@bsv/sdk 1.9.3 → 1.9.4

package/docs/tutorials/elliptic-curve-fundamentals.md

@@ -1,606 +0,0 @@
-# Elliptic Curve Fundamentals: Numbers & Points
-
-**Duration**: 90 minutes  
-**Prerequisites**: Basic TypeScript knowledge, basic mathematical understanding
-
-## Learning Goals
-
-By the end of this tutorial, you will:
-
-- Understand the mathematical foundations of elliptic curves used in Bitcoin
-- Work with BigNumber for handling large integers in cryptographic operations
-- Manipulate elliptic curve points using the SDK
-- Implement point addition and scalar multiplication
-- Understand the relationship between private keys, public keys, and curve points
-- Apply elliptic curve operations in practical Bitcoin scenarios
-
-## Introduction to Elliptic Curve Mathematics
-
-Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) forms the foundation of Bitcoin's security model. Bitcoin uses the secp256k1 elliptic curve, which provides the mathematical basis for:
-
-- **Digital signatures** (ECDSA) for transaction authorization
-- **Key derivation** for generating Bitcoin addresses
-- **Key exchange** (ECDH) for secure communication
-- **Point multiplication** for public key generation
-
-This tutorial explores these mathematical concepts and shows how to work with them using the BSV TypeScript SDK.
-
-## Setting Up Your Environment
-
-First, let's import the necessary classes from the SDK:
-
-```typescript
-import { BigNumber, Curve, PrivateKey, PublicKey, Random } from '@bsv/sdk'
-```
-
-## Working with Big Numbers
-
-### The Need for BigNumber
-
-In JavaScript and TypeScript, natural numbers are limited to 53 bits of precision (approximately 15-16 decimal digits). However, cryptographic operations in Bitcoin require 256-bit numbers, which are far larger than JavaScript can natively handle.
-
-The SDK's `BigNumber` class provides this capability:
-
-```typescript
-// JavaScript's limitation
-const maxSafeInteger = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
-console.log('Max safe integer:', maxSafeInteger)
-// 9007199254740991 (about 9 quadrillion)
-
-// Bitcoin private keys are 256-bit numbers (much larger!)
-const bitcoinPrivateKey = new BigNumber(Random(32))
-console.log('Bitcoin private key:', bitcoinPrivateKey.toHex())
-// Example: fd026136e9803295655bb342553ab8ad3260bd5e1a73ca86a7a92de81d9cee78
-```
-
-### Creating and Manipulating BigNumbers
-
-```typescript
-// Creating BigNumbers from different sources
-const bn1 = new BigNumber(7)
-const bn2 = new BigNumber(4)
-const bn3 = new BigNumber('123456789012345678901234567890')
-const bn4 = new BigNumber(Random(32)) // 32 random bytes (256 bits)
-
-// Basic arithmetic operations
-const sum = bn1.add(bn2)
-const difference = bn1.sub(bn2)
-const product = bn1.mul(bn2)
-const quotient = bn1.div(bn2)
-const remainder = bn1.mod(bn2)
-
-console.log('7 + 4 =', sum.toNumber())     // 11
-console.log('7 - 4 =', difference.toNumber()) // 3
-console.log('7 * 4 =', product.toNumber())    // 28
-console.log('7 / 4 =', quotient.toNumber())   // 1 (integer division)
-console.log('7 % 4 =', remainder.toNumber())  // 3
-```
-
-### BigNumber Formats and Conversions
-
-```typescript
-// Generate a random 256-bit number (like a Bitcoin private key)
-const randomBigNum = new BigNumber(Random(32))
-
-// Convert to different formats
-console.log('Hex format:', randomBigNum.toHex())
-console.log('Byte array:', randomBigNum.toArray())
-console.log('Binary array:', randomBigNum.toBitArray())
-
-// Working with multiplication (important for key derivation)
-const multiplier = new BigNumber(65536) // 2^16
-const multiplied = randomBigNum.muln(65536)
-
-console.log('Original:', randomBigNum.toHex())
-console.log('Multiplied by 65536:', multiplied.toHex())
-// Notice the result has 4 extra zeros (2 bytes) at the end
-```
-
-## Understanding Elliptic Curves
-
-### The secp256k1 Curve
-
-Bitcoin uses the secp256k1 elliptic curve, which has the mathematical form:
-
-```
-y² = x³ + 7 (mod p)
-```
-
-Where `p` is a very large prime number. This curve has special properties that make it suitable for cryptography.
-
-### Working with the Curve Class
-
-```typescript
-// Create an instance of the secp256k1 curve
-const curve = new Curve()
-
-// Get the generator point (G) - the standard starting point for all operations
-const G = curve.g
-
-console.log('Generator point G:', G.toString())
-// Example output: 0279be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798
-```
-
-The generator point G is a predefined point on the curve that serves as the foundation for all cryptographic operations.
-
-## Working with Points on the Curve
-
-### Creating Points from Private Keys
-
-The fundamental operation in elliptic curve cryptography is multiplying the generator point by a private key to get a public key:
-
-```typescript
-// Generate a random private key (256-bit number)
-const privateKey = new BigNumber(Random(32))
-
-// Multiply the generator point by the private key to get the public key point
-const publicKeyPoint = G.mul(privateKey)
-
-console.log('Private key:', privateKey.toHex())
-console.log('Public key point:', publicKeyPoint.toString())
-
-// This demonstrates the one-way nature of elliptic curve operations:
-// - Easy: privateKey * G = publicKeyPoint (point multiplication)
-// - Hard: publicKeyPoint / G = privateKey (point "division" - computationally infeasible)
-```
-
-### Point Addition
-
-Points on an elliptic curve can be added together using special geometric rules:
-
-```typescript
-// Create two different key pairs
-const privateKey1 = new BigNumber(Random(32))
-const privateKey2 = new BigNumber(Random(32))
-
-const publicPoint1 = G.mul(privateKey1)
-const publicPoint2 = G.mul(privateKey2)
-
-// Add the two public key points together
-const addedPoints = publicPoint1.add(publicPoint2)
-
-console.log('Point 1:', publicPoint1.toString())
-console.log('Point 2:', publicPoint2.toString())
-console.log('Point 1 + Point 2:', addedPoints.toString())
-
-// Point addition is commutative: P1 + P2 = P2 + P1
-const addedReverse = publicPoint2.add(publicPoint1)
-console.log('Points are equal:', addedPoints.toString() === addedReverse.toString())
-```
-
-### Point Multiplication
-
-Point multiplication is the core operation that makes ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman) work:
-
-```typescript
-// Demonstrate the mathematical property that makes ECDH secure
-const alicePrivate = new BigNumber(Random(32))
-const bobPrivate = new BigNumber(Random(32))
-
-// Each person generates their public key
-const alicePublic = G.mul(alicePrivate)
-const bobPublic = G.mul(bobPrivate)
-
-// Alice can compute a shared secret using Bob's public key and her private key
-const aliceSharedSecret = bobPublic.mul(alicePrivate)
-
-// Bob can compute the same shared secret using Alice's public key and his private key
-const bobSharedSecret = alicePublic.mul(bobPrivate)
-
-// The secrets are identical because:
-// Alice: (Bob_private * G) * Alice_private = Bob_private * Alice_private * G
-// Bob: (Alice_private * G) * Bob_private = Alice_private * Bob_private * G
-console.log('Shared secrets match:', aliceSharedSecret.toString() === bobSharedSecret.toString())
-console.log('Shared secret:', aliceSharedSecret.toString())
-```
-
-## Working with SDK Key Classes
-
-### PrivateKey and PublicKey Classes
-
-The SDK provides higher-level wrappers around BigNumber and Point for easier key management:
-
-```typescript
-// Generate a private key using the SDK's PrivateKey class
-const privateKey = PrivateKey.fromRandom()
-
-// Get the corresponding public key
-const publicKey = privateKey.toPublicKey()
-
-// Access the underlying mathematical objects - using available methods
-const privateKeyHex = privateKey.toString() // This gives the hex representation
-const publicKeyHex = publicKey.toString()   // This gives the hex representation
-
-console.log('Private key (hex):', privateKeyHex)
-console.log('Public key (hex):', publicKeyHex)
-
-// We can create BigNumber from the hex string
-const privateBigNumber = new BigNumber(privateKeyHex, 16)
-
-// Verify the mathematical relationship using curve operations
-const curve = new Curve()
-const computedPublicPoint = curve.g.mul(privateBigNumber)
-
-// Compare with the public key (we'll compare hex representations)
-console.log('Manual computation point:', computedPublicPoint.toString())
-console.log('SDK public key matches manual computation')
-```
-
-### Key Formats and Serialization
-
-```typescript
-const privateKey = PrivateKey.fromRandom()
-const publicKey = privateKey.toPublicKey()
-
-// Private key formats
-console.log('Private key WIF:', privateKey.toWif())
-console.log('Private key hex:', privateKey.toString())
-
-// Public key formats
-console.log('Public key hex (compressed):', publicKey.toString())
-console.log('Public key DER:', publicKey.toDER())
-
-// We can work with the hex representations
-const privateHex = privateKey.toString()
-const publicHex = publicKey.toString()
-
-console.log('Private key length:', privateHex.length / 2, 'bytes')
-console.log('Public key length (compressed):', publicHex.length / 2, 'bytes')
-```
-
-## Practical Applications
-
-### Manual Key Pair Generation
-
-Let's create a complete example that manually generates a key pair and verifies the mathematical relationships:
-
-```typescript
-import { BigNumber, Curve, PrivateKey, Random } from '@bsv/sdk'
-
-function generateKeyPairManually() {
-  // Step 1: Generate a random 256-bit private key
-  const privateKeyBytes = Random(32)
-  const privateKeyBigNum = new BigNumber(privateKeyBytes)
-  
-  // Step 2: Get the secp256k1 curve and generator point
-  const curve = new Curve()
-  const generatorPoint = curve.g
-  
-  // Step 3: Multiply generator point by private key to get public key point
-  const publicKeyPoint = generatorPoint.mul(privateKeyBigNum)
-  
-  // Step 4: Create SDK objects for easier handling
-  const privateKey = new PrivateKey(privateKeyBigNum.toArray())
-  const publicKey = privateKey.toPublicKey()
-  
-  // Step 5: Compare our manual calculation with the SDK
-  console.log('Private key:', privateKey.toString())
-  console.log('Public key:', publicKey.toString())
-  console.log('Manual point calculation:', publicKeyPoint.toString())
-  console.log('Manual calculation completed successfully')
-  
-  return { privateKey, publicKey, privateKeyBigNum, publicKeyPoint }
-}
-
-// Run the example
-const keyPair = generateKeyPairManually()
-```
-
-### Demonstrating ECDH Key Exchange
-
-```typescript
-function demonstrateECDH() {
-  console.log('\n=== ECDH Key Exchange Demonstration ===')
-  
-  // Alice generates her key pair
-  const alicePrivate = PrivateKey.fromRandom()
-  const alicePublic = alicePrivate.toPublicKey()
-  
-  // Bob generates his key pair
-  const bobPrivate = PrivateKey.fromRandom()
-  const bobPublic = bobPrivate.toPublicKey()
-  
-  console.log('Alice public key:', alicePublic.toString())
-  console.log('Bob public key:', bobPublic.toString())
-  
-  // Alice computes shared secret using Bob's public key
-  const aliceSharedSecret = alicePrivate.deriveSharedSecret(bobPublic)
-  
-  // Bob computes shared secret using Alice's public key
-  const bobSharedSecret = bobPrivate.deriveSharedSecret(alicePublic)
-  
-  // Verify the secrets match
-  const secretsMatch = aliceSharedSecret.toString() === bobSharedSecret.toString()
-  
-  console.log('Alice shared secret:', aliceSharedSecret.toString())
-  console.log('Bob shared secret:', bobSharedSecret.toString())
-  console.log('Shared secrets match:', secretsMatch)
-  
-  // Manual verification using low-level operations
-  const alicePrivateHex = alicePrivate.toString()
-  const bobPrivateHex = bobPrivate.toString()
-  const alicePrivateBN = new BigNumber(alicePrivateHex, 16)
-  const bobPrivateBN = new BigNumber(bobPrivateHex, 16)
-  
-  // Create points from public keys manually
-  const curve = new Curve()
-  const alicePoint = curve.g.mul(alicePrivateBN)
-  const bobPoint = curve.g.mul(bobPrivateBN)
-  
-  const manualAliceSecret = bobPoint.mul(alicePrivateBN)
-  const manualBobSecret = alicePoint.mul(bobPrivateBN)
-  
-  console.log('Manual calculation also matches:', 
-    manualAliceSecret.toString() === manualBobSecret.toString())
-}
-
-// Run the ECDH demonstration
-demonstrateECDH()
-```
-
-### Point Arithmetic Examples
-
-```typescript
-function explorePointArithmetic() {
-  console.log('\n=== Point Arithmetic Examples ===')
-  
-  const curve = new Curve()
-  const G = curve.g
-  
-  // Create some example private keys
-  const k1 = new BigNumber(7)
-  const k2 = new BigNumber(11)
-  const k3 = new BigNumber(13)
-  
-  // Generate corresponding public key points
-  const P1 = G.mul(k1)  // 7 * G
-  const P2 = G.mul(k2)  // 11 * G
-  const P3 = G.mul(k3)  // 13 * G
-  
-  console.log('P1 (7*G):', P1.toString())
-  console.log('P2 (11*G):', P2.toString())
-  console.log('P3 (13*G):', P3.toString())
-  
-  // Demonstrate point addition
-  const P1_plus_P2 = P1.add(P2)  // Should equal 18*G
-  const eighteen_G = G.mul(new BigNumber(18))
-  
-  console.log('P1 + P2:', P1_plus_P2.toString())
-  console.log('18*G:', eighteen_G.toString())
-  console.log('P1 + P2 = 18*G:', P1_plus_P2.toString() === eighteen_G.toString())
-  
-  // Demonstrate scalar multiplication
-  const double_P1 = P1.mul(new BigNumber(2))  // Should equal 14*G
-  const fourteen_G = G.mul(new BigNumber(14))
-  
-  console.log('2*P1:', double_P1.toString())
-  console.log('14*G:', fourteen_G.toString())
-  console.log('2*P1 = 14*G:', double_P1.toString() === fourteen_G.toString())
-}
-
-// Run the point arithmetic examples
-explorePointArithmetic()
-```
-
-## Advanced Concepts
-
-### Understanding Point Compression
-
-Bitcoin public keys can be represented in compressed or uncompressed format:
-
-```typescript
-function demonstratePointCompression() {
-  console.log('\n=== Point Compression ===')
-  
-  const privateKey = PrivateKey.fromRandom()
-  const publicKey = privateKey.toPublicKey()
-  
-  // Get the public key in different formats
-  const publicKeyHex = publicKey.toString()
-  const publicKeyDER = publicKey.toDER()
-  
-  console.log('Public key:', publicKeyHex)
-  console.log('Public key DER bytes:', publicKeyDER.length)
-  
-  // We can work with the hex representation to understand compression
-  // Bitcoin public keys in compressed format are 33 bytes (66 hex chars)
-  const compressedLength = publicKeyHex.length / 2
-  console.log('Compressed key length:', compressedLength, 'bytes')
-  
-  // The first byte indicates compression (02 or 03 for compressed)
-  const compressionByte = publicKeyHex.substring(0, 2)
-  console.log('Compression byte:', compressionByte)
-  console.log('Is compressed:', compressionByte === '02' || compressionByte === '03')
-}
-
-demonstratePointCompression()
-```
-
-### Working with Large Numbers in Practice
-
-```typescript
-function practicalBigNumberUsage() {
-  console.log('\n=== Practical BigNumber Usage ===')
-  
-  // Bitcoin's maximum supply (21 million BTC in satoshis)
-  const maxBitcoinSupply = new BigNumber('2100000000000000')
-  console.log('Max Bitcoin supply (satoshis):', maxBitcoinSupply.toString())
-  
-  // A typical transaction amount (100 satoshis, as used in tutorials)
-  const txAmount = new BigNumber(100)
-  
-  // Calculate how many such transactions could theoretically exist
-  const maxTransactions = maxBitcoinSupply.div(txAmount)
-  console.log('Max 100-satoshi transactions:', maxTransactions.toString())
-  
-  // Work with very large numbers for cryptographic operations
-  const largeNumber = new BigNumber(Random(32))
-  const veryLargeNumber = largeNumber.mul(largeNumber)
-  
-  console.log('Large number:', largeNumber.toHex())
-  console.log('Very large number (squared):', veryLargeNumber.toHex())
-  
-  // Demonstrate modular arithmetic (important for elliptic curves)
-  const modulus = new BigNumber('115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494337')
-  const reduced = veryLargeNumber.mod(modulus)
-  
-  console.log('Reduced modulo curve order:', reduced.toHex())
-}
-
-practicalBigNumberUsage()
-```
-
-## Security Considerations
-
-### Random Number Generation
-
-```typescript
-function secureRandomGeneration() {
-  console.log('\n=== Secure Random Number Generation ===')
-  
-  // Always use cryptographically secure random number generation
-  const securePrivateKey = PrivateKey.fromRandom()
-  
-  // Never use predictable sources for private keys
-  // BAD: const badPrivateKey = new PrivateKey(new BigNumber(12345))
-  
-  console.log('Secure private key:', securePrivateKey.toString())
-  
-  // Verify the key is in the valid range (1 to n-1, where n is the curve order)
-  const privateHex = securePrivateKey.toString()
-  const privateBN = new BigNumber(privateHex, 16)
-  const curveOrder = new BigNumber('115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494337')
-  
-  const isValid = privateBN.gt(new BigNumber(0)) && privateBN.lt(curveOrder)
-  console.log('Private key is in valid range:', isValid)
-}
-
-secureRandomGeneration()
-```
-
-### Key Validation
-
-```typescript
-function validateKeys() {
-  console.log('\n=== Key Validation ===')
-  
-  try {
-    // Generate a valid key pair
-    const privateKey = PrivateKey.fromRandom()
-    const publicKey = privateKey.toPublicKey()
-    
-    // Verify the public key format
-    const publicKeyHex = publicKey.toString()
-    console.log('Public key:', publicKeyHex)
-    
-    // We can manually verify the key is properly formatted
-    const isValidFormat = (publicKeyHex.length === 66) && 
-                         (publicKeyHex.startsWith('02') || publicKeyHex.startsWith('03'))
-    console.log('Public key has valid compressed format:', isValidFormat)
-    
-    // For full curve validation, we'd need to extract coordinates and verify y² = x³ + 7
-    // The SDK handles this validation internally
-    console.log('Key validation completed successfully')
-    
-  } catch (error: any) {
-    console.error('Key validation error:', error.message)
-  }
-}
-
-validateKeys()
-```
-
-## Common Patterns and Best Practices
-
-### 1. Always Use SDK Classes for Production Code
-
-```typescript
-// Good: Use SDK classes for safety and convenience
-const privateKey = PrivateKey.fromRandom()
-const publicKey = privateKey.toPublicKey()
-
-// Advanced: Only use low-level classes when necessary
-const curve = new Curve()
-const privateHex = privateKey.toString()
-const privateBN = new BigNumber(privateHex, 16)
-const point = curve.g.mul(privateBN)
-```
-
-### 2. Proper Error Handling
-
-```typescript
-function safeKeyOperations() {
-  try {
-    const privateKey = PrivateKey.fromRandom()
-    const publicKey = privateKey.toPublicKey()
-    
-    // Always validate inputs when working with external data
-    if (!privateKey || !publicKey) {
-      throw new Error('Failed to generate valid key pair')
-    }
-    
-    console.log('Generated valid key pair successfully')
-    console.log('Private key:', privateKey.toString())
-    console.log('Public key:', publicKey.toString())
-    
-    return { privateKey, publicKey }
-  } catch (error: any) {
-    console.error('Key generation failed:', error.message)
-    throw error
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### 3. Memory Management for Large Numbers
-
-```typescript
-function efficientBigNumberUsage() {
-  // Reuse BigNumber instances when possible
-  const baseNumber = new BigNumber(Random(32))
-  
-  // Chain operations efficiently
-  const result = baseNumber
-    .mul(new BigNumber(2))
-    .add(new BigNumber(1))
-    .mod(new BigNumber('115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494337'))
-  
-  return result
-}
-```
-
-## Summary
-
-In this tutorial, you've learned:
-
-1. **BigNumber Fundamentals**: How to work with large integers required for cryptographic operations
-2. **Elliptic Curve Basics**: Understanding the secp256k1 curve used in Bitcoin
-3. **Point Operations**: Addition, multiplication, and their cryptographic significance
-4. **Key Relationships**: How private keys generate public keys through point multiplication
-5. **ECDH Implementation**: Creating shared secrets using elliptic curve mathematics
-6. **Security Practices**: Proper random number generation and key validation
-7. **SDK Integration**: Using high-level classes while understanding the underlying mathematics
-
-### Key Takeaways
-
-- **One-way Function**: Private key → Public key is easy, reverse is computationally infeasible
-- **Point Multiplication**: The foundation of all elliptic curve cryptography
-- **ECDH Property**: (a × G) × b = (b × G) × a enables secure key exchange
-- **SDK Safety**: Use `PrivateKey` and `PublicKey` classes for production code
-- **Validation**: Always validate cryptographic inputs and handle errors properly
-
-### Next Steps
-
-Now that you understand elliptic curve fundamentals, you can explore:
-
-- **[ECDH Key Exchange](./ecdh-key-exchange.md)**: Implementing secure communication protocols
-- **[Signature Concepts](../concepts/signatures.md)**: Creating and verifying ECDSA signatures
-- **[Key Management](./key-management.md)**: Generating multiple keys from a master key
-
-The mathematical concepts you've learned here form the foundation for all advanced cryptographic operations in Bitcoin applications.
-
-Understanding of `WalletClient` usage (for practical applications)
-While the `WalletClient` abstracts these operations for convenience, understanding the underlying mathematics helps you make informed decisions about security and implementation.
-
-## Integration with `WalletClient`
-
-For production applications, the `WalletClient` provides secure key management: