@aztec/p2p 0.0.1-commit.f2ce05ee → 0.0.1-commit.f5a9928

package/src/mem_pools/tx_pool_v2/tx_pool_v2_impl.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-import { SlotNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { BlockNumber, SlotNumber } from '@aztec/foundation/branded-types';
+import { FifoSet } from '@aztec/foundation/fifo-set';
 import type { Logger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
+import type { DateProvider } from '@aztec/foundation/timer';
 import type { AztecAsyncKVStore, AztecAsyncMap } from '@aztec/kv-store';
 import { ProtocolContractAddress } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts';
 import { computeFeePayerBalanceStorageSlot } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts/fee-juice';
@@ -8,20 +10,27 @@ import type { L2Block, L2BlockId, L2BlockSource } from '@aztec/stdlib/block';
 import type { WorldStateSynchronizer } from '@aztec/stdlib/interfaces/server';
 import { DatabasePublicStateSource } from '@aztec/stdlib/trees';
 import { BlockHeader, Tx, TxHash, type TxValidator } from '@aztec/stdlib/tx';
+import type { TelemetryClient } from '@aztec/telemetry-client';
 
 import { TxArchive } from './archive/index.js';
+import { DeletedPool } from './deleted_pool.js';
 import {
   EvictionManager,
   FeePayerBalanceEvictionRule,
   FeePayerBalancePreAddRule,
+  InsufficientFeePerGasEvictionRule,
   InvalidTxsAfterMiningRule,
   InvalidTxsAfterReorgRule,
   LowPriorityEvictionRule,
   LowPriorityPreAddRule,
   NullifierConflictRule,
   type PoolOperations,
+  type PreAddContext,
   type PreAddPoolAccess,
+  TxPoolRejectionCode,
+  type TxPoolRejectionError,
 } from './eviction/index.js';
+import { TxPoolV2Instrumentation } from './instrumentation.js';
 import {
   type AddTxsResult,
   DEFAULT_TX_POOL_V2_CONFIG,
@@ -32,12 +41,29 @@ import {
 import { type TxMetaData, type TxState, buildTxMetaData, checkNullifierConflict } from './tx_metadata.js';
 import { TxPoolIndices } from './tx_pool_indices.js';
 
+/**
+ * Maximum number of finalized txs to archive or hard-delete per serial-queue item. Bounds both
+ * peak memory (~23k txs/epoch at 10 TPS would otherwise OOM the node) and, more importantly, how
+ * long finalization occupies the pool's serial queue per item: gossip tx validation waits on that
+ * queue, so each item must stay well under the gossipsub mcache eviction window.
+ */
+export const FINALIZE_BLOCK_CHUNK_SIZE = 16;
+
 /**
  * Callbacks for the implementation to notify the outer class about events and metrics.
  */
+/** A tx that has just transitioned to mined, with the time it spent in the pool. */
+export interface MinedTxInfo {
+  txHash: string;
+  /** Wall-clock ms from receipt into the pool to being marked mined. Undefined when the
+   * receive time is unknown (e.g. a tx hydrated from the DB on restart, receivedAt === 0). */
+  minedDelayMs?: number;
+}
+
 export interface TxPoolV2Callbacks {
   onTxsAdded: (txs: Tx[], opts: { source?: string }) => void;
   onTxsRemoved: (txHashes: string[] | bigint[]) => void;
+  onTxsMined: (minedTxs: MinedTxInfo[]) => void;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -48,12 +74,16 @@ export interface TxPoolV2Callbacks {
 export class TxPoolV2Impl {
   // === Persistence ===
   #store: AztecAsyncKVStore;
+  /** Tx data without its proof. Proofs live in #proofsDB so a tx can be read without loading its proof. */
   #txsDB: AztecAsyncMap<string, Buffer>;
+  /** Tx proofs, keyed by tx hash. Written and deleted in lockstep with #txsDB. */
+  #proofsDB: AztecAsyncMap<string, Buffer>;
 
   // === Dependencies ===
   #l2BlockSource: L2BlockSource;
   #worldStateSynchronizer: WorldStateSynchronizer;
-  #pendingTxValidator: TxValidator<Tx>;
+  #createTxValidator: TxPoolV2Dependencies['createTxValidator'];
+  #checkAllowedSetupCalls: TxPoolV2Dependencies['checkAllowedSetupCalls'];
 
   // === In-Memory Indices ===
   #indices: TxPoolIndices = new TxPoolIndices();
@@ -61,7 +91,11 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
   // === Config & Services ===
   #config: TxPoolV2Config;
   #archive: TxArchive;
+  #deletedPool: DeletedPool;
   #evictionManager: EvictionManager;
+  #dateProvider: DateProvider;
+  #instrumentation: TxPoolV2Instrumentation;
+  #evictedTxHashes: FifoSet<string>;
   #log: Logger;
   #callbacks: TxPoolV2Callbacks;
 
@@ -70,18 +104,26 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
     archiveStore: AztecAsyncKVStore,
     deps: TxPoolV2Dependencies,
     callbacks: TxPoolV2Callbacks,
+    telemetry: TelemetryClient,
     config: Partial<TxPoolV2Config> = {},
+    dateProvider: DateProvider,
     log: Logger,
   ) {
     this.#store = store;
     this.#txsDB = store.openMap('txs');
+    this.#proofsDB = store.openMap('tx_proofs');
 
     this.#l2BlockSource = deps.l2BlockSource;
     this.#worldStateSynchronizer = deps.worldStateSynchronizer;
-    this.#pendingTxValidator = deps.pendingTxValidator;
+    this.#createTxValidator = deps.createTxValidator;
+    this.#checkAllowedSetupCalls = deps.checkAllowedSetupCalls;
 
     this.#config = { ...DEFAULT_TX_POOL_V2_CONFIG, ...config };
+    this.#evictedTxHashes = FifoSet.withLimit<string>(this.#config.evictedTxCacheSize);
     this.#archive = new TxArchive(archiveStore, this.#config.archivedTxLimit, log);
+    this.#deletedPool = new DeletedPool(store, txHashStr => this.#deleteTxData(txHashStr), log);
+    this.#dateProvider = dateProvider;
+    this.#instrumentation = new TxPoolV2Instrumentation(telemetry, () => this.#indices.getTotalMetadataBytes());
     this.#log = log;
     this.#callbacks = callbacks;
 
@@ -97,6 +139,7 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
 
     // Post-event eviction rules (run after events to check ALL pending txs)
     this.#evictionManager.registerRule(new InvalidTxsAfterMiningRule());
+    this.#evictionManager.registerRule(new InsufficientFeePerGasEvictionRule(deps.blockMinFeesProvider));
     this.#evictionManager.registerRule(new InvalidTxsAfterReorgRule(deps.worldStateSynchronizer));
     this.#evictionManager.registerRule(new FeePayerBalanceEvictionRule(deps.worldStateSynchronizer));
     // LowPriorityEvictionRule handles cases where txs become pending via prepareForSlot (unprotect)
@@ -116,55 +159,118 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
    * by running pre-add rules to resolve nullifier conflicts, balance checks, and pool size limits.
    */
   async hydrateFromDatabase(): Promise<void> {
-    // Step 1: Load all transactions from DB
-    const { loaded, errors: deserializationErrors } = await this.#loadAllTxsFromDb();
-
-    // Step 2: Check mined status for each tx
-    await this.#markMinedStatusBatch(loaded.map(l => l.meta));
-
-    // Step 3: Partition by mined status
-    const mined: TxMetaData[] = [];
-    const nonMined: { tx: Tx; meta: TxMetaData }[] = [];
-    for (const entry of loaded) {
-      if (entry.meta.minedL2BlockId !== undefined) {
-        mined.push(entry.meta);
+    // Step 0: Hydrate deleted pool state
+    await this.#deletedPool.hydrateFromDatabase();
+
+    // Step 1: Stream txs from DB, building metadata and mined status one at a time.
+    const minedMetas: TxMetaData[] = [];
+    const pendingMetas: TxMetaData[] = [];
+    const deserializationErrors: string[] = [];
+
+    for await (const [txHashStr, buffer] of this.#txsDB.entriesAsync()) {
+      // Skip soft-deleted transactions - they stay in DB but not in indices
+      if (this.#deletedPool.isSoftDeleted(txHashStr)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      let meta: TxMetaData;
+      let txEffect: Awaited<ReturnType<L2BlockSource['getTxEffect']>>;
+      try {
+        const tx = Tx.fromBuffer(buffer);
+        // Resolve allowed-setup-calls and the tx effect concurrently
+        // getTxEffect failures are non-fatal (we just treat the tx as not-yet-mined), so
+        // its rejection is swallowed before the Promise.all so it can't fail-fast the batch.
+        const txEffectPromise = this.#l2BlockSource.getTxEffect(tx.getTxHash()).catch(err => {
+          this.#log.warn(`Failed to check mined status for tx ${txHashStr}`, { err });
+          return undefined;
+        });
+        const [allowedSetupCalls, fetchedTxEffect] = await Promise.all([
+          this.#checkAllowedSetupCalls(tx),
+          txEffectPromise,
+        ]);
+        meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx, allowedSetupCalls);
+        txEffect = fetchedTxEffect;
+      } catch (err) {
+        this.#log.warn(`Failed to deserialize tx ${txHashStr}, deleting`, { err });
+        deserializationErrors.push(txHashStr);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (txEffect) {
+        meta.minedL2BlockId = {
+          number: txEffect.l2BlockNumber,
+          hash: txEffect.l2BlockHash.toString(),
+        };
+      }
+
+      if (meta.minedL2BlockId !== undefined) {
+        minedMetas.push(meta);
       } else {
-        nonMined.push(entry);
+        pendingMetas.push(meta);
       }
     }
 
-    // Step 4: Validate non-mined transactions
-    const { valid, invalid } = await this.#validateTxBatch(nonMined, 'on startup');
+    // Step 2: Validate non-mined transactions
+    const { valid, invalid } = await this.#revalidateMetadata(pendingMetas, 'on startup');
 
-    // Step 5: Populate mined indices (these don't need conflict resolution)
-    for (const meta of mined) {
+    // Step 3: Populate mined indices (these don't need conflict resolution)
+    for (const meta of minedMetas) {
       this.#indices.addMined(meta);
     }
 
-    // Step 6: Rebuild pending pool by running pre-add rules for each tx
+    // Step 4: Rebuild pending pool by running pre-add rules for each tx
     // This resolves nullifier conflicts, fee payer balance issues, and pool size limits
     const { rejected } = await this.#rebuildPendingPool(valid);
 
-    // Step 7: Delete invalid and rejected txs from DB only (indices were never populated for these)
+    // Step 5: Delete invalid and rejected txs from DB only (indices were never populated for these)
     const toDelete = [...deserializationErrors, ...invalid, ...rejected];
     if (toDelete.length === 0) {
       return;
     }
     await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
       for (const txHashStr of toDelete) {
-        await this.#txsDB.delete(txHashStr);
+        await this.#deleteTxData(txHashStr);
       }
     });
-    this.#log.info(`Deleted ${toDelete.length} invalid/rejected transactions on startup`);
+    this.#log.info(`Deleted ${toDelete.length} invalid/rejected transactions on startup`, { txHashes: toDelete });
   }
 
-  async addPendingTxs(txs: Tx[], opts: { source?: string }): Promise<AddTxsResult> {
+  async addPendingTxs(txs: Tx[], opts: { source?: string; feeComparisonOnly?: boolean }): Promise<AddTxsResult> {
     const accepted: TxHash[] = [];
     const ignored: TxHash[] = [];
     const rejected: TxHash[] = [];
+    const errors = new Map<string, TxPoolRejectionError>();
     const acceptedPending = new Set<string>();
 
+    // Phase 1: Pre-compute all throwable I/O outside the transaction.
+    // If any pre-computation throws, the entire call fails before mutations happen.
+    const precomputed = new Map<string, { meta: TxMetaData; minedBlockId: L2BlockId | undefined; isValid: boolean }>();
+
+    const validator = await this.#createTxValidator();
+
+    for (const tx of txs) {
+      const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
+      const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
+
+      const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
+      const minedBlockId = await this.#getMinedBlockId(txHash);
+
+      // Validate non-mined txs (mined and pre-protected txs bypass validation inside the transaction)
+      let isValid = true;
+      if (!minedBlockId) {
+        isValid = await this.#validateMeta(meta, validator);
+      }
+
+      precomputed.set(txHashStr, { meta, minedBlockId, isValid });
+    }
+
+    // Phase 2: Apply mutations inside the transaction using only pre-computed results,
+    // in-memory reads, and buffered DB writes. Nothing here can throw an unhandled exception.
     const poolAccess = this.#createPreAddPoolAccess();
+    const preAddContext: PreAddContext | undefined =
+      opts.feeComparisonOnly !== undefined
+        ? { feeComparisonOnly: opts.feeComparisonOnly, priceBumpPercentage: this.#config.priceBumpPercentage }
+        : undefined;
 
     await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
       for (const tx of txs) {
@@ -177,30 +283,46 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
           continue;
         }
 
-        // Check mined status first (applies to all paths)
-        const minedBlockId = await this.#getMinedBlockId(txHash);
+        const { meta, minedBlockId, isValid } = precomputed.get(txHashStr)!;
         const preProtectedSlot = this.#indices.getProtectionSlot(txHashStr);
 
         if (minedBlockId) {
           // Already mined - add directly (protection already set if pre-protected)
-          await this.#addTx(tx, { mined: minedBlockId }, opts);
+          await this.#addTx(tx, { mined: minedBlockId }, opts, meta);
           accepted.push(txHash);
         } else if (preProtectedSlot !== undefined) {
           // Pre-protected and not mined - add as protected (bypass validation)
-          await this.#addTx(tx, { protected: preProtectedSlot }, opts);
+          await this.#addTx(tx, { protected: preProtectedSlot }, opts, meta);
           accepted.push(txHash);
+        } else if (!isValid) {
+          // Failed pre-computed validation
+          rejected.push(txHash);
         } else {
-          // Regular pending tx - validate and run pre-add rules
-          const result = await this.#tryAddRegularPendingTx(tx, opts, poolAccess, acceptedPending, ignored);
+          // Regular pending tx - run pre-add rules using pre-computed metadata
+          const result = await this.#tryAddRegularPendingTx(
+            tx,
+            meta,
+            opts,
+            poolAccess,
+            acceptedPending,
+            ignored,
+            errors,
+            preAddContext,
+          );
           if (result.status === 'accepted') {
             acceptedPending.add(txHashStr);
-          } else if (result.status === 'rejected') {
-            rejected.push(txHash);
           } else {
             ignored.push(txHash);
           }
         }
       }
+
+      // Run post-add eviction rules for pending txs (inside transaction for atomicity)
+      if (acceptedPending.size > 0) {
+        const feePayers = Array.from(acceptedPending).map(txHash => this.#indices.getMetadata(txHash)!.feePayer);
+        const uniqueFeePayers = new Set<string>(feePayers);
+        await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewTxs(Array.from(acceptedPending), [...uniqueFeePayers]);
+      }
     });
 
     // Build final accepted list for pending txs (excludes intra-batch evictions)
@@ -208,96 +330,124 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
       accepted.push(TxHash.fromString(txHashStr));
     }
 
-    // Run post-add eviction rules for pending txs
-    if (acceptedPending.size > 0) {
-      const feePayers = Array.from(acceptedPending).map(txHash => this.#indices.getMetadata(txHash)!.feePayer);
-      const uniqueFeePayers = new Set<string>(feePayers);
-      await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewTxs(Array.from(acceptedPending), [...uniqueFeePayers]);
+    // Record metrics
+    if (ignored.length > 0) {
+      this.#instrumentation.recordIgnored(ignored.length);
+    }
+    if (rejected.length > 0) {
+      this.#instrumentation.recordRejected(rejected.length);
     }
 
-    return { accepted, ignored, rejected };
+    return { accepted, ignored, rejected, ...(errors.size > 0 ? { errors } : {}) };
   }
 
-  /** Validates and adds a regular pending tx. Returns status. */
+  /** Adds a validated pending tx, running pre-add rules and evicting conflicts. */
   async #tryAddRegularPendingTx(
     tx: Tx,
+    precomputedMeta: TxMetaData,
     opts: { source?: string },
     poolAccess: PreAddPoolAccess,
     acceptedPending: Set<string>,
     ignored: TxHash[],
-  ): Promise<{ status: 'accepted' | 'ignored' | 'rejected' }> {
-    const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
-    const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
+    errors: Map<string, TxPoolRejectionError>,
+    preAddContext?: PreAddContext,
+  ): Promise<{ status: 'accepted' | 'ignored' }> {
+    const txHashStr = tx.getTxHash().toString();
 
-    // Validate transaction
-    if (!(await this.#validateTx(tx))) {
-      return { status: 'rejected' };
-    }
-
-    // Build metadata and run pre-add rules
-    const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
-    const preAddResult = await this.#evictionManager.runPreAddRules(meta, poolAccess);
+    // Run pre-add rules
+    const preAddResult = await this.#evictionManager.runPreAddRules(precomputedMeta, poolAccess, preAddContext);
 
     if (preAddResult.shouldIgnore) {
-      this.#log.debug(`Ignoring tx ${txHashStr}: ${preAddResult.reason}`);
+      this.#log.debug(`Ignoring tx ${txHashStr}: ${preAddResult.reason?.message ?? 'unknown reason'}`);
+      if (preAddResult.reason && preAddResult.reason.code !== TxPoolRejectionCode.INTERNAL_ERROR) {
+        errors.set(txHashStr, preAddResult.reason);
+      }
       return { status: 'ignored' };
     }
 
-    // Evict conflicts
-    for (const evictHashStr of preAddResult.txHashesToEvict) {
-      await this.#deleteTx(evictHashStr);
-      this.#log.debug(`Evicted tx ${evictHashStr} due to higher-fee tx ${txHashStr}`);
-      if (acceptedPending.has(evictHashStr)) {
-        // Evicted tx was from this batch - mark as ignored in result
-        acceptedPending.delete(evictHashStr);
-        ignored.push(TxHash.fromString(evictHashStr));
+    // Evict conflicts, grouped by rule name for metrics
+    if (preAddResult.evictions && preAddResult.evictions.length > 0) {
+      const byReason = new Map<string, string[]>();
+      for (const { txHash: evictHash, reason } of preAddResult.evictions) {
+        const group = byReason.get(reason);
+        if (group) {
+          group.push(evictHash);
+        } else {
+          byReason.set(reason, [evictHash]);
+        }
       }
+      for (const [reason, hashes] of byReason) {
+        await this.#evictTxs(hashes, reason);
+      }
+      for (const evictHashStr of preAddResult.txHashesToEvict) {
+        this.#log.debug(`Evicted tx ${evictHashStr} due to higher-fee tx ${txHashStr}`, {
+          evictedTxHash: evictHashStr,
+          replacementTxHash: txHashStr,
+        });
+        if (acceptedPending.has(evictHashStr)) {
+          // Evicted tx was from this batch - mark as ignored in result
+          acceptedPending.delete(evictHashStr);
+          ignored.push(TxHash.fromString(evictHashStr));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Randomly drop the transaction for testing purposes (report as accepted so it propagates)
+    if (this.#config.dropTransactionsProbability > 0 && Math.random() < this.#config.dropTransactionsProbability) {
+      this.#log.debug(`Dropping tx ${txHashStr} (simulated drop for testing)`);
+      return { status: 'accepted' };
     }
 
     // Add the transaction
-    await this.#addTx(tx, 'pending', opts);
+    await this.#addTx(tx, 'pending', opts, precomputedMeta);
     return { status: 'accepted' };
   }
 
-  async canAddPendingTx(tx: Tx): Promise<'accepted' | 'ignored' | 'rejected'> {
+  async canAddPendingTx(tx: Tx): Promise<'accepted' | 'ignored'> {
     const txHashStr = tx.getTxHash().toString();
 
     // Check if already in pool
     if (this.#indices.has(txHashStr)) {
+      this.#log.verbose(`canAddPendingTx: tx ${txHashStr} already in pool`);
       return 'ignored';
     }
 
-    // Validate transaction (no logging for dry-run check)
-    const validationResult = await this.#pendingTxValidator.validateTx(tx);
-    if (validationResult.result !== 'valid') {
-      return 'rejected';
-    }
-
-    // Build metadata and use pre-add rules
+    // Build metadata and check pre-add rules
     const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
     const poolAccess = this.#createPreAddPoolAccess();
     const preAddResult = await this.#evictionManager.runPreAddRules(meta, poolAccess);
 
-    return preAddResult.shouldIgnore ? 'ignored' : 'accepted';
+    if (preAddResult.shouldIgnore) {
+      this.#log.verbose(`canAddPendingTx: tx ${txHashStr} ignored by pre-add rule`, {
+        reason: preAddResult.reason?.message ?? 'no reason provided',
+      });
+      return 'ignored';
+    }
+    return 'accepted';
   }
 
   async addProtectedTxs(txs: Tx[], block: BlockHeader, opts: { source?: string }): Promise<void> {
     const slotNumber = block.globalVariables.slotNumber;
 
+    // Precompute setup-call allow-list flags outside the store transaction
+    const allowedFlags = await Promise.all(txs.map(tx => this.#checkAllowedSetupCalls(tx)));
+
     await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
-      for (const tx of txs) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < txs.length; i++) {
+        const tx = txs[i];
         const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
         const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
         const isNew = !this.#indices.has(txHashStr);
         const minedBlockId = await this.#getMinedBlockId(txHash);
 
         if (isNew) {
+          const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx, allowedFlags[i]);
           // New tx - add as mined or protected (callback emitted by #addTx)
           if (minedBlockId) {
-            await this.#addTx(tx, { mined: minedBlockId }, opts);
+            await this.#addTx(tx, { mined: minedBlockId }, opts, meta);
             this.#indices.setProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
           } else {
-            await this.#addTx(tx, { protected: slotNumber }, opts);
+            await this.#addTx(tx, { protected: slotNumber }, opts, meta);
           }
         } else {
           // Existing tx - update protection and mined status
@@ -311,23 +461,59 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
     });
   }
 
-  protectTxs(txHashes: TxHash[], block: BlockHeader): TxHash[] {
+  async protectTxs(txHashes: TxHash[], block: BlockHeader): Promise<TxHash[]> {
     const slotNumber = block.globalVariables.slotNumber;
     const missing: TxHash[] = [];
+    let softDeletedHits = 0;
+    let missingPreviouslyEvicted = 0;
 
-    for (const txHash of txHashes) {
-      const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
+    await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      for (const txHash of txHashes) {
+        const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
 
-      if (this.#indices.has(txHashStr)) {
-        // Update protection for existing tx
-        this.#indices.updateProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
-      } else {
-        // Pre-record protection for tx we don't have yet
-        this.#indices.setProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
-        missing.push(txHash);
+        if (this.#indices.has(txHashStr)) {
+          // Update protection for existing tx
+          this.#indices.updateProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
+        } else if (this.#deletedPool.isSoftDeleted(txHashStr)) {
+          // Resurrect soft-deleted tx as protected. Load the proof too: #addTx rewrites both entries, so re-adding
+          // a proofless tx would wipe the stored proof.
+          const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(txHashStr);
+          if (buffer) {
+            const tx = await this.#loadTxWithProof(txHashStr, buffer);
+            await this.#addTx(tx, { protected: slotNumber });
+            softDeletedHits++;
+          } else {
+            // Data missing despite soft-delete flag — treat as truly missing
+            this.#indices.setProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
+            missing.push(txHash);
+          }
+        } else {
+          // Truly missing — pre-record protection for tx we don't have yet
+          this.#indices.setProtection(txHashStr, slotNumber);
+          missing.push(txHash);
+          if (this.#evictedTxHashes.has(txHashStr)) {
+            missingPreviouslyEvicted++;
+          }
+        }
       }
+    });
+
+    // Record metrics
+    if (softDeletedHits > 0) {
+      this.#instrumentation.recordSoftDeletedHits(softDeletedHits);
+    }
+    if (missing.length > 0) {
+      this.#log.debug(`protectTxs missing tx hashes: ${missing.map(h => h.toString()).join(', ')}`);
+      this.#instrumentation.recordMissingOnProtect(missing.length);
+    }
+    if (missingPreviouslyEvicted > 0) {
+      this.#instrumentation.recordMissingPreviouslyEvicted(missingPreviouslyEvicted);
     }
 
+    this.#log.info(
+      `Protected ${txHashes.length} txs, missing: ${missing.length}, soft-deleted hits: ${softDeletedHits}`,
+    );
+
     return missing;
   }
 
@@ -347,6 +533,7 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
           // Add new mined tx (callback emitted by #addTx)
           await this.#addTx(tx, { mined: blockId }, opts);
         }
+        await this.#deletedPool.clearIfMinedHigher(txHashStr, blockId.number);
       }
     });
   }
@@ -370,42 +557,97 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
       }
     }
 
-    // Step 4: Mark txs as mined (only those we have in the pool)
-    for (const meta of found) {
-      this.#indices.markAsMined(meta, blockId);
-    }
+    await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      // Step 4: Mark txs as mined (only those we have in the pool)
+      for (const meta of found) {
+        this.#indices.markAsMined(meta, blockId);
+        await this.#deletedPool.clearIfMinedHigher(meta.txHash, blockId.number);
+      }
 
-    // Step 5: Run eviction rules (remove pending txs with conflicting nullifiers/expired timestamps)
-    await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewBlock(block.header, nullifiers, feePayers);
+      // Step 5: Run post-event eviction rules (inside transaction for atomicity)
+      await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterNewBlock(block.header, nullifiers, feePayers);
+    });
+
+    if (found.length > 0) {
+      // receivedAt is 0 for txs hydrated from the DB on restart (true receive time lost) — leave
+      // their delay undefined so the metric isn't polluted by epoch-sized values.
+      const now = this.#dateProvider.now();
+      this.#callbacks.onTxsMined(
+        found.map(m => ({
+          txHash: m.txHash,
+          minedDelayMs: m.receivedAt > 0 ? now - m.receivedAt : undefined,
+        })),
+      );
+    }
 
     this.#log.info(`Marked ${found.length} txs as mined in block ${blockId.number}`);
   }
 
   async prepareForSlot(slotNumber: SlotNumber): Promise<void> {
-    // Step 1: Find expired protected txs
-    const expiredProtected = this.#indices.findExpiredProtectedTxs(slotNumber);
+    await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      // Step 0: Clean up slot-deleted txs from previous slots
+      await this.#deletedPool.cleanupSlotDeleted(slotNumber);
 
-    // Step 2: Clear protection for all expired entries (including those without metadata)
-    this.#indices.clearProtection(expiredProtected);
+      // Step 1: Find expired protected txs
+      const expiredProtected = this.#indices.findExpiredProtectedTxs(slotNumber);
 
-    // Step 3: Filter to only txs that have metadata and are not mined
-    const txsToRestore = this.#indices.filterRestorable(expiredProtected);
-    if (txsToRestore.length === 0) {
-      return;
-    }
+      // Step 2: Clear protection for all expired entries (including those without metadata)
+      this.#indices.clearProtection(expiredProtected);
+
+      // Step 3: Filter to only txs that have metadata and are not mined
+      const txsToRestore = this.#indices.filterRestorable(expiredProtected);
+      if (txsToRestore.length === 0) {
+        this.#log.debug(`Preparing for slot ${slotNumber}, no txs to unprotect`);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      this.#log.info(`Preparing for slot ${slotNumber}: unprotecting ${txsToRestore.length} txs`);
+      await this.#restoreUnprotectedToPending(txsToRestore, 'during prepareForSlot');
+    });
+  }
+
+  async unprotectTxs(txHashes: TxHash[], slotNumber: SlotNumber): Promise<void> {
+    const hashStrs = txHashes.map(h => h.toString());
+
+    await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      // Only release entries still recorded at this exact slot. A tx that another, still-live proposal
+      // raised to a higher slot via updateProtection must keep that protection. Mined txs have no
+      // protection entry and so are never matched here.
+      const matching = this.#indices.findProtectedTxsAtSlot(hashStrs, slotNumber);
+      if (matching.length === 0) {
+        this.#log.debug(`Unprotecting txs for slot ${slotNumber}: no matching protections to release`);
+        return;
+      }
 
-    this.#log.info(`Preparing for slot ${slotNumber}: unprotecting ${txsToRestore.length} txs`);
+      this.#indices.clearProtection(matching);
 
-    // Step 4: Validate for pending pool
-    const { valid, invalid } = await this.#loadAndValidateTxs(txsToRestore, 'during prepareForSlot');
+      const txsToRestore = this.#indices.filterRestorable(matching);
+      if (txsToRestore.length === 0) {
+        return;
+      }
 
-    // Step 5: Resolve nullifier conflicts and add winners to pending indices
+      this.#log.info(`Unprotecting ${txsToRestore.length} txs from failed proposal at slot ${slotNumber}`);
+      await this.#restoreUnprotectedToPending(txsToRestore, 'during unprotectTxs');
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns just-unprotected txs to the pending pool: revalidates them, resolves nullifier
+   * conflicts, deletes losers, then enforces the pool size limit. Must run inside a store
+   * transaction; callers clear the protection entries before invoking.
+   */
+  async #restoreUnprotectedToPending(txsToRestore: TxMetaData[], context: string): Promise<void> {
+    // Step 1: Validate for pending pool
+    const { valid, invalid } = await this.#revalidateMetadata(txsToRestore, context);
+
+    // Step 2: Resolve nullifier conflicts and add winners to pending indices
     const { added, toEvict } = this.#applyNullifierConflictResolution(valid);
 
-    // Step 6: Delete invalid and evicted txs
-    await this.#deleteTxsBatch([...invalid, ...toEvict]);
+    // Step 3: Delete invalid txs and evict conflict losers
+    await this.#deleteTxsBatch(invalid);
+    await this.#evictTxs(toEvict, 'NullifierConflict');
 
-    // Step 7: Run eviction rules (enforce pool size limit)
+    // Step 4: Run eviction rules (enforce pool size limit)
     if (added.length > 0) {
       const feePayers = added.map(meta => meta.feePayer);
       const uniqueFeePayers = new Set<string>(feePayers);
@@ -416,7 +658,7 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
     }
   }
 
-  async handlePrunedBlocks(latestBlock: L2BlockId): Promise<void> {
+  async handlePrunedBlocks(latestBlock: L2BlockId, options?: { deleteAllTxs?: boolean }): Promise<void> {
     // Step 1: Find transactions mined after the prune point
     const txsToUnmine = this.#indices.findTxsMinedAfter(latestBlock.number);
     if (txsToUnmine.length === 0) {
@@ -426,102 +668,240 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
 
     this.#log.info(`Handling prune to block ${latestBlock.number}: un-mining ${txsToUnmine.length} txs`);
 
-    // Step 2: Unmine - clear mined status from metadata
-    for (const meta of txsToUnmine) {
-      this.#indices.markAsUnmined(meta);
-    }
+    await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      // Step 2: Mark ALL un-mined txs with their original mined block number
+      // This ensures they get soft-deleted if removed later, and only hard-deleted
+      // when their original mined block is finalized
+      await this.#deletedPool.markFromPrunedBlock(
+        txsToUnmine.map(m => ({
+          txHash: m.txHash,
+          minedAtBlock: BlockNumber(m.minedL2BlockId!.number),
+        })),
+      );
 
-    // Step 3: Filter out protected txs (they'll be handled by prepareForSlot)
-    const unprotectedTxs = this.#indices.filterUnprotected(txsToUnmine);
+      // Step 3: Unmine - clear mined status from metadata
+      for (const meta of txsToUnmine) {
+        this.#indices.markAsUnmined(meta);
+      }
 
-    // Step 4: Validate for pending pool
-    const { valid, invalid } = await this.#loadAndValidateTxs(unprotectedTxs, 'during handlePrunedBlocks');
+      // If deleteAllTxs is set (epoch prune), delete all un-mined txs and return early
+      if (options?.deleteAllTxs) {
+        const allTxHashes = txsToUnmine.map(m => m.txHash);
+        await this.#deleteTxsBatch(allTxHashes);
+        this.#log.info(
+          `Handled prune to block ${latestBlock.number} with deleteAllTxs: deleted ${allTxHashes.length} txs`,
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Step 4: Filter out protected txs (they'll be handled by prepareForSlot)
+      const unprotectedTxs = this.#indices.filterUnprotected(txsToUnmine);
+
+      // Step 5: Validate for pending pool
+      const { valid, invalid } = await this.#revalidateMetadata(unprotectedTxs, 'during handlePrunedBlocks');
 
-    // Step 5: Resolve nullifier conflicts and add winners to pending indices
-    const { toEvict } = this.#applyNullifierConflictResolution(valid);
+      // Step 6: Resolve nullifier conflicts and add winners to pending indices
+      const { toEvict } = this.#applyNullifierConflictResolution(valid);
 
-    // Step 6: Delete invalid and evicted txs
-    await this.#deleteTxsBatch([...invalid, ...toEvict]);
+      // Step 7: Delete invalid txs and evict conflict losers
+      await this.#deleteTxsBatch(invalid);
+      await this.#evictTxs(toEvict, 'NullifierConflict');
 
-    // Step 7: Run eviction rules for ALL pending txs (not just restored ones)
-    // This handles cases like existing pending txs with invalid fee payer balances
-    await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterChainPrune(latestBlock.number);
+      this.#log.info(
+        `Handled prune to block ${latestBlock.number}: ${valid.length} txs restored to pending, ${invalid.length} invalid, ${toEvict.length} evicted due to nullifier conflicts`,
+        { txHashesRestored: valid.map(m => m.txHash), txHashesInvalid: invalid, txHashesEvicted: toEvict },
+      );
+
+      // Step 8: Run eviction rules for ALL pending txs (not just restored ones)
+      // This handles cases like existing pending txs with invalid fee payer balances
+      await this.#evictionManager.evictAfterChainPrune(latestBlock.number);
+    });
   }
 
   async handleFailedExecution(txHashes: TxHash[]): Promise<void> {
-    // Delete failed txs
-    await this.#deleteTxsBatch(txHashes.map(h => h.toString()));
+    await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      await this.#deleteTxsBatch(txHashes.map(h => h.toString()));
+    });
 
-    this.#log.info(`Deleted ${txHashes.length} failed txs`);
+    this.#log.info(`Deleted ${txHashes.length} failed txs`, { txHashes: txHashes.map(h => h.toString()) });
   }
 
-  async handleFinalizedBlock(block: BlockHeader): Promise<void> {
-    const blockNumber = block.globalVariables.blockNumber;
+  /**
+   * Resolves what a finalized block event should process: the cutoff block and the mined txs at or
+   * before it. The wrapper feeds the result to archiveFinalizedTxs / finalizeTxs in chunks, each as
+   * its own serial-queue item, so gossip-driven pool operations can interleave with finalization
+   * instead of stalling behind an entire epoch's worth of tx processing.
+   */
+  async prepareFinalization(block: BlockHeader): Promise<{ cutoffBlock: BlockNumber; txHashes: string[] }> {
+    // Hold finalized txs for a configurable margin behind the finalized tip so a prover still
+    // proving an epoch with already-finalized blocks isn't starved of its txs. 0 deletes at the finalized tip.
+    const cutoffBlock = await this.#finalizationCutoffBlock(block);
+    return { cutoffBlock, txHashes: this.#indices.findTxsMinedAtOrBefore(cutoffBlock) };
+  }
 
-    // Step 1: Find txs mined at or before finalized block
-    const txsToFinalize = this.#indices.findTxsMinedAtOrBefore(blockNumber);
-    if (txsToFinalize.length === 0) {
+  /**
+   * Copies the given finalized txs into the archive. The pool stores txs proof-stripped, which is
+   * exactly the archive format, so buffers are copied as-is without deserialization.
+   */
+  async archiveFinalizedTxs(txHashes: string[]): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.#archive.isEnabled()) {
       return;
     }
-
-    // Step 2: Collect txs for archiving (before deletion)
-    const txsToArchive: Tx[] = [];
-    if (this.#archive.isEnabled()) {
-      for (const txHashStr of txsToFinalize) {
-        const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(txHashStr);
-        if (buffer) {
-          txsToArchive.push(Tx.fromBuffer(buffer));
-        }
+    const entries: { txHash: string; buffer: Buffer }[] = [];
+    for (const txHash of txHashes) {
+      const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(txHash);
+      if (buffer) {
+        entries.push({ txHash, buffer });
       }
     }
+    await this.#archive.archiveTxBuffers(entries);
+  }
 
-    // Step 3: Delete from active pool
-    await this.#deleteTxsBatch(txsToFinalize);
+  /**
+   * Deletes a batch of finalized mined txs from the active pool. Callers may invoke this in
+   * chunks: a crash between chunks leaves some finalized txs mined, and the next finalized-block
+   * event lists and deletes them again (the operation is idempotent), so per-chunk atomicity is
+   * sufficient. Since other pool operations may interleave between the finalization plan being
+   * computed and this call, each tx is re-checked to still be mined at or before the cutoff.
+   */
+  async deleteFinalizedTxs(txHashes: string[], cutoffBlock: BlockNumber): Promise<void> {
+    const stillFinalized = txHashes.filter(txHash => {
+      const minedBlock = this.#indices.getMetadata(txHash)?.minedL2BlockId?.number;
+      return minedBlock !== undefined && minedBlock <= cutoffBlock;
+    });
+    if (stillFinalized.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      await this.#deleteTxsBatch(stillFinalized);
+    });
+  }
 
-    // Step 4: Archive
-    if (txsToArchive.length > 0) {
-      await this.#archive.archiveTxs(txsToArchive);
+  /** Finalizes soft-deleted txs up to the cutoff and logs the completed finalization. */
+  async completeFinalization(
+    txHashes: string[],
+    cutoffBlock: BlockNumber,
+    finalizedBlockNumber: BlockNumber,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    await this.#store.transactionAsync(async () => {
+      await this.#deletedPool.finalizeBlock(cutoffBlock);
+    });
+
+    if (txHashes.length > 0) {
+      this.#log.info(`Finalized ${txHashes.length} mined txs from blocks up to ${cutoffBlock}`, {
+        txHashes,
+        finalizedBlockNumber,
+        cutoffBlock,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves the block up to which finalized txs may be deleted, given `keepFinalizedTxsForSlots`.
+   * With a margin of 0 this is just the finalized block. Otherwise we keep txs whose block is within
+   * the margin (in slots) of the finalized tip: take the target slot `finalizedSlot - margin`, find the
+   * latest checkpoint at or before it with a single reverse range query (`limit: 1`), and use that
+   * checkpoint's last block as the cutoff. This rounds to a checkpoint boundary, so it can retain slightly
+   * more than the configured margin but never less, and never deletes past the finalized block.
+   */
+  async #finalizationCutoffBlock(block: BlockHeader): Promise<BlockNumber> {
+    const keepSlots = this.#config.keepFinalizedTxsForSlots;
+    if (keepSlots <= 0) {
+      return block.globalVariables.blockNumber;
     }
 
-    this.#log.info(`Finalized ${txsToFinalize.length} txs from blocks up to ${blockNumber}`);
+    // The goal here really is to ensure we keep transactions long enough for them to be proven.
+    // So we could be smart and calculate the number of slots until the end of the proof submission window.
+    // Our approach here is a lot simpler however and we just keep transactions for the configured number
+    // of slots past L1 finalisation. This means we may keep transactions in the mined pool for longer
+    // than strictly necessary.
+    const targetSlot = block.getSlot() - keepSlots;
+    if (targetSlot < 0) {
+      // The margin reaches past genesis: keep everything.
+      return BlockNumber(0);
+    }
+
+    const [checkpoint] = await this.#l2BlockSource.getCheckpointsData({
+      fromSlot: SlotNumber(targetSlot),
+      limit: 1,
+      reverse: true,
+    });
+    // No checkpoint at or before the target slot (e.g. early chain): keep everything.
+    return checkpoint ? BlockNumber(checkpoint.startBlock + checkpoint.blockCount - 1) : BlockNumber(0);
   }
 
   // === Query Methods ===
 
-  async getTxByHash(txHash: TxHash): Promise<Tx | undefined> {
-    const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(txHash.toString());
-    return buffer ? Tx.fromBuffer(buffer) : undefined;
+  async getTxByHash(txHash: TxHash, opts: { includeProof?: boolean } = {}): Promise<Tx | undefined> {
+    const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
+    const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(txHashStr);
+    if (!buffer) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    return opts.includeProof === false ? Tx.fromBuffer(buffer) : this.#loadTxWithProof(txHashStr, buffer);
   }
 
-  async getTxsByHash(txHashes: TxHash[]): Promise<(Tx | undefined)[]> {
+  async getTxsByHash(txHashes: TxHash[], opts: { includeProof?: boolean } = {}): Promise<(Tx | undefined)[]> {
     const results: (Tx | undefined)[] = [];
     for (const h of txHashes) {
-      const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(h.toString());
-      results.push(buffer ? Tx.fromBuffer(buffer) : undefined);
+      results.push(await this.getTxByHash(h, opts));
     }
     return results;
   }
 
+  /** Deserializes a tx blob loaded from #txsDB together with its separately-stored proof. */
+  async #loadTxWithProof(txHashStr: string, buffer: Buffer): Promise<Tx> {
+    const proofBuffer = await this.#proofsDB.getAsync(txHashStr);
+    if (!proofBuffer) {
+      // #addTx always writes a proof entry (an empty proof serializes to a 4-byte sentinel), so a missing entry
+      // means the blob/proof invariant is broken. Return the proofless tx but flag it, since a consumer that needs
+      // the proof (eg serving peers) would otherwise fail far away from the root cause.
+      this.#log.warn(`Missing stored proof for tx ${txHashStr}`, { txHash: txHashStr });
+      return Tx.fromBuffer(buffer);
+    }
+    return Tx.fromBuffers(buffer, proofBuffer);
+  }
+
   hasTxs(txHashes: TxHash[]): boolean[] {
-    return txHashes.map(h => this.#indices.has(h.toString()));
+    return txHashes.map(h => {
+      const hashStr = h.toString();
+      return this.#indices.has(hashStr) || this.#deletedPool.isSoftDeleted(hashStr);
+    });
   }
 
   getTxStatus(txHash: TxHash): TxState | undefined {
-    const meta = this.#indices.getMetadata(txHash.toString());
-    if (!meta) {
-      return undefined;
+    const txHashStr = txHash.toString();
+    const meta = this.#indices.getMetadata(txHashStr);
+    if (meta) {
+      return this.#indices.getTxState(meta);
+    }
+    // Check if soft-deleted
+    if (this.#deletedPool.isSoftDeleted(txHashStr)) {
+      return 'deleted';
     }
-    return this.#indices.getTxState(meta);
+    return undefined;
   }
 
   getPendingTxHashes(): TxHash[] {
     return [...this.#indices.iteratePendingByPriority('desc')].map(hash => TxHash.fromString(hash));
   }
 
+  getEligiblePendingTxHashes(): TxHash[] {
+    const maxReceivedAt = this.#dateProvider.now() - this.#config.minTxPoolAgeMs;
+    return [...this.#indices.iterateEligiblePendingByPriority('desc', maxReceivedAt)].map(hash =>
+      TxHash.fromString(hash),
+    );
+  }
+
   getPendingTxCount(): number {
     return this.#indices.getPendingTxCount();
   }
 
+  hasEligiblePendingTxs(minCount: number): boolean {
+    const maxReceivedAt = this.#dateProvider.now() - this.#config.minTxPoolAgeMs;
+    return this.#indices.hasEligiblePendingTxs(maxReceivedAt, minCount);
+  }
+
   getMinedTxHashes(): [TxHash, L2BlockId][] {
     return this.#indices.getMinedTxs().map(([hash, blockId]) => [TxHash.fromString(hash), blockId]);
   }
@@ -562,6 +942,12 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
       this.#config.archivedTxLimit = config.archivedTxLimit;
       this.#archive.updateLimit(config.archivedTxLimit);
     }
+    if (config.minTxPoolAgeMs !== undefined) {
+      this.#config.minTxPoolAgeMs = config.minTxPoolAgeMs;
+    }
+    if (config.keepFinalizedTxsForSlots !== undefined) {
+      this.#config.keepFinalizedTxsForSlots = config.keepFinalizedTxsForSlots;
+    }
     // Update eviction rules with new config
     this.#evictionManager.updateConfig(config);
   }
@@ -579,8 +965,17 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
 
   // === Metrics ===
 
-  countTxs(): { pending: number; protected: number; mined: number } {
-    return this.#indices.countTxs();
+  countTxs(): {
+    pending: number;
+    protected: number;
+    mined: number;
+    softDeleted: number;
+    totalMetadataBytes: number;
+  } {
+    return {
+      ...this.#indices.countTxs(),
+      softDeleted: this.#deletedPool.getSoftDeletedCount(),
+    };
   }
 
   // ============================================================================
@@ -595,11 +990,15 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
     tx: Tx,
     state: 'pending' | { protected: SlotNumber } | { mined: L2BlockId },
     opts: { source?: string } = {},
+    precomputedMeta?: TxMetaData,
   ): Promise<TxMetaData> {
     const txHashStr = tx.getTxHash().toString();
-    const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
+    const meta = precomputedMeta ?? (await buildTxMetaData(tx));
+    meta.receivedAt = this.#dateProvider.now();
 
-    await this.#txsDB.set(txHashStr, tx.toBuffer());
+    await this.#txsDB.set(txHashStr, tx.withoutProof().toBuffer());
+    await this.#proofsDB.set(txHashStr, tx.chonkProof.toBuffer());
+    await this.#deletedPool.clearSoftDeleted(txHashStr);
     this.#callbacks.onTxsAdded([tx], opts);
 
     if (state === 'pending') {
@@ -612,9 +1011,11 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
     }
 
     const stateStr = typeof state === 'string' ? state : Object.keys(state)[0];
-    this.#log.verbose(`Added ${stateStr} tx ${txHashStr}`, {
+    this.#log.debug(`Added tx ${txHashStr} as ${stateStr}`, {
       eventName: 'tx-added-to-pool',
+      txHash: txHashStr,
       state: stateStr,
+      source: opts.source,
     });
 
     return meta;
@@ -624,10 +1025,21 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
    * Deletes a transaction from both indices and DB.
    * Emits onTxsRemoved callback immediately after DB delete.
    */
+  /**
+   * Deletes a transaction from the pool.
+   * Delegates to DeletedPool which decides soft vs hard delete based on whether
+   * the tx is from a pruned block.
+   */
   async #deleteTx(txHashStr: string): Promise<void> {
     this.#indices.remove(txHashStr);
-    await this.#txsDB.delete(txHashStr);
     this.#callbacks.onTxsRemoved([txHashStr]);
+    await this.#deletedPool.deleteTx(txHashStr);
+  }
+
+  /** Hard-deletes a tx's stored data (tx blob and proof) from the DB. */
+  async #deleteTxData(txHashStr: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.#txsDB.delete(txHashStr);
+    await this.#proofsDB.delete(txHashStr);
   }
 
   /** Deletes a batch of transactions, emitting callbacks individually for each. */
@@ -637,68 +1049,53 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
     }
   }
 
+  /** Evicts transactions: records eviction metric with reason, caches hashes, then deletes. */
+  async #evictTxs(txHashes: string[], reason: string): Promise<void> {
+    if (txHashes.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.#instrumentation.recordEvictions(txHashes.length, reason);
+    for (const txHashStr of txHashes) {
+      this.#log.debug(`Evicting tx ${txHashStr}`, { txHash: txHashStr, reason });
+      this.#evictedTxHashes.add(txHashStr);
+    }
+    await this.#deleteTxsBatch(txHashes);
+  }
+
   // ============================================================================
   // PRIVATE HELPERS - Validation & Conflict Resolution
   // ============================================================================
 
-  /** Validates a single transaction, returning true if valid */
-  async #validateTx(tx: Tx, context?: string): Promise<boolean> {
-    const result = await this.#pendingTxValidator.validateTx(tx);
+  /** Validates transaction metadata, returning true if valid */
+  async #validateMeta(meta: TxMetaData, validator?: TxValidator<TxMetaData>, context?: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    const txValidator = validator ?? (await this.#createTxValidator());
+    const result = await txValidator.validateTx(meta);
     if (result.result !== 'valid') {
       const contextStr = context ? ` ${context}` : '';
-      this.#log.info(`Tx ${tx.getTxHash()}${contextStr} failed validation: ${result.reason?.join(', ')}`);
+      this.#log.info(`Tx ${meta.txHash}${contextStr} failed validation: ${result.reason?.join(', ')}`);
       return false;
     }
     return true;
   }
 
-  /** Loads transactions from DB, returning loaded txs and missing hashes */
-  async #loadTxsFromDb(metas: TxMetaData[]): Promise<{ loaded: { tx: Tx; meta: TxMetaData }[]; missing: string[] }> {
-    const loaded: { tx: Tx; meta: TxMetaData }[] = [];
-    const missing: string[] = [];
-
-    for (const meta of metas) {
-      const buffer = await this.#txsDB.getAsync(meta.txHash);
-      if (!buffer) {
-        this.#log.warn(`Tx ${meta.txHash} not found in DB`);
-        missing.push(meta.txHash);
-        continue;
-      }
-      loaded.push({ tx: Tx.fromBuffer(buffer), meta });
-    }
-
-    return { loaded, missing };
-  }
-
-  /** Validates a batch of transactions, returning valid and invalid groups */
-  async #validateTxBatch(
-    txs: { tx: Tx; meta: TxMetaData }[],
+  /** Validates metadata directly */
+  async #revalidateMetadata(
+    metas: TxMetaData[],
     context?: string,
   ): Promise<{ valid: TxMetaData[]; invalid: string[] }> {
     const valid: TxMetaData[] = [];
     const invalid: string[] = [];
-
-    for (const { tx, meta } of txs) {
-      if (await this.#validateTx(tx, context)) {
+    const validator = await this.#createTxValidator();
+    for (const meta of metas) {
+      if (await this.#validateMeta(meta, validator, context)) {
         valid.push(meta);
       } else {
         invalid.push(meta.txHash);
       }
     }
-
     return { valid, invalid };
   }
 
-  /** Loads transactions from DB and validates them */
-  async #loadAndValidateTxs(
-    metas: TxMetaData[],
-    context?: string,
-  ): Promise<{ valid: TxMetaData[]; invalid: string[] }> {
-    const { loaded, missing } = await this.#loadTxsFromDb(metas);
-    const { valid, invalid } = await this.#validateTxBatch(loaded, context);
-    return { valid, invalid: [...missing, ...invalid] };
-  }
-
   /**
    * Resolves nullifier conflicts between incoming txs and existing pending txs.
    * Modifies the pending indices during iteration to maintain consistent state
@@ -759,45 +1156,6 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
     };
   }
 
-  /** Loads all transactions from the database, returning loaded txs and deserialization errors */
-  async #loadAllTxsFromDb(): Promise<{
-    loaded: { tx: Tx; meta: TxMetaData }[];
-    errors: string[];
-  }> {
-    const loaded: { tx: Tx; meta: TxMetaData }[] = [];
-    const errors: string[] = [];
-
-    for await (const [txHashStr, buffer] of this.#txsDB.entriesAsync()) {
-      try {
-        const tx = Tx.fromBuffer(buffer);
-        const meta = await buildTxMetaData(tx);
-        loaded.push({ tx, meta });
-      } catch (err) {
-        this.#log.warn(`Failed to deserialize tx ${txHashStr}, deleting`, { err });
-        errors.push(txHashStr);
-      }
-    }
-
-    return { loaded, errors };
-  }
-
-  /** Queries block source and marks mined status on transaction metadata */
-  async #markMinedStatusBatch(metas: TxMetaData[]): Promise<void> {
-    for (const meta of metas) {
-      try {
-        const txEffect = await this.#l2BlockSource.getTxEffect(TxHash.fromString(meta.txHash));
-        if (txEffect) {
-          meta.minedL2BlockId = {
-            number: txEffect.l2BlockNumber,
-            hash: txEffect.l2BlockHash.toString(),
-          };
-        }
-      } catch (err) {
-        this.#log.warn(`Failed to check mined status for tx ${meta.txHash}`, { err });
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
   /**
    * Rebuilds the pending pool by processing each tx through pre-add rules.
    * Starts with an empty pending pool and adds txs one by one, resolving conflicts.
@@ -815,7 +1173,9 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
       if (preAddResult.shouldIgnore) {
         // Transaction rejected - mark for deletion from DB
         rejected.push(meta.txHash);
-        this.#log.debug(`Rejected tx ${meta.txHash} during rebuild: ${preAddResult.reason}`);
+        this.#log.debug(
+          `Rejected tx ${meta.txHash} during rebuild: ${preAddResult.reason?.message ?? 'unknown reason'}`,
+        );
         continue;
       }
 
@@ -851,7 +1211,7 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
       getFeePayerPendingTxs: (feePayer: string) => this.#indices.getFeePayerPendingTxs(feePayer),
       getPendingTxCount: () => this.#indices.getPendingTxCount(),
       getLowestPriorityPending: (limit: number) => this.#indices.getLowestPriorityPending(limit),
-      deleteTxs: (txHashes: string[]) => this.#deleteTxsBatch(txHashes),
+      deleteTxs: (txHashes: string[], reason?: string) => this.#evictTxs(txHashes, reason ?? 'unknown'),
     };
   }
 
@@ -870,7 +1230,7 @@ export class TxPoolV2Impl {
         const publicStateSource = new DatabasePublicStateSource(db);
         const balance = await publicStateSource.storageRead(
           ProtocolContractAddress.FeeJuice,
-          await computeFeePayerBalanceStorageSlot(AztecAddress.fromString(feePayer)),
+          await computeFeePayerBalanceStorageSlot(AztecAddress.fromStringUnsafe(feePayer)),
         );
         return balance.toBigInt();
       },