@babylonjs/lite 1.9.0 → 1.10.0

package/lib/material/pbr/background-dds-skybox.js

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { F32, U16, I32, U8 } from '../../engine/typed-arrays.js';
+import { U16, F32, I32, U8 } from '../../engine/typed-arrays.js';
 import { BU, TU } from '../../engine/gpu-flags.js';
 import { getOrCreateSampler } from '../../resource/gpu-pool.js';
 import { createMappedBuffer, createUniformBuffer } from '../../resource/gpu-buffers.js';
@@ -14,142 +14,81 @@ const SKY_DDS_UNIFORM_SIZE = 96;
 const DEFAULT_SKY_URL = "https://assets.babylonjs.com/core/environments/backgroundSkybox.dds";
 function createSkyboxBuffers(engine, S) {
   const positions = new F32([
-    S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
     -S,
     -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
     -S,
     S,
-    S,
     -S,
-    S,
     -S,
     -S,
     S,
     -S,
     S,
     S,
-    S,
-    S,
     -S,
-    S,
-    S,
     -S,
     -S,
     S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
     S,
     -S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    S,
     S,
     -S,
     S,
     S,
     S,
     S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
     S
   ]);
   const indices = new U16([
+    6,
+    4,
+    5,
+    7,
+    6,
+    5,
+    0,
     2,
+    3,
     1,
     0,
     3,
+    5,
+    1,
+    3,
+    7,
+    5,
+    3,
+    0,
+    4,
+    6,
     2,
     0,
     6,
-    5,
-    4,
+    3,
+    2,
+    6,
     7,
+    3,
     6,
+    0,
+    1,
+    5,
     4,
-    10,
-    9,
-    8,
-    11,
-    10,
-    8,
-    14,
-    13,
-    12,
-    15,
-    14,
-    12,
-    18,
-    17,
-    16,
-    19,
-    18,
-    16,
-    22,
-    21,
-    20,
-    23,
-    22,
-    20
+    0,
+    5
   ]);
   return {
     posBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, positions, BU.VERTEX),
-    idxBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, indices, BU.INDEX),
-    idxCount: 36
+    idxBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, indices, BU.INDEX)
   };
 }
-function buildSkyboxWorldMatrix(rootPosition) {
-  const world = new F32(16);
-  world[0] = 1;
-  world[5] = 1;
-  world[10] = 1;
-  world[15] = 1;
-  world[12] = rootPosition[0];
-  world[13] = rootPosition[1];
-  world[14] = rootPosition[2];
-  return world;
-}
 async function buildDdsSkyboxRenderable(scene, skyHalfSize, rootPosition, primaryColor, skyboxTextureUrl, enableNoise = true) {
   const engine = scene.surface.engine;
-  const skyboxWorld = buildSkyboxWorldMatrix(rootPosition);
   const skyBufs = createSkyboxBuffers(engine, skyHalfSize);
   const { cubeView, sampler } = await loadDdsCube(engine, skyboxTextureUrl ?? DEFAULT_SKY_URL);
   const fragCode = SCENE_UBO_WGSL + (enableNoise ? WGSL_DITHER : WGSL_NO_DITHER) + ddsSkyboxFragSrc;
   const mat = createCubemapSkyboxMaterial(enableNoise ? "skybox-dds" : "skybox-dds0", SCENE_UBO_WGSL + ddsSkyboxVertSrc, fragCode);
-  const ubo = createDdsMeshUBO(engine, skyboxWorld, primaryColor, scene.imageProcessing.exposure, scene.imageProcessing.contrast);
+  const ubo = createDdsMeshUBO(engine, rootPosition, primaryColor, scene.imageProcessing.exposure, scene.imageProcessing.contrast);
   const bindGroup = mat.createBindGroup(engine, ubo, cubeView, sampler);
   const r = {
     order: 0,
@@ -162,7 +101,7 @@ async function buildDdsSkyboxRenderable(scene, skyHalfSize, rootPosition, primar
           pass.setBindGroup(1, bindGroup);
           pass.setVertexBuffer(0, skyBufs.posBuffer);
           pass.setIndexBuffer(skyBufs.idxBuffer, "uint16");
-          pass.drawIndexed(skyBufs.idxCount);
+          pass.drawIndexed(36);
           return 1;
         }
       };
@@ -170,9 +109,12 @@ async function buildDdsSkyboxRenderable(scene, skyHalfSize, rootPosition, primar
   };
   return r;
 }
-function createDdsMeshUBO(engine, world, primaryColor, exposureLinear, contrast) {
+function createDdsMeshUBO(engine, rootPosition, primaryColor, exposureLinear, contrast) {
   const data = new F32(SKY_DDS_UNIFORM_SIZE / 4);
-  data.set(world, 0);
+  data[0] = data[5] = data[10] = data[15] = 1;
+  data[12] = rootPosition[0];
+  data[13] = rootPosition[1];
+  data[14] = rootPosition[2];
   data[16] = primaryColor[0];
   data[17] = primaryColor[1];
   data[18] = primaryColor[2];

package/lib/material/pbr/background-dds-skybox.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"background-dds-skybox.js","sources":["../../../../shaders/skybox-dds.vertex.wgsl?raw","../../../../shaders/skybox-dds.fragment.wgsl?raw","../../../../src/material/pbr/background-dds-skybox.ts"],"sourcesContent":["export default \"// DDS Skybox Vertex Shader — standard world transform.\\n// positionUVW uses local position for cube direction lookup.\\n\\nstruct MeshUniforms {\\n  world: mat4x4<f32>,\\n};\\n\\n@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> mesh: MeshUniforms;\\n\\nstruct VertexOutput {\\n  @builtin(position) clipPos: vec4<f32>,\\n  @location(0) positionUVW: vec3<f32>,\\n  @location(1) positionW: vec3<f32>,\\n};\\n\\n@vertex\\nfn main(@location(0) position: vec3<f32>) -> VertexOutput {\\n  var output: VertexOutput;\\n  output.positionUVW = position;\\n  let worldPos = (mesh.world * vec4<f32>(position, 1.0)).xyz;\\n  output.positionW = worldPos;\\n  output.clipPos = scene.viewProjection * vec4<f32>(worldPos, 1.0);\\n  return output;\\n}\\n\"","export default \"// DDS Cube Skybox Fragment Shader — samples DDS cube texture with BJS image processing.\\n// Used by scenes that load backgroundSkybox.dds (createDefaultEnvironment).\\n// Pipeline: exposure → Reinhard tonemap → gamma → contrast → dither.\\n\\nstruct MeshUniforms {\\n  world: mat4x4<f32>,\\n  primaryColor: vec3<f32>,\\n  exposureLinear: f32,\\n  contrast: f32,\\n  _pad1: f32,\\n  _pad2: f32,\\n  _pad3: f32,\\n};\\n\\n@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> mesh: MeshUniforms;\\n@group(1) @binding(1) var envCubemap: texture_cube<f32>;\\n@group(1) @binding(2) var envSampler: sampler;\\n\\nstruct FragmentInput {\\n  @location(0) positionUVW: vec3<f32>,\\n  @location(1) positionW: vec3<f32>,\\n};\\n\\n@fragment\\nfn main(input: FragmentInput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {\\n  let dir = normalize(input.positionUVW);\\n  var color = textureSampleLevel(envCubemap, envSampler, dir, 0.0).rgb;\\n\\n  // BJS BackgroundMaterial: colorBase = reflectionColor.rgb * primaryColor.rgb\\n  color *= mesh.primaryColor;\\n\\n  if (scene.vImageInfos.w >= 0.0) {\\n    // Exposure\\n    color *= mesh.exposureLinear;\\n    // Reinhard tonemap (matches BJS toneMappingType 0)\\n    color = 1.0 - exp2(-1.590579 * color);\\n    // Gamma\\n    color = pow(color, vec3<f32>(1.0 / 2.2));\\n    color = saturate(color);\\n\\n    // Contrast\\n    let highContrast = color * color * (3.0 - 2.0 * color);\\n    color = mix(color, highContrast, mesh.contrast - 1.0);\\n\\n    // Dithering (enableNoise=true, variance=0.5)\\n    color = color + vec3<f32>(dither(input.positionW.xy, 0.5));\\n    color = max(color, vec3<f32>(0.0));\\n  }\\n\\n  return vec4<f32>(color, 1.0);\\n}\\n\"","/** DDS cube skybox — lazy-loaded only when skyboxUrl ends with .dds.\n *  Loads backgroundSkybox.dds and renders it with BJS image processing. */\n\nimport { F32, I32, U16, U8 } from \"../../engine/typed-arrays.js\";\nimport { TU, BU } from \"../../engine/gpu-flags.js\";\nimport type { SceneContext } from \"../../scene/scene.js\";\nimport type { EngineContext } from \"../../engine/engine.js\";\nimport type { Renderable } from \"../../render/renderable.js\";\nimport { getOrCreateSampler } from \"../../resource/gpu-pool.js\";\nimport { createMappedBuffer, createUniformBuffer } from \"../../resource/gpu-buffers.js\";\nimport { WGSL_DITHER, WGSL_NO_DITHER } from \"../../shader/wgsl-helpers.js\";\nimport { SCENE_UBO_WGSL } from \"../../shader/scene-uniforms.js\";\nimport { createCubemapSkyboxMaterial } from \"./cubemap-skybox-material.js\";\nimport ddsSkyboxVertSrc from \"../../../shaders/skybox-dds.vertex.wgsl?raw\";\nimport ddsSkyboxFragSrc from \"../../../shaders/skybox-dds.fragment.wgsl?raw\";\n\nconst SKY_DDS_UNIFORM_SIZE = 96;\nconst DEFAULT_SKY_URL = \"https://assets.babylonjs.com/core/environments/backgroundSkybox.dds\";\n\nfunction createSkyboxBuffers(engine: EngineContext, S: number): { posBuffer: GPUBuffer; idxBuffer: GPUBuffer; idxCount: number } {\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const positions = new F32([\n     S,-S, S, -S,-S, S, -S, S, S,  S, S, S,\n     S, S,-S, -S, S,-S, -S,-S,-S,  S,-S,-S,\n     S, S,-S,  S,-S,-S,  S,-S, S,  S, S, S,\n    -S, S, S, -S,-S, S, -S,-S,-S, -S, S,-S,\n    -S, S, S, -S, S,-S,  S, S,-S,  S, S, S,\n     S,-S, S,  S,-S,-S, -S,-S,-S, -S,-S, S,\n  ]);\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const indices = new U16([\n     2, 1, 0,  3, 2, 0,   6, 5, 4,  7, 6, 4,\n    10, 9, 8, 11,10, 8,  14,13,12, 15,14,12,\n    18,17,16, 19,18,16,  22,21,20, 23,22,20,\n  ]);\n    return {\n        posBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, positions, BU.VERTEX),\n        idxBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, indices, BU.INDEX),\n        idxCount: 36,\n    };\n}\n\nfunction buildSkyboxWorldMatrix(rootPosition: [number, number, number]): Float32Array {\n    const world = new F32(16);\n    world[0] = 1;\n    world[5] = 1;\n    world[10] = 1;\n    world[15] = 1;\n    world[12] = rootPosition[0];\n    world[13] = rootPosition[1];\n    world[14] = rootPosition[2];\n    return world;\n}\n\n/** Build a DDS cube skybox as a complete Renderable (order 0). */\nexport async function buildDdsSkyboxRenderable(\n    scene: SceneContext,\n    skyHalfSize: number,\n    rootPosition: [number, number, number],\n    primaryColor: [number, number, number],\n    skyboxTextureUrl?: string,\n    enableNoise = true\n): Promise<Renderable> {\n    const engine = scene.surface.engine;\n\n    const skyboxWorld = buildSkyboxWorldMatrix(rootPosition);\n\n    const skyBufs = createSkyboxBuffers(engine, skyHalfSize);\n    const { cubeView, sampler } = await loadDdsCube(engine, skyboxTextureUrl ?? DEFAULT_SKY_URL);\n\n    const fragCode = SCENE_UBO_WGSL + (enableNoise ? WGSL_DITHER : WGSL_NO_DITHER) + ddsSkyboxFragSrc;\n    const mat = createCubemapSkyboxMaterial(enableNoise ? \"skybox-dds\" : \"skybox-dds0\", SCENE_UBO_WGSL + ddsSkyboxVertSrc, fragCode);\n    const ubo = createDdsMeshUBO(engine, skyboxWorld, primaryColor, scene.imageProcessing.exposure, scene.imageProcessing.contrast);\n    const bindGroup = mat.createBindGroup(engine, ubo, cubeView, sampler);\n\n    const r: Renderable = {\n        order: 0,\n        isTransparent: false,\n        bind(eng, sig) {\n            return {\n                renderable: r,\n                pipeline: mat.getPipeline(eng as EngineContext, sig),\n                draw(pass) {\n                    pass.setBindGroup(1, bindGroup);\n                    pass.setVertexBuffer(0, skyBufs.posBuffer);\n                    pass.setIndexBuffer(skyBufs.idxBuffer, \"uint16\");\n                    pass.drawIndexed(skyBufs.idxCount);\n                    return 1;\n                },\n            };\n        },\n    };\n    return r;\n}\n\n// ─── DDS Skybox UBO ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\nfunction createDdsMeshUBO(engine: EngineContext, world: Float32Array, primaryColor: [number, number, number], exposureLinear: number, contrast: number): GPUBuffer {\n    const data = new F32(SKY_DDS_UNIFORM_SIZE / 4);\n    data.set(world, 0);\n    data[16] = primaryColor[0];\n    data[17] = primaryColor[1];\n    data[18] = primaryColor[2];\n    data[19] = exposureLinear;\n    data[20] = contrast;\n    return createUniformBuffer(engine, data);\n}\n\n// ─── DDS Cube Texture Loader ─────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\n/** Load a DDS cube texture (rgba16float) and return a cube texture view + sampler.\n *  Uploads only mip 0 from the DDS file and generates remaining mipmaps on the\n *  GPU so that cube face edges blend seamlessly — matching BJS's behaviour. */\nasync function loadDdsCube(engine: EngineContext, url: string): Promise<{ cubeView: GPUTextureView; sampler: GPUSampler }> {\n    const device = engine._device;\n    const buf = await (await fetch(url)).arrayBuffer();\n    const header = new I32(buf, 0, 32);\n    const width = header[3]!;\n    const height = header[4]!;\n    const mipCount = Math.max(header[7]!, 1);\n\n    // DDS pixel format offset 76..107 — for rgba16float, FourCC = 'DX10'\n    // DDS_HEADER_DX10 at byte 128: dxgiFormat, resourceDimension, miscFlag, arraySize, etc.\n    // For cube: miscFlag has RESOURCE_MISC_TEXTURECUBE (0x4), arraySize = 1 (6 faces in data)\n    const dataOffset = header[21] === 0x30315844 /* 'DX10' */ ? 128 + 20 : 128;\n    const raw = new U8(buf, dataOffset);\n\n    const fmt: GPUTextureFormat = \"rgba16float\";\n    const tex = device.createTexture({\n        size: [width, height, 6],\n        format: fmt,\n        mipLevelCount: mipCount,\n        usage: TU.TEXTURE_BINDING | TU.COPY_DST | TU.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,\n        dimension: \"2d\",\n    });\n\n    // Upload all mip levels for each face from the DDS (face-major layout).\n    // Even though the skybox shader samples mip 0 explicitly, uploading all\n    // mips avoids the need for GPU-side mipmap generation.\n    let offset = 0;\n    for (let face = 0; face < 6; face++) {\n        for (let m = 0; m < mipCount; m++) {\n            const s = Math.max(width >> m, 1);\n            device.queue.writeTexture(\n                { texture: tex, origin: { x: 0, y: 0, z: face }, mipLevel: m },\n                raw.buffer,\n                { offset: raw.byteOffset + offset, bytesPerRow: s * 8 },\n                { width: s, height: s }\n            );\n            offset += s * s * 8;\n        }\n    }\n\n    const cubeView = tex.createView({ dimension: \"cube\" });\n    const sampler = getOrCreateSampler(engine, {\n        magFilter: \"linear\",\n        minFilter: \"linear\",\n        mipmapFilter: \"linear\",\n        addressModeU: \"clamp-to-edge\",\n        addressModeV: \"clamp-to-edge\",\n        addressModeW: \"clamp-to-edge\",\n        maxAnisotropy: 4,\n    });\n\n    return { cubeView, sampler 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DEFAULT_SKY_URL);\n\n    const fragCode = SCENE_UBO_WGSL + (enableNoise ? WGSL_DITHER : WGSL_NO_DITHER) + ddsSkyboxFragSrc;\n    const mat = createCubemapSkyboxMaterial(enableNoise ? \"skybox-dds\" : \"skybox-dds0\", SCENE_UBO_WGSL + ddsSkyboxVertSrc, fragCode);\n    const ubo = createDdsMeshUBO(engine, rootPosition, primaryColor, scene.imageProcessing.exposure, scene.imageProcessing.contrast);\n    const bindGroup = mat.createBindGroup(engine, ubo, cubeView, sampler);\n\n    const r: Renderable = {\n        order: 0,\n        isTransparent: false,\n        bind(eng, sig) {\n            return {\n                renderable: r,\n                pipeline: mat.getPipeline(eng as EngineContext, sig),\n                draw(pass) {\n                    pass.setBindGroup(1, bindGroup);\n                    pass.setVertexBuffer(0, skyBufs.posBuffer);\n                    pass.setIndexBuffer(skyBufs.idxBuffer, \"uint16\");\n                    pass.drawIndexed(36);\n                    return 1;\n                },\n            };\n        },\n    };\n    return r;\n}\n\n// ─── DDS Skybox UBO ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\nfunction createDdsMeshUBO(\n    engine: EngineContext,\n    rootPosition: [number, number, number],\n    primaryColor: [number, number, number],\n    exposureLinear: number,\n    contrast: number\n): GPUBuffer {\n    const data = new F32(SKY_DDS_UNIFORM_SIZE / 4);\n    data[0] = data[5] = data[10] = data[15] = 1;\n    data[12] = rootPosition[0];\n    data[13] = rootPosition[1];\n    data[14] = rootPosition[2];\n    data[16] = primaryColor[0];\n    data[17] = primaryColor[1];\n    data[18] = primaryColor[2];\n    data[19] = exposureLinear;\n    data[20] = contrast;\n    return createUniformBuffer(engine, data);\n}\n\n// ─── DDS Cube Texture Loader ─────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\n/** Load a DDS cube texture (rgba16float) and return a cube texture view + sampler.\n *  Uploads only mip 0 from the DDS file and generates remaining mipmaps on the\n *  GPU so that cube face edges blend seamlessly — matching BJS's behaviour. */\nasync function loadDdsCube(engine: EngineContext, url: string): Promise<{ cubeView: GPUTextureView; sampler: GPUSampler }> {\n    const device = engine._device;\n    const buf = await (await fetch(url)).arrayBuffer();\n    const header = new I32(buf, 0, 32);\n    const width = header[3]!;\n    const height = header[4]!;\n    const mipCount = Math.max(header[7]!, 1);\n\n    // DDS pixel format offset 76..107 — for rgba16float, FourCC = 'DX10'\n    // DDS_HEADER_DX10 at byte 128: dxgiFormat, resourceDimension, miscFlag, arraySize, etc.\n    // For cube: miscFlag has RESOURCE_MISC_TEXTURECUBE (0x4), arraySize = 1 (6 faces in data)\n    const dataOffset = header[21] === 0x30315844 /* 'DX10' */ ? 128 + 20 : 128;\n    const raw = new U8(buf, dataOffset);\n\n    const fmt: GPUTextureFormat = \"rgba16float\";\n    const tex = device.createTexture({\n        size: [width, height, 6],\n        format: fmt,\n        mipLevelCount: mipCount,\n        usage: TU.TEXTURE_BINDING | TU.COPY_DST | TU.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,\n        dimension: \"2d\",\n    });\n\n    // Upload all mip levels for each face from the DDS (face-major layout).\n    // Even though the skybox shader samples mip 0 explicitly, uploading all\n    // mips avoids the need for GPU-side mipmap generation.\n    let offset = 0;\n    for (let face = 0; face < 6; face++) {\n        for (let m = 0; m < mipCount; m++) {\n            const s = Math.max(width >> m, 1);\n            device.queue.writeTexture(\n                { texture: tex, origin: { x: 0, y: 0, z: face }, mipLevel: m },\n                raw.buffer,\n                { offset: raw.byteOffset + offset, bytesPerRow: s * 8 },\n                { width: s, height: s }\n            );\n            offset += s * s * 8;\n        }\n    }\n\n    const cubeView = tex.createView({ dimension: \"cube\" });\n    const sampler = getOrCreateSampler(engine, {\n        magFilter: \"linear\",\n        minFilter: \"linear\",\n        mipmapFilter: \"linear\",\n        addressModeU: \"clamp-to-edge\",\n        addressModeV: \"clamp-to-edge\",\n        addressModeW: \"clamp-to-edge\",\n        maxAnisotropy: 4,\n    });\n\n    return { cubeView, sampler 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package/lib/material/pbr/background-ground.js

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { F32, U16, U8 } from '../../engine/typed-arrays.js';
+import { U16, F32, U8 } from '../../engine/typed-arrays.js';
 import { BU, TU, SS } from '../../engine/gpu-flags.js';
 import { getBilinearSampler } from '../../resource/samplers.js';
 import { createMappedBuffer, createUniformBuffer } from '../../resource/gpu-buffers.js';
@@ -33,19 +33,8 @@ const BG_MESH_UNIFORM_SIZE = 96;
 async function buildGroundRenderable(engine, groundSize, rootPosition, primaryColor, groundTextureUrl, groundImagePromise, enableNoise = true) {
   const fragCode = SCENE_UBO_WGSL + WGSL_IMAGE_PROCESSING + (enableNoise ? WGSL_DITHER : WGSL_NO_DITHER) + groundFragSrc;
   const gndMat = createGroundMaterial(enableNoise, fragCode);
-  const eps = 2220446049250313e-31;
-  const groundWorld = new F32(16);
-  groundWorld[0] = 1;
-  groundWorld[5] = eps;
-  groundWorld[6] = -1;
-  groundWorld[9] = 1;
-  groundWorld[10] = eps;
-  groundWorld[12] = rootPosition[0];
-  groundWorld[13] = rootPosition[1];
-  groundWorld[14] = rootPosition[2];
-  groundWorld[15] = 1;
   const gndBufs = createGroundBuffers(engine, groundSize);
-  const gndUBO = createBgMeshUBO(engine, groundWorld, primaryColor);
+  const gndUBO = createBgMeshUBO(engine, rootPosition, primaryColor);
   const groundTex = await loadGroundTexture(engine, groundTextureUrl, groundImagePromise);
   const groundTexView = groundTex.createView();
   const groundSamp = getBilinearSampler(engine);
@@ -64,7 +53,7 @@ async function buildGroundRenderable(engine, groundSize, rootPosition, primaryCo
           pass.setVertexBuffer(1, gndBufs.normBuffer);
           pass.setVertexBuffer(2, gndBufs.uvBuffer);
           pass.setIndexBuffer(gndBufs.idxBuffer, "uint16");
-          pass.drawIndexed(gndBufs.idxCount);
+          pass.drawIndexed(6);
           return 1;
         }
       };
@@ -201,13 +190,19 @@ function createGroundBuffers(engine, groundSize) {
     posBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, positions, BU.VERTEX),
     normBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, normals, BU.VERTEX),
     uvBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, uvs, BU.VERTEX),
-    idxBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, indices, BU.INDEX),
-    idxCount: 6
+    idxBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, indices, BU.INDEX)
   };
 }
-function createBgMeshUBO(engine, world, primaryColor) {
+function createBgMeshUBO(engine, rootPosition, primaryColor) {
   const data = new F32(BG_MESH_UNIFORM_SIZE / 4);
-  data.set(world, 0);
+  const eps = 2220446049250313e-31;
+  data[0] = data[15] = 1;
+  data[5] = data[10] = eps;
+  data[6] = -1;
+  data[9] = 1;
+  data[12] = rootPosition[0];
+  data[13] = rootPosition[1];
+  data[14] = rootPosition[2];
   data[16] = primaryColor[0];
   data[17] = primaryColor[1];
   data[18] = primaryColor[2];

package/lib/material/pbr/background-ground.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"background-ground.js","sources":["../../../../shaders/background.vertex.wgsl?raw","../../../../shaders/background.ground.fragment.wgsl?raw","../../../../src/material/pbr/background-ground.ts"],"sourcesContent":["export default \"// Background Ground Vertex Shader\\n// Matches BJS shd_15: DIFFUSE, OPACITYFRESNEL, PREMULTIPLYALPHA (no REFLECTION)\\n\\nstruct MeshUniforms {\\n  world: mat4x4<f32>,\\n};\\n\\n@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> mesh: MeshUniforms;\\n\\nstruct VertexInput {\\n  @location(0) position: vec3<f32>,\\n  @location(1) normal: vec3<f32>,\\n  @location(2) uv: vec2<f32>,\\n};\\n\\nstruct VertexOutput {\\n  @builtin(position) clipPos: vec4<f32>,\\n  @location(0) vPositionW: vec3<f32>,\\n  @location(1) vNormalW: vec3<f32>,\\n  @location(2) vUV: vec2<f32>,\\n};\\n\\n@vertex\\nfn main(input: VertexInput) -> VertexOutput {\\n  var output: VertexOutput;\\n  let finalWorld = mesh.world;\\n  let worldPos4 = finalWorld * vec4<f32>(input.position, 1.0);\\n  output.vPositionW = worldPos4.xyz;\\n  output.clipPos = scene.viewProjection * worldPos4;\\n  let normalWorld = mat3x3<f32>(finalWorld[0].xyz, finalWorld[1].xyz, finalWorld[2].xyz);\\n  output.vNormalW = normalize(normalWorld * input.normal);\\n  output.vUV = input.uv;\\n  return output;\\n}\\n\"","export default \"// Background Ground Fragment Shader\\n// Matches BJS shd_16: DIFFUSE, OPACITYFRESNEL, PREMULTIPLYALPHA (no REFLECTION)\\n// Verified via Spector.GPU capture of BJS scene 1\\n\\nstruct MeshUniforms {\\n  world: mat4x4<f32>,\\n  primaryColor: vec3<f32>,\\n  alpha: f32,\\n  backgroundCenter: vec3<f32>,\\n  _pad: f32,\\n};\\n@group(1) @binding(0) var<uniform> mesh: MeshUniforms;\\n\\n@group(1) @binding(1) var groundTexture: texture_2d<f32>;\\n@group(1) @binding(2) var groundSampler: sampler;\\n\\nstruct FragmentInput {\\n  @location(0) vPositionW: vec3<f32>,\\n  @location(1) vNormalW: vec3<f32>,\\n  @location(2) vUV: vec2<f32>,\\n};\\n\\n@fragment\\nfn main(input: FragmentInput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {\\n  let normalW = normalize(input.vNormalW);\\n\\n  // Sample diffuse texture (BJS backgroundGround.png: white RGB, radial alpha gradient)\\n  let diffuseMap = textureSample(groundTexture, groundSampler, input.vUV);\\n\\n  // BJS: reflectionColor = vec4(1) (no REFLECTION define)\\n  let diffuseColor = diffuseMap.rgb;\\n  let colorBase = max(diffuseColor, vec3<f32>(0.0));\\n  let mainColor = mesh.primaryColor;\\n  let finalColor = colorBase * mainColor;\\n\\n  // Alpha starts from material alpha, multiplied by texture alpha\\n  var finalAlpha = mesh.alpha * diffuseMap.a;\\n\\n  // OPACITYFRESNEL — BJS shd_16 lines 367-370\\n  let viewAngleToFloor = dot(normalW, normalize(scene.vEyePosition.xyz - mesh.backgroundCenter));\\n  const startAngle: f32 = 0.1;\\n  let fadeFactor = clamp(viewAngleToFloor / startAngle, 0.0, 1.0);\\n  finalAlpha *= fadeFactor * fadeFactor;\\n\\n  // Image processing (preserves alpha)\\n  var color = vec4<f32>(finalColor, finalAlpha);\\n  if (scene.vImageInfos.w >= 0.0) {\\n    color = applyImageProcessing(color);\\n  }\\n\\n  // PREMULTIPLYALPHA — BJS shd_16 line 373\\n  color = vec4<f32>(color.rgb * color.a, color.a);\\n\\n  // Dithering\\n  color = vec4<f32>(color.rgb + vec3<f32>(dither(input.vPositionW.xy, 0.5)), color.a);\\n  color = max(color, vec4<f32>(0.0));\\n\\n  return color;\\n}\\n\"","/** Ground plane renderable — lazy-loaded only when a scene includes a ground.\n *  Contains the ground material, mesh buffers, texture loading, and UBO creation.\n *  Tree-shaken away from scenes that use `skipGround: true`. */\n\nimport { F32, U16, U8 } from \"../../engine/typed-arrays.js\";\nimport { TU, BU, SS } from \"../../engine/gpu-flags.js\";\nimport type { Mat4 } from \"../../math/types.js\";\nimport type { EngineContext } from \"../../engine/engine.js\";\nimport type { Renderable } from \"../../render/renderable.js\";\nimport type { RenderTargetSignature } from \"../../engine/render-target.js\";\nimport { getBilinearSampler } from \"../../resource/samplers.js\";\nimport { createUniformBuffer } from \"../../resource/gpu-buffers.js\";\nimport { getSceneBindGroupLayout } from \"../../render/scene-helpers.js\";\nimport { targetSignatureKey } from \"../../engine/render-target.js\";\nimport groundVertSrc from \"../../../shaders/background.vertex.wgsl?raw\";\nimport groundFragSrc from \"../../../shaders/background.ground.fragment.wgsl?raw\";\nimport { createMappedBuffer } from \"../../resource/gpu-buffers.js\";\nimport { SCENE_UBO_WGSL } from \"../../shader/scene-uniforms.js\";\nimport { WGSL_DITHER, WGSL_NO_DITHER } from \"../../shader/wgsl-helpers.js\";\n\n// ── Ground-frag-only WGSL helpers (kept here so scenes that don't load the ground\n//    don't pay for the image-processing helper in the shared wgsl-helpers chunk). ──\n\n/** Image processing: exposure → Reinhard tonemap → gamma → contrast. */\nconst WGSL_IMAGE_PROCESSING = `\nfn applyImageProcessing(result: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {\nvar rgb = result.rgb;\nrgb *= scene.vImageInfos.x;\nconst tonemappingCalibration: f32 = 1.590579;\nrgb = 1.0 - exp2(-tonemappingCalibration * rgb);\nrgb = pow(rgb, vec3<f32>(1.0 / 2.2));\nrgb = clamp(rgb, vec3<f32>(0.0), vec3<f32>(1.0));\nlet highContrast = rgb * rgb * (3.0 - 2.0 * rgb);\nif (scene.vImageInfos.y < 1.0) {\nrgb = mix(vec3<f32>(0.5), rgb, scene.vImageInfos.y);\n} else {\nrgb = mix(rgb, highContrast, scene.vImageInfos.y - 1.0);\n}\nrgb = max(rgb, vec3<f32>(0.0));\nreturn vec4<f32>(rgb, result.a);\n}\n`;\n\nconst BG_MESH_UNIFORM_SIZE = 96; // mat4x4 + primaryColor vec3 + alpha + backgroundCenter vec3 + pad\n\n/** Build the ground renderable for a PBR environment scene. */\nexport async function buildGroundRenderable(\n    engine: EngineContext,\n    groundSize: number,\n    rootPosition: [number, number, number],\n    primaryColor: [number, number, number],\n    groundTextureUrl?: string,\n    groundImagePromise?: Promise<ImageBitmap>,\n    enableNoise = true\n): Promise<Renderable> {\n    const fragCode = SCENE_UBO_WGSL + WGSL_IMAGE_PROCESSING + (enableNoise ? WGSL_DITHER : WGSL_NO_DITHER) + groundFragSrc;\n    const gndMat = createGroundMaterial(enableNoise, fragCode);\n\n    // Ground world: rotated 90° X (XY→XZ), translated to rootPosition\n    // Column-major for WGSL: ground quad in XY plane, normal +Z → world +Y\n    // Offset Y by -0.01 to prevent z-fighting with scene floor geometry.\n    const eps = 2.220446049250313e-16;\n    const groundWorld = new F32(16);\n    groundWorld[0] = 1;\n    groundWorld[5] = eps;\n    groundWorld[6] = -1;\n    groundWorld[9] = 1;\n    groundWorld[10] = eps;\n    groundWorld[12] = rootPosition[0];\n    groundWorld[13] = rootPosition[1];\n    groundWorld[14] = rootPosition[2];\n    groundWorld[15] = 1;\n\n    const gndBufs = createGroundBuffers(engine, groundSize);\n    const gndUBO = createBgMeshUBO(engine, groundWorld as unknown as Mat4, primaryColor);\n\n    const groundTex = await loadGroundTexture(engine, groundTextureUrl, groundImagePromise);\n    const groundTexView = groundTex.createView();\n    const groundSamp = getBilinearSampler(engine);\n    const gndBG = gndMat.createBindGroup(engine, gndUBO, groundTexView, groundSamp);\n\n    const r: Renderable = {\n        order: 200, // ground renders last (transparent)\n        isTransparent: true,\n        bind(eng, sig) {\n            return {\n                renderable: r,\n                pipeline: gndMat.getPipeline(eng as EngineContext, sig),\n                draw(pass) {\n                    pass.setBindGroup(1, gndBG);\n                    pass.setVertexBuffer(0, gndBufs.posBuffer);\n                    pass.setVertexBuffer(1, gndBufs.normBuffer);\n                    pass.setVertexBuffer(2, gndBufs.uvBuffer);\n                    pass.setIndexBuffer(gndBufs.idxBuffer, \"uint16\");\n                    pass.drawIndexed(gndBufs.idxCount);\n                    return 1;\n                },\n            };\n        },\n    };\n    return r;\n}\n\n// ─── Ground Material ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\ninterface GroundMaterial {\n    getPipeline(engine: EngineContext, sig: RenderTargetSignature): GPURenderPipeline;\n    createBindGroup(engine: EngineContext, meshUBO: GPUBuffer, groundTextureView: GPUTextureView, groundSampler: GPUSampler): GPUBindGroup;\n}\n\n/** Module-global pipeline cache — keyed by noise mode + full target signature (color/depth/samples/flipY).\n *  All ground renderables share this cache. */\nconst _gndPipelines = new Map<string, GPURenderPipeline>();\nlet _gndLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout | null = null;\nlet _gndCachedDevice: GPUDevice | null = null;\n\nfunction createGroundMaterial(enableNoise: boolean, fragCode: string): GroundMaterial {\n    function getLayout(engine: EngineContext): GPUBindGroupLayout {\n        const device = engine._device;\n        if (_gndLayout && _gndCachedDevice === device) {\n            return _gndLayout;\n        }\n        _gndLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout({\n            label: \"ground-material\",\n            entries: [\n                { binding: 0, visibility: SS.VERTEX | SS.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: \"uniform\" } },\n                { binding: 1, visibility: SS.FRAGMENT, texture: { sampleType: \"float\", viewDimension: \"2d\" } },\n                { binding: 2, visibility: SS.FRAGMENT, sampler: { type: \"filtering\" } },\n            ],\n        });\n        _gndCachedDevice = device;\n        return _gndLayout;\n    }\n\n    return {\n        getPipeline(engine, sig) {\n            const device = engine._device;\n            if (_gndCachedDevice !== device) {\n                _gndPipelines.clear();\n                _gndLayout = null;\n                _gndCachedDevice = device;\n            }\n            const key = `${+enableNoise}|${targetSignatureKey(sig)}`;\n            const cached = _gndPipelines.get(key);\n            if (cached) {\n                return cached;\n            }\n            const vertModule = device.createShaderModule({ code: SCENE_UBO_WGSL + groundVertSrc, label: \"ground-vert\" });\n            const fragModule = device.createShaderModule({ code: fragCode, label: \"ground-frag\" });\n\n            // Matches BJS rp_8: premultiplied alpha blend, depthWrite=false\n            const pipeline = device.createRenderPipeline({\n                label: \"ground-pipeline\",\n                layout: device.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [getSceneBindGroupLayout(engine), getLayout(engine)] }),\n                vertex: {\n                    module: vertModule,\n                    entryPoint: \"main\",\n                    buffers: [\n                        { arrayStride: 12, attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: \"float32x3\" as GPUVertexFormat }] },\n                        { arrayStride: 12, attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 1, offset: 0, format: \"float32x3\" as GPUVertexFormat }] },\n                        { arrayStride: 8, attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 2, offset: 0, format: \"float32x2\" as GPUVertexFormat }] },\n                    ],\n                },\n                fragment: {\n                    module: fragModule,\n                    entryPoint: \"main\",\n                    targets: [\n                        {\n                            format: sig._colorFormat!,\n                            blend: {\n                                color: { srcFactor: \"one\", dstFactor: \"one-minus-src-alpha\", operation: \"add\" },\n                                alpha: { srcFactor: \"one\", dstFactor: \"one-minus-src-alpha\", operation: \"add\" },\n                            },\n                        },\n                    ],\n                },\n                depthStencil: {\n                    format: sig._depthStencilFormat ?? \"depth24plus-stencil8\",\n                    depthCompare: sig._depthCompare ?? \"greater-equal\",\n                    depthWriteEnabled: false,\n                },\n                multisample: { count: sig._sampleCount },\n                primitive: { topology: \"triangle-list\", cullMode: \"back\", frontFace: \"ccw\" },\n            });\n            _gndPipelines.set(key, pipeline);\n            return pipeline;\n        },\n\n        createBindGroup(engine, meshUBO, groundTextureView, groundSampler) {\n            const device = engine._device;\n            return device.createBindGroup({\n                layout: getLayout(engine),\n                entries: [\n                    { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: meshUBO } },\n                    { binding: 1, resource: groundTextureView },\n                    { binding: 2, resource: groundSampler },\n                ],\n            });\n        },\n    };\n}\n\n// ─── Ground Mesh Data ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\n/** Ground quad (4 verts, 6 indices — matches BJS CreatePlane with BACKSIDE).\n *  XY plane, normals +Z (become +Y after world rotation). */\nfunction createGroundBuffers(\n    engine: EngineContext,\n    groundSize: number\n): {\n    posBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n    normBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n    uvBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n    idxBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n    idxCount: number;\n} {\n    const h = groundSize / 2;\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const positions = new F32([\n    -h, -h, 0,\n     h, -h, 0,\n     h,  h, 0,\n    -h,  h, 0,\n  ]);\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const normals = new F32([\n    0, 0, 1,  0, 0, 1,  0, 0, 1,  0, 0, 1,\n  ]);\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const uvs = new F32([\n    0, 0,  1, 0,  1, 1,  0, 1,\n  ]);\n    // BACKSIDE winding\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const indices = new U16([0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 2]);\n\n    return {\n        posBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, positions, BU.VERTEX),\n        normBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, normals, BU.VERTEX),\n        uvBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, uvs, BU.VERTEX),\n        idxBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, indices, BU.INDEX),\n        idxCount: 6,\n    };\n}\n\n// ─── Ground UBO ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\nfunction createBgMeshUBO(engine: EngineContext, world: Mat4, primaryColor: [number, number, number]): GPUBuffer {\n    const data = new F32(BG_MESH_UNIFORM_SIZE / 4);\n    data.set(world, 0); // offset 0: world mat4x4\n    data[16] = primaryColor[0]; // offset 64: primaryColor.r\n    data[17] = primaryColor[1]; // offset 68: primaryColor.g\n    data[18] = primaryColor[2]; // offset 72: primaryColor.b\n    data[19] = 0.9; // offset 76: alpha (BJS default groundOpacity)\n    data[20] = 0;\n    data[21] = 0;\n    data[22] = 0; // offset 80: backgroundCenter\n    return createUniformBuffer(engine, data);\n}\n\n// ─── Ground Texture ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\n/** Load a ground diffuse texture from URL and upload to GPU.\n *  Falls back to a 1×1 white pixel if no URL provided. */\nasync function loadGroundTexture(engine: EngineContext, url?: string, preloadedImage?: Promise<ImageBitmap>): Promise<GPUTexture> {\n    const device = engine._device;\n    if (!url) {\n        const tex = device.createTexture({\n            size: [1, 1],\n            format: \"rgba8unorm\",\n            usage: TU.TEXTURE_BINDING | TU.COPY_DST,\n        });\n        device.queue.writeTexture({ texture: tex }, new U8([255, 255, 255, 255]), { bytesPerRow: 4 }, [1, 1]);\n        return tex;\n    }\n    // Use pre-fetched image if available (started early in loadEnvironment)\n    const bmp = preloadedImage\n        ? await preloadedImage\n        : await fetch(url)\n              .then((r) => r.blob())\n              .then((b) => createImageBitmap(b, { premultiplyAlpha: \"none\" }));\n    const tex = device.createTexture({\n        size: [bmp.width, bmp.height],\n        format: \"rgba8unorm\",\n        usage: TU.TEXTURE_BINDING | TU.COPY_DST | TU.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,\n    });\n    device.queue.copyExternalImageToTexture({ source: bmp }, { texture: tex }, [bmp.width, 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mesh.backgroundCenter));\\n  const startAngle: f32 = 0.1;\\n  let fadeFactor = clamp(viewAngleToFloor / startAngle, 0.0, 1.0);\\n  finalAlpha *= fadeFactor * fadeFactor;\\n\\n  // Image processing (preserves alpha)\\n  var color = vec4<f32>(finalColor, finalAlpha);\\n  if (scene.vImageInfos.w >= 0.0) {\\n    color = applyImageProcessing(color);\\n  }\\n\\n  // PREMULTIPLYALPHA — BJS shd_16 line 373\\n  color = vec4<f32>(color.rgb * color.a, color.a);\\n\\n  // Dithering\\n  color = vec4<f32>(color.rgb + vec3<f32>(dither(input.vPositionW.xy, 0.5)), color.a);\\n  color = max(color, vec4<f32>(0.0));\\n\\n  return color;\\n}\\n\"","/** Ground plane renderable — lazy-loaded only when a scene includes a ground.\n *  Contains the ground material, mesh buffers, texture loading, and UBO creation.\n *  Tree-shaken away from scenes that use `skipGround: true`. */\n\nimport { F32, U16, U8 } from \"../../engine/typed-arrays.js\";\nimport { TU, BU, SS } from \"../../engine/gpu-flags.js\";\nimport type { EngineContext } from \"../../engine/engine.js\";\nimport type { Renderable } from \"../../render/renderable.js\";\nimport type { RenderTargetSignature } from \"../../engine/render-target.js\";\nimport { getBilinearSampler } from \"../../resource/samplers.js\";\nimport { createUniformBuffer } from \"../../resource/gpu-buffers.js\";\nimport { getSceneBindGroupLayout } from \"../../render/scene-helpers.js\";\nimport { targetSignatureKey } from \"../../engine/render-target.js\";\nimport groundVertSrc from \"../../../shaders/background.vertex.wgsl?raw\";\nimport groundFragSrc from \"../../../shaders/background.ground.fragment.wgsl?raw\";\nimport { createMappedBuffer } from \"../../resource/gpu-buffers.js\";\nimport { SCENE_UBO_WGSL } from \"../../shader/scene-uniforms.js\";\nimport { WGSL_DITHER, WGSL_NO_DITHER } from \"../../shader/wgsl-helpers.js\";\n\n// ── Ground-frag-only WGSL helpers (kept here so scenes that don't load the ground\n//    don't pay for the image-processing helper in the shared wgsl-helpers chunk). ──\n\n/** Image processing: exposure → Reinhard tonemap → gamma → contrast. */\nconst WGSL_IMAGE_PROCESSING = `\nfn applyImageProcessing(result: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {\nvar rgb = result.rgb;\nrgb *= scene.vImageInfos.x;\nconst tonemappingCalibration: f32 = 1.590579;\nrgb = 1.0 - 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WGSL_DITHER : WGSL_NO_DITHER) + groundFragSrc;\n    const gndMat = createGroundMaterial(enableNoise, fragCode);\n\n    const gndBufs = createGroundBuffers(engine, groundSize);\n    const gndUBO = createBgMeshUBO(engine, rootPosition, primaryColor);\n\n    const groundTex = await loadGroundTexture(engine, groundTextureUrl, groundImagePromise);\n    const groundTexView = groundTex.createView();\n    const groundSamp = getBilinearSampler(engine);\n    const gndBG = gndMat.createBindGroup(engine, gndUBO, groundTexView, groundSamp);\n\n    const r: Renderable = {\n        order: 200, // ground renders last (transparent)\n        isTransparent: true,\n        bind(eng, sig) {\n            return {\n                renderable: r,\n                pipeline: gndMat.getPipeline(eng as EngineContext, sig),\n                draw(pass) {\n                    pass.setBindGroup(1, gndBG);\n                    pass.setVertexBuffer(0, gndBufs.posBuffer);\n                    pass.setVertexBuffer(1, gndBufs.normBuffer);\n                    pass.setVertexBuffer(2, gndBufs.uvBuffer);\n                    pass.setIndexBuffer(gndBufs.idxBuffer, \"uint16\");\n                    pass.drawIndexed(6);\n                    return 1;\n                },\n            };\n        },\n    };\n    return r;\n}\n\n// ─── Ground Material ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\ninterface GroundMaterial {\n    getPipeline(engine: EngineContext, sig: RenderTargetSignature): GPURenderPipeline;\n    createBindGroup(engine: EngineContext, meshUBO: GPUBuffer, groundTextureView: GPUTextureView, groundSampler: GPUSampler): GPUBindGroup;\n}\n\n/** Module-global pipeline cache — keyed by noise mode + full target signature (color/depth/samples/flipY).\n *  All ground renderables share this cache. */\nconst _gndPipelines = new Map<string, GPURenderPipeline>();\nlet _gndLayout: GPUBindGroupLayout | null = null;\nlet _gndCachedDevice: GPUDevice | null = null;\n\nfunction createGroundMaterial(enableNoise: boolean, fragCode: string): GroundMaterial {\n    function getLayout(engine: EngineContext): GPUBindGroupLayout {\n        const device = engine._device;\n        if (_gndLayout && _gndCachedDevice === device) {\n            return _gndLayout;\n        }\n        _gndLayout = device.createBindGroupLayout({\n            label: \"ground-material\",\n            entries: [\n                { binding: 0, visibility: SS.VERTEX | SS.FRAGMENT, buffer: { type: \"uniform\" } },\n                { binding: 1, visibility: SS.FRAGMENT, texture: { sampleType: \"float\", viewDimension: \"2d\" } },\n                { binding: 2, visibility: SS.FRAGMENT, sampler: { type: \"filtering\" } },\n            ],\n        });\n        _gndCachedDevice = device;\n        return _gndLayout;\n    }\n\n    return {\n        getPipeline(engine, sig) {\n            const device = engine._device;\n            if (_gndCachedDevice !== device) {\n                _gndPipelines.clear();\n                _gndLayout = null;\n                _gndCachedDevice = device;\n            }\n            const key = `${+enableNoise}|${targetSignatureKey(sig)}`;\n            const cached = _gndPipelines.get(key);\n            if (cached) {\n                return cached;\n            }\n            const vertModule = device.createShaderModule({ code: SCENE_UBO_WGSL + groundVertSrc, label: \"ground-vert\" });\n            const fragModule = device.createShaderModule({ code: fragCode, label: \"ground-frag\" });\n\n            // Matches BJS rp_8: premultiplied alpha blend, depthWrite=false\n            const pipeline = device.createRenderPipeline({\n                label: \"ground-pipeline\",\n                layout: device.createPipelineLayout({ bindGroupLayouts: [getSceneBindGroupLayout(engine), getLayout(engine)] }),\n                vertex: {\n                    module: vertModule,\n                    entryPoint: \"main\",\n                    buffers: [\n                        { arrayStride: 12, attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 0, offset: 0, format: \"float32x3\" as GPUVertexFormat }] },\n                        { arrayStride: 12, attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 1, offset: 0, format: \"float32x3\" as GPUVertexFormat }] },\n                        { arrayStride: 8, attributes: [{ shaderLocation: 2, offset: 0, format: \"float32x2\" as GPUVertexFormat }] },\n                    ],\n                },\n                fragment: {\n                    module: fragModule,\n                    entryPoint: \"main\",\n                    targets: [\n                        {\n                            format: sig._colorFormat!,\n                            blend: {\n                                color: { srcFactor: \"one\", dstFactor: \"one-minus-src-alpha\", operation: \"add\" },\n                                alpha: { srcFactor: \"one\", dstFactor: \"one-minus-src-alpha\", operation: \"add\" },\n                            },\n                        },\n                    ],\n                },\n                depthStencil: {\n                    format: sig._depthStencilFormat ?? \"depth24plus-stencil8\",\n                    depthCompare: sig._depthCompare ?? \"greater-equal\",\n                    depthWriteEnabled: false,\n                },\n                multisample: { count: sig._sampleCount },\n                primitive: { topology: \"triangle-list\", cullMode: \"back\", frontFace: \"ccw\" },\n            });\n            _gndPipelines.set(key, pipeline);\n            return pipeline;\n        },\n\n        createBindGroup(engine, meshUBO, groundTextureView, groundSampler) {\n            const device = engine._device;\n            return device.createBindGroup({\n                layout: getLayout(engine),\n                entries: [\n                    { binding: 0, resource: { buffer: meshUBO } },\n                    { binding: 1, resource: groundTextureView },\n                    { binding: 2, resource: groundSampler },\n                ],\n            });\n        },\n    };\n}\n\n// ─── Ground Mesh Data ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\n/** Ground quad (4 verts, 6 indices — matches BJS CreatePlane with BACKSIDE).\n *  XY plane, normals +Z (become +Y after world rotation). */\nfunction createGroundBuffers(\n    engine: EngineContext,\n    groundSize: number\n): {\n    posBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n    normBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n    uvBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n    idxBuffer: GPUBuffer;\n} {\n    const h = groundSize / 2;\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const positions = new F32([\n    -h, -h, 0,\n     h, -h, 0,\n     h,  h, 0,\n    -h,  h, 0,\n  ]);\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const normals = new F32([\n    0, 0, 1,  0, 0, 1,  0, 0, 1,  0, 0, 1,\n  ]);\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const uvs = new F32([\n    0, 0,  1, 0,  1, 1,  0, 1,\n  ]);\n    // BACKSIDE winding\n    // prettier-ignore\n    const indices = new U16([0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 2]);\n\n    return {\n        posBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, positions, BU.VERTEX),\n        normBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, normals, BU.VERTEX),\n        uvBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, uvs, BU.VERTEX),\n        idxBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, indices, BU.INDEX),\n    };\n}\n\n// ─── Ground UBO ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\nfunction createBgMeshUBO(engine: EngineContext, rootPosition: [number, number, number], primaryColor: [number, number, number]): GPUBuffer {\n    const data = new F32(BG_MESH_UNIFORM_SIZE / 4);\n    // Ground world: rotate XY to XZ, then translate to the scene root.\n    const eps = 2.220446049250313e-16;\n    data[0] = data[15] = 1;\n    data[5] = data[10] = eps;\n    data[6] = -1;\n    data[9] = 1;\n    data[12] = rootPosition[0];\n    data[13] = rootPosition[1];\n    data[14] = rootPosition[2];\n    data[16] = primaryColor[0]; // offset 64: primaryColor.r\n    data[17] = primaryColor[1]; // offset 68: primaryColor.g\n    data[18] = primaryColor[2]; // offset 72: primaryColor.b\n    data[19] = 0.9; // offset 76: alpha (BJS default groundOpacity)\n    data[20] = 0;\n    data[21] = 0;\n    data[22] = 0; // offset 80: backgroundCenter\n    return createUniformBuffer(engine, data);\n}\n\n// ─── Ground Texture ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\n/** Load a ground diffuse texture from URL and upload to GPU.\n *  Falls back to a 1×1 white pixel if no URL provided. */\nasync function loadGroundTexture(engine: EngineContext, url?: string, preloadedImage?: Promise<ImageBitmap>): Promise<GPUTexture> {\n    const device = engine._device;\n    if (!url) {\n        const tex = device.createTexture({\n            size: [1, 1],\n            format: \"rgba8unorm\",\n            usage: TU.TEXTURE_BINDING | TU.COPY_DST,\n        });\n        device.queue.writeTexture({ texture: tex }, new U8([255, 255, 255, 255]), { bytesPerRow: 4 }, [1, 1]);\n        return tex;\n    }\n    // Use pre-fetched image if 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package/lib/material/pbr/background-hdr-skybox.js

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { F32, U16 } from '../../engine/typed-arrays.js';
+import { U16, F32 } from '../../engine/typed-arrays.js';
 import { BU } from '../../engine/gpu-flags.js';
 import { createCubemapSkyboxMaterial } from './cubemap-skybox-material.js';
 import { s as skyboxVertSrc } from '../../_chunks/skybox.vertex-Ban7q6IM.js';
@@ -10,141 +10,80 @@ const skyboxHdrFragSrc = "struct g{world:mat4x4<f32>,primaryColor:vec3<f32>,_pad
 const SKY_HDR_UNIFORM_SIZE = 112;
 function createSkyboxBuffers(engine, S) {
   const positions = new F32([
-    S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
     -S,
     -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
     -S,
     S,
-    S,
     -S,
-    S,
     -S,
     -S,
     S,
     -S,
     S,
     S,
-    S,
-    S,
     -S,
-    S,
-    S,
     -S,
     -S,
     S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
     S,
     -S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    S,
     S,
     -S,
     S,
     S,
     S,
     S,
-    -S,
-    S,
-    S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
-    -S,
     S
   ]);
   const indices = new U16([
+    6,
+    4,
+    5,
+    7,
+    6,
+    5,
+    0,
     2,
+    3,
     1,
     0,
     3,
+    5,
+    1,
+    3,
+    7,
+    5,
+    3,
+    0,
+    4,
+    6,
     2,
     0,
     6,
-    5,
-    4,
+    3,
+    2,
+    6,
     7,
+    3,
     6,
+    0,
+    1,
+    5,
     4,
-    10,
-    9,
-    8,
-    11,
-    10,
-    8,
-    14,
-    13,
-    12,
-    15,
-    14,
-    12,
-    18,
-    17,
-    16,
-    19,
-    18,
-    16,
-    22,
-    21,
-    20,
-    23,
-    22,
-    20
+    0,
+    5
   ]);
   return {
     posBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, positions, BU.VERTEX),
-    idxBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, indices, BU.INDEX),
-    idxCount: 36
+    idxBuffer: createMappedBuffer(engine, indices, BU.INDEX)
   };
 }
-function buildSkyboxWorldMatrix(rootPosition) {
-  const world = new F32(16);
-  world[0] = 1;
-  world[5] = 1;
-  world[10] = 1;
-  world[15] = 1;
-  world[12] = rootPosition[0];
-  world[13] = rootPosition[1];
-  world[14] = rootPosition[2];
-  return world;
-}
 function buildHdrSkyboxRenderable(scene, envTextures, skyHalfSize, rootPosition, primaryColor) {
   const engine = scene.surface.engine;
-  const skyboxWorld = buildSkyboxWorldMatrix(rootPosition);
   const cc = scene.clearColor;
   const skyBufs = createSkyboxBuffers(engine, skyHalfSize);
   const mat = createCubemapSkyboxMaterial("skybox-hdr", SCENE_UBO_WGSL + skyboxVertSrc, skyboxHdrFragSrc);
-  const ubo = createSkyHdrMeshUBO(engine, skyboxWorld, primaryColor, [cc.r, cc.g, cc.b], scene.imageProcessing.exposure, scene.imageProcessing.contrast);
+  const ubo = createSkyHdrMeshUBO(engine, rootPosition, primaryColor, [cc.r, cc.g, cc.b], scene.imageProcessing.exposure, scene.imageProcessing.contrast);
   const bindGroup = mat.createBindGroup(engine, ubo, envTextures.specularCubeView, envTextures.cubeSampler);
   const r = {
     order: 0,
@@ -157,7 +96,7 @@ function buildHdrSkyboxRenderable(scene, envTextures, skyHalfSize, rootPosition,
           pass.setBindGroup(1, bindGroup);
           pass.setVertexBuffer(0, skyBufs.posBuffer);
           pass.setIndexBuffer(skyBufs.idxBuffer, "uint16");
-          pass.drawIndexed(skyBufs.idxCount);
+          pass.drawIndexed(36);
           return 1;
         }
       };
@@ -165,9 +104,12 @@ function buildHdrSkyboxRenderable(scene, envTextures, skyHalfSize, rootPosition,
   };
   return r;
 }
-function createSkyHdrMeshUBO(engine, world, primaryColor, skyOutputColor, exposure, contrast) {
+function createSkyHdrMeshUBO(engine, rootPosition, primaryColor, skyOutputColor, exposure, contrast) {
   const data = new F32(SKY_HDR_UNIFORM_SIZE / 4);
-  data.set(world, 0);
+  data[0] = data[5] = data[10] = data[15] = 1;
+  data[12] = rootPosition[0];
+  data[13] = rootPosition[1];
+  data[14] = rootPosition[2];
   data[16] = primaryColor[0];
   data[17] = primaryColor[1];
   data[18] = primaryColor[2];