@aztec/stdlib 0.0.1-commit.b655e406 → 0.0.1-commit.c0b82b2

package/src/timetable/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/**
+ * Timetable constants used for sequencer timing calculations.
+ * These define the time budgets for various phases of block production.
+ *
+ * The sequencer slot is divided into phases:
+ * 1. Checkpoint initialization (sync + proposer check)
+ * 2. Block building (execution)
+ * 3. Checkpoint assembly
+ * 4. P2P propagation for proposal and attestations (round-trip)
+ * 5. L1 publishing
+ */
+
+/** Time budget for checkpoint initialization (sync + proposer check) in seconds */
+export const CHECKPOINT_INITIALIZATION_TIME = 1;
+
+/** Time budget for assembling a checkpoint after building the last block in seconds */
+export const CHECKPOINT_ASSEMBLE_TIME = 1;
+
+/** Default one-way P2P propagation time for proposals and attestations in seconds */
+export const DEFAULT_P2P_PROPAGATION_TIME = 2;
+
+/** Default L1 publishing time (matches Ethereum slot duration on mainnet) in seconds */
+export const DEFAULT_L1_PUBLISHING_TIME = 12;
+
+/** Minimum execution time for building a block in seconds */
+export const MIN_EXECUTION_TIME = 2;
+
+/**
+ * Calculates the maximum number of blocks that can be built in a slot.
+ * Used by both the sequencer timetable and p2p gossipsub scoring.
+ *
+ * @param aztecSlotDurationSec - Aztec slot duration in seconds
+ * @param blockDurationSec - Duration per block in seconds (undefined = single block mode)
+ * @param opts - Optional overrides for timing constants
+ * @returns Maximum number of blocks per slot
+ */
+export function calculateMaxBlocksPerSlot(
+  aztecSlotDurationSec: number,
+  blockDurationSec: number | undefined,
+  opts: {
+    checkpointInitializationTime?: number;
+    checkpointAssembleTime?: number;
+    p2pPropagationTime?: number;
+    l1PublishingTime?: number;
+  } = {},
+): number {
+  if (!blockDurationSec) {
+    return 1; // Single block per slot
+  }
+
+  const initOffset = opts.checkpointInitializationTime ?? CHECKPOINT_INITIALIZATION_TIME;
+  const assembleTime = opts.checkpointAssembleTime ?? CHECKPOINT_ASSEMBLE_TIME;
+  const p2pTime = opts.p2pPropagationTime ?? DEFAULT_P2P_PROPAGATION_TIME;
+  const l1Time = opts.l1PublishingTime ?? DEFAULT_L1_PUBLISHING_TIME;
+
+  // Calculate checkpoint finalization time (assembly + round-trip propagation + L1 publishing)
+  const checkpointFinalizationTime = assembleTime + p2pTime * 2 + l1Time;
+
+  // Time reserved at end for last sub-slot (validator re-execution) + finalization
+  const timeReservedAtEnd = blockDurationSec + checkpointFinalizationTime;
+
+  // Time available for building blocks
+  const timeAvailableForBlocks = aztecSlotDurationSec - initOffset - timeReservedAtEnd;
+
+  return Math.max(1, Math.floor(timeAvailableForBlocks / blockDurationSec));
+}

package/src/trees/append_only_tree_snapshot.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import type { ViemAppendOnlyTreeSnapshot } from '@aztec/ethereum';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { schemas } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
 import { BufferReader, FieldReader, serializeToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import { bufferToHex, hexToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/string';
@@ -72,17 +71,6 @@ export class AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot {
     return new AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot(reader.readField(), Number(reader.readField().toBigInt()));
   }
 
-  static fromViem(snapshot: ViemAppendOnlyTreeSnapshot) {
-    return new AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot(Fr.fromString(snapshot.root), snapshot.nextAvailableLeafIndex);
-  }
-
-  toViem(): ViemAppendOnlyTreeSnapshot {
-    return {
-      root: this.root.toString(),
-      nextAvailableLeafIndex: this.nextAvailableLeafIndex,
-    };
-  }
-
   toAbi(): [`0x${string}`, number] {
     return [this.root.toString(), this.nextAvailableLeafIndex];
   }
@@ -91,6 +79,17 @@ export class AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot {
     return new AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot(Fr.ZERO, 0);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Creates an AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot instance from a plain object without Zod validation.
+   * This method is optimized for performance and skips validation, making it suitable
+   * for deserializing trusted data (e.g., from C++ via MessagePack).
+   * @param obj - Plain object containing AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot fields
+   * @returns An AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot instance
+   */
+  static fromPlainObject(obj: any): AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot {
+    return new AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot(Fr.fromPlainObject(obj.root), obj.nextAvailableLeafIndex);
+  }
+
   isEmpty(): boolean {
     return this.root.isZero() && this.nextAvailableLeafIndex === 0;
   }

package/src/trees/database_public_state_source.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 
 import type { AztecAddress } from '../aztec-address/index.js';
 import { computePublicDataTreeLeafSlot } from '../hash/hash.js';

package/src/trees/nullifier_leaf.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { toBigIntBE, toBufferBE } from '@aztec/foundation/bigint-buffer';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { schemas } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
 import { BufferReader } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import type { IndexedTreeLeaf, IndexedTreeLeafPreimage } from '@aztec/foundation/trees';
@@ -36,6 +36,24 @@ export class NullifierLeafPreimage implements IndexedTreeLeafPreimage {
       .transform(({ leaf, nextKey, nextIndex }) => new NullifierLeafPreimage(leaf, nextKey, nextIndex));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Creates a NullifierLeafPreimage from a plain object without Zod validation.
+   * This method is optimized for performance and skips validation, making it suitable
+   * for deserializing trusted data (e.g., from C++ via MessagePack).
+   * @param obj - Plain object containing NullifierLeafPreimage fields
+   * @returns A NullifierLeafPreimage instance
+   */
+  static fromPlainObject(obj: any): NullifierLeafPreimage {
+    if (obj instanceof NullifierLeafPreimage) {
+      return obj;
+    }
+    return new NullifierLeafPreimage(
+      NullifierLeaf.fromPlainObject(obj.leaf),
+      Fr.fromPlainObject(obj.nextKey),
+      typeof obj.nextIndex === 'bigint' ? obj.nextIndex : BigInt(obj.nextIndex),
+    );
+  }
+
   static get leafSchema() {
     return NullifierLeaf.schema;
   }
@@ -157,4 +175,18 @@ export class NullifierLeaf implements IndexedTreeLeaf {
   static get schema() {
     return z.object({ nullifier: schemas.Fr }).transform(({ nullifier }) => new NullifierLeaf(nullifier));
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a NullifierLeaf from a plain object without Zod validation.
+   * This method is optimized for performance and skips validation, making it suitable
+   * for deserializing trusted data (e.g., from C++ via MessagePack).
+   * @param obj - Plain object containing NullifierLeaf fields
+   * @returns A NullifierLeaf instance
+   */
+  static fromPlainObject(obj: any): NullifierLeaf {
+    if (obj instanceof NullifierLeaf) {
+      return obj;
+    }
+    return new NullifierLeaf(Fr.fromPlainObject(obj.nullifier));
+  }
 }

package/src/trees/nullifier_membership_witness.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { NULLIFIER_TREE_HEIGHT } from '@aztec/constants';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { MembershipWitness, SiblingPath } from '@aztec/foundation/trees';
 
 import { z } from 'zod';

package/src/trees/public_data_leaf.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { toBigIntBE, toBufferBE } from '@aztec/foundation/bigint-buffer';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { poseidon2Hash } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/poseidon';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { schemas } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
 import { BufferReader, serializeToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import type { IndexedTreeLeaf, IndexedTreeLeafPreimage } from '@aztec/foundation/trees';
@@ -36,6 +37,24 @@ export class PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage implements IndexedTreeLeafPreimage {
       .transform(({ leaf, nextKey, nextIndex }) => new PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage(leaf, nextKey, nextIndex));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Creates a PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage from a plain object without Zod validation.
+   * This method is optimized for performance and skips validation, making it suitable
+   * for deserializing trusted data (e.g., from C++ via MessagePack).
+   * @param obj - Plain object containing PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage fields
+   * @returns A PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage instance
+   */
+  static fromPlainObject(obj: any): PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage {
+    if (obj instanceof PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage) {
+      return obj;
+    }
+    return new PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage(
+      PublicDataTreeLeaf.fromPlainObject(obj.leaf),
+      Fr.fromPlainObject(obj.nextKey),
+      typeof obj.nextIndex === 'bigint' ? obj.nextIndex : BigInt(obj.nextIndex),
+    );
+  }
+
   static get leafSchema() {
     return PublicDataTreeLeaf.schema;
   }
@@ -63,11 +82,15 @@ export class PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage implements IndexedTreeLeafPreimage {
   toHashInputs(): Buffer[] {
     return [
       ...this.leaf.toHashInputs(),
-      Buffer.from(toBufferBE(this.nextIndex, 32)),
       Buffer.from(this.nextKey.toBuffer()),
+      Buffer.from(toBufferBE(this.nextIndex, 32)),
     ];
   }
 
+  hash(): Promise<Fr> {
+    return poseidon2Hash(this.toHashInputs());
+  }
+
   clone(): PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage {
     return new PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage(this.leaf.clone(), this.nextKey, this.nextIndex);
   }
@@ -86,10 +109,11 @@ export class PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage implements IndexedTreeLeafPreimage {
 
   static fromBuffer(buffer: Buffer | BufferReader): PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage {
     const reader = BufferReader.asReader(buffer);
-    const value = PublicDataTreeLeaf.fromBuffer(reader);
-    const nextIndex = toBigIntBE(reader.readBytes(32));
-    const nextSlot = Fr.fromBuffer(reader);
-    return new PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage(value, nextSlot, nextIndex);
+    return new PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage(
+      PublicDataTreeLeaf.fromBuffer(reader),
+      Fr.fromBuffer(reader),
+      toBigIntBE(reader.readBytes(32)),
+    );
   }
 
   static fromLeaf(leaf: PublicDataTreeLeaf, nextKey: bigint, nextIndex: bigint): PublicDataTreeLeafPreimage {
@@ -172,4 +196,18 @@ export class PublicDataTreeLeaf implements IndexedTreeLeaf {
       })
       .transform(({ slot, value }) => new PublicDataTreeLeaf(slot, value));
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a PublicDataTreeLeaf from a plain object without Zod validation.
+   * This method is optimized for performance and skips validation, making it suitable
+   * for deserializing trusted data (e.g., from C++ via MessagePack).
+   * @param obj - Plain object containing PublicDataTreeLeaf fields
+   * @returns A PublicDataTreeLeaf instance
+   */
+  static fromPlainObject(obj: any): PublicDataTreeLeaf {
+    if (obj instanceof PublicDataTreeLeaf) {
+      return obj;
+    }
+    return new PublicDataTreeLeaf(Fr.fromPlainObject(obj.slot), Fr.fromPlainObject(obj.value));
+  }
 }

package/src/trees/public_data_witness.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { PUBLIC_DATA_TREE_HEIGHT } from '@aztec/constants';
 import { toBigIntBE } from '@aztec/foundation/bigint-buffer';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { BufferReader, serializeToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import { bufferToHex, hexToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/string';
 import { MembershipWitness, SiblingPath } from '@aztec/foundation/trees';

package/src/tx/block_header.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-import { BLOCK_HEADER_LENGTH, GeneratorIndex } from '@aztec/constants';
-import { poseidon2HashWithSeparator } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { BLOCK_HEADER_LENGTH, DomainSeparator } from '@aztec/constants';
+import { BlockNumber, SlotNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { poseidon2HashWithSeparator } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/poseidon';
+import { randomInt } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/random';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { type ZodFor, schemas } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
 import { BufferReader, FieldReader, serializeToBuffer, serializeToFields } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import { bufferToHex, hexToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/string';
@@ -9,28 +11,31 @@ import type { FieldsOf } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 import { inspect } from 'util';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
+import { BlockHash } from '../block/block_hash.js';
 import { AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot } from '../trees/append_only_tree_snapshot.js';
 import { GlobalVariables } from './global_variables.js';
 import { StateReference } from './state_reference.js';
 
 /** A header of an L2 block. */
 export class BlockHeader {
+  private _cachedHash?: Promise<BlockHash>;
+
   constructor(
     /** Snapshot of archive before the block is applied. */
-    public lastArchive: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot,
+    public readonly lastArchive: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot,
     /** State reference. */
-    public state: StateReference,
+    public readonly state: StateReference,
     /**
      * Hash of the sponge blob after the tx effects of this block has been applied.
      * May contain tx effects from the previous blocks in the same checkpoint.
      */
-    public spongeBlobHash: Fr,
+    public readonly spongeBlobHash: Fr,
     /** Global variables of an L2 block. */
-    public globalVariables: GlobalVariables,
+    public readonly globalVariables: GlobalVariables,
     /** Total fees in the block, computed by the root rollup circuit */
-    public totalFees: Fr,
+    public readonly totalFees: Fr,
     /** Total mana used in the block, computed by the root rollup circuit */
-    public totalManaUsed: Fr,
+    public readonly totalManaUsed: Fr,
   ) {}
 
   static get schema(): ZodFor<BlockHeader> {
@@ -61,11 +66,11 @@ export class BlockHeader {
     return new BlockHeader(...BlockHeader.getFields(fields));
   }
 
-  getSlot() {
-    return this.globalVariables.slotNumber.toBigInt();
+  getSlot(): SlotNumber {
+    return this.globalVariables.slotNumber;
   }
 
-  getBlockNumber() {
+  getBlockNumber(): BlockNumber {
     return this.globalVariables.blockNumber;
   }
 
@@ -157,8 +162,30 @@ export class BlockHeader {
     return BlockHeader.fromBuffer(hexToBuffer(str));
   }
 
-  hash(): Promise<Fr> {
-    return poseidon2HashWithSeparator(this.toFields(), GeneratorIndex.BLOCK_HASH);
+  hash(): Promise<BlockHash> {
+    if (!this._cachedHash) {
+      this._cachedHash = poseidon2HashWithSeparator(this.toFields(), DomainSeparator.BLOCK_HEADER_HASH).then(
+        fr => new BlockHash(fr),
+      );
+    }
+    return this._cachedHash;
+  }
+
+  /** Manually set the hash for this block header if already computed */
+  setHash(hashed: Fr) {
+    this._cachedHash = Promise.resolve(new BlockHash(hashed));
+  }
+
+  static random(overrides: Partial<FieldsOf<BlockHeader>> & Partial<FieldsOf<GlobalVariables>> = {}): BlockHeader {
+    return BlockHeader.from({
+      lastArchive: AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot.random(),
+      state: StateReference.random(),
+      spongeBlobHash: Fr.random(),
+      globalVariables: GlobalVariables.random(overrides),
+      totalFees: new Fr(randomInt(100_000)),
+      totalManaUsed: new Fr(randomInt(100_000_000)),
+      ...overrides,
+    });
   }
 
   toInspect() {

package/src/tx/call_context.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { CALL_CONTEXT_LENGTH } from '@aztec/constants';
-import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import type { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { BufferReader, FieldReader, serializeToBuffer, serializeToFields } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import type { FieldsOf } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 

package/src/tx/capsule.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { hexSchemaFor } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
 import { BufferReader, serializeToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import { bufferToHex, hexToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/string';

package/src/tx/execution_payload.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import type { FunctionCall } from '../abi/function_call.js';
+import type { AuthWitness } from '../auth_witness/auth_witness.js';
+import { AztecAddress } from '../aztec-address/index.js';
+import type { Capsule } from './capsule.js';
+import type { HashedValues } from './hashed_values.js';
+
+/**
+ * Represents data necessary to perform an action in the network successfully.
+ * This class can be considered Aztec's "minimal execution unit".
+ * */
+export class ExecutionPayload {
+  public constructor(
+    /** The function calls to be executed. */
+    public calls: FunctionCall[],
+    /** Any transient auth witnesses needed for this execution */
+    public authWitnesses: AuthWitness[],
+    /** Data passed through an oracle for this execution. */
+    public capsules: Capsule[],
+    /** Extra hashed values to be injected in the execution cache */
+    public extraHashedArgs: HashedValues[] = [],
+    /**
+     * The address that is paying for the fee in this execution payload (if any).
+     * If undefined, the wallet software executing the payload will have to add a fee payment method
+     */
+    public feePayer?: AztecAddress,
+  ) {}
+
+  static empty() {
+    return new ExecutionPayload([], [], [], [], undefined);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Merges an array ExecutionPayloads combining their calls, authWitnesses, capsules and extraArgHashes.
+ * @throws Error if multiple payloads have different fee payers set
+ */
+export function mergeExecutionPayloads(requests: ExecutionPayload[]): ExecutionPayload {
+  const calls = requests.map(r => r.calls).flat();
+  const combinedAuthWitnesses = requests.map(r => r.authWitnesses ?? []).flat();
+  const combinedCapsules = requests.map(r => r.capsules ?? []).flat();
+  const combinedExtraHashedArgs = requests.map(r => r.extraHashedArgs ?? []).flat();
+
+  // Collect unique fee payers
+  const uniqueFeePayers = new Set(
+    requests
+      .map(r => r.feePayer)
+      .filter((fp): fp is AztecAddress => fp !== undefined)
+      .map(fp => fp.toString()),
+  );
+
+  if (uniqueFeePayers.size > 1) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Cannot merge execution payloads with different fee payers. Found: ${Array.from(uniqueFeePayers).join(', ')}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  const feePayer = uniqueFeePayers.size === 1 ? AztecAddress.fromString(Array.from(uniqueFeePayers)[0]) : undefined;
+
+  return new ExecutionPayload(calls, combinedAuthWitnesses, combinedCapsules, combinedExtraHashedArgs, feePayer);
+}

package/src/tx/function_data.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { FUNCTION_DATA_LENGTH } from '@aztec/constants';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { BufferReader, FieldReader, serializeToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 
 import { z } from 'zod';

package/src/tx/global_variable_builder.ts

@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 import type { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
+import type { SlotNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/schemas';
 
 import type { AztecAddress } from '../aztec-address/index.js';
 import type { GasFees } from '../gas/gas_fees.js';
 import type { UInt32 } from '../types/index.js';
-import type { GlobalVariables } from './global_variables.js';
+import type { CheckpointGlobalVariables, GlobalVariables } from './global_variables.js';
 
 /**
  * Interface for building global variables for Aztec blocks.
  */
 export interface GlobalVariableBuilder {
-  getCurrentBaseFees(): Promise<GasFees>;
+  getCurrentMinFees(): Promise<GasFees>;
 
   /**
    * Builds global variables for a given block.
@@ -23,6 +24,13 @@ export interface GlobalVariableBuilder {
     blockNumber: UInt32,
     coinbase: EthAddress,
     feeRecipient: AztecAddress,
-    slotNumber?: bigint,
+    slotNumber?: SlotNumber,
   ): Promise<GlobalVariables>;
+
+  /** Builds global variables that are constant throughout a checkpoint. */
+  buildCheckpointGlobalVariables(
+    coinbase: EthAddress,
+    feeRecipient: AztecAddress,
+    slotNumber: SlotNumber,
+  ): Promise<CheckpointGlobalVariables>;
 }

package/src/tx/global_variables.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import { GLOBAL_VARIABLES_LENGTH } from '@aztec/constants';
+import { BlockNumber, BlockNumberSchema, SlotNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { randomInt } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto/random';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { EthAddress } from '@aztec/foundation/eth-address';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
 import { jsonStringify } from '@aztec/foundation/json-rpc';
 import {
   BufferReader,
@@ -17,7 +19,13 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 import { AztecAddress } from '../aztec-address/index.js';
 import { GasFees } from '../gas/gas_fees.js';
 import { schemas } from '../schemas/index.js';
-import type { UInt32, UInt64 } from '../types/index.js';
+import type { UInt64 } from '../types/index.js';
+
+/**
+ * Global variables that are constant across the entire checkpoint (slot).
+ * Excludes blockNumber since that varies per block within a checkpoint.
+ */
+export type CheckpointGlobalVariables = Omit<FieldsOf<GlobalVariables>, 'blockNumber'>;
 
 /**
  * Global variables of the L2 block.
@@ -29,9 +37,9 @@ export class GlobalVariables {
     /** Version for the L2 block. */
     public version: Fr,
     /** Block number of the L2 block. */
-    public blockNumber: UInt32,
+    public blockNumber: BlockNumber,
     /** Slot number of the L2 block */
-    public slotNumber: Fr,
+    public slotNumber: SlotNumber,
     /** Timestamp of the L2 block. */
     public timestamp: UInt64,
     /** Recipient of block reward. */
@@ -47,8 +55,8 @@ export class GlobalVariables {
       .object({
         chainId: schemas.Fr,
         version: schemas.Fr,
-        blockNumber: schemas.UInt32,
-        slotNumber: schemas.Fr,
+        blockNumber: BlockNumberSchema,
+        slotNumber: schemas.SlotNumber,
         timestamp: schemas.BigInt,
         coinbase: schemas.EthAddress,
         feeRecipient: schemas.AztecAddress,
@@ -65,10 +73,30 @@ export class GlobalVariables {
     return new GlobalVariables(...GlobalVariables.getFields(fields));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Creates a GlobalVariables instance from a plain object without Zod validation.
+   * This method is optimized for performance and skips validation, making it suitable
+   * for deserializing trusted data (e.g., from C++ via MessagePack).
+   * @param obj - Plain object containing GlobalVariables fields
+   * @returns A GlobalVariables instance
+   */
+  static fromPlainObject(obj: any): GlobalVariables {
+    return new GlobalVariables(
+      Fr.fromPlainObject(obj.chainId),
+      Fr.fromPlainObject(obj.version),
+      obj.blockNumber,
+      SlotNumber(Fr.fromPlainObject(obj.slotNumber).toNumber()),
+      typeof obj.timestamp === 'bigint' ? obj.timestamp : BigInt(obj.timestamp),
+      EthAddress.fromPlainObject(obj.coinbase),
+      AztecAddress.fromPlainObject(obj.feeRecipient),
+      GasFees.fromPlainObject(obj.gasFees),
+    );
+  }
+
   static empty(fields: Partial<FieldsOf<GlobalVariables>> = {}): GlobalVariables {
     return GlobalVariables.from({
-      blockNumber: 0,
-      slotNumber: Fr.ZERO,
+      blockNumber: BlockNumber.ZERO,
+      slotNumber: SlotNumber.ZERO,
       timestamp: 0n,
       chainId: Fr.ZERO,
       version: Fr.ZERO,
@@ -84,8 +112,8 @@ export class GlobalVariables {
     return new GlobalVariables(
       Fr.fromBuffer(reader),
       Fr.fromBuffer(reader),
-      reader.readNumber(),
-      Fr.fromBuffer(reader),
+      BlockNumber(reader.readNumber()),
+      SlotNumber(reader.readNumber()),
       reader.readUInt64(),
       reader.readObject(EthAddress),
       reader.readObject(AztecAddress),
@@ -99,8 +127,8 @@ export class GlobalVariables {
     return new GlobalVariables(
       reader.readField(),
       reader.readField(),
-      reader.readU32(),
-      reader.readField(),
+      BlockNumber(reader.readU32()),
+      SlotNumber(reader.readU32()),
       reader.readField().toBigInt(),
       EthAddress.fromField(reader.readField()),
       AztecAddress.fromField(reader.readField()),
@@ -151,13 +179,31 @@ export class GlobalVariables {
   toFriendlyJSON() {
     return {
       blockNumber: this.blockNumber,
-      slotNumber: this.slotNumber.toNumber(),
+      slotNumber: this.slotNumber,
       timestamp: this.timestamp.toString(),
       coinbase: this.coinbase.toString(),
       gasFees: jsonStringify(this.gasFees),
     };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Converts GlobalVariables to a plain object suitable for MessagePack serialization.
+   * This method ensures that slotNumber is serialized as a Fr (Field element) to match
+   * the C++ struct definition which expects slot_number as FF.
+   */
+  toJSON() {
+    return {
+      chainId: this.chainId,
+      version: this.version,
+      blockNumber: this.blockNumber,
+      slotNumber: new Fr(this.slotNumber), // Convert to Fr for C++ compatibility
+      timestamp: this.timestamp,
+      coinbase: this.coinbase,
+      feeRecipient: this.feeRecipient,
+      gasFees: this.gasFees,
+    };
+  }
+
   clone(): GlobalVariables {
     return GlobalVariables.fromBuffer(this.toBuffer());
   }
@@ -167,7 +213,7 @@ export class GlobalVariables {
       this.chainId.isZero() &&
       this.version.isZero() &&
       this.blockNumber === 0 &&
-      this.slotNumber.isZero() &&
+      this.slotNumber === 0 &&
       this.timestamp === 0n &&
       this.coinbase.isZero() &&
       this.feeRecipient.isZero() &&
@@ -175,12 +221,26 @@ export class GlobalVariables {
     );
   }
 
+  static random(overrides: Partial<FieldsOf<GlobalVariables>> = {}): GlobalVariables {
+    return GlobalVariables.from({
+      chainId: new Fr(randomInt(100_000)),
+      version: new Fr(randomInt(100_000)),
+      blockNumber: BlockNumber(randomInt(100_000)),
+      slotNumber: SlotNumber(randomInt(100_000)),
+      coinbase: EthAddress.random(),
+      feeRecipient: AztecAddress.fromField(Fr.random()),
+      gasFees: GasFees.random(),
+      timestamp: BigInt(randomInt(100_000_000)),
+      ...overrides,
+    });
+  }
+
   toInspect() {
     return {
       chainId: this.chainId.toNumber(),
       version: this.version.toNumber(),
       blockNumber: this.blockNumber,
-      slotNumber: this.slotNumber.toNumber(),
+      slotNumber: this.slotNumber,
       timestamp: this.timestamp,
       coinbase: this.coinbase.toString(),
       feeRecipient: this.feeRecipient.toString(),
@@ -198,7 +258,7 @@ export class GlobalVariables {
       this.chainId.equals(other.chainId) &&
       this.version.equals(other.version) &&
       this.blockNumber === other.blockNumber &&
-      this.slotNumber.equals(other.slotNumber) &&
+      this.slotNumber === other.slotNumber &&
       this.timestamp === other.timestamp &&
       this.coinbase.equals(other.coinbase) &&
       this.feeRecipient.equals(other.feeRecipient) &&

package/src/tx/hashed_values.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/curves/bn254';
 import { BufferReader, serializeToBuffer } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import type { FieldsOf } from '@aztec/foundation/types';