@aztec-labs/p2p 6.0.0-nightly.20260829

package/src/services/libp2p/libp2p_service.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1972 @@
+import type { EpochCacheInterface } from '@aztec-labs/epoch-cache';
+import { BlockNumber, type SlotNumber } from '@aztec-labs/foundation/branded-types';
+import { compactArray, maxBy, merge } from '@aztec-labs/foundation/collection';
+import { type Logger, createLibp2pComponentLogger, createLogger } from '@aztec-labs/foundation/log';
+import { RunningPromise } from '@aztec-labs/foundation/running-promise';
+import { Timer } from '@aztec-labs/foundation/timer';
+import type { AztecAsyncKVStore } from '@aztec-labs/kv-store';
+import { protocolContractsHash } from '@aztec-labs/protocol-contracts';
+import type { EthAddress, L2BlockSource } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/block';
+import { DEFAULT_MAX_BLOCKS_PER_CHECKPOINT } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/config';
+import type { ContractDataSource } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/contract';
+import { type BlockMinFeesProvider, GasFees, getNetworkTxGasLimits } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/gas';
+import type {
+  ClientProtocolCircuitVerifier,
+  P2PConnectivity,
+  PeerInfo,
+  WorldStateSynchronizer,
+} from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/interfaces/server';
+import {
+  BlockProposal,
+  CheckpointAttestation,
+  CheckpointProposal,
+  type Gossipable,
+  P2PMessage,
+  PeerErrorSeverity,
+  PeerErrorSeverityByHarshness,
+  TopicType,
+  ValidatedBlockProposal,
+  ValidatedCheckpointProposalCore,
+  createTopicString,
+  getTopicsForConfig,
+  metricsTopicStrToLabels,
+} from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/p2p';
+import { ConsensusTimetable, getDefaultCheckpointProposalSyncGrace } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/timetable';
+import { MerkleTreeId } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/trees';
+import { Tx, type TxValidationResult } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/tx';
+import type { UInt64 } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/types';
+import { InvalidBlockProposalTxsError } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/validators';
+import { compressComponentVersions } from '@aztec-labs/stdlib/versioning';
+import {
+  Attributes,
+  OtelMetricsAdapter,
+  SpanStatusCode,
+  type TelemetryClient,
+  WithTracer,
+  trackSpan,
+} from '@aztec-labs/telemetry-client';
+import {
+  type GossipSub,
+  type GossipSubComponents,
+  type GossipsubMessage,
+  gossipsub,
+} from '@chainsafe/libp2p-gossipsub';
+import { createPeerScoreParams } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-gossipsub/score';
+import { SignaturePolicy } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-gossipsub/types';
+import { noise } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-noise';
+import { yamux } from '@chainsafe/libp2p-yamux';
+import { bootstrap } from '@libp2p/bootstrap';
+import { identify } from '@libp2p/identify';
+import { type Message, type MultiaddrConnection, type PeerId, TopicValidatorResult } from '@libp2p/interface';
+import type { AddressManager, ConnectionManager } from '@libp2p/interface-internal';
+import { mplex } from '@libp2p/mplex';
+import { tcp } from '@libp2p/tcp';
+import { multiaddr } from '@multiformats/multiaddr';
+import { ENR } from '@nethermindeth/enr';
+import { createLibp2p } from 'libp2p';
+
+import type { P2PConfig } from '../../config.js';
+import { CheckpointProposalReceivedCallbackNotRegisteredError } from '../../errors/p2p-service.error.js';
+import type { MemPools } from '../../mem_pools/interface.js';
+import {
+  BlockProposalValidator,
+  CheckpointAttestationValidator,
+  CheckpointProposalValidator,
+  DoubleSpendTxValidator,
+  FishermanAttestationValidator,
+  getDefaultAllowedSetupFunctions,
+} from '../../msg_validators/index.js';
+import { MessageSeenValidator } from '../../msg_validators/msg_seen_validator/msg_seen_validator.js';
+import {
+  type TransactionValidator,
+  createFirstStageTxValidationsForGossipedTransactions,
+  createSecondStageTxValidationsForGossipedTransactions,
+  createTxValidatorForBlockProposalReceivedTxs,
+} from '../../msg_validators/tx_validator/factory.js';
+import { TxValidationCache } from '../../msg_validators/tx_validator/tx_validation_cache.js';
+import { GossipSubEvent } from '../../types/index.js';
+import { type PubSubLibp2p, convertToMultiaddr } from '../../util.js';
+import { getVersions } from '../../versioning.js';
+import { AztecDatastore } from '../data_store.js';
+import { DiscV5Service } from '../discv5/discV5_service.js';
+import { SnappyTransform, getMsgIdFn, msgIdToStrFn } from '../encoding.js';
+import { APP_SPECIFIC_WEIGHT, gossipScoreThresholds } from '../gossipsub/scoring.js';
+import { createAllTopicScoreParams } from '../gossipsub/topic_score_params.js';
+import type { PeerManagerInterface } from '../peer-manager/interface.js';
+import { PeerManager } from '../peer-manager/peer_manager.js';
+import { PeerScoring } from '../peer-manager/peer_scoring.js';
+import type { BatchTxRequesterLibP2PService } from '../reqresp/batch-tx-requester/interface.js';
+import { type P2PReqRespConfig, YAMUX_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE_BYTES } from '../reqresp/config.js';
+import {
+  AuthRequest,
+  BlockTxsRequest,
+  BlockTxsResponse,
+  type ReqRespInterface,
+  type ReqRespResponse,
+  ReqRespSubProtocol,
+  type ReqRespSubProtocolHandler,
+  type ReqRespSubProtocolHandlers,
+  StatusMessage,
+  ValidationError,
+  pingHandler,
+  reqGoodbyeHandler,
+  reqRespBlockTxsHandler,
+  reqRespStatusHandler,
+  reqRespTxHandler,
+} from '../reqresp/index.js';
+import { ReqResp } from '../reqresp/reqresp.js';
+import type {
+  P2PBlockReceivedCallback,
+  P2PCheckpointAttestationCallback,
+  P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback,
+  P2PDuplicateAttestationCallback,
+  P2POversizedProposalCallback,
+  P2PService,
+  PeerDiscoveryService,
+} from '../service.js';
+import { P2PInstrumentation } from './instrumentation.js';
+
+/**
+ * Builds the {@link ConsensusTimetable} shared by the gossip validators for proposal/attestation receive-window
+ * bounds. Derived purely from protocol slot-timing constants plus the block sub-slot duration and the consensus
+ * materialization grace, so every node agrees on these bounds without depending on proposer operational budgets.
+ */
+function buildConsensusTimetable(
+  config: P2PConfig,
+  l1Constants: ReturnType<EpochCacheInterface['getL1Constants']>,
+): ConsensusTimetable {
+  const blockDuration = config.blockDurationMs / 1000;
+  return new ConsensusTimetable({
+    l1Constants,
+    blockDuration,
+    checkpointProposalSyncGrace:
+      config.checkpointProposalSyncGraceSeconds ?? getDefaultCheckpointProposalSyncGrace(blockDuration),
+  });
+}
+
+interface ValidationResult {
+  name: string;
+  isValid: TxValidationResult;
+  severity: PeerErrorSeverity;
+}
+
+type ValidationOutcome = { allPassed: true } | { allPassed: false; failure: ValidationResult };
+
+// REFACTOR: Unify with the type above
+type ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T, M = undefined> =
+  | { obj: T; result: Exclude<TopicValidatorResult, TopicValidatorResult.Reject>; metadata?: M }
+  | { obj?: T; result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject; metadata?: M; severity: PeerErrorSeverity };
+
+/**
+ * Lib P2P implementation of the P2PService interface.
+ */
+export class LibP2PService extends WithTracer implements P2PService {
+  private discoveryRunningPromise?: RunningPromise;
+  private msgIdSeenValidators: Record<TopicType, MessageSeenValidator> = {} as Record<TopicType, MessageSeenValidator>;
+
+  // Message validators
+  private blockProposalValidator: BlockProposalValidator;
+  private checkpointProposalValidator: CheckpointProposalValidator;
+  private checkpointAttestationValidator: CheckpointAttestationValidator;
+
+  private protocolVersion = '';
+  private topicStrings: Record<TopicType, string> = {} as Record<TopicType, string>;
+
+  /** Callback invoked when a duplicate proposal is detected (triggers slashing). */
+  private duplicateProposalCallback?: (info: {
+    slot: SlotNumber;
+    proposer: EthAddress;
+    type: 'checkpoint' | 'block';
+  }) => void;
+
+  /** Callback invoked when an oversized block proposal is stored as slashing evidence (triggers slashing). */
+  private oversizedProposalCallback?: P2POversizedProposalCallback;
+
+  /** Callback invoked when a duplicate attestation is detected (triggers slashing). */
+  private duplicateAttestationCallback?: P2PDuplicateAttestationCallback;
+
+  /** Callback invoked when a valid checkpoint attestation is accepted into the pool. */
+  private checkpointAttestationCallback?: P2PCheckpointAttestationCallback;
+
+  /**
+   * Callback for when a block is received from a peer.
+   * @param block - The block received from the peer.
+   * @returns The attestation for the block, if any.
+   */
+  private blockReceivedCallback: P2PBlockReceivedCallback;
+
+  /**
+   * Callback for when a checkpoint proposal is received from a peer.
+   * @param checkpoint - The checkpoint proposal received from the peer.
+   * @returns The attestations for the checkpoint, if any.
+   */
+  private allNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback;
+  /**
+   * Callback for when a checkpoint proposal is received - specifically for validators - from a peer.
+   * @param checkpoint - The checkpoint proposal received from the peer.
+   * @returns The attestations for the checkpoint, if any.
+   */
+  private validatorCheckpointReceivedCallback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback;
+
+  private gossipSubEventHandler: (e: CustomEvent<GossipsubMessage>) => void;
+
+  private ipChangedHandler?: (ip: string) => void;
+  private discoveredP2pIp?: string;
+
+  private instrumentation: P2PInstrumentation;
+
+  private telemetry: TelemetryClient;
+
+  protected logger: Logger;
+
+  constructor(
+    private config: P2PConfig,
+    protected node: PubSubLibp2p,
+    private peerDiscoveryService: PeerDiscoveryService,
+    private reqresp: ReqRespInterface,
+    protected peerManager: PeerManagerInterface,
+    protected mempools: MemPools,
+    protected archiver: L2BlockSource & ContractDataSource,
+    private epochCache: EpochCacheInterface,
+    private proofVerifier: ClientProtocolCircuitVerifier,
+    private worldStateSynchronizer: WorldStateSynchronizer,
+    private blockMinFeesProvider: BlockMinFeesProvider,
+    telemetry: TelemetryClient,
+    logger: Logger = createLogger('p2p:libp2p_service'),
+    private txValidationCache?: TxValidationCache,
+  ) {
+    super(telemetry, 'LibP2PService');
+    this.telemetry = telemetry;
+
+    // Create child logger with fisherman prefix if in fisherman mode
+    this.logger = config.fishermanMode ? logger.createChild('[FISHERMAN]') : logger;
+
+    this.instrumentation = new P2PInstrumentation(telemetry, 'LibP2PService');
+
+    this.msgIdSeenValidators[TopicType.tx] = new MessageSeenValidator(config.seenMessageCacheSize);
+    this.msgIdSeenValidators[TopicType.block_proposal] = new MessageSeenValidator(config.seenMessageCacheSize);
+    this.msgIdSeenValidators[TopicType.checkpoint_proposal] = new MessageSeenValidator(config.seenMessageCacheSize);
+    this.msgIdSeenValidators[TopicType.checkpoint_attestation] = new MessageSeenValidator(config.seenMessageCacheSize);
+
+    const versions = getVersions(config);
+    this.protocolVersion = compressComponentVersions(versions);
+    logger.info(`Started libp2p service with protocol version ${this.protocolVersion}`);
+
+    this.topicStrings[TopicType.tx] = createTopicString(TopicType.tx, this.protocolVersion);
+    this.topicStrings[TopicType.block_proposal] = createTopicString(TopicType.block_proposal, this.protocolVersion);
+    this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_proposal] = createTopicString(
+      TopicType.checkpoint_proposal,
+      this.protocolVersion,
+    );
+    this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_attestation] = createTopicString(
+      TopicType.checkpoint_attestation,
+      this.protocolVersion,
+    );
+
+    // Build the consensus timetable once from protocol slot-timing constants and inject it into every
+    // validator so they share one set of receive-window bounds, independent of proposer operational budgets.
+    const consensusTimetable = buildConsensusTimetable(config, epochCache.getL1Constants());
+    const proposalValidatorOpts = {
+      txsPermitted: !config.disableTransactions,
+      maxTxsPerBlock: config.validateMaxTxsPerBlock ?? config.validateMaxTxsPerCheckpoint,
+      maxBlocksPerCheckpoint: config.maxBlocksPerCheckpoint,
+      skipSlotValidation: config.skipProposalSlotValidation,
+      signatureContext: {
+        chainId: config.l1ChainId,
+        rollupAddress: config.rollupAddress,
+      },
+      clockDisparityMs: config.maxGossipClockDisparityMs,
+    };
+    this.blockProposalValidator = new BlockProposalValidator(epochCache, consensusTimetable, proposalValidatorOpts);
+    this.checkpointProposalValidator = new CheckpointProposalValidator(
+      epochCache,
+      consensusTimetable,
+      proposalValidatorOpts,
+    );
+    const attestationValidatorOpts = {
+      signatureContext: proposalValidatorOpts.signatureContext,
+      clockDisparityMs: config.maxGossipClockDisparityMs,
+    };
+    this.checkpointAttestationValidator = config.fishermanMode
+      ? new FishermanAttestationValidator(
+          epochCache,
+          consensusTimetable,
+          mempools.attestationPool,
+          telemetry,
+          attestationValidatorOpts,
+        )
+      : new CheckpointAttestationValidator(epochCache, consensusTimetable, attestationValidatorOpts);
+
+    this.gossipSubEventHandler = this.handleGossipSubEvent.bind(this);
+
+    this.blockReceivedCallback = async (block: BlockProposal): Promise<boolean> => {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Handler for block received not yet registered on P2P service. Received block ${block.blockNumber} for slot ${block.slotNumber} from peer.`,
+        { p2pMessageIdentifier: await block.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier() },
+      );
+      return true;
+    };
+
+    this.allNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback = (
+      _checkpoint: ValidatedCheckpointProposalCore,
+    ): Promise<CheckpointAttestation[] | undefined> => {
+      throw new CheckpointProposalReceivedCallbackNotRegisteredError();
+    };
+
+    this.validatorCheckpointReceivedCallback = (
+      _checkpoint: ValidatedCheckpointProposalCore,
+    ): Promise<CheckpointAttestation[] | undefined> => {
+      return Promise.resolve(undefined);
+    };
+  }
+
+  public updateConfig(config: Partial<P2PReqRespConfig & Pick<P2PConfig, 'skipIncomingProposals'>>) {
+    this.reqresp.updateConfig(config);
+    this.config = merge(this.config, config);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an instance of the LibP2P service.
+   * @param config - The configuration to use when creating the service.
+   * @param txPool - The transaction pool to be accessed by the service.
+   * @returns The new service.
+   */
+  public static async new(
+    config: P2PConfig,
+    peerId: PeerId,
+    deps: {
+      mempools: MemPools;
+      l2BlockSource: L2BlockSource & ContractDataSource;
+      epochCache: EpochCacheInterface;
+      proofVerifier: ClientProtocolCircuitVerifier;
+      worldStateSynchronizer: WorldStateSynchronizer;
+      peerStore: AztecAsyncKVStore;
+      blockMinFeesProvider: BlockMinFeesProvider;
+      telemetry: TelemetryClient;
+      logger: Logger;
+      packageVersion: string;
+      txValidationCache?: TxValidationCache;
+    },
+  ) {
+    const {
+      worldStateSynchronizer,
+      epochCache,
+      l2BlockSource,
+      mempools,
+      proofVerifier,
+      peerStore,
+      blockMinFeesProvider,
+      telemetry,
+      logger,
+      packageVersion,
+      txValidationCache,
+    } = deps;
+    const { p2pPort, maxPeerCount, listenAddress } = config;
+    const bindAddrTcp = convertToMultiaddr(listenAddress, p2pPort, 'tcp');
+
+    const datastore = new AztecDatastore(peerStore);
+
+    const otelMetricsAdapter = new OtelMetricsAdapter(telemetry, logger.getBindings());
+
+    const peerDiscoveryService = new DiscV5Service(
+      peerId,
+      config,
+      packageVersion,
+      telemetry,
+      createLogger(`${logger.module}:discv5_service`, logger.getBindings()),
+      peerStore,
+    );
+
+    // Seed libp2p's bootstrap discovery with private and trusted peers
+    const bootstrapNodes = [...config.privatePeers, ...config.trustedPeers];
+
+    const peerDiscovery = [];
+    if (bootstrapNodes.length > 0) {
+      peerDiscovery.push(bootstrap({ list: bootstrapNodes }));
+    }
+
+    const versions = getVersions(config);
+    const protocolVersion = compressComponentVersions(versions);
+
+    const preferredPeersEnrs: ENR[] = config.preferredPeers.map(enr => ENR.decodeTxt(enr));
+    const directPeers = compactArray(
+      await Promise.all(
+        preferredPeersEnrs.map(async enr => {
+          try {
+            const peerId = await enr.peerId();
+            const address = enr.getLocationMultiaddr('tcp');
+            if (address === undefined) {
+              throw new Error(`Direct peer ${peerId.toString()} has no TCP address, ENR: ${enr.encodeTxt()}`);
+            }
+            return {
+              id: peerId,
+              addrs: [address],
+            };
+          } catch (err) {
+            // A malformed configured ENR shouldn't abort node setup — skip it and log.
+            logger.warn(`Skipping preferred peer with invalid ENR`, { err });
+            return undefined;
+          }
+        }),
+      ),
+    );
+
+    const announceTcpMultiaddr = config.p2pIp ? [convertToMultiaddr(config.p2pIp, p2pPort, 'tcp')] : [];
+
+    // Create dynamic topic score params based on network configuration. Scoring uses the network-wide
+    // max-blocks-per-checkpoint config value directly to size expected per-slot message rates; these are
+    // peer-rate thresholds, not consensus deadlines, so they need no proposer operational budgets.
+    const l1Constants = epochCache.getL1Constants();
+    const topicScoreParams = createAllTopicScoreParams(protocolVersion, {
+      slotDurationMs: l1Constants.slotDuration * 1000,
+      heartbeatIntervalMs: config.gossipsubInterval,
+      targetCommitteeSize: l1Constants.targetCommitteeSize,
+      maxBlocksPerCheckpoint: config.maxBlocksPerCheckpoint ?? DEFAULT_MAX_BLOCKS_PER_CHECKPOINT,
+      expectedBlockProposalsPerSlot: config.expectedBlockProposalsPerSlot,
+    });
+
+    // Restrict gossipsub to exactly the topics we subscribe to. Without this, an arbitrary-topic
+    // message is transformed, msg-id'd and inserted into the seenCache before the subscription check,
+    // so a crafted topic colliding on msg id can suppress a real message as a duplicate.
+    const allowedTopics = getTopicsForConfig(config.disableTransactions).map(topic =>
+      createTopicString(topic, protocolVersion),
+    );
+
+    const node = await createLibp2p({
+      start: false,
+      peerId,
+      addresses: {
+        listen: [bindAddrTcp],
+        announce: announceTcpMultiaddr,
+      },
+      transports: [
+        tcp({
+          // It's better to have this number a bit higher than our maxPeerCount because it's sets the limit on transport (TCP) layer
+          // The connection attempts to the node on TCP layer are not necessarily valid Aztec peers so we want to have a bit of leeway here
+          // If we hit the limit, the connection will be temporarily accepted and immediately dropped.
+          // Docs: https://nodejs.org/api/net.html#servermaxconnections
+          maxConnections: maxPeerCount * 2,
+          // socket option: the maximum length of the queue of pending connections
+          // https://nodejs.org/dist/latest-v22.x/docs/api/net.html#serverlisten
+          // it's not safe if we increase this number
+          backlog: 5,
+          closeServerOnMaxConnections: {
+            // The property `maxConnections` will protect us against the most DDOS attack
+            // This property protects us in case of burst of new connections where server is not able to close them quickly enough
+            // In case closeAbove is reached, the server stops listening altogether
+            // It's important that there is enough difference between closeAbove and listenAbove,
+            // otherwise the server.listener will flap between being closed and open potentially degrading perf even more
+            closeAbove: maxPeerCount * 3,
+            listenBelow: Math.floor(maxPeerCount * 0.9),
+          },
+        }),
+      ],
+      datastore,
+      peerDiscovery,
+      // Pin the yamux frame size: MAX_REQRESP_REQUEST_SIZE_BYTES relies on a reqresp request fitting in one frame.
+      streamMuxers: [yamux({ maxMessageSize: YAMUX_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE_BYTES }), mplex()],
+      connectionEncryption: [noise()],
+      connectionManager: {
+        minConnections: 0, // Disable libp2p peer dialing, we do it manually
+        // We set maxConnections above maxPeerCount because if we hit limit of maxPeerCount
+        // libp2p will start aggressively rejecting all new connections, preventing network discovery and crawling.
+        maxConnections: maxPeerCount * 2,
+        maxParallelDials: 100,
+        dialTimeout: 30_000,
+        maxPeerAddrsToDial: 5,
+        maxIncomingPendingConnections: 5,
+      },
+      connectionGater: {
+        denyInboundConnection: (maConn: MultiaddrConnection) => {
+          const allowed = peerManager.isAddressAllowedToConnect(maConn.remoteAddr.nodeAddress().address);
+          if (allowed) {
+            return false;
+          }
+
+          logger.debug(`Connection gater: Denying inbound connection from ${maConn.remoteAddr.toString()}`);
+          return true;
+        },
+        denyInboundEncryptedConnection: (peerId: PeerId, _maConn: MultiaddrConnection) => {
+          //NOTE: it is not necessary to check address here because this was already done by
+          // denyInboundConnection
+          const allowed = peerManager.isPeerAllowedToConnect(peerId);
+          if (allowed) {
+            return false;
+          }
+
+          logger.debug(`Connection gater: Denying inbound encrypted connection from ${peerId.toString()}`);
+          return true;
+        },
+      },
+      services: {
+        identify: identify({
+          protocolPrefix: 'aztec',
+          runOnConnectionOpen: true,
+        }),
+        pubsub: gossipsub({
+          directPeers,
+          debugName: 'gossipsub',
+          globalSignaturePolicy: SignaturePolicy.StrictNoSign,
+          allowPublishToZeroTopicPeers: true,
+          floodPublish: config.gossipsubFloodPublish,
+          D: config.gossipsubD,
+          Dlo: config.gossipsubDlo,
+          Dhi: config.gossipsubDhi,
+          Dlazy: config.gossipsubDLazy,
+          heartbeatInterval: config.gossipsubInterval,
+          mcacheLength: config.gossipsubMcacheLength,
+          mcacheGossip: config.gossipsubMcacheGossip,
+          seenTTL: config.gossipsubSeenTTL,
+          allowedTopics,
+          // No fastMsgIdFn: the fast-path dedup cache keys on a non-cryptographic 64-bit hash of the
+          // raw data only (no topic), so a collision — accidental or engineered via a weak seed — drops
+          // a different message with no fallback to the full id. Dedup instead rests solely on the
+          // cryptographic, topic-framed msgIdFn below.
+          msgIdFn: getMsgIdFn,
+          msgIdToStrFn: msgIdToStrFn,
+          dataTransform: new SnappyTransform(),
+          metricsRegister: otelMetricsAdapter,
+          metricsTopicStrToLabel: metricsTopicStrToLabels(protocolVersion),
+          asyncValidation: true,
+          scoreThresholds: gossipScoreThresholds,
+          scoreParams: createPeerScoreParams({
+            // IPColocation factor can be disabled for local testing - default to -5
+            IPColocationFactorWeight: config.debugDisableColocationPenalty ? 0 : -5.0,
+            topics: topicScoreParams,
+          }),
+        }) as (components: GossipSubComponents) => GossipSub,
+        components: (components: { connectionManager: ConnectionManager; addressManager: AddressManager }) => ({
+          connectionManager: components.connectionManager,
+          addressManager: components.addressManager,
+        }),
+      },
+      logger: createLibp2pComponentLogger(logger.module, logger.getBindings()),
+    });
+
+    const peerScoring = new PeerScoring(config, telemetry);
+    const reqresp = new ReqResp(config, node, peerScoring, createLogger(`${logger.module}:reqresp`));
+
+    const peerManager = new PeerManager(
+      node,
+      peerDiscoveryService,
+      config,
+      telemetry,
+      createLogger(`${logger.module}:peer_manager`),
+      peerScoring,
+      reqresp,
+      worldStateSynchronizer,
+      protocolVersion,
+      epochCache,
+    );
+
+    // Gate req/resp data protocols for unauthenticated peers when p2pAllowOnlyValidators is enabled
+    reqresp.setShouldRejectPeer(peerId => peerManager.shouldDisableP2PGossip(peerId));
+
+    // Configure application-specific scoring for gossipsub.
+    // The weight scales app score to align with gossipsub thresholds:
+    // - Disconnect (-50) × 10 = -500 = gossipThreshold (stops receiving gossip)
+    // - Ban (-100) × 10 = -1000 = publishThreshold (cannot publish)
+    // Note: positive topic scores can offset penalties, so alignment is best-effort.
+    node.services.pubsub.score.params.appSpecificWeight = APP_SPECIFIC_WEIGHT;
+    node.services.pubsub.score.params.appSpecificScore = (peerId: string) =>
+      peerManager.shouldDisableP2PGossip(peerId) ? -Infinity : peerManager.getPeerScore(peerId);
+
+    return new LibP2PService(
+      config,
+      node,
+      peerDiscoveryService,
+      reqresp,
+      peerManager,
+      mempools,
+      l2BlockSource,
+      epochCache,
+      proofVerifier,
+      worldStateSynchronizer,
+      blockMinFeesProvider,
+      telemetry,
+      logger,
+      txValidationCache,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Starts the LibP2P service.
+   * @returns An empty promise.
+   */
+  public async start() {
+    // Check if service is already started
+    if (this.node.status === 'started') {
+      throw new Error('P2P service already started');
+    }
+
+    const { p2pIp, p2pPort } = this.config;
+    if (!p2pIp && !this.config.queryForIp) {
+      throw new Error('Announce address not provided and queryForIp is not enabled.');
+    }
+    const announceTcpMultiaddr = p2pIp ? convertToMultiaddr(p2pIp, p2pPort, 'tcp') : undefined;
+
+    // Create request response protocol handlers
+    const txHandler = reqRespTxHandler(this.mempools);
+    const goodbyeHandler = reqGoodbyeHandler(this.peerManager);
+    const statusHandler = reqRespStatusHandler(this.protocolVersion, this.worldStateSynchronizer, this.logger);
+
+    const requestResponseHandlers: Partial<ReqRespSubProtocolHandlers> = {
+      [ReqRespSubProtocol.PING]: pingHandler,
+      [ReqRespSubProtocol.STATUS]: statusHandler.bind(this),
+      [ReqRespSubProtocol.GOODBYE]: goodbyeHandler.bind(this),
+    };
+
+    if (!this.config.disableTransactions) {
+      const blockTxsHandler = reqRespBlockTxsHandler(
+        this.mempools.attestationPool,
+        this.archiver,
+        this.mempools.txPool,
+      );
+      requestResponseHandlers[ReqRespSubProtocol.BLOCK_TXS] = blockTxsHandler.bind(this);
+    }
+
+    if (!this.config.disableTransactions) {
+      requestResponseHandlers[ReqRespSubProtocol.TX] = txHandler.bind(this);
+    }
+
+    await this.peerManager.initializePeers();
+
+    await this.reqresp.start(requestResponseHandlers);
+
+    await this.node.start();
+
+    // Subscribe to standard GossipSub topics by default
+    for (const topic of getTopicsForConfig(this.config.disableTransactions)) {
+      this.subscribeToTopic(this.topicStrings[topic]);
+    }
+
+    // add GossipSub listener
+    this.node.services.pubsub.addEventListener(GossipSubEvent.MESSAGE, this.gossipSubEventHandler);
+
+    // Start running promise for peer discovery and metrics collection
+    if (!this.config.p2pDiscoveryDisabled) {
+      await this.peerDiscoveryService.start();
+    }
+
+    // Bridge discv5 IP changes to libp2p's AddressManager so peers see the updated address
+    if (this.config.queryForIp) {
+      this.discoveredP2pIp = this.config.p2pIp;
+      this.logger.info('IP change tracking enabled, bridging discv5 IP updates to libp2p AddressManager');
+      this.ipChangedHandler = (ip: string) => {
+        const addressManager = this.node.services.components.addressManager;
+        const newAddr = multiaddr(convertToMultiaddr(ip, this.config.p2pPort, 'tcp'));
+        const previousIp = this.discoveredP2pIp;
+
+        if (previousIp) {
+          const oldAddr = multiaddr(convertToMultiaddr(previousIp, this.config.p2pPort, 'tcp'));
+          addressManager.removeObservedAddr(oldAddr);
+          this.logger.info('Libp2p announce address updated due to IP change', {
+            previousIp,
+            newIp: ip,
+            newMultiaddr: newAddr.toString(),
+          });
+        } else {
+          this.logger.info('Libp2p announce address set from initial discv5 IP discovery', {
+            ip,
+            multiaddr: newAddr.toString(),
+          });
+        }
+
+        addressManager.addObservedAddr(newAddr);
+        addressManager.confirmObservedAddr(newAddr);
+        this.discoveredP2pIp = ip;
+      };
+      this.peerDiscoveryService.on('ip:changed', this.ipChangedHandler);
+    }
+
+    this.discoveryRunningPromise = new RunningPromise(
+      async () => {
+        await this.peerManager.heartbeat();
+      },
+      this.logger,
+      this.config.peerCheckIntervalMS,
+    );
+    this.discoveryRunningPromise.start();
+
+    this.logger.info(`Started P2P service`, {
+      listen: this.config.listenAddress,
+      port: this.config.p2pPort,
+      announce: announceTcpMultiaddr,
+      peerId: this.node.peerId.toString(),
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stops the LibP2P service.
+   * @returns An empty promise.
+   */
+  public async stop() {
+    // Remove gossip sub listener
+    this.node.services.pubsub.removeEventListener(GossipSubEvent.MESSAGE, this.gossipSubEventHandler);
+
+    if (this.ipChangedHandler) {
+      this.peerDiscoveryService.removeListener('ip:changed', this.ipChangedHandler);
+      this.ipChangedHandler = undefined;
+    }
+
+    // Stop peer manager
+    this.logger.debug('Stopping peer manager...');
+    await this.peerManager.stop();
+    this.logger.debug('Stopping running promise...');
+    await this.discoveryRunningPromise?.stop();
+    this.logger.debug('Stopping peer discovery service...');
+    await this.peerDiscoveryService.stop();
+    this.logger.debug('Request response service stopped...');
+    await this.reqresp.stop();
+    this.logger.debug('Stopping LibP2P...');
+    await this.stopLibP2P();
+    this.logger.info('LibP2P service stopped');
+  }
+
+  addReqRespSubProtocol(subProtocol: ReqRespSubProtocol, handler: ReqRespSubProtocolHandler): Promise<void> {
+    return this.reqresp.addSubProtocol(subProtocol, handler);
+  }
+
+  public registerThisValidatorAddresses(address: EthAddress[]): void {
+    this.peerManager.registerThisValidatorAddresses(address);
+  }
+
+  public getPeers(includePending?: boolean): PeerInfo[] {
+    return this.peerManager.getPeers(includePending);
+  }
+
+  public getP2PConnectivity(): P2PConnectivity {
+    const connectedPeers = this.peerManager.getPeers().filter(peer => peer.status === 'connected').length;
+    return { enabled: true, connectedPeers };
+  }
+
+  public getGossipMeshPeerCount(topicType: TopicType): number {
+    return this.node.services.pubsub.getMeshPeers(this.topicStrings[topicType]).length;
+  }
+
+  private handleGossipSubEvent(e: CustomEvent<GossipsubMessage>) {
+    this.logger.trace(`Received PUBSUB message.`);
+
+    const safeJob = async () => {
+      try {
+        await this.handleNewGossipMessage(e.detail.msg, e.detail.msgId, e.detail.propagationSource);
+      } catch (err) {
+        this.logger.error(`Error handling gossipsub message: ${err}`);
+      }
+    };
+    setImmediate(() => void safeJob());
+  }
+
+  public sendRequestToPeer(
+    peerId: PeerId,
+    subProtocol: ReqRespSubProtocol,
+    payload: Buffer,
+    dialTimeout?: number,
+  ): Promise<ReqRespResponse> {
+    return this.reqresp.sendRequestToPeer(peerId, subProtocol, payload, dialTimeout);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the ENR of the node
+   * @returns The ENR of the node
+   */
+  public getEnr(): ENR | undefined {
+    return this.peerDiscoveryService.getEnr();
+  }
+
+  public registerBlockReceivedCallback(callback: P2PBlockReceivedCallback) {
+    this.blockReceivedCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  public registerValidatorCheckpointReceivedCallback(callback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback) {
+    this.validatorCheckpointReceivedCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  public registerAllNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback(callback: P2PCheckpointReceivedCallback) {
+    this.allNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Registers a callback to be invoked when a duplicate proposal is detected.
+   * This callback is triggered on the first duplicate (when count goes from 1 to 2).
+   */
+  public registerDuplicateProposalCallback(
+    callback: (info: { slot: SlotNumber; proposer: EthAddress; type: 'checkpoint' | 'block' }) => void,
+  ): void {
+    this.duplicateProposalCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Registers a callback to be invoked when an oversized block proposal is stored as slashing evidence.
+   */
+  public registerOversizedProposalCallback(callback: P2POversizedProposalCallback): void {
+    this.oversizedProposalCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Registers a callback to be invoked when a duplicate attestation is detected.
+   * A validator signing attestations for different proposals at the same slot.
+   * This callback is triggered on the first duplicate (when count goes from 1 to 2).
+   */
+  public registerDuplicateAttestationCallback(callback: P2PDuplicateAttestationCallback): void {
+    this.duplicateAttestationCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  public registerCheckpointAttestationCallback(callback: P2PCheckpointAttestationCallback): void {
+    this.checkpointAttestationCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Subscribes to a topic.
+   * @param topic - The topic to subscribe to.
+   */
+  private subscribeToTopic(topic: string) {
+    if (!this.node.services.pubsub) {
+      throw new Error('Pubsub service not available.');
+    }
+    void this.node.services.pubsub.subscribe(topic);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Publishes data to a topic.
+   * @param topic - The topic to publish to.
+   * @param data - The message to publish.
+   * @returns The number of recipients the data was sent to.
+   */
+  private async publishToTopic(topic: string, message: Gossipable) {
+    if (!this.node.services.pubsub) {
+      throw new Error('Pubsub service not available.');
+    }
+    const isBlockProposal = topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.block_proposal];
+    const traceContext =
+      this.config.debugP2PInstrumentMessages && isBlockProposal ? this.telemetry.getTraceContext() : undefined;
+    const p2pMessage = P2PMessage.fromGossipable(message, this.config.debugP2PInstrumentMessages, traceContext);
+    const result = await this.node.services.pubsub.publish(topic, p2pMessage.toMessageData());
+    return result.recipients.length;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if this message has already been seen, based on its msgId computed from hashing the message data.
+   * Note that we do not rely on the seenCache from gossipsub since we want to keep a longer history of seen
+   * messages to avoid tx echoes across the network.
+   */
+  protected preValidateReceivedMessage(
+    msg: Message,
+    msgId: string,
+    source: PeerId,
+  ): { result: boolean; topicType?: TopicType } {
+    let topicType: TopicType | undefined;
+
+    switch (msg.topic) {
+      case this.topicStrings[TopicType.tx]:
+        topicType = TopicType.tx;
+        break;
+      case this.topicStrings[TopicType.block_proposal]:
+        topicType = TopicType.block_proposal;
+        break;
+      case this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_proposal]:
+        topicType = TopicType.checkpoint_proposal;
+        break;
+      case this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_attestation]:
+        topicType = TopicType.checkpoint_attestation;
+        break;
+      default:
+        this.logger.error(`Received message on unknown topic: ${msg.topic}`);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    const validator = topicType ? this.msgIdSeenValidators[topicType] : undefined;
+
+    if (!validator || !validator.addMessage(msgId)) {
+      this.instrumentation.incMessagePrevalidationStatus(false, topicType);
+      this.node.services.pubsub.reportMessageValidationResult(msgId, source.toString(), TopicValidatorResult.Ignore);
+      if (topicType === TopicType.tx) {
+        this.logger.verbose(`Ignoring already-seen tx gossip message`, { msgId, source: source.toString() });
+      }
+      return { result: false, topicType };
+    }
+
+    this.instrumentation.incMessagePrevalidationStatus(true, topicType);
+
+    return { result: true, topicType };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Safely deserializes a P2PMessage from raw message data.
+   * @param msgId - The message ID.
+   * @param source - The peer ID of the message source.
+   * @param data - The raw message data.
+   * @returns The deserialized P2PMessage or undefined if deserialization fails.
+   */
+  private safelyDeserializeP2PMessage(msgId: string, source: PeerId, data: Uint8Array): P2PMessage | undefined {
+    try {
+      return P2PMessage.fromMessageData(Buffer.from(data), this.config.debugP2PInstrumentMessages);
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.logger.error(`Error deserializing P2PMessage`, err, {
+        msgId,
+        source: source.toString(),
+      });
+      this.node.services.pubsub.reportMessageValidationResult(msgId, source.toString(), TopicValidatorResult.Reject);
+      this.peerManager.penalizePeer(source, PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError);
+      return undefined;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handles a new gossip message that was received by the client.
+   * @param topic - The message's topic.
+   * @param data - The message data
+   */
+  protected async handleNewGossipMessage(msg: Message, msgId: string, source: PeerId) {
+    const msgReceivedTime = Date.now();
+    let topicType: TopicType | undefined;
+    const p2pMessage = this.safelyDeserializeP2PMessage(msgId, source, msg.data);
+    if (!p2pMessage) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const preValidationResult = this.preValidateReceivedMessage(msg, msgId, source);
+
+    if (!preValidationResult.result) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Determine topic type for attributes
+    if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.tx]) {
+      topicType = TopicType.tx;
+    } else if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_attestation]) {
+      topicType = TopicType.checkpoint_attestation;
+    } else if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.block_proposal]) {
+      topicType = TopicType.block_proposal;
+    } else if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_proposal]) {
+      topicType = TopicType.checkpoint_proposal;
+    }
+
+    // Process the message, optionally within a linked span for trace propagation
+    const processMessage = async () => {
+      if (
+        this.config.skipIncomingProposals &&
+        (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.block_proposal] ||
+          msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_proposal])
+      ) {
+        this.logger.warn(`Ignoring incoming proposal (skipIncomingProposals is set)`, { topic: msg.topic });
+        this.node.services.pubsub.reportMessageValidationResult(msgId, source.toString(), TopicValidatorResult.Ignore);
+        return;
+      }
+      if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.tx]) {
+        await this.handleGossipedTx(p2pMessage.payload, msgId, source);
+      } else if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_attestation]) {
+        await this.processCheckpointAttestationFromPeer(p2pMessage.payload, msgId, source);
+      } else if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.block_proposal]) {
+        await this.processBlockFromPeer(p2pMessage.payload, msgId, source);
+      } else if (msg.topic === this.topicStrings[TopicType.checkpoint_proposal]) {
+        await this.handleGossipedCheckpointProposal(p2pMessage.payload, msgId, source);
+      } else {
+        this.logger.error(`Received message on unknown topic: ${msg.topic}`);
+      }
+    };
+
+    const latency = p2pMessage.timestamp !== undefined ? msgReceivedTime - p2pMessage.timestamp.getTime() : undefined;
+    const propagatedContext = p2pMessage.traceContext
+      ? this.telemetry.extractPropagatedContext(p2pMessage.traceContext)
+      : undefined;
+
+    if (propagatedContext) {
+      await this.tracer.startActiveSpan(
+        'LibP2PService.processMessage',
+        {
+          attributes: {
+            [Attributes.TOPIC_NAME]: topicType!,
+            [Attributes.PEER_ID]: source.toString(),
+          },
+        },
+        propagatedContext,
+        async span => {
+          try {
+            await processMessage();
+            span.setStatus({
+              code: SpanStatusCode.OK,
+            });
+          } catch (err) {
+            span.setStatus({
+              code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
+              message: String(err),
+            });
+            if (typeof err === 'string' || (err && err instanceof Error)) {
+              span.recordException(err);
+            }
+            throw err;
+          } finally {
+            span.end();
+          }
+        },
+      );
+    } else {
+      await processMessage();
+    }
+
+    if (latency !== undefined && topicType !== undefined) {
+      this.instrumentation.recordMessageLatency(topicType, latency);
+    }
+
+    return;
+  }
+
+  protected async validateReceivedMessage<T, M = undefined>(
+    validationFunc: () => Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T, M>>,
+    msgId: string,
+    source: PeerId,
+    topicType: TopicType,
+    stageTimings?: Record<string, number>,
+  ): Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T, M>> {
+    // Default to reject result with a penalty if validation function throws an error
+    let resultAndObj: ReceivedMessageValidationResult<T, M> = {
+      result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+      severity: PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError,
+    };
+    const timer = new Timer();
+    try {
+      resultAndObj = await validationFunc();
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.logger.error(`Error validating gossipsub message`, err, { msgId, source: source.toString(), topicType });
+    }
+
+    const validationTimeMs = timer.ms();
+    const mcacheWindowMs = this.config.gossipsubMcacheLength * this.config.gossipsubInterval;
+    if (validationTimeMs > mcacheWindowMs * 0.75) {
+      this.instrumentation.incSlowValidation(topicType);
+      this.logger.warn(
+        `Gossip validation for ${topicType} took ${validationTimeMs}ms, approaching mcache eviction window of ${mcacheWindowMs}ms. ` +
+          `Message forwarding may be skipped if validation exceeds the window.`,
+        { msgId, source: source.toString(), topicType, validationTimeMs, mcacheWindowMs, stageTimings },
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (resultAndObj.result === TopicValidatorResult.Accept) {
+      this.logger.debug(`Message ${topicType} accepted by validator`, {
+        msgId,
+        source: source.toString(),
+        topicType,
+        validationTimeMs,
+        stageTimings,
+      });
+      this.instrumentation.recordMessageValidation(topicType, timer);
+    } else if (resultAndObj.result === TopicValidatorResult.Reject) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Message ${topicType} rejected by validator with severity ${resultAndObj.severity}`, {
+        msgId,
+        source: source.toString(),
+        topicType,
+        severity: resultAndObj.severity,
+      });
+      this.peerManager.penalizePeer(source, resultAndObj.severity);
+    } else {
+      this.logger.trace(`Message ${topicType} ignored by validator`, { msgId, source: source.toString(), topicType });
+    }
+
+    this.node.services.pubsub.reportMessageValidationResult(msgId, source.toString(), resultAndObj.result);
+    return resultAndObj;
+  }
+
+  private tryDeserialize<T>(deserializeFunc: () => T, msgId: string, source: PeerId): T | undefined {
+    try {
+      return deserializeFunc();
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Failed to deserialize gossipsub message from buffer`, {
+        err,
+        msgId,
+        source: source.toString(),
+      });
+      return undefined;
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected async handleGossipedTx(payloadData: Buffer, msgId: string, source: PeerId) {
+    // Per-stage timings so slow validations can be attributed to a specific stage (see A-1656).
+    const stageTimings: Record<string, number> = {};
+    const timed = async <T>(stage: string, fn: () => T | Promise<T>): Promise<T> => {
+      const timer = new Timer();
+      try {
+        return await fn();
+      } finally {
+        const ms = timer.ms();
+        stageTimings[stage] = Math.ceil(ms);
+        this.instrumentation.recordTxValidationStage(stage, ms);
+      }
+    };
+
+    const validationFunc: () => Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<Tx>> = async () => {
+      const tx = await timed('deserialize', () => this.tryDeserialize(() => Tx.fromBuffer(payloadData), msgId, source));
+      if (!tx) {
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError };
+      }
+
+      // Stage 1 setup: chain tip, epoch info, gas fees, and L1 constants reads
+      const { currentBlockNumber, firstStageValidators } = await timed('fast_validation_setup', async () => {
+        const currentBlockNumber = await this.archiver.getBlockNumber();
+        const { ts: nextSlotTimestamp } = this.epochCache.getEpochAndSlotInNextL1Slot();
+        const firstStageValidators = await this.createFirstStageMessageValidators(
+          currentBlockNumber,
+          nextSlotTimestamp,
+        );
+        return { currentBlockNumber, firstStageValidators };
+      });
+
+      // Stage 1: fast validators (metadata, data, timestamps, double-spend, gas, phases, block header)
+      const firstStageOutcome = await timed('fast_validation', () => this.runValidations(tx, firstStageValidators));
+      if (!firstStageOutcome.allPassed) {
+        const { name } = firstStageOutcome.failure;
+        let { severity } = firstStageOutcome.failure;
+
+        // Double spend validator has a special case handler. We perform more detailed examination
+        // as to how recently the nullifier was entered into the tree and if the transaction should
+        // have 'known' the nullifier existed. This determines the severity of the penalty applied to the peer.
+        if (name === 'doubleSpendValidator') {
+          const txBlockNumber = BlockNumber(currentBlockNumber + 1);
+          severity = await this.handleDoubleSpendFailure(tx, txBlockNumber);
+        }
+
+        this.logger.verbose(`Rejecting gossiped tx ${tx.getTxHash().toString()}: stage 1 validation failed`, {
+          validator: name,
+          severity,
+          source: source.toString(),
+        });
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity };
+      }
+
+      // Pool pre-check: see if the pool would accept this tx before doing expensive proof verification
+      const canAdd = await timed('pool_precheck', () => this.mempools.txPool.canAddPendingTx(tx));
+      if (canAdd === 'ignored') {
+        this.logger.verbose(`Ignoring gossiped tx ${tx.getTxHash().toString()}: pool pre-check returned ignored`, {
+          source: source.toString(),
+        });
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: tx };
+      }
+
+      // Stage 2: expensive proof verification
+      const secondStageValidators = this.createSecondStageMessageValidators();
+      const secondStageOutcome = await timed('proof_verify', () => this.runValidations(tx, secondStageValidators));
+      if (!secondStageOutcome.allPassed) {
+        const { severity, name } = secondStageOutcome.failure;
+        this.logger.verbose(`Rejecting gossiped tx ${tx.getTxHash().toString()}: stage 2 validation failed`, {
+          validator: name,
+          severity,
+          source: source.toString(),
+        });
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity };
+      }
+
+      // Pool add: persist the tx
+      const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
+      const addResult = await timed('pool_add', () => this.mempools.txPool.addPendingTxs([tx], { source: 'gossip' }));
+
+      const wasAccepted = addResult.accepted.some(h => h.equals(txHash));
+      const wasIgnored = addResult.ignored.some(h => h.equals(txHash));
+
+      this.logger.verbose(`Validate propagated tx ${txHash.toString()}`, {
+        wasAccepted,
+        wasIgnored,
+        [Attributes.P2P_ID]: source.toString(),
+      });
+
+      if (wasAccepted) {
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: tx };
+      } else if (wasIgnored) {
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: tx };
+      } else {
+        this.logger.warn(`Gossiped tx ${txHash.toString()} unexpectedly rejected by pool`, {
+          source: source.toString(),
+          txHash: txHash.toString(),
+        });
+        return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError };
+      }
+    };
+
+    const { result, obj: tx } = await this.validateReceivedMessage<Tx>(
+      validationFunc,
+      msgId,
+      source,
+      TopicType.tx,
+      stageTimings,
+    );
+    if (result !== TopicValidatorResult.Accept || !tx) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Tx was accepted into pool and will be propagated - just log and record metrics
+    const txHash = tx.getTxHash();
+    const txHashString = txHash.toString();
+    this.logger.verbose(`Received tx ${txHashString} from external peer ${source.toString()} via gossip`, {
+      source: source.toString(),
+      txHash: txHashString,
+    });
+
+    this.instrumentation.incrementTxReceived(1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Process a checkpoint attestation from a peer.
+   * Validates the attestation and adds it to the pool.
+   */
+  private async processCheckpointAttestationFromPeer(
+    payloadData: Buffer,
+    msgId: string,
+    source: PeerId,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    const { result, obj: attestation } = await this.validateReceivedMessage<CheckpointAttestation>(
+      () => {
+        const attestation = this.tryDeserialize(() => CheckpointAttestation.fromBuffer(payloadData), msgId, source);
+        if (!attestation) {
+          return Promise.resolve({
+            result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+            severity: PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError,
+          });
+        }
+        return this.validateAndStoreCheckpointAttestation(source, attestation);
+      },
+      msgId,
+      source,
+      TopicType.checkpoint_attestation,
+    );
+
+    if (result !== TopicValidatorResult.Accept || !attestation) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.logger.verbose(
+      `Received valid checkpoint attestation for slot ${attestation.slotNumber} from external peer ${source.toString()}`,
+      {
+        p2pMessageIdentifier: await attestation.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier(),
+        slot: attestation.slotNumber,
+        archive: attestation.archive.toString(),
+        source: source.toString(),
+      },
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Validates a checkpoint attestation and adds it to the pool. Penalizes the peer if validation fails. */
+  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateAndStoreCheckpointAttestation', (_peerId, attestation) => ({
+    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: attestation.payload.header.slotNumber.toString(),
+  }))
+  protected async validateAndStoreCheckpointAttestation(
+    peerId: PeerId,
+    attestation: CheckpointAttestation,
+  ): Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<CheckpointAttestation>> {
+    const validationResult = await this.checkpointAttestationValidator.validate(attestation);
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'reject') {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer ${peerId} for checkpoint attestation validation failure`);
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: validationResult.severity };
+    }
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'ignore') {
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: attestation };
+    }
+
+    // Try to add the attestation: this handles existence check, cap check, and adding in one call
+    // count is the number of attestations by this signer for this slot (for duplicate detection)
+    const slot = attestation.payload.header.slotNumber;
+    const { added, alreadyExists, count } =
+      await this.mempools.attestationPool.tryAddCheckpointAttestation(attestation);
+
+    this.logger.trace(`Validate propagated checkpoint attestation`, {
+      added,
+      alreadyExists,
+      count,
+      [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: slot.toString(),
+      [Attributes.P2P_ID]: peerId.toString(),
+    });
+
+    // Exact same attestation received, no need to re-broadcast
+    if (alreadyExists) {
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: attestation };
+    }
+
+    // Could not add (cap reached for signer), penalize and do not re-broadcast
+    if (!added) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Rejecting checkpoint attestation due to cap`, {
+        slot: slot.toString(),
+        archive: attestation.archive.toString(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+        attester: attestation.getSender()?.toString(),
+        count,
+      });
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError };
+    }
+
+    // Check if this is a duplicate attestation (signer attested to a different proposal at the same slot)
+    // count is the number of attestations by this signer for this slot
+    if (count === 2) {
+      const attester = attestation.getSender();
+      if (attester) {
+        this.logger.warn(`Detected duplicate attestation (equivocation) at slot ${slot}`, {
+          slot: slot.toString(),
+          archive: attestation.archive.toString(),
+          source: peerId.toString(),
+          attester: attester.toString(),
+        });
+        this.duplicateAttestationCallback?.({ slot, attester });
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Attestation was added successfully - accept it so other nodes can also detect the equivocation
+    this.checkpointAttestationCallback?.(attestation);
+    return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: attestation };
+  }
+
+  protected async processBlockFromPeer(payloadData: Buffer, msgId: string, source: PeerId): Promise<void> {
+    const {
+      result,
+      obj: block,
+      metadata: { isEquivocated, isOversized } = {},
+    } = await this.validateReceivedMessage<BlockProposal, { isEquivocated: boolean; isOversized: boolean }>(
+      () => this.validateAndStoreBlockProposal(source, BlockProposal.fromBuffer(payloadData)),
+      msgId,
+      source,
+      TopicType.block_proposal,
+    );
+
+    // If not accepted, equivocated, or oversized, return. Oversized proposals are re-broadcast as
+    // slashing evidence but never attested or processed.
+    if (result !== TopicValidatorResult.Accept || !block || isEquivocated || isOversized) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    await this.processValidBlockProposal(ValidatedBlockProposal(block), source);
+  }
+
+  /** Validates a block proposal. Triggers a penalization to the peer that sent it if invalid. Adds to the mempool if valid. */
+  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateAndStoreBlockProposal', (_peerId, block) => ({
+    [Attributes.BLOCK_NUMBER]: block.blockNumber.toString(),
+    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: block.slotNumber.toString(),
+  }))
+  protected async validateAndStoreBlockProposal(
+    peerId: PeerId,
+    block: BlockProposal,
+  ): Promise<ReceivedMessageValidationResult<BlockProposal, { isEquivocated: boolean; isOversized: boolean }>> {
+    const validationResult = await this.blockProposalValidator.validate(block);
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'reject') {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer ${peerId} for block proposal validation failure`);
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: validationResult.severity };
+    }
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'ignore') {
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: block };
+    }
+
+    // Try to add the proposal: this handles existence check, cap check, and adding in one call
+    const { added, alreadyExists, count } = await this.mempools.attestationPool.tryAddBlockProposal(block);
+    const isEquivocated = count !== undefined && count > 1;
+    // An oversized proposal (index at or beyond the consensus per-checkpoint limit) is structurally valid
+    // proposer misbehavior: it is stored and re-broadcast as slashing evidence but never processed or
+    // attested to. No-ops when maxBlocksPerCheckpoint is unset (local/test).
+    const isOversized =
+      this.config.maxBlocksPerCheckpoint !== undefined &&
+      block.indexWithinCheckpoint >= this.config.maxBlocksPerCheckpoint;
+
+    // Duplicate proposal received, no need to re-broadcast
+    if (alreadyExists) {
+      this.logger.debug(`Ignoring duplicate block proposal received`, {
+        ...block.toBlockInfo(),
+        indexWithinCheckpoint: block.indexWithinCheckpoint,
+        proposer: block.getSender()?.toString(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: block, metadata: { isEquivocated, isOversized } };
+    }
+
+    // Too many blocks received for this slot and index, penalize peer and do not re-broadcast
+    if (!added) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer for block proposal exceeding per-position cap`, {
+        ...block.toBlockInfo(),
+        indexWithinCheckpoint: block.indexWithinCheckpoint,
+        count,
+        proposer: block.getSender()?.toString(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      return {
+        result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+        metadata: { isEquivocated, isOversized },
+        severity: PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError,
+      };
+    }
+
+    // The proposal was stored: if oversized, invoke the oversized callback so the proposer can be
+    // slashed. Fired alongside (not instead of) equivocation detection below.
+    if (isOversized) {
+      const proposer = block.getSender();
+      if (proposer) {
+        this.logger.warn(`Detected oversized block proposal at slot ${block.slotNumber}`, {
+          ...block.toBlockInfo(),
+          indexWithinCheckpoint: block.indexWithinCheckpoint,
+          maxBlocksPerCheckpoint: this.config.maxBlocksPerCheckpoint,
+          source: peerId.toString(),
+          proposer: proposer.toString(),
+        });
+        this.oversizedProposalCallback?.({ slot: block.slotNumber, proposer });
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If this was a duplicate proposal, do not process it, but do invoke the duplicate callback,
+    // and do re-broadcast it so other nodes in the network know to slash the proposer
+    if (isEquivocated) {
+      const proposer = block.getSender();
+      this.logger.warn(`Detected duplicate block proposal (equivocation) at slot ${block.slotNumber}`, {
+        ...block.toBlockInfo(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+        proposer: proposer?.toString(),
+      });
+      // Invoke the duplicate callback on the first duplicate spotted only
+      if (proposer && count === 2) {
+        this.duplicateProposalCallback?.({ slot: block.slotNumber, proposer, type: 'block' });
+      }
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: block, metadata: { isEquivocated, isOversized } };
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise, we're good to go!
+    return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept, obj: block, metadata: { isEquivocated: false, isOversized } };
+  }
+
+  // REFACTOR(palla): This method should be moved to the p2p_client or to a separate component,
+  // should not be here as it does not deal with p2p networking.
+  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.processValidBlockProposal', async block => ({
+    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: block.slotNumber,
+    [Attributes.BLOCK_ARCHIVE]: block.archive.toString(),
+    [Attributes.P2P_ID]: await block.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier().then(i => i.toString()),
+  }))
+  protected async processValidBlockProposal(block: ValidatedBlockProposal, sender: PeerId) {
+    const slot = block.slotNumber;
+    this.logger.verbose(`Received block proposal for slot ${slot} from external peer ${sender.toString()}.`, {
+      p2pMessageIdentifier: await block.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier(),
+      source: sender.toString(),
+      ...block.toBlockInfo(),
+    });
+
+    // Mark the txs in this proposal as protected
+    await this.mempools.txPool.protectTxs(block.txHashes, block.blockHeader);
+
+    if (!(await this.tryBlockReceivedCallback(block, sender))) {
+      // Release the protections this proposal created so its txs return to pending. Only entries still
+      // keyed to this slot are cleared, so a tx referenced by a live proposal at another slot stays protected.
+      await this.mempools.txPool.unprotectTxs(block.txHashes, slot);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Runs the block received callback to validate a proposal, and returns whether it was accepted.
+   * A callback that throws is reported as a rejection: the proposal is no more usable than one explicitly
+   * rejected, and letting the error escape would leave the proposal's tx protections in place.
+   * Note: Validators do NOT attest to individual blocks, only to checkpoint proposals.
+   */
+  private async tryBlockReceivedCallback(block: ValidatedBlockProposal, sender: PeerId): Promise<boolean> {
+    try {
+      const isValid = await this.blockReceivedCallback(block, sender);
+      if (!isValid) {
+        this.logger.info(`Block proposal validation failed for block ${block.blockNumber}`, block.toBlockInfo());
+      }
+      return isValid;
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.logger.error(`Error validating block proposal for block ${block.blockNumber}`, err, block.toBlockInfo());
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle a gossiped checkpoint proposal.
+   * Validates and processes the checkpoint proposal, then triggers the callback for attestation.
+   */
+  protected async handleGossipedCheckpointProposal(payloadData: Buffer, msgId: string, source: PeerId): Promise<void> {
+    const {
+      result,
+      obj: checkpoint,
+      metadata: { isEquivocated, processBlock, isOversized } = {},
+    } = await this.validateReceivedMessage<
+      CheckpointProposal,
+      { isEquivocated: boolean; processBlock: boolean; isOversized: boolean }
+    >(
+      () => this.validateAndStoreCheckpointProposal(source, CheckpointProposal.fromBuffer(payloadData)),
+      msgId,
+      source,
+      TopicType.checkpoint_proposal,
+    );
+
+    // An oversized checkpoint is re-broadcast as slashing evidence but never attested or processed.
+    // Process checkpoint proposal if valid and neither equivocated nor oversized.
+    const processCheckpointFn = () =>
+      result === TopicValidatorResult.Accept && checkpoint && !isEquivocated && !isOversized
+        ? this.processValidCheckpointProposal(ValidatedCheckpointProposalCore(checkpoint.toCore()), source)
+        : Promise.resolve();
+
+    // If the checkpoint contained a valid last block, we process it even if the checkpoint itself is to be rejected
+    // TODO(palla/mbps): Is this ok? Should we be considering a block from a checkpoint that was equivocated?
+    const processBlockFn = () =>
+      processBlock && checkpoint && checkpoint.getBlockProposal()
+        ? this.processValidBlockProposal(ValidatedBlockProposal(checkpoint.getBlockProposal()!), source)
+        : Promise.resolve();
+
+    // A node that skips checkpoint validation attests without re-executing the embedded last block, so run
+    // the checkpoint callback first: this creates and broadcasts the attestation before the block is
+    // processed. Otherwise the block's re-execution — which can stall until the re-execution deadline
+    // waiting for a parent that may never arrive — would delay the attestation past the slot's attestation
+    // window, after which peers reject it as stale.
+    if (this.config.skipCheckpointProposalValidation) {
+      await processCheckpointFn();
+      await processBlockFn();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Process the block first, since it's required for the checkpoint proposal validation.
+    await processBlockFn();
+    await processCheckpointFn();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates a checkpoint proposal. Penalizes peer if validation fails. Adds the checkpoint and
+   * its last block (if present) to the mempool if valid. Triggers equivocation detection on both.
+   */
+  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateAndStoreCheckpointProposal', (_peerId, checkpoint) => ({
+    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber.toString(),
+  }))
+  protected async validateAndStoreCheckpointProposal(
+    peerId: PeerId,
+    checkpoint: CheckpointProposal,
+  ): Promise<
+    ReceivedMessageValidationResult<
+      CheckpointProposal,
+      { isEquivocated: boolean; processBlock: boolean; isOversized: boolean }
+    >
+  > {
+    const validationResult = await this.checkpointProposalValidator.validate(checkpoint);
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'reject') {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer ${peerId} for checkpoint proposal validation failure`);
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject, severity: validationResult.severity };
+    }
+
+    if (validationResult.result === 'ignore') {
+      return { result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore, obj: checkpoint };
+    }
+
+    // Extract and try to add the block proposal first if present
+    const blockProposal = checkpoint.getBlockProposal();
+    let processBlock = false;
+    let isOversized = false;
+    if (blockProposal) {
+      this.logger.debug(`Validating block proposal from propagated checkpoint`, {
+        [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber.toString(),
+        [Attributes.P2P_ID]: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      const blockProposalResult = await this.validateAndStoreBlockProposal(peerId, blockProposal);
+      const { obj, metadata: { isEquivocated, isOversized: blockIsOversized } = {} } = blockProposalResult;
+      isOversized = blockIsOversized ?? false;
+
+      if (blockProposalResult.result === TopicValidatorResult.Reject || !obj || isEquivocated) {
+        this.logger.debug(`Rejecting checkpoint due to invalid last block proposal`, {
+          [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber.toString(),
+          [Attributes.P2P_ID]: peerId.toString(),
+          isEquivocated,
+          result: blockProposalResult.result,
+        });
+        return {
+          result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+          severity:
+            'severity' in blockProposalResult ? blockProposalResult.severity : PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError,
+        };
+      } else if (blockProposalResult.result === TopicValidatorResult.Accept && obj && !isEquivocated && !isOversized) {
+        // An oversized terminal block is re-broadcast as slashing evidence but never processed.
+        processBlock = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Try to add the checkpoint proposal core: this handles existence check, cap check, and adding in one call
+    const checkpointCore = checkpoint.toCore();
+    const tryAddResult = await this.mempools.attestationPool.tryAddCheckpointProposal(checkpointCore);
+    const { added, alreadyExists, count } = tryAddResult;
+    const isEquivocated = count !== undefined && count > 1;
+
+    // Duplicate proposal received, do not re-broadcast
+    if (alreadyExists) {
+      this.logger.debug(`Ignoring duplicate checkpoint proposal received`, {
+        ...checkpoint.toCheckpointInfo(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      return {
+        result: TopicValidatorResult.Ignore,
+        obj: checkpoint,
+        metadata: { isEquivocated, processBlock, isOversized },
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Too many checkpoint proposals received for this slot, penalize peer and do not re-broadcast.
+    // Note: We still return the checkpoint obj so the lastBlock can be processed if valid
+    if (!added) {
+      this.logger.warn(`Penalizing peer for checkpoint proposal exceeding per-slot cap`, {
+        ...checkpoint.toCheckpointInfo(),
+        count,
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+      });
+      return {
+        result: TopicValidatorResult.Reject,
+        obj: checkpoint,
+        metadata: { isEquivocated, processBlock, isOversized },
+        severity: PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError,
+      };
+    }
+
+    // If this was a duplicate proposal, do not process it, but do invoke the duplicate callback,
+    // and do re-broadcast it so other nodes in the network know to slash the proposer
+    if (isEquivocated) {
+      const proposer = checkpoint.getSender();
+      this.logger.warn(`Detected duplicate checkpoint proposal (equivocation) at slot ${checkpoint.slotNumber}`, {
+        ...checkpoint.toCheckpointInfo(),
+        source: peerId.toString(),
+        proposer: proposer?.toString(),
+      });
+      // Invoke the duplicate callback on the first duplicate spotted only
+      if (proposer && count === 2) {
+        this.duplicateProposalCallback?.({ slot: checkpoint.slotNumber, proposer, type: 'checkpoint' });
+      }
+      return {
+        result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept,
+        obj: checkpoint,
+        metadata: { isEquivocated, processBlock, isOversized },
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Otherwise, we're good to go!
+    return {
+      result: TopicValidatorResult.Accept,
+      obj: checkpoint,
+      metadata: { processBlock, isEquivocated, isOversized },
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Process a validated checkpoint proposal.
+   * Note: The proposal was already added to the pool by tryAddCheckpointProposal in handleGossipedCheckpointProposal.
+   */
+  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.processValidCheckpointProposal', async checkpoint => ({
+    [Attributes.SLOT_NUMBER]: checkpoint.slotNumber,
+    [Attributes.BLOCK_ARCHIVE]: checkpoint.archive.toString(),
+    [Attributes.P2P_ID]: await checkpoint.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier().then(i => i.toString()),
+  }))
+  protected async processValidCheckpointProposal(checkpoint: ValidatedCheckpointProposalCore, sender: PeerId) {
+    const slot = checkpoint.slotNumber;
+    this.logger.verbose(`Received checkpoint proposal for slot ${slot} from external peer ${sender.toString()}.`, {
+      p2pMessageIdentifier: await checkpoint.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier(),
+      slot: checkpoint.slotNumber,
+      archive: checkpoint.archive.toString(),
+      source: sender.toString(),
+    });
+
+    await this.allNodesCheckpointReceivedCallback(checkpoint, sender);
+
+    // Call the checkpoint received callback with the core version (without lastBlock)
+    // to validate and potentially generate attestations
+    const attestations = await this.validatorCheckpointReceivedCallback(checkpoint, sender);
+    if (attestations && attestations.length > 0) {
+      // If the callback returned attestations, add them to the pool and propagate them
+      await this.mempools.attestationPool.addOwnCheckpointAttestations(attestations);
+      for (const attestation of attestations) {
+        await this.propagate(attestation);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Propagates provided message to peers.
+   * @param message - The message to propagate.
+   */
+  public async propagate<T extends Gossipable>(message: T) {
+    const p2pMessageIdentifier = await message.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier();
+    this.logger.trace(`Message ${p2pMessageIdentifier} queued`, { p2pMessageIdentifier });
+    void this.sendToPeers(message).catch(error => {
+      this.logger.error(`Error propagating message ${p2pMessageIdentifier}`, { error });
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validate the requested block transactions request-response consistency.
+   * It does NOT validate the transactions themselves.
+   * @param request - The block transactions request.
+   * @param response - The block transactions response.
+   * @param peerId - The ID of the peer that made the request.
+   * @returns True if the request-response is consistent, false otherwise.
+   */
+  @trackSpan('Libp2pService.validateRequestedBlockTxsConsistency', request => ({
+    [Attributes.BLOCK_ARCHIVE]: request.archiveRoot.toString(),
+  }))
+  protected async validateRequestedBlockTxsConsistency(
+    request: BlockTxsRequest,
+    response: BlockTxsResponse,
+    peerId: PeerId,
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    try {
+      // Check for duplicates txs (or hashes) in the response.
+      const returnedHashes = response.txs.map(tx => tx.getTxHash().toString());
+      const uniqueReturned = new Set(returnedHashes.map(h => h.toString()));
+      if (uniqueReturned.size !== returnedHashes.length) {
+        this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError);
+        throw new ValidationError(`Received duplicate txs in block txs response`);
+      }
+
+      // We get the block tx hashes from the proposal or the archiver.
+      const proposal = await this.mempools.attestationPool.getBlockProposalByArchive(request.archiveRoot.toString());
+      const blockTxHashes =
+        proposal?.txHashes ??
+        (await this.archiver.getBlock({ archive: request.archiveRoot }))?.body.txEffects.map(e => e.txHash);
+
+      // If we don't have the block, we can't verify membership/order of the returned txs.
+      if (!blockTxHashes) {
+        // This shouldn't happen, since we asked for the block (proposal).
+        // Neither a local proposal nor an archived block: we cannot verify membership/order of the
+        // returned txs. This is a local-state gap, not a peer fault, so we do not penalize.
+        this.logger.warn(
+          `Block ${request.archiveRoot.toString()} not found in attestation pool or archiver; cannot validate membership/order of returned txs`,
+        );
+        // NOTE: We mark the response as invalid, given the limitations of a true/false return value.
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      // Verify that the returned tx hashes are a subset of (tx hashes by index) U (explicitly requested tx hashes).
+      const uniqueRequestedHashes = new Set([
+        // tx hashes requested by index.
+        ...request.txIndices.getTrueIndices().map(i => blockTxHashes[i].toString()),
+        // explicitly requested tx hashes.
+        ...request.txHashes.map(h => h.toString()),
+      ]);
+      if (!returnedHashes.every(h => uniqueRequestedHashes.has(h))) {
+        this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError);
+        throw new ValidationError(
+          'Returned txs should be a subset of (tx hashes by index) U (explicitly requested tx hashes)',
+        );
+      }
+
+      // Tx indices information is optional, but if present, we need to verify a few things.
+      if (!response.peerHasBlock()) {
+        this.logger.debug(`Peer ${peerId.toString()} signalled missing block`);
+        return true;
+      }
+
+      // If the response has a non-empty bitvector, it needs to be consistent with the number of txs in the block.
+      if (response.txIndices.getLength() !== blockTxHashes.length) {
+        this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, PeerErrorSeverity.MidToleranceError);
+        throw new ValidationError(
+          `Received block txs with mismatched bitvector length: expected ${blockTxHashes.length}, got ${response.txIndices.getLength()}`,
+        );
+      }
+
+      // For every index we requested that the peer claims to have (per its bitvector), the
+      // corresponding tx must be present in the response. A peer advertising availability but
+      // withholding the tx is inconsistent.
+      const returnedHashSet = new Set(returnedHashes);
+      const expectedIndices = request.txIndices.getTrueIndices().filter(i => response.txIndices.isSet(i));
+      const missingExpected = expectedIndices.some(i => !returnedHashSet.has(blockTxHashes[i].toString()));
+      if (missingExpected) {
+        this.peerManager.penalizePeer(peerId, PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError);
+        throw new ValidationError('Peer advertised requested txs via indices but did not return them');
+      }
+
+      return true;
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      if (e instanceof ValidationError) {
+        this.logger.warn(`Failed validation for requested block txs from peer ${peerId.toString()}`);
+      } else {
+        this.logger.error(`Error during validation of requested block txs`, e);
+      }
+
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private getGasFees(): Promise<GasFees> {
+    return this.blockMinFeesProvider.getCurrentMinFees();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the BatchTxRequesterLibP2PService dependencies for creating BatchTxRequester instances
+   */
+  public getBatchTxRequesterService(): BatchTxRequesterLibP2PService {
+    return {
+      reqResp: this.reqresp,
+      connectionSampler: this.reqresp.getConnectionSampler(),
+      txValidatorConfig: {
+        l1ChainId: this.config.l1ChainId,
+        rollupVersion: this.config.rollupVersion,
+        proofVerifier: this.proofVerifier,
+        txValidationCache: this.txValidationCache,
+      },
+      peerScoring: this.peerManager,
+      validateRequestedBlockTxsConsistency: this.validateRequestedBlockTxsConsistency.bind(this),
+    };
+  }
+
+  public async validateTxsReceivedInBlockProposal(txs: Tx[]): Promise<void> {
+    const validator = createTxValidatorForBlockProposalReceivedTxs(
+      this.proofVerifier,
+      { l1ChainId: this.config.l1ChainId, rollupVersion: this.config.rollupVersion },
+      this.logger.getBindings(),
+      this.txValidationCache,
+    );
+
+    const results = await Promise.all(
+      txs.map(async tx => ({ txHash: tx.getTxHash(), result: await validator.validateTx(tx) })),
+    );
+
+    const invalidTxs = results.flatMap(({ txHash, result }) =>
+      result.result === 'invalid' ? [{ txHash, reasons: result.reason }] : [],
+    );
+
+    if (invalidTxs.length > 0) {
+      throw new InvalidBlockProposalTxsError(invalidTxs);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Creates the first stage (fast) validators for gossiped transactions. */
+  protected async createFirstStageMessageValidators(
+    currentBlockNumber: BlockNumber,
+    nextSlotTimestamp: UInt64,
+  ): Promise<Record<string, TransactionValidator>> {
+    const gasFees = await this.getGasFees();
+    const allowedInSetup = [
+      ...(await getDefaultAllowedSetupFunctions()),
+      ...(this.config.txPublicSetupAllowListExtend ?? []),
+    ];
+    const blockNumber = BlockNumber(currentBlockNumber + 1);
+    const l1Constants = await this.archiver.getL1Constants();
+    const networkTxGasLimits = getNetworkTxGasLimits(this.config, l1Constants);
+
+    return createFirstStageTxValidationsForGossipedTransactions(
+      nextSlotTimestamp,
+      blockNumber,
+      this.worldStateSynchronizer,
+      gasFees,
+      this.config.l1ChainId,
+      this.config.rollupVersion,
+      protocolContractsHash,
+      this.archiver,
+      !this.config.disableTransactions,
+      allowedInSetup,
+      this.logger.getBindings(),
+      {
+        maxTxL2Gas: networkTxGasLimits.l2Gas,
+        maxTxDAGas: networkTxGasLimits.daGas,
+      },
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Creates the second stage (expensive proof verification) validators for gossiped transactions. */
+  protected createSecondStageMessageValidators(): Record<string, TransactionValidator> {
+    return createSecondStageTxValidationsForGossipedTransactions(this.proofVerifier, this.logger.getBindings());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Run validations on a tx.
+   * @param tx - The tx to validate.
+   * @param messageValidators - The message validators to run.
+   * @returns The validation outcome.
+   */
+  private async runValidations(
+    tx: Tx,
+    messageValidators: Record<string, TransactionValidator>,
+  ): Promise<ValidationOutcome> {
+    // Gossip validation stays exhaustive within each stage because peer scoring uses the harshest failure severity;
+    // failing fast would make the penalty depend on validator order. The stage boundaries themselves fail fast.
+    const validationPromises = Object.entries(messageValidators).map(async ([name, { validator, severity }]) => {
+      const { result } = await validator.validateTx(tx);
+      return { name, isValid: result !== 'invalid', severity };
+    });
+
+    // A promise that resolves when all validations have been run
+    const allValidations = await Promise.all(validationPromises);
+    const failures = allValidations.filter(x => !x.isValid);
+    if (failures.length > 0) {
+      // Pick the most severe failure (lowest tolerance = harshest penalty)
+      const failed = maxBy(failures, f => PeerErrorSeverityByHarshness.indexOf(f.severity))!;
+      return {
+        allPassed: false,
+        failure: {
+          isValid: { result: 'invalid' as const, reason: ['Failed validation'] },
+          name: failed.name,
+          severity: failed.severity,
+        },
+      };
+    } else {
+      return {
+        allPassed: true,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle a double spend failure.
+   *
+   * Double spend failures are managed on their own because they are a special case.
+   * We must check if the double spend is recent or old, if it is past a threshold, then we heavily penalize the peer.
+   *
+   * @param tx - The tx that failed the double spend validator.
+   * @param blockNumber - The block number of the tx.
+   * @param peerId - The peer ID of the peer that sent the tx.
+   * @returns Severity
+   */
+  private async handleDoubleSpendFailure(tx: Tx, blockNumber: BlockNumber): Promise<PeerErrorSeverity> {
+    if (blockNumber <= this.config.doubleSpendSeverePeerPenaltyWindow) {
+      return PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError;
+    }
+
+    const snapshotValidator = new DoubleSpendTxValidator(
+      {
+        nullifiersExist: async (nullifiers: Buffer[]) => {
+          const merkleTree = this.worldStateSynchronizer.getSnapshot(
+            BlockNumber(blockNumber - this.config.doubleSpendSeverePeerPenaltyWindow),
+          );
+          const indices = await merkleTree.findLeafIndices(MerkleTreeId.NULLIFIER_TREE, nullifiers);
+          return indices.map(index => index !== undefined);
+        },
+      },
+      this.logger.getBindings(),
+    );
+
+    const validSnapshot = await snapshotValidator.validateTx(tx);
+    if (validSnapshot.result !== 'valid') {
+      return PeerErrorSeverity.LowToleranceError;
+    }
+
+    return PeerErrorSeverity.HighToleranceError;
+  }
+
+  public getPeerScore(peerId: PeerId): number {
+    return this.node.services.pubsub.score.score(peerId.toString());
+  }
+
+  public handleAuthRequestFromPeer(authRequest: AuthRequest, peerId: PeerId): Promise<StatusMessage> {
+    return this.peerManager.handleAuthRequestFromPeer(authRequest, peerId);
+  }
+
+  private async sendToPeers<T extends Gossipable>(message: T) {
+    const parent = message.constructor as typeof Gossipable;
+
+    const identifier = await message.p2pMessageLoggingIdentifier().then(i => i.toString());
+    this.logger.trace(`Sending message ${identifier}`, { p2pMessageIdentifier: identifier });
+
+    const recipientsNum = await this.publishToTopic(this.topicStrings[parent.p2pTopic], message);
+    this.logger.debug(`Sent message ${identifier} to ${recipientsNum} peers`, {
+      p2pMessageIdentifier: identifier,
+      sourcePeer: this.node.peerId.toString(),
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Libp2p seems to hang sometimes if new peers are initiating connections.
+  private async stopLibP2P() {
+    const TIMEOUT_MS = 5000; // 5 seconds timeout
+    const timeout = new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
+      setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('Timeout during libp2p.stop()')), TIMEOUT_MS);
+    });
+    try {
+      await Promise.race([this.node.stop(), timeout]);
+      this.logger.debug('LibP2P stopped');
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.error('Error during stop or timeout:', error);
+    }
+  }
+}