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:hasOutboundNetworkCommand",
+            value: "true",
+          });
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:outboundNetworkTools",
+            value: tools.join(","),
+          });
+        }
+        const sensitiveContextRefs = detectSensitiveContextReferences(
+          normalizedRun,
+          effectiveEnv,
+        );
+        const dispatchInfo = detectWorkflowDispatchInvocations(normalizedRun);
+        if (dispatchInfo.hasDispatch) {
+          collectSensitiveEnvBindings(effectiveEnv).forEach((ref) => {
+            sensitiveContextRefs.push(ref);
+          });
+        }
+        if (sensitiveContextRefs.length) {
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:referencesSensitiveContext",
+            value: "true",
+          });
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:sensitiveContextRefs",
+            value: sensitiveContextRefs.join(","),
+          });
+        }
+        appendDispatchProperties(runProperties, dispatchInfo);
+        const forkContextRefs = detectForkContextReferences(normalizedRun);
+        if (forkContextRefs.length) {
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:referencesForkContext",
+            value: "true",
+          });
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:forkContextRefs",
+            value: [...new Set(forkContextRefs)].join(","),
+          });
+        }
+        const exfiltrationIndicators = hasOutboundCommand
+          ? detectOutboundExfiltrationIndicators(
+              normalizedRun,
+              sensitiveContextRefs,
+            )
+          : [];
+        if (exfiltrationIndicators.length) {
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:likelyExfiltration",
+            value: "true",
+          });
+          runProperties.push({
+            name: "cdx:github:step:exfiltrationIndicators",
+            value: exfiltrationIndicators.join(","),
+          });
+        }
+        runProperties.push(...analyzeLegacyPublishStep(step, effectiveEnv));
+        appendSensitiveOperationProperties(runProperties);
+        components.push({
+          "bom-ref": stepRef,
+          purl: undefined,
+          scope: "excluded",
+          type: "application",
+          name: stepName,
+          properties: runProperties,
+          tags: ["workflow-step"],
+        });
+
+        jobDependsOn.push(stepRef);
+      }
+
+      steps.push({
+        name: stepName,
+        commands: commands.length ? commands : undefined,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const task = {
+      "bom-ref": jobRef,
+      uid: jobRef,
+      name: jobName,
+      taskTypes: ["build"],
+      steps: disambiguateSteps(steps),
+      properties: jobProperties,
+    };
+
+    tasks.push(task);
+    workflowDependsOn.push(jobRef);
+
+    // Wire job→action dependencies
+    if (jobDependsOn.length) {
+      dependencies.push({ ref: jobRef, dependsOn: jobDependsOn });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Build workflow-level properties using the same helpers
+  const workflowProperties = [
+    { name: "cdx:github:workflow:file", value: f },
+    { name: "cdx:github:workflow:name", value: workflowName },
+    ...buildWorkflowContextProperties({
+      hasExplicitPermissionsBlock: workflowHasExplicitPermissionsBlock,
+      hasAnyExplicitPermissionsBlock:
+        workflowHasExplicitPermissionsBlock ||
+        anyJobHasExplicitPermissionsBlock,
+      hasWritePermissions:
+        workflowHasWritePermissions || anyJobHasWritePermissions,
+      hasIdTokenWrite: workflowHasIdTokenWrite || anyJobHasIdTokenWrite,
+      triggers,
+      triggerNames,
+      isHighRisk,
+      concurrencyGroup: workflowConcurrency?.group,
+      writeScopes: Array.from(workflowWriteScopes),
+      dispatchInputs: workflowDispatchInputs,
+      repositoryDispatchTypes,
+      workflowReceiverAliases,
+      workflowCallMetadata,
+    }),
+  ];
+  appendHiddenUnicodeProperties(
+    workflowProperties,
+    hiddenUnicodeScan,
+    "cdx:github:workflow",
+  );
+  const workflow = {
+    "bom-ref": workflowRef,
+    uid: workflowRef,
+    name: workflowName,
+    taskTypes: ["build"],
+    tasks: tasks.length ? tasks : undefined,
+    properties: workflowProperties,
+  };
+
+  workflows.push(workflow);
+
+  if (workflowDependsOn.length) {
+    dependencies.push({ ref: workflowRef, dependsOn: workflowDependsOn });
+  }
+
+  return { workflows, components, dependencies };
+}
+
+/**
+ * GitHub Actions formulation parser.
+ *
+ * Matches `.github/workflows/*.yml` and `*.yaml` files and converts them into
+ * CycloneDX formulation workflow objects, with referenced actions as components.
+ *
+ * Parser contract: `parse(files, options)` returns
+ * `{ workflows, components, services, properties, dependencies }`.
+ */
+export const githubActionsParser = {
+  id: "github-actions",
+  patterns: [".github/workflows/*.{yml,yaml}"],
+
+  /**
+   * @param {string[]} files Matched workflow file paths
+   * @param {Object} options CLI options
+   * @returns {{ workflows: Object[], components: Object[], services: Object[], properties: Object[], dependencies: Object[] }}
+   */
+  parse(files, options) {
+    const workflows = [];
+    const components = [];
+    const dependencies = [];
+
+    for (const f of files) {
+      const result = parseWorkflowFile(f, options);
+      workflows.push(...result.workflows);
+      components.push(...result.components);
+      dependencies.push(...result.dependencies);
+    }
+    enrichLocalDispatchRelationships(workflows, components);
+    return {
+      workflows,
+      components,
+      services: [],
+      properties: [],
+      dependencies,
+    };
+  },
+};