@asmlift/core 0.5.0 → 0.6.0

package/src/l3/unreduce.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+// L3 re-spelling lever: UN-REDUCE a loop-carried accumulator — delete `v = INIT; … v = v + K;`
+// and spell each read as the closed form `INIT[start := counter]`.
+//
+//     v0 = (a0 << 6) + a1;                    while (v1 <= 31) {
+//     while (v1 <= 31) {              ⇒          *(s32 *)REG = (v1 << 6) + a1;
+//       *(s32 *)REG = v0;                        v1 = v1 + 1;
+//       v0 = v0 + 64; v1 = v1 + 1; }           }
+//
+// WHY IT IS A SPELLING AND NOT A FIX. Strength reduction is a compiler pass, so the accumulated
+// form is what the ASM shows whichever form the source had — a source `a[i]` and a source
+// `p = a; … p++` compile to the same induction variable. asmlift recovers the reduced form
+// because that is what the machine ran; the un-reduced form is the other pre-image, and the differ
+// referees. (l3/reindex.ts makes the same argument for a POINTER WALK; this is its scalar-value
+// sibling, and the two do not overlap — `reindexWalks` refuses a function with no pointer local or
+// param.)
+//
+// WHAT IT BUYS, and it is not readability. A compiler-created giv init is emitted by
+// `emit_iv_add_mult` at `loop_start` (gcc/loop.c:4761, inserted at :6985) — during
+// `strength_reduce`, which agbcc runs AFTER `move_movables` hoists the loop invariants
+// (gcc/loop.c:1151 then :1173). Both insert immediately before the loop, so the giv's init lands
+// BELOW everything the invariant hoist put there. No C statement can reach that slot: statement
+// order forces a user-written assignment above the whole preheader. Measured on
+// synthetic:dmafill, holding the rest fixed — a plain statement before the loop scores 19, the
+// same statement under an explicit guard 15, and letting the compiler create the giv 0.
+//
+// ONE RELATION, TWO SPELLINGS — and getting that the right way round is what keeps a third
+// spelling from becoming a third function. From the driver's two facts alone — `acc` starts at
+// `INIT` and is stepped by the constant `k`; `ctr` starts at `start` and is stepped by the
+// constant `d` — the identity
+//
+//     acc(ctr) = INIT + (ctr - start) * (k / d)
+//
+// follows, and it says NOTHING about the init's shape. `rec` is not a second relation: it is a
+// prettier spelling of that same value, and its `+`-spine walk exists precisely to prove that
+// `INIT[start := ctr]` equals it. `relateFolded` is the identity's degenerate corner written out.
+//
+// WHICH SPELLING APPLIES IS DECIDED BY CONSTANT FOLDING. The substitution needs the counter's
+// start to still be present in the init. A source `for (i = 0; …) use(base + (i << 6))` gives the
+// giv the init `base + (0 << 6)`, and the compiler folds that to `base` long before any of it
+// reaches the asm — the start term is GONE and there is nothing to substitute for. Every corpus
+// inhabitant of the substitutional spelling starts its counter at a PARAMETER (`dmafill`'s `lo`),
+// which is exactly why none of them needed the other: a symbolic start cannot fold.
+// `synthetic:offloop`, `offgiv`, `offgiv2` and `offgiv3` are the shape that does, and for them
+// `relateFolded` carries the ADDITIVE form — `INIT + (ctr << s)`, the init kept whole — as a
+// FALLBACK reached only where the substitutional rule already declined.
+//
+// AND ITS REFUSALS ARE NOT OF A KIND. `relateFolded`'s own three are SPELLINGS of a form that is
+// already sound: the identity holds, this file just does not write `(ctr - start) * (k / d)`, so
+// a round that needs `d = 2` widens it rather than writing a third function beside it. The one
+// SOUNDNESS question is a start that is not a constant at all — it would put a NEW read of the
+// start expression at every use — and `relate` refuses that before `relateFolded` is reached,
+// because none of the five re-evaluation gates asks about it.
+//
+// THE ARITHMETIC. The rewrite rests on one invariant: at every read, `acc == g(ctr)`, where `g` is
+// the init expression with the counter's own start substituted by the counter. It holds at entry
+// because `ctr == start` there, and is preserved because `g` is linear with exactly the
+// accumulator's stride — `g(x + D) - g(x) = K`, checked structurally rather than assumed
+// (`relate`: a `+` spine down to a shift by `s` with `K = D · 2^s`, a product by `M` with
+// `K = D · M`, or the bare counter with `K = D`; any other enclosing operator refuses, because
+// under it the stride is not `K`). Every way the invariant could be broken DECLINES: another
+// write to either name, an address taken, a read outside the loop, a read at or below the
+// accumulator's own step (where it stands one stride ahead of the counter), a `continue` (which
+// runs a `for`'s increment but skips the body's tail), and a step this file cannot relate.
+//
+// THE RE-EVALUATION is the dangerous half, because the closed form is spelled at each read and
+// carries whatever the init READ with it. All five gates below read the ORIGINAL init rather than
+// the substituted form: the init STATEMENT is deleted, so anything inside the counter-start
+// subterm the substitution replaces would be DROPPED rather than moved, which no gate reading the
+// closed form could see.
+//
+// AND THEY ALL ASK ABOUT THE MOTION REGION, which is not the loop. The init is deleted where it
+// stood and re-evaluated at every read, so the distance the values travel is everything between
+// the two — and BOTH ENDS of that span move. The counter's start is the other anchor, because the
+// substitution reads the closed form through it: taken after the init, off a value that has since
+// changed, the closed form is off by exactly that change. So the region opens at whichever anchor
+// comes FIRST and runs to the loop's last iteration, the loop entering whole so the walk reaches
+// its condition and a `for`'s own init and inc as well as its body.
+//   • INIT-LOOP-VAR — the init names something the region assigns, so re-evaluating it below that
+//     assignment reads a different value. Three shapes, all of which compiled, scored, and
+//     computed something else: `for (a0 = a1; …; a0 = a0 + 1)` over `acc = (a1 << 6) + a0` closed
+//     to `(a0 << 6) + a0` (a `for`'s counter is stepped in `loop.inc`, which is not in
+//     `loop.body`); `acc = (a0 << 6) + a1; a1 = a1 + 100;` above the loop; and the counter's start
+//     taken last, `acc = (a0 << 6) + a1; a0 = a0 + 1; i = a0;`. A semantic fuzz over both trees on
+//     the same inputs — 18 seeds × 2 generator modes, the second of which emits a statement
+//     between the anchors, 1.08M trees and 111707 fired candidates — finds no divergence; asking
+//     the LOOP alone put 351 of every 2940 firings on this one hole.
+//   • INIT-NAME-ESCAPES — the other half of the same question, for a write no assignment spells.
+//     A name whose address the function hands out can be rewritten by a callee or through a
+//     stashed pointer, which `assignCount` cannot see: `w = 1; i = a0; acc = (a0 << 6) + w;` over
+//     a loop calling `bump(&w)` re-reads `w` once per iteration and picks up whatever the callee
+//     left. Refused function-wide, because a stashed pointer outlives the statement that made it.
+//   • MOVED-EFFECT — a call or a marker would run once per read instead of once. Refused.
+//   • MOVED-VOLATILE — a `volatile` access is one the source pinned precisely so it would not be
+//     duplicated or moved. Refused. No corpus row reaches it today (nothing on the base spelling
+//     this lever rides carries a qualifier on a READ), so it is guarded by its unit test alone.
+//   • MOVED-READ-ALIASABLE — an ordinary memory read moved down the region sees whatever the
+//     region wrote. asmlift can only rule that out for writes it can NAME, so a moved read is
+//     admitted on one configuration: every write the region evaluates goes to a compile-time
+//     constant address INSIDE the target's declared device-register window, and every read lands
+//     OUTSIDE it. A device register is not an object a C program declares (target.ts
+//     `deviceRegisters`), so no STORE the C performs there can change what an ordinary read sees;
+//     the read-side half is what keeps a DEVICE read from being
+//     duplicated into N of them, and it resolves an access's WHOLE address where the subscripts
+//     are constant, falling back to the chain's root only where they are not (a read rooted at
+//     0x03FFFFF0 whose element is 0x04000010 is a device read, and the root alone does not say
+//     so). Anything else — a store through a local pointer, a call, a read rooted at no constant
+//     at all — REFUSES, which is `ir/alias.ts`'s posture ("unknown BARS") applied where there is
+//     no symbol map to resolve a name through.
+//
+// AND THE PREMISE THAT IS NOT ENOUGH, which this file recorded as a fact about the board and which
+// is FALSE. "A write to a hardware register is not a write to any object a C program declares" is
+// true, and it does not finish the argument: a DMA controller READS a control word and then WRITES
+// ordinary memory on the program's behalf. On the GBA, storing `0x84000020` to `DMA3CNT`
+// (0x040000DC) starts a 32-word transfer into `[DMA3DAD]` — and every row this lever reaches
+// drives exactly that register. Modelled and executed, the admitted candidate turns a clean walk
+// over a destination table into wild writes: the first transfer clobbers the table the init reads,
+// and every later iteration recomputes its destination from the garbage.
+//
+// So the function's device writes are checked against `capabilities.deviceMemoryWriters` — the
+// four DMA channel-enable halfwords on this board — and a moved read under one is NOT admitted on
+// the gates alone. That scan is the WHOLE PREFIX up to and including the loop, wider than the
+// motion region every other gate reads, because a repeating transfer keeps writing for as long as
+// it is enabled: where the arming store STANDS says nothing about when the device writes, and a
+// channel armed above the init is as asynchronous as one armed inside the loop.
+//
+// Such a read is admitted only where the differ PROVES it: `needsProof` rides out with the
+// candidate, and rank.ts publishes such a spelling only at a byte-exact score,
+// withholding it (loudly, in `RankedResult.withheld`) at every other. That is not a softening of
+// the rule but the only evidence that settles it — a candidate whose object equals the target's
+// IS the program, whatever a gate could have proved about it, and the one corpus inhabitant
+// (synthetic:dmaptrsrc) is exactly that: a byte-exact match whose reference source really does
+// read `gBg[bg].pTilemap` inside the loop. Barring it instead costs that match and buys nothing —
+// the sound alternative, the read hoisted into a local above the loop, scores 16, because a C
+// statement lands above the loop's ENTRY GUARD while the compiler's own hoist lands below it.
+//
+// AND THE STRIDE'S UNITS, which is the half of the arithmetic the invariant above hides. `k` is
+// read off `acc = acc + K`, so it counts in the units of the ACCUMULATOR's declared type: on a
+// `u16 *` a step of 32 advances 64 BYTES. The closed form spells that stride onto the INIT, whose
+// `+` scales by whatever the INIT's own C type says. Where the two disagree the candidate
+// addresses the wrong byte, compiles clean, and carries no marker — structure.ts's `bytePtr`
+// states the same rule from the other end ("a `u16 *` walked by a computed offset addresses TWICE
+// the intended byte, and nothing downstream can see the error"). `stride-units` refuses unless
+// both scales are KNOWN and equal; a narrow integer accumulator is the same question in the other
+// direction, since `u16 acc` wraps at 65536 where `init + (i << 6)` does not.
+//
+// THAT GATE HAS NO BENCHMARK REACH AT ALL, and neither tier can see it. Censused at the
+// `firstRejection` call site over both — 750 synthetic trees and all 252 real-tier rows, the real
+// tier being the SYMBOL-MAPPED configuration since every row carries its authored map —
+// `unitsDisagree` is true on NO row in either, and `/unreduce` fires on no real-tier row at all,
+// so no zero-flip gate reaches this lever. Its one known inhabitant is outside the benchmark:
+// klonoa's `UpdateHUDTimePanel`, where WITH a symbol map the accumulator lifts `u16 *` against an
+// integer init and the gate refuses it, and with RAW ADDRESSES the same asm lifts all-integer and
+// the candidate is correct and survives (`50335396 + (v15 << 6)`, 64 bytes an iteration, which is
+// the ROM's own `adds r1, #0x40`). Same assembly, same loop, same stride — a raw-address sweep is
+// BLIND to the defect and reports the lever as correct. The checkout sweep behind that datum
+// covered klonoa's 467 functions in BOTH configurations; a second checkout was swept raw-only and
+// found nothing, and since raw-only is the blind arm that null result carries no weight. Only the
+// klonoa half of the sweep is evidence, and it is quoted here without the other.
+//
+// SCOPE, stated because a decline outside it names no gate and so looks exactly like a gate that
+// refused. This pass walks TOP-LEVEL loops only: the counter's start and the accumulator's init are
+// found by scanning `sfn.body` above the loop, which is a flat list. A loop under an `if` — or
+// inside another loop — is never reached, even when both statements do stand above it in the
+// enclosing block. Measured over the corpus in both symbol-map configurations: of 834 trees, 189
+// carry a loop, 98 carry a TOP-LEVEL one, and 91 carry only nested ones — `arraysum`, `memcpy1`,
+// `revarr`, `dotprod`, `findfirst`, `mergeloop` and `synthetic:dmanest` among them. On klonoa's
+// `LoadBGTilemapData` the count is zero, over all 1344 trees its enumeration produces: a decline
+// there names no gate, and a reader will attribute one anyway. Widening the scan is a REACH change
+// and belongs to a row that demands it, not to a soundness pass.
+//
+// AND THE TABLE ANSWERS FOR A SMALLER POPULATION STILL. Censused at the `firstRejection` call
+// site over the benchmark's two tiers, counting FIRST rejections rather than reach — short-circuit
+// order hides a later gate behind an earlier one. Of 750 synthetic trees, 21 (loop, accumulator)
+// pairs reach the table: 8 admit, `acc-live-outside` 7, `acc-read-at-step` 4, `unrelated-start` 2.
+// Of 252 real-tier rows, 6 reach it: `acc-live-outside` 3, and one each of `acc-multi-assign`,
+// `acc-read-at-step` and `unrelated-start`. FOUR of the twenty gates decide anything; the rest —
+// `moved-read-aliasable`, which the device-memory argument above rests on, among them — are held
+// by their unit tests and by the fuzz, and by nothing either tier has yet shown them.
+//
+// AND ITS SIBLING. `l3/reindex.ts` un-reduces a POINTER WALK over the same argument, with the same
+// shape of gate table, and it already handles the `if (guard) do {} while` rotation this file
+// cannot see. The split is by the induction variable's TYPE rather than by the question asked, and
+// it costs the duplication a reader will notice — `counter-roles` ≈ `acc-multi-assign` +
+// `acc-live-outside`, `walk-stride` ≈ `scale-mismatch`, `body-exit` ≈ `continue-in-body`. Folding
+// them into one pass over one table is a real improvement and a real refactor; the gate this file
+// was actually MISSING from that table (`volatile-counter`) is in it now, which is the part that
+// could not wait.
+//
+// Nothing qualifying ⇒ decline (null), never a duplicate of the primary.
+import { type IrType } from '../ir/types';
+import { cellAddress, inRange, rootConst } from './address';
+import {
+  type Expr,
+  type SFn,
+  type Stmt,
+  exprEquals,
+  exprHasEffect,
+  exprReadsVolatile,
+  mapExprChildren,
+  stmtChildren,
+  stmtExprs,
+  walkExprs,
+} from './ast';
+import { type Gate, firstRejection } from './gates';
+import { type VarTypes, declaredTypes, exprCType, ptrElemBytes } from './typing';
+
+/** Why `relate` refused — one tag per question it asks. `relate` is the only place that knows
+ *  which question failed, so it says so; the five gates below test one tag each. */
+type RelDecline = 'scale-mismatch' | 'unrelated-start' | 'nonzero-start' | 'step-ratio' | 'stride-not-shift';
+
+/** `relate`'s answer: the closed form, or the reason there is none. */
+type Relation = { readonly ok: Expr } | { readonly declined: RelDecline };
+
+/** One (loop, accumulator) pair as the gates read it. */
+export interface AccCtx {
+  /** the accumulator is assigned exactly twice: its init above the loop and its step inside */
+  assigns: number;
+  addrTaken: boolean;
+  /** the local's DECLARATION carries an asm fact — a qualifier, a frame slot, an `undef` */
+  pinned: boolean;
+  /** the accumulator is mentioned outside the loop, other than by its own init */
+  liveOutside: boolean;
+  /** the accumulator is mentioned at or below its own step, or in the loop's control parts */
+  readAtOrBelowStep: boolean;
+  /** the counter is assigned exactly twice: its init above the loop and its step inside */
+  counterAssigns: number;
+  counterAddrTaken: boolean;
+  /** the counter local carries a volatility qualifier — every closed form is a new read of it */
+  counterVolatile: boolean;
+  /** a `continue` anywhere in the body */
+  hasContinue: boolean;
+  /** the accumulator's own step and its init count in DIFFERENT C units, so the closed form's
+   *  `+` would scale by the wrong element size (or by none) */
+  unitsDisagree: boolean;
+  /** WHY `relate` refused, or null where it produced a closed form — one tag per question it
+   *  asks, so each of the five relation gates tests exactly one reason. */
+  declined: RelDecline | null;
+  /** the init reads a name something in the motion region assigns */
+  initLoopVar: boolean;
+  /** the init reads a name whose address the function hands out */
+  initNameEscapes: boolean;
+  /** the closed form contains a call or a marker */
+  movedEffect: boolean;
+  /** the closed form reads a `volatile` object */
+  movedVolatile: boolean;
+  /** the closed form reads memory the region's own writes cannot be told apart from */
+  movedAliasable: boolean;
+}
+
+export const UNREDUCE_GATES: readonly Gate<AccCtx>[] = [
+  {
+    id: 'acc-multi-assign',
+    why: 'a name written anywhere but its init and its step is not one induction sequence',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a third assignment to the accumulator declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.assigns !== 2,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'acc-addr-taken',
+    why: 'a deleted local has no address to take',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: an address-taken accumulator declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.addrTaken,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'acc-pinned',
+    why: 'a declaration that carries an asm fact cannot be deleted without dropping the fact',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a pinned accumulator declines, on every pin a local can carry',
+    rejects: (c) => c.pinned,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'stride-units',
+    why: 'a step counted in the accumulator’s own units is not the init’s, and the closed form would scale by the wrong one',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: an accumulator whose step counts different units than its init declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.unitsDisagree,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'acc-live-outside',
+    why: 'a read outside the loop wants a value the closed form no longer computes',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: an accumulator read after the loop declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.liveOutside,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'acc-read-at-step',
+    why: 'below its own step the accumulator is one stride ahead of the counter',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a read below the step declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.readAtOrBelowStep,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'counter-multi-assign',
+    why: 'a counter written elsewhere breaks the relation the closed form is read through',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a counter assigned inside an arm declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.counterAssigns !== 2,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'counter-addr-taken',
+    why: 'an address-taken counter can be stepped by anything the address reaches',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: an address-taken counter declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.counterAddrTaken,
+  },
+  {
+    // The accumulator's pin is `acc-pinned` above; this is the COUNTER's, and it is a different
+    // fact: substitution puts the counter where every accumulator read used to be, so a loop that
+    // read it once per iteration reads it once per USE. For a volatile object the access COUNT is
+    // the semantics (l3/volatileval.ts states the same rule), which is why l3/reindex.ts's
+    // `volatile-counter` sibling exists.
+    id: 'counter-volatile',
+    why: 'the closed form re-reads the counter at every use, and a volatile object counts its reads',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a volatile counter declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.counterVolatile,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'continue-in-body',
+    why: 'a `continue` runs a `for`’s increment but skips the body’s tail, desynchronizing the pair',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a `continue` in the body declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.hasContinue,
+  },
+  // ── the five refusals `relate` can produce, one gate each ─────────────────────────────────
+  //
+  // These five PARTITION the non-null `declined` tags, and each is keyed on the decision `relate`
+  // took rather than on a tree fact that stands for it (`the start is a constant`): a proxy makes
+  // the `why` drift the moment a second reason shares the fact.
+  {
+    id: 'scale-mismatch',
+    why: 'an init whose scale does not carry the accumulator’s whole stride proves nothing',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a stride that does not match the init’s scale declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.declined === 'scale-mismatch',
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'unrelated-start',
+    why: 'a symbolic start the init does not name exactly once leaves nothing to substitute for',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: an init that never names the counter declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.declined === 'unrelated-start',
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'nonzero-start',
+    why: 'a counter starting at a nonzero constant leaves a bias term this file does not spell',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a counter-free init declines unless its start is the constant 0',
+    rejects: (c) => c.declined === 'nonzero-start',
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'step-ratio',
+    why: 'a counter stepping by more than one leaves the ratio K/d, which is not a shift',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a counter-free init declines when the counter does not step by one',
+    rejects: (c) => c.declined === 'step-ratio',
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'stride-not-shift',
+    why: 'a stride that is not a constant power of two has no shift to carry it',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a counter-free init declines when the accumulator’s stride is not a power of two',
+    rejects: (c) => c.declined === 'stride-not-shift',
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'init-loop-var',
+    why: 'a name the region assigns reads differently once the init is evaluated below it',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: an init reading a name the region assigns declines, in every part of it',
+    rejects: (c) => c.initLoopVar,
+  },
+  {
+    // `init-loop-var`'s other half. That gate reads C-LEVEL assignment, and a local whose address
+    // the function hands out is written where no assignment spells it — by a callee, or through a
+    // pointer the region stores into. The address is taken function-wide because a stashed pointer
+    // outlives the statement that made it.
+    id: 'init-name-escapes',
+    why: 'an address-escaped name is written where no assignment names it',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: an init reading an address-escaped local declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.initNameEscapes,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'moved-effect',
+    why: 'a call or a marker in the closed form would run once per read instead of once',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a call in the init declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.movedEffect,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'moved-volatile',
+    why: 'a volatile access is one the source pinned so it would not be duplicated or moved',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a volatile read in the init declines',
+    rejects: (c) => c.movedVolatile,
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'moved-read-aliasable',
+    why: 'a read moved down the region sees whatever writes the region cannot be proved apart from',
+    sound: true,
+    guardedBy: 'unreduce.test.ts: a moved read declines unless the region writes only device cells',
+    rejects: (c) => c.movedAliasable,
+  },
+];
+
+// ── the induction shapes ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** The BYTE scale of one unit of C arithmetic on a value of this type — what `x + 1` advances
+ *  `x` by. A pointer scales by its pointee; a full-width integer scales by one. Everything else is
+ *  `null` = NOT ADMISSIBLE rather than a guess: a struct/void/array pointee has no scale this file
+ *  can name (`ptrElemBytes` returns 0 for exactly those), a narrow integer WRAPS where the closed
+ *  form does not, and an unknown type is unknown. `stride-units` compares the accumulator's
+ *  declared scale against the init expression's, and refuses unless both are known and equal. */
+function arithScale(t: IrType | undefined): number | null {
+  if (t === undefined) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  if (t.kind === 'ptr') {
+    const bytes = ptrElemBytes(t.to);
+    return bytes > 0 ? bytes : null;
+  }
+  return t.kind === 'int' && t.width === 32 ? 1 : null;
+}
+
+/** Does this local's DECLARATION pin it against deletion? Every flag `SFn.locals` can carry, because
+ *  each is a fact about the ASM that only the declaration states: two qualifiers (deleting a
+ *  `volatile u16 *` local re-spells `*p = 0` as a raw cast with no qualifier on it — l3/inlinebase.ts
+ *  carries it onto the minted cast instead, and this lever has no local left to carry anything), a
+ *  frame home, an `undef` whose whole content is the assignment that is MISSING, and the SPILL HOMES.
+ *
+ *  WHY `slots` PINS, which is not the obvious reading. Deleting a slot-carrying local does not
+ *  mis-order the survivors: they stay a subset of one total order and rank correctly among
+ *  themselves. What it can do is flip a REFUSAL into an ordering. `l3/slotorder.ts` refuses the whole
+ *  function when two declared locals share one offset, because reload hands each spilled pseudo a
+ *  fresh slot and a duplicate proves the offsets did not come from reload. Delete one sharer and the
+ *  survivors are injective — so the ordering fires on a frame whose evidence was already known not to
+ *  be declaration ranks, and it fires silently. Refusing to delete keeps the duplicate, and keeps the
+ *  refusal.
+ *
+ *  MEASURED, so this is a stated zero and not an assumption: instrumented at the deletion site, it
+ *  fires on none of the three agbcc rows that spill AND lift — `spillorder`, `dma_fill_uninit`,
+ *  `uninit_spill` — so the clause costs no candidate today. (`spill10` spills too but declines in the
+ *  Thumb frontend, so it never reaches this pass and its zero says nothing.) It is here for the day
+ *  one does. */
+function declarationPins(l: SFn['locals'][number]): boolean {
+  return (
+    l.volatile !== undefined ||
+    l.pointeeVolatile !== undefined ||
+    l.frame !== undefined ||
+    l.uninit !== undefined ||
+    l.slots !== undefined
+  );
+}
+
+/** Read a constant the FRONTEND spelled as arithmetic as its VALUE. Thumb's `add rd, #imm8`
+ *  cannot spell 256, so agbcc emits `mov #128 / lsl #1` and the recovered node is `128 << 1`.
+ *  Every question the relation asks about a constant is about its value — the accumulator's
+ *  stride, the counter's start, the counter's step, a product's invariant multiplier — so each is
+ *  folded before it is read; unfolded, the same number refuses on its spelling and names a gate
+ *  whose `why` is about the value (synthetic:offgiv3 is the row, on the stride).
+ *
+ *  ONLY all-constant nodes fold, which is what keeps this from being a general simplifier: nothing
+ *  that mentions a name is touched, so `acc-read-at-step` — which reads the same expression for
+ *  the accumulator's own name — sees exactly the names it saw before. */
+function foldConsts(e: Expr): Expr {
+  if (e.k !== 'bin') {
+    return e;
+  }
+  const l = foldConsts(e.l);
+  const r = foldConsts(e.r);
+  if (l.k !== 'const' || r.k !== 'const') {
+    return e;
+  }
+  // int32 arithmetic, because that is what the machine did and what the C will do
+  switch (e.op) {
+    case '+':
+      return { k: 'const', value: (l.value + r.value) | 0 };
+    case '*':
+      return { k: 'const', value: Math.imul(l.value, r.value) };
+    case '<<':
+      return r.value >= 0 && r.value < 32 ? { k: 'const', value: l.value << r.value } : e;
+    default:
+      return e;
+  }
+}
+
+/** `name = name + <expr>` as a step, or null. */
+function stepOf(s: Stmt, name: string): Expr | null {
+  if (s.k !== 'assign' || s.name !== name || s.value.k !== 'bin' || s.value.op !== '+') {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const { l, r } = s.value;
+  return l.k === 'var' && l.name === name ? r : r.k === 'var' && r.name === name ? l : null;
+}
+
+/** THE relation check: is `init` a function of `start` whose value grows by `k` per `d` of the
+ *  counter? Returns the closed form (init with the counter's start replaced by the counter
+ *  variable) or null. The three accepted shapes are the three ways a compiler's own giv is
+ *  spelled — a scaled shift, a product, and the bare index — and each is verified rather than
+ *  assumed: the substituted subterm must be structurally the counter's start, and the stride must
+ *  come out of the scale. */
+function relate(init: Expr, start: Expr, ctr: string, k: Expr, d: number): Relation {
+  const kConst = k.k === 'const' ? k.value : null;
+  const idx = (): Expr => ({ k: 'var', name: ctr });
+  const holds = (e: Expr): boolean => [...subterms(e)].some((x) => exprEquals(x, start));
+  // The path from the init's root down to the occurrence, one node at a time. Every node on it
+  // must be a `+` — so the init is a SUM of the scaled counter and terms that do not mention it,
+  // and the whole expression's stride is the scaled term's. Any other enclosing operator refuses:
+  // under a `-` on the right the stride flips sign, and under a second scale it multiplies.
+  const rec = (x: Expr): Expr | null => {
+    // (a) `start << s` — the stride is `d << s`, so `k` has to be that constant
+    if (x.k === 'bin' && x.op === '<<' && exprEquals(x.l, start) && x.r.k === 'const') {
+      const sh = x.r.value;
+      return sh >= 0 && sh < 31 && kConst === d * 2 ** sh ? { k: 'bin', op: '<<', l: idx(), r: x.r } : null;
+    }
+    // (b) `start * M` in either order — the stride is `d · M`, checkable when `d` is 1 and `M` is
+    //     structurally `k`, or when both are constants. The OPERAND ORDER is kept: which side a
+    //     product's index sits on is a spelling the differ referees on its own (`/mulfirst`), so
+    //     rebuilding it in a canonical order would answer that question here instead.
+    if (x.k === 'bin' && x.op === '*' && (exprEquals(x.l, start) || exprEquals(x.r, start))) {
+      const startLeft = exprEquals(x.l, start);
+      const m = foldConsts(startLeft ? x.r : x.l);
+      const ok = d === 1 ? exprEquals(m, k) : m.k === 'const' && kConst !== null && d * m.value === kConst;
+      return ok ? { k: 'bin', op: '*', l: startLeft ? idx() : m, r: startLeft ? m : idx() } : null;
+    }
+    // (c) the counter standing on its own in the sum — the stride is `d` itself
+    if (exprEquals(x, start)) {
+      return kConst === d ? idx() : null;
+    }
+    // (d) a `+` node: descend into whichever side carries the occurrence. There is exactly one.
+    if (x.k === 'bin' && x.op === '+') {
+      const left = holds(x.l);
+      const inner = rec(left ? x.l : x.r);
+      return inner === null ? null : left ? { ...x, l: inner } : { ...x, r: inner };
+    }
+    return null; // anything else between the root and the counter, and the stride is not `k`
+  };
+  // THE SUBSTITUTIONAL FORM FIRST, unchanged: it is the shipped spelling every corpus inhabitant
+  // of this lever rides, and trying it first makes the branch below strictly additive — it is
+  // reached only where the old rule already declined, so it can admit candidates but never
+  // re-spell one.
+  //
+  // `!== 1` — zero: the init does not depend on the counter. two: which one is the index?
+  const occurrences = startOccurrences(init, start);
+  const substituted = occurrences === 1 ? rec(init) : null;
+  if (substituted !== null) {
+    return { ok: substituted };
+  }
+  // …AND THE FOLDED FORM AS THE FALLBACK. The occurrence COUNT cannot route this on its own:
+  // where the start is the constant 0, every unrelated literal zero in the init — an `[0]`
+  // subscript, a `+ 0` — `exprEquals` the start and counts as one. `rec` never substitutes for
+  // such a literal (it verifies an all-`+` spine down to the occurrence at the accumulator's own
+  // scale, and an `index` node on that path refuses), so running it FIRST and asking about the
+  // start's SHAPE second misroutes nothing.
+  // The start's SHAPE is what routes this, so it is read as a VALUE: `128 << 1` is the constant
+  // 256, and taking it for a symbolic start would name a gate whose `why` says the start is one.
+  // `rec` above keeps matching the init's subterms against the ORIGINAL spelling, which is what
+  // the init carries.
+  const startConst = foldConsts(start);
+  if (startConst.k !== 'const') {
+    // A symbolic start cannot have folded, so the init either does not name it at all or names it
+    // twice (and which occurrence is the index is not decidable) — `unrelated-start`; or it names
+    // it once and `rec` refused the scale — `scale-mismatch`.
+    return { declined: occurrences === 1 ? 'scale-mismatch' : 'unrelated-start' };
+  }
+  return relateFolded(init, startConst.value, ctr, k, d);
+}
+
+/** THE OTHER SPELLING of the identity above: ADDITIVE, `INIT + (ctr << s)`, with the init kept
+ *  whole and the scaled counter added to it. It applies where the counter's start has been folded
+ *  out of the init and there is nothing left to substitute for (see the header). `start` is the
+ *  start's VALUE — `relate` has already established that it is a constant.
+ *
+ *  The invariant is the header's, and holds for the same reason: at entry `ctr == 0`, so
+ *  `INIT + (0 << s) == INIT`; per iteration `ctr` grows by 1 and the closed form by `2^s`, which
+ *  is the accumulator's own stride `k`. All five re-evaluation gates read `initStmt.value` — the
+ *  ORIGINAL init — and that is exactly what this form re-evaluates at each read, so none of them
+ *  needs a second reading here.
+ *
+ *  SCOPE. Three refusals, each with its own tag and so its own gate and its own `why`:
+ *    • `nonzero-start` — the start is a constant other than 0. Sound and merely unspelled: it
+ *      wants the bias term `- start * k`, which no corpus row asks for. A start that is not a
+ *      constant AT ALL never arrives here; `relate` answers that one, with `unrelated-start` or
+ *      `scale-mismatch`.
+ *    • `step-ratio` — `d` is not 1, so the closed form would carry the ratio `K / d`.
+ *    • `stride-not-shift` — `k` is not a power of two once folded. `INIT + ctr * k` is the general
+ *      spelling and compiles identically at agbcc (both were compiled and diffed: byte-identical),
+ *      so a second spelling would double the fan and buy no score; the shift is what this class's
+ *      references spell.
+ *  All three first-reject on NO row in either tier — the census above lists the four gates that
+ *  decide anything, and none of these is one of them — so all three are held by their unit tests
+ *  alone, on the shipped precedent of `moved-volatile`. `offgiv3` is not backing for them: it
+ *  MATCHes, so it rejects at no gate at all. */
+function relateFolded(init: Expr, start: number, ctr: string, k: Expr, d: number): Relation {
+  if (start !== 0) {
+    return { declined: 'nonzero-start' };
+  }
+  if (d !== 1) {
+    return { declined: 'step-ratio' };
+  }
+  const step = k.k === 'const' ? k.value : 0;
+  // not a constant power of two in shift range, so no shift carries the stride
+  if (step <= 0 || (step & (step - 1)) !== 0 || Math.log2(step) >= 31) {
+    return { declined: 'stride-not-shift' };
+  }
+  const sh = Math.log2(step);
+  const idx: Expr = { k: 'var', name: ctr };
+  // `sh === 0` is the counter standing on its own — `i << 0` is the same value spelled worse, and
+  // `rec`'s branch (c) already writes the bare counter for the substitutional case.
+  const scaled: Expr = sh === 0 ? idx : { k: 'bin', op: '<<', l: idx, r: { k: 'const', value: sh } };
+  // A ZERO init contributes nothing and `0 + (i << 3)` is a spelling no source writes, so the
+  // scaled counter stands alone — this is `rec`'s branch (c) reached the other way.
+  // (synthetic:nestedloop:mwcc_242_81 is such an accumulator.)
+  //
+  // Otherwise the INIT stays on the LEFT: it is the base the source names, and `rec` builds the
+  // same shape for the same loop where the fold did not happen. Product operand order is
+  // `/mulfirst`'s question, not this file's.
+  return { ok: init.k === 'const' && init.value === 0 ? scaled : { k: 'bin', op: '+', l: init, r: scaled } };
+}
+
+/** how many times the counter's start stands as a subterm of the init. ONE is the substitutional
+ *  case; two is ambiguous (which occurrence is the index?); zero is the folded case. */
+const startOccurrences = (init: Expr, start: Expr): number =>
+  [...subterms(init)].filter((x) => exprEquals(x, start)).length;
+
+/** every node of an expression tree, itself included */
+function* subterms(e: Expr): Generator<Expr> {
+  yield e;
+  for (const c of exprChildrenOf(e)) {
+    yield* subterms(c);
+  }
+}
+
+const exprChildrenOf = (e: Expr): Expr[] => {
+  const out: Expr[] = [];
+  mapExprChildren(e, (c) => {
+    out.push(c);
+    return c;
+  });
+  return out;
+};
+
+// ── what a tree does to a name ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** assignments to `name` anywhere in these statements, `for` init/inc included */
+function assignCount(stmts: readonly Stmt[], name: string): number {
+  let n = 0;
+  for (const s of stmts) {
+    if (s.k === 'assign' && s.name === name) {
+      n++;
+    }
+    n += assignCount(stmtChildren(s), name);
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+/** does any expression in these statements read `name`? */
+function mentions(stmts: readonly Stmt[], name: string): boolean {
+  for (const e of walkExprs(stmts as Stmt[])) {
+    if (e.k === 'var' && e.name === name) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+const mentionsIn = (e: Expr, name: string): boolean => [...subterms(e)].some((x) => x.k === 'var' && x.name === name);
+
+const addrTakenIn = (stmts: readonly Stmt[], name: string): boolean => {
+  for (const e of walkExprs(stmts as Stmt[])) {
+    if (e.k === 'addr' && e.name === name) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+};
+
+const hasContinueIn = (stmts: readonly Stmt[]): boolean =>
+  stmts.some((s) => s.k === 'continue' || hasContinueIn(stmtChildren(s)));
+
+// ── the re-evaluation gates ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** every memory access in an expression, as its own node */
+const accessesIn = (e: Expr): (Extract<Expr, { k: 'index' }> | Extract<Expr, { k: 'field' }>)[] =>
+  [...subterms(e)].filter((x): x is Extract<Expr, { k: 'index' | 'field' }> => x.k === 'index' || x.k === 'field');
+
+const namesUnder = (e: Expr): string[] =>
+  [...subterms(e)].filter((y): y is Extract<Expr, { k: 'var' }> => y.k === 'var').map((y) => y.name);
+
+/** Does a READ land on a device register? Two readings, and neither is enough alone. The chain's
+ *  ROOT is what places an access whose subscripts are not constant — `((struct E *)0x03003430)
+ *  [a1].field_4` has no compile-time address at all — and a read with no root is unplaceable, so
+ *  it bars. The WHOLE address is what places one whose subscripts are: `((s32 *)0x03FFFFF0)[8]`
+ *  denotes 0x04000010, BG0HOFS, which the root alone reports as EWRAM. The residual is stated
+ *  rather than hidden: a RUNTIME subscript can still carry an access from an out-of-window root
+ *  into the window, and nothing here bounds it — the write side has no such gap because it
+ *  resolves the whole address or refuses. */
+const readsDevice = (r: Expr, window?: readonly [number, number]): boolean => {
+  const root = rootConst(r);
+  return root === null || inRange(root, window) || inRange(cellAddress(r), window);
+};
+
+/** Can the region's writes change what a MEMORY read in the closed form sees? Only "no" when every
+ *  write it evaluates goes to a constant address inside the declared device window, and every read
+ *  lands outside it. See the file header, including the premise this does NOT establish (a device
+ *  that writes memory itself: `deviceWritesMemory` below).
+ *
+ *  MEMORY ONLY. The NAMES the closed form reads are `init-loop-var`'s question and
+ *  `init-name-escapes`', and a closed form with no memory access still has names — which is why
+ *  the early return below is not "nothing can change this". */
+function movedReadAliasable(closed: Expr, evaluated: readonly Stmt[], window?: readonly [number, number]): boolean {
+  const reads = accessesIn(closed);
+  if (reads.length === 0) {
+    return false; // no access ⇒ no write can reach it; its NAMES are the two gates above
+  }
+  for (const s of allStmts(evaluated)) {
+    // a call or an unmodelled instruction may write anything
+    if (stmtExprs(s).some(exprHasEffect)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (s.k === 'store' && !inRange(cellAddress(s.lval), window)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return reads.some((r) => readsDevice(r, window));
+}
+
+/** Does the loop write a register the DEVICE answers by writing ordinary memory? The premise
+ *  `movedReadAliasable` rests on covers the CPU's own stores and nothing else; a DMA trigger is a
+ *  store whose effect is a write the C never spells. A store counts when its BYTE RANGE touches
+ *  one of the target's declared ranges, so the 32-bit `DMA3CNT` write reaches the enable halfword
+ *  four bytes into it. NO declared ranges ⇒ every device store counts, which is the conservative
+ *  direction and what a target that has said nothing gets. */
+function deviceWritesMemory(evaluated: readonly Stmt[], triggers?: readonly (readonly [number, number])[]): boolean {
+  for (const s of allStmts(evaluated)) {
+    if (s.k !== 'store' || s.lval.k !== 'index') {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const at = cellAddress(s.lval);
+    if (at === null) {
+      continue; // `movedReadAliasable` has already refused this loop
+    }
+    if (triggers === undefined) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    const end = at + s.lval.width;
+    if (triggers.some(([lo, hi]) => at < hi && end > lo)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function* allStmts(stmts: readonly Stmt[]): Generator<Stmt> {
+  for (const s of stmts) {
+    yield s;
+    yield* allStmts(stmtChildren(s));
+  }
+}
+
+// ── the pass ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** the loop's counter step statement (a `for`'s `inc`, or the body's last statement) */
+const counterStepStmt = (loop: Extract<Stmt, { k: 'while' | 'dowhile' | 'for' }>): Stmt | undefined =>
+  loop.k === 'for' ? loop.inc : loop.body[loop.body.length - 1];
+
+/** the statements a loop evaluates outside its body — the parts a substitution must not touch */
+const controlStmts = (loop: Extract<Stmt, { k: 'while' | 'dowhile' | 'for' }>): Stmt[] =>
+  loop.k === 'for' ? [loop.init, loop.inc] : [];
+
+/** The statements a DEVICE armed in could still be writing memory from while the moved reads run:
+ *  the loop, and the WHOLE prefix above it — deliberately wider than the motion region below,
+ *  because a device armed anywhere before the reads happen keeps writing memory WHILE they happen,
+ *  so a repeating transfer armed above the init is as asynchronous as one armed inside the loop. */
+function armedPrefix(body: readonly Stmt[], loop: Stmt, li: number): Stmt[] {
+  return [...body.slice(0, li), loop];
+}
+
+/** THE MOTION REGION: everything that runs between where the init stood and the reads that replace
+ *  it. Both endpoints move — the init is DELETED, and the counter's start is what the substitution
+ *  reads the closed form through — so the region opens at whichever of the two comes first and runs
+ *  to the loop's last iteration. The loop enters WHOLE, so a walk over this region reaches its
+ *  condition and a `for`'s own init and inc as well as its body. */
+function motionRegion(body: readonly Stmt[], loop: Stmt, li: number, initIdx: number, startIdx: number): Stmt[] {
+  return [...body.slice(Math.min(initIdx, startIdx) + 1, li), loop];
+}
+
+/** The `/unreduce` candidate. `sfn` is a fresh tree, the input left untouched; `needsProof` says
+ *  the closed form re-reads memory over a loop whose device writes may THEMSELVES write memory
+ *  (see the header), so rank.ts may publish it only at a byte-exact score. */
+export interface UnreduceResult {
+  sfn: SFn;
+  needsProof: boolean;
+}
+
+/** The `/unreduce` candidate, or null when no accumulator qualifies. `window` is the target's
+ *  declared device-register range (TargetDescription.capabilities.deviceRegisters) — absent, the
+ *  lever still fires on a closed form that reads no memory. `triggers` is
+ *  `capabilities.deviceMemoryWriters`; absent, EVERY device store is treated as one. */
+export function unreduceAccumulators(
+  sfn: SFn,
+  window?: readonly [number, number],
+  triggers?: readonly (readonly [number, number])[],
+  gates: readonly Gate<AccCtx>[] = UNREDUCE_GATES,
+): UnreduceResult | null {
+  const body = [...sfn.body];
+  const vt: VarTypes = declaredTypes(sfn);
+  const deletedInits = new Set<Stmt>();
+  const deletedLocals = new Set<string>();
+  let changed = false;
+  let needsProof = false;
+
+  for (let li = 0; li < body.length; li++) {
+    const loop = body[li];
+    if (loop.k !== 'while' && loop.k !== 'dowhile' && loop.k !== 'for') {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // the counter: one name stepped by a constant, whose start stands above the loop
+    const ctrStep = counterStepStmt(loop);
+    if (ctrStep === undefined || ctrStep.k !== 'assign') {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const ctr = ctrStep.name;
+    const dStep = stepOf(ctrStep, ctr);
+    const d = dStep === null ? null : foldConsts(dStep);
+    if (d === null || d.k !== 'const' || d.value === 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const startStmt =
+      loop.k === 'for'
+        ? loop.init
+        : [...sfn.body.slice(0, li)].reverse().find((s) => s.k === 'assign' && s.name === ctr);
+    if (startStmt === undefined || startStmt.k !== 'assign' || startStmt.name !== ctr) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const outside = [...sfn.body.slice(0, li), ...sfn.body.slice(li + 1)];
+    const startIdx = loop.k === 'for' ? li : sfn.body.indexOf(startStmt);
+    const armed = armedPrefix(sfn.body, loop, li);
+    const rewrites = new Map<string, Expr>();
+    for (const cand of sfn.locals) {
+      const initStmt = sfn.body.slice(0, li).find((s) => s.k === 'assign' && s.name === cand.name);
+      const stepIdx = loop.body.findIndex((s) => stepOf(s, cand.name) !== null);
+      if (initStmt === undefined || initStmt.k !== 'assign' || stepIdx < 0 || cand.name === ctr) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      const k = foldConsts(stepOf(loop.body[stepIdx], cand.name)!);
+      const closed = relate(initStmt.value, startStmt.value, ctr, k, d.value);
+      const initIdx = sfn.body.indexOf(initStmt);
+      const evaluated = motionRegion(sfn.body, loop, li, initIdx, startIdx);
+      const ctrLocal = sfn.locals.find((l) => l.name === ctr);
+      // The units the accumulator's step counts in, against the units the closed form's `+` would
+      // scale by. Both sides must be KNOWN and equal — see `stride-units`.
+      const accScale = arithScale(cand.type);
+      const initScale = arithScale(exprCType(initStmt.value, vt));
+      const ctx: AccCtx = {
+        unitsDisagree: accScale === null || initScale === null || accScale !== initScale,
+        assigns: assignCount(sfn.body, cand.name),
+        addrTaken: addrTakenIn(sfn.body, cand.name),
+        pinned: declarationPins(cand),
+        liveOutside: mentions(
+          outside.filter((s) => s !== initStmt),
+          cand.name,
+        ),
+        readAtOrBelowStep:
+          mentions(loop.body.slice(stepIdx + 1), cand.name) ||
+          mentionsIn(k, cand.name) ||
+          mentionsIn(loop.cond, cand.name) ||
+          mentions(controlStmts(loop), cand.name),
+        counterAssigns: assignCount(sfn.body, ctr),
+        counterAddrTaken: addrTakenIn(sfn.body, ctr),
+        counterVolatile: ctrLocal?.volatile === true || ctrLocal?.pointeeVolatile === true,
+        hasContinue: hasContinueIn(loop.body),
+        declined: 'ok' in closed ? null : closed.declined,
+        // `evaluated`, not `loop.body`: a `for`'s counter is stepped in `loop.inc`
+        initLoopVar: [...namesUnder(initStmt.value)].some((n) => assignCount(evaluated, n) > 0),
+        initNameEscapes: [...namesUnder(initStmt.value)].some((n) => addrTakenIn(sfn.body, n)),
+        // read off the ORIGINAL init, not the substituted form: the init STATEMENT is deleted, so
+        // an effect inside the counter-start subterm the substitution replaces would be dropped
+        // rather than moved — one fewer execution, which no gate reading `closed` could see.
+        movedEffect: exprHasEffect(initStmt.value),
+        movedVolatile: exprReadsVolatile(initStmt.value, sfn),
+        movedAliasable: movedReadAliasable(initStmt.value, evaluated, window),
+      };
+      if (firstRejection(gates, ctx) !== null) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // AND THE CLOSED FORM ITSELF, which the gates alone do not establish: five of them reject a
+      // reason `relate` declined for, so only the FULL table implies one exists. `gates.ts`'s
+      // differential ablation drops an entry and re-runs this pass, and with one of those five
+      // gone there is nothing to substitute while the init statement and the declaration are
+      // deleted regardless — C naming a variable that is no longer there, with no marker on it.
+      if (!('ok' in closed)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      // The gates have placed every write the C performs; what they cannot place is a write the
+      // DEVICE performs in answer to one. A moved read over such a loop is offered under PROOF.
+      if (accessesIn(initStmt.value).length > 0 && deviceWritesMemory(armed, triggers)) {
+        needsProof = true;
+      }
+      rewrites.set(cand.name, closed.ok);
+      deletedInits.add(initStmt);
+      deletedLocals.add(cand.name);
+    }
+    if (rewrites.size === 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    changed = true;
+    const sub = (e: Expr): Expr => {
+      if (e.k === 'var') {
+        const hit = rewrites.get(e.name);
+        if (hit !== undefined) {
+          return clone(hit); // a FRESH node per use — identity-keyed rules downstream read it
+        }
+      }
+      return mapExprChildren(e, sub);
+    };
+    const strip = (stmts: readonly Stmt[]): Stmt[] =>
+      stmts.filter((s) => !(s.k === 'assign' && rewrites.has(s.name))).map((s) => mapStmts(s, sub, strip));
+    body[li] = { ...loop, body: strip(loop.body) } as Stmt;
+  }
+  if (!changed) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return {
+    sfn: {
+      ...sfn,
+      locals: sfn.locals.filter((l) => !deletedLocals.has(l.name)),
+      body: body.filter((s) => !deletedInits.has(s)),
+    },
+    needsProof,
+  };
+}
+
+const clone = (e: Expr): Expr => mapExprChildren({ ...e }, clone);
+
+/** map a statement's own expressions and its nested lists in one step */
+function mapStmts(s: Stmt, f: (e: Expr) => Expr, list: (l: readonly Stmt[]) => Stmt[]): Stmt {
+  switch (s.k) {
+    case 'assign':
+      return { ...s, value: f(s.value) };
+    case 'store':
+      return { ...s, lval: f(s.lval), value: f(s.value) };
+    case 'exprstmt':
+      return { ...s, value: f(s.value) };
+    case 'return':
+      return s.value === undefined ? s : { ...s, value: f(s.value) };
+    case 'if':
+      return { ...s, cond: f(s.cond), then: list(s.then), else: list(s.else) };
+    case 'while':
+    case 'dowhile':
+      return { ...s, cond: f(s.cond), body: list(s.body) };
+    case 'for':
+      return {
+        ...s,
+        cond: f(s.cond),
+        init: mapStmts(s.init, f, list),
+        inc: mapStmts(s.inc, f, list),
+        body: list(s.body),
+      };
+    case 'switch':
+      return {
+        ...s,
+        scrutinee: f(s.scrutinee),
+        cases: s.cases.map((c) => ({ ...c, body: list(c.body) })),
+        ...(s.default ? { default: list(s.default) } : {}),
+      };
+    default:
+      return s;
+  }
+}