@apifuse/provider-sdk 2.2.0-beta.4 → 2.2.0-beta.40

package/src/server/serve-implementation.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,3250 @@
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
+import { existsSync } from "node:fs";
+import { createRequire } from "node:module";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+
+import { Hono } from "hono";
+import { z } from "zod";
+import { AuthAbortError, createAuthFlowHelpers } from "../auth.js";
+import { validateFailClosedDeclaration } from "../declaration-validation.js";
+import {
+	SDK_OWNED_PROVIDER_ERROR_CODES,
+	SDK_RUNTIME_OWNED_ERROR_CODES,
+	SDK_STATUS_MAPPED_PROVIDER_ERROR_CODES,
+} from "../error-resolution.js";
+import {
+	AuthError,
+	isProviderError,
+	isSessionExpiredError,
+	isTransportError,
+	isValidationError,
+	ProviderError,
+} from "../errors.js";
+import {
+	loadProviderLocaleCatalogs,
+	localizeAuthTurn,
+	type ProviderLocaleCatalogMap,
+} from "../i18n/catalog.js";
+import type { ProviderLocale } from "../i18n/keys.js";
+import {
+	categoryForStatus,
+	type ProviderErrorSource,
+	sourceForCategory,
+	isRetryableCategory,
+	PROVIDER_OBSERVABILITY_TAXONOMY_VERSION,
+	type ProviderErrorCategory,
+} from "../observability.js";
+import { createScratchpad } from "../runtime/auth-flow.js";
+import type * as BrowserRuntimeModule from "../runtime/browser.js";
+import { createProviderCache } from "../runtime/cache.js";
+import {
+	createProviderChoiceContext,
+	PROVIDER_RUNTIME_CHOICE_TOKEN_MASTER_SECRET_ENV,
+} from "../runtime/choice.js";
+import { createCredentialContext } from "../runtime/credential.js";
+import { createEnvContext } from "../runtime/env.js";
+import { executeOperation } from "../runtime/executor.js";
+import { createHttpClient } from "../runtime/http.js";
+import { wrapWithInstrumentation } from "../runtime/instrumentation.js";
+import type * as NativeNetworkRuntimeModule from "../runtime/native-network.js";
+import { getProviderBaseUrl } from "../runtime/provider.js";
+import { createOcrClientFromEnv } from "../runtime/ocr.js";
+import {
+	PROXY_AUTH_IP_DENIED_CODE,
+	PROXY_EDGE_AUTH_REJECTED_CODE,
+	PROXY_POOL_EXHAUSTED_CODE,
+} from "../runtime/proxy-errors.js";
+import {
+	PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER,
+	ProxyTelemetryCollector,
+	type ProxyTelemetryLogPayload,
+} from "../runtime/proxy-telemetry.js";
+import type * as ResolverRuntimeModule from "../runtime/resolver.js";
+import { createUnsupportedResolverClient } from "../runtime/resolver-shared.js";
+import {
+	assertRequiredSecretsPresent,
+	listMissingRequiredSecrets,
+	MISSING_SECRET_CODE,
+} from "../runtime/secrets.js";
+import {
+	createProviderRuntimeStateFromEnv,
+	createUnsupportedProviderRuntimeState,
+} from "../runtime/state.js";
+import { StealthCookieJar } from "../runtime/stealth-cookies.js";
+import type * as StealthRuntimeModule from "../runtime/stealth.js";
+import { createSttClientFromEnv } from "../runtime/stt.js";
+import { createTraceContext } from "../runtime/trace.js";
+import { resolveTraceConfigFromEnv } from "../runtime/trace-config.js";
+import { parseSchema } from "../schema.js";
+import {
+	STATEFUL_NONCE_HEADER as STATEFUL_FORWARDING_NONCE_HEADER,
+	STATEFUL_SIGNATURE_HEADER as STATEFUL_FORWARDING_SIGNATURE_HEADER,
+	STATEFUL_TIMESTAMP_HEADER as STATEFUL_FORWARDING_TIMESTAMP_HEADER,
+	verifyStatefulRequestSignature,
+} from "../stateful-signing.js";
+import { StatefulRoutingDeadlineError } from "../stateful/errors.js";
+import { getStealthProfile } from "../stealth/profiles.js";
+import {
+	APIFUSE_STREAM_DONE_EVENT,
+	APIFUSE_STREAM_ERROR_EVENT,
+	encodeSseEvent,
+	error as streamError,
+} from "../stream.js";
+import type {
+	AuthContext,
+	AuthTurn,
+	BrowserClient,
+	FlowContext,
+	FlowContextStore,
+	HttpRetrySummary,
+	OperationDefinition,
+	OperationErrorCode,
+	OperationHttpStreamTransport,
+	OperationSseTransport,
+	OcrContext,
+	ProviderErrorStatus,
+	ProviderContext,
+	ProviderDefinition,
+	ProviderProxyPolicy,
+	ProviderRuntimeState,
+	ProviderStreamEvent,
+	ResolverContext,
+	StealthClient,
+	StealthSession,
+	StealthSessionCookies,
+	SttContext,
+} from "../types.js";
+import { VALID_OPERATION_ERROR_STATUSES } from "../types.js";
+import type { SelfTestCancellationLogEvent } from "./self-test.js";
+import { resolveSelfTestMasterSecrets } from "./self-test-token.js";
+import { resolveServerTraceContextOptions } from "./trace-output.js";
+import {
+	type AuthFlowRequest,
+	AuthFlowRequestSchema,
+	type AuthFlowResponse,
+	type AuthFlowSuccessResponse,
+	OperationConnectionSchema,
+	type OperationErrorResponse,
+	type OperationRequest,
+	OperationRequestSchema,
+	type OperationResponse,
+	type OperationSuccessResponse,
+} from "./types.js";
+
+const DEFAULT_HOST = "0.0.0.0";
+const DEFAULT_PORT = 3000;
+/** Compact SDK-owned error classification emitted separately from the public response body. */
+export const ERROR_OBSERVABILITY_HEADER = "X-ApiFuse-Error-Observability";
+export type ErrorObservabilityDetails = {
+	category: ProviderErrorCategory;
+	taxonomyVersion: string;
+	retryable: boolean;
+	upstreamStatus?: number;
+};
+const AUTH_FLOW_LOCALES = ["en", "ko", "ja"] as const;
+const retryResponseMeta = new WeakMap<ProviderContext, HttpRetrySummary>();
+const STATEFUL_INTERNAL_OPERATIONS_ROUTE = "/__apifuse/stateful/operations";
+const STATEFUL_FORWARDING_SOURCE_POD_HEADER = "x-apifuse-stateful-source-pod";
+const DEFAULT_STATEFUL_FORWARDING_MAX_SKEW_MS = 5 * 60_000;
+const DEFAULT_STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES = 10_000;
+const STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_BUCKET_MS = 10_000;
+const STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_RETRY_AFTER_SECONDS = Math.ceil(
+	STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_BUCKET_MS / 1_000,
+);
+
+export const ProviderServerStatefulForwardEnvelopeSchema = z
+	.object({
+		requestId: z.string().min(1),
+		providerId: z.string().min(1),
+		operationId: z.string().min(1),
+		sessionKey: z.string().min(1),
+		connectionId: z.string().min(1),
+		serviceAccountId: z.string().min(1),
+		ownerPodId: z.string().min(1),
+		generation: z.number().int().positive(),
+		sourcePodId: z.string().min(1),
+		forwardedAt: z.string().refine((value) => Number.isFinite(Date.parse(value))),
+		deadlineAt: z
+			.string()
+			.refine((value) => Number.isFinite(Date.parse(value)))
+			.optional(),
+		idempotencyKey: z.string().min(1).optional(),
+		operationRequest: OperationRequestSchema.extend({
+			connection: OperationConnectionSchema.strict().optional(),
+		}).strict(),
+	})
+	.strict();
+
+export type ProviderServerStatefulForwardEnvelope = Readonly<
+	z.infer<typeof ProviderServerStatefulForwardEnvelopeSchema>
+>;
+
+export type ProviderServerStatefulOwnerFence = Readonly<
+	Pick<
+		ProviderServerStatefulForwardEnvelope,
+		| "providerId"
+		| "sessionKey"
+		| "ownerPodId"
+		| "generation"
+		| "sourcePodId"
+		| "forwardedAt"
+		| "requestId"
+		| "idempotencyKey"
+	>
+>;
+
+export type ProviderServerStatefulOwnerFenceValidator = (
+	fence: ProviderServerStatefulOwnerFence,
+	signal: AbortSignal,
+) => boolean | Promise<boolean>;
+
+export type ProviderServerOperationExecutorInput = {
+	readonly provider: ProviderDefinition;
+	readonly operationId: string;
+	readonly ctx: ProviderContext;
+	readonly request: OperationRequest & { readonly deadlineAt?: string };
+	readonly signal?: AbortSignal;
+	readonly internalStatefulForward?: ProviderServerStatefulForwardEnvelope;
+};
+
+export type ProviderServerOperationExecutor = (
+	input: ProviderServerOperationExecutorInput,
+) => Promise<unknown>;
+
+type RequestCleanup = () => void | Promise<void>;
+
+type ProviderCapabilityModules = {
+	readonly browser?: typeof BrowserRuntimeModule;
+	readonly nativeNetwork?: typeof NativeNetworkRuntimeModule;
+	readonly resolver?: typeof ResolverRuntimeModule;
+	readonly stealth?: typeof StealthRuntimeModule;
+};
+
+type ProviderServerRuntimeOptions = ProviderServerOptions & {
+	readonly capabilityModules: ProviderCapabilityModules;
+};
+
+const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
+
+type CapabilityLoadFailure = {
+	readonly capability: string;
+	readonly error: unknown;
+};
+
+function normalizedCapabilityCause(error: unknown): Error {
+	if (error instanceof Error) return error;
+	return new Error(String(error));
+}
+
+function capabilityLoadError(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	failures: readonly CapabilityLoadFailure[],
+): ProviderError {
+	const normalizedFailures = failures.map(({ capability, error }) => ({
+		capability,
+		cause: normalizedCapabilityCause(error),
+	}));
+	const summary = normalizedFailures
+		.map(({ capability, cause }) => `${capability} (${cause.message})`)
+		.join(", ");
+	return new ProviderError(
+		`Failed to load declared capabilities for provider "${provider.id}": ${summary}`,
+		{
+			code: "PROVIDER_CAPABILITY_LOAD_FAILED",
+			details: {
+				providerId: provider.id,
+				failures: normalizedFailures.map(({ capability, cause }) => ({
+					capability,
+					reason: cause.message,
+				})),
+			},
+			cause: new AggregateError(
+				normalizedFailures.map(({ cause }) => cause),
+				`Provider capability loading failed for ${provider.id}`,
+			),
+		},
+	);
+}
+
+function requireCapabilityModule<T>(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	capability: string,
+	specifier: string,
+): T {
+	try {
+		return require(specifier) as T;
+	} catch (error) {
+		if (error && typeof error === "object" && "code" in error && error.code === "ERR_REQUIRE_ESM") {
+			throw new ProviderError(
+				`Synchronous capability loading is unavailable for provider "${provider.id}" on this runtime. Use createServerAppAsync() instead of createServerApp().`,
+				{
+					code: "PROVIDER_CAPABILITY_SYNC_LOAD_UNSUPPORTED",
+					details: { providerId: provider.id, capability },
+					cause: normalizedCapabilityCause(error),
+				},
+			);
+		}
+		throw capabilityLoadError(provider, [{ capability, error }]);
+	}
+}
+
+function createAuthStub(): AuthContext {
+	return {
+		async requestField(name) {
+			throw new ProviderError(`Auth prompt is unavailable for ${name}`, {
+				code: "AUTH_PROMPT_UNAVAILABLE",
+			});
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+function createBrowserStub(): BrowserClient {
+	return {
+		engine: "playwright-stealth",
+		async close() {},
+		async newPage() {
+			throw new ProviderError("Browser runtime is not available", {
+				code: "BROWSER_RUNTIME_UNSUPPORTED",
+			});
+		},
+		async rawPage() {
+			throw new ProviderError("Browser runtime is not available", {
+				code: "BROWSER_RUNTIME_UNSUPPORTED",
+			});
+		},
+		async withIsolatedContext() {
+			throw new ProviderError("Browser runtime is not available", {
+				code: "BROWSER_RUNTIME_UNSUPPORTED",
+			});
+		},
+		async solveChallenge() {
+			throw new ProviderError("Browser runtime is not available", {
+				code: "BROWSER_RUNTIME_UNSUPPORTED",
+			});
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+function createStealthStub(): StealthClient {
+	return {
+		async fetch() {
+			throw new ProviderError("Stealth runtime is not available", {
+				code: "STEALTH_RUNTIME_UNSUPPORTED",
+			});
+		},
+		createSession() {
+			throw new ProviderError("Stealth runtime is not available", {
+				code: "STEALTH_RUNTIME_UNSUPPORTED",
+			});
+		},
+		close() {
+			// no-op
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+let stealthRuntimeModulePromise: Promise<typeof StealthRuntimeModule> | undefined;
+
+function importStealthRuntime(): Promise<typeof StealthRuntimeModule> {
+	stealthRuntimeModulePromise ??= import("../runtime/stealth.js");
+	return stealthRuntimeModulePromise;
+}
+
+function createForwardingStealthCookies(
+	initialTarget: StealthSessionCookies,
+): StealthSessionCookies & { setTarget(target: StealthSessionCookies): void } {
+	let target = initialTarget;
+	return {
+		setTarget(nextTarget) {
+			target = nextTarget;
+		},
+		get: (...args) => target.get(...args),
+		getAll: (...args) => target.getAll(...args),
+		has: (...args) => target.has(...args),
+		setFromCookieStrings: (...args) => target.setFromCookieStrings(...args),
+		toString: (url?: string) => target.toString(url),
+		toHeader: (...args) => target.toHeader(...args),
+		snapshot: () => target.snapshot(),
+		restore: (...args) => target.restore(...args),
+		serialize: () => target.serialize(),
+		deserialize: (...args) => target.deserialize(...args),
+		clear: () => target.clear(),
+		find: (...args) => target.find?.(...args),
+	};
+}
+
+function createLazyStealthClient(
+	onCleanupError: (error: unknown) => void,
+	...createArgs: Parameters<typeof StealthRuntimeModule.createStealthClient>
+): StealthClient {
+	let client: StealthClient | undefined;
+	let clientPromise: Promise<StealthClient> | undefined;
+
+	function getClient(): Promise<StealthClient> {
+		clientPromise ??= importStealthRuntime().then((runtime) => {
+			client ??= runtime.createStealthClient(...createArgs);
+			return client;
+		});
+		return clientPromise;
+	}
+
+	return {
+		async fetch(...args) {
+			return (await getClient()).fetch(...args);
+		},
+		createSession(options) {
+			const localCookies = new StealthCookieJar([], createArgs[0]);
+			const cookies = createForwardingStealthCookies(localCookies);
+			let closed = false;
+			let session: StealthSession | undefined;
+			let sessionPromise: Promise<StealthSession> | undefined;
+
+			function getSession(): Promise<StealthSession> {
+				sessionPromise ??= getClient().then((realClient) => {
+					session = realClient.createSession(options);
+					session.cookies.deserialize(localCookies.serialize());
+					cookies.setTarget(session.cookies);
+					if (closed) session.close();
+					return session;
+				});
+				return sessionPromise;
+			}
+
+			return {
+				cookies,
+				async fetch(...args) {
+					return (await getSession()).fetch(...args);
+				},
+				redirects: {
+					async run(...args) {
+						return (await getSession()).redirects.run(...args);
+					},
+				},
+				close() {
+					closed = true;
+					session?.close();
+				},
+			};
+		},
+		close() {
+			client?.close?.();
+			if (!client && clientPromise) {
+				void clientPromise.then(
+					(loadedClient) => {
+						try {
+							loadedClient.close?.();
+						} catch (error) {
+							try {
+								onCleanupError(error);
+							} catch {
+								// A user logger must not turn handled cleanup into a process-level rejection.
+							}
+						}
+					},
+					() => {
+						// The request path owns reporting for a failed lazy import.
+					},
+				);
+			}
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+function bindResolverSignalWithoutRuntime(
+	resolver: ResolverContext,
+	defaultSignal: AbortSignal | undefined,
+): ResolverContext {
+	if (!defaultSignal) return resolver;
+	return {
+		solve(challenge, signal = defaultSignal) {
+			return resolver.solve(challenge, signal);
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+function getProviderStealthBaseUrl(provider: ProviderDefinition): string | undefined {
+	const baseUrl = getProviderBaseUrl(provider);
+	if (baseUrl) {
+		return baseUrl;
+	}
+	const firstHost = provider.allowedHosts?.[0];
+	return firstHost ? `https://${firstHost}` : undefined;
+}
+
+function getProviderStealthProfile(provider: ProviderDefinition) {
+	return provider.stealth?.profile ? getStealthProfile(provider.stealth.profile) : undefined;
+}
+
+function isProductionProviderBrowserMode(provider: ProviderDefinition, env = process.env): boolean {
+	if (provider.runtime !== "browser") {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (env.APIFUSE__PROVIDER__RUNTIME === "browser") {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return env.NODE_ENV === "production" && env.APIFUSE__PROVIDER__ID === provider.id;
+}
+
+function declaresStealthRuntime(provider: ProviderDefinition): boolean {
+	return provider.stealth !== undefined;
+}
+
+async function loadProviderCapabilityModules(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+): Promise<ProviderCapabilityModules> {
+	const results = await Promise.allSettled([
+		provider.runtime === "browser" ? import("../runtime/browser.js") : Promise.resolve(undefined),
+		provider.native ? import("../runtime/native-network.js") : Promise.resolve(undefined),
+		provider.resolver ? import("../runtime/resolver.js") : Promise.resolve(undefined),
+		declaresStealthRuntime(provider) ? import("../runtime/stealth.js") : Promise.resolve(undefined),
+	]);
+	const capabilityNames = ["browser", "native", "resolver", "stealth"] as const;
+	const failures: CapabilityLoadFailure[] = [];
+	for (const [index, result] of results.entries()) {
+		if (result.status === "rejected") {
+			failures.push({ capability: capabilityNames[index]!, error: result.reason });
+		}
+	}
+	if (failures.length > 0) throw capabilityLoadError(provider, failures);
+	return {
+		browser: results[0].status === "fulfilled" ? results[0].value : undefined,
+		nativeNetwork: results[1].status === "fulfilled" ? results[1].value : undefined,
+		resolver: results[2].status === "fulfilled" ? results[2].value : undefined,
+		stealth: results[3].status === "fulfilled" ? results[3].value : undefined,
+	};
+}
+
+function loadProviderCapabilityModulesSync(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+): ProviderCapabilityModules {
+	return {
+		browser:
+			provider.runtime === "browser"
+				? requireCapabilityModule<typeof BrowserRuntimeModule>(
+						provider,
+						"browser",
+						"../runtime/browser.js",
+					)
+				: undefined,
+		nativeNetwork: provider.native
+			? requireCapabilityModule<typeof NativeNetworkRuntimeModule>(
+					provider,
+					"native",
+					"../runtime/native-network.js",
+				)
+			: undefined,
+		resolver: provider.resolver
+			? requireCapabilityModule<typeof ResolverRuntimeModule>(
+					provider,
+					"resolver",
+					"../runtime/resolver.js",
+				)
+			: undefined,
+		stealth: declaresStealthRuntime(provider)
+			? requireCapabilityModule<typeof StealthRuntimeModule>(
+					provider,
+					"stealth",
+					"../runtime/stealth.js",
+				)
+			: undefined,
+	};
+}
+
+export function resolveProviderProxyAffinityKey(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	request: OperationRequest,
+	operationId: string,
+): string {
+	const connectionKey = resolveOperationConnectionId(request) ?? request.connection?.externalRef;
+	const affinity =
+		typeof provider.proxy === "object" ? provider.proxy.session?.affinity : undefined;
+	if (affinity === "operation") {
+		return `${provider.id}/${operationId}`;
+	}
+	return connectionKey ?? provider.id;
+}
+
+export function resolveProviderResolverIdentityScope(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	affinityKey: string,
+	contextId: string,
+): string {
+	return JSON.stringify({
+		proxy: provider.proxy ?? null,
+		affinityKey,
+		contextId,
+	});
+}
+
+function resolveOperationConnectionId(
+	request: Pick<OperationRequest, "connection" | "connectionId">,
+): string | undefined {
+	// An empty string is a malformed identifier, not an identity: treat it as
+	// absent so it can never override a valid id or key a real scope. Requests
+	// without any usable id fall back to the documented missing-connection
+	// sentinel scope instead of scoping context/affinity/state under "".
+	return (
+		normalizeConnectionId(request.connection?.id) ?? normalizeConnectionId(request.connectionId)
+	);
+}
+
+function normalizeConnectionId(id: string | undefined): string | undefined {
+	return id === "" ? undefined : id;
+}
+
+function resolveNativeProxyPolicy(provider: ProviderDefinition): ProviderProxyPolicy | undefined {
+	if (typeof provider.proxy === "object") return provider.proxy;
+	if (provider.proxy === true) return { mode: "optional" };
+	if (provider.proxy === false) return { mode: "disabled" };
+	return undefined;
+}
+
+function createProviderContext(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	request: OperationRequest,
+	operationId: string,
+	options: ProviderServerRuntimeOptions,
+	state: ProviderRuntimeState = createUnsupportedProviderRuntimeState(),
+	proxyTelemetry?: ProxyTelemetryCollector,
+	signal?: AbortSignal,
+): ProviderContext {
+	const traceConfig = resolveTraceConfigFromEnv();
+	const baseUrl = getProviderBaseUrl(provider);
+	const stealthBaseUrl = getProviderStealthBaseUrl(provider);
+	const stealthProfile = getProviderStealthProfile(provider);
+	const proxyPolicy = resolveNativeProxyPolicy(provider);
+	const proxyClientOptions = {
+		upstream: { proxy: provider.proxy },
+		affinityKey: resolveProviderProxyAffinityKey(provider, request, operationId),
+		telemetry: proxyTelemetry,
+	};
+	const resolverIdentityScope = resolveProviderResolverIdentityScope(
+		provider,
+		proxyClientOptions.affinityKey,
+		request.requestId,
+	);
+	let wrappedContext: ProviderContext | undefined;
+	const stealthClientOptions = {
+		upstream: proxyClientOptions.upstream,
+		affinityKey: proxyClientOptions.affinityKey,
+		telemetry: proxyTelemetry,
+	};
+	const { capabilityModules } = options;
+	const logStealthCleanupError = (error: unknown) =>
+		logProviderCleanupError(
+			options.logger,
+			provider,
+			"operation",
+			operationId,
+			request.requestId,
+			"stealth",
+			error,
+		);
+
+	const env = createEnvContext([
+		...(provider.secrets?.map((secret) => secret.name) ?? []),
+		PROVIDER_RUNTIME_CHOICE_TOKEN_MASTER_SECRET_ENV,
+	]);
+	const credential = createCredentialContext({
+		allowedKeys: provider.credential?.keys,
+		mode: request.connection?.mode,
+		scopes: request.connection?.scopes,
+		values: request.connection?.secrets,
+	});
+	const requestContext = {
+		connectionId: resolveOperationConnectionId(request),
+		headers: request.headers ?? {},
+	};
+	const requestState = state.forConnection(requestContext.connectionId);
+	const cache = createProviderCache({ providerId: provider.id });
+	const context = wrapWithInstrumentation({
+		env,
+		credential,
+		request: requestContext,
+		http: createHttpClient(baseUrl, {
+			...proxyClientOptions,
+			...(signal ? { signal } : {}),
+			onRetrySummary: (summary) => {
+				if (summary.attempts <= 1 || !wrappedContext) return;
+				retryResponseMeta.set(wrappedContext, summary);
+			},
+		}),
+		cache,
+		state: requestState,
+		stealth: stealthBaseUrl
+			? capabilityModules.stealth
+				? stealthProfile
+					? capabilityModules.stealth.createStealthClient(
+							stealthBaseUrl,
+							stealthProfile.name,
+							stealthClientOptions,
+						)
+					: capabilityModules.stealth.createStealthClient(stealthBaseUrl, stealthClientOptions)
+				: stealthProfile
+					? createLazyStealthClient(
+							logStealthCleanupError,
+							stealthBaseUrl,
+							stealthProfile.name,
+							stealthClientOptions,
+						)
+					: createLazyStealthClient(logStealthCleanupError, stealthBaseUrl, stealthClientOptions)
+			: createStealthStub(),
+		browser:
+			provider.runtime === "browser"
+				? capabilityModules.browser!.createBrowserClient({
+						allowedHosts: provider.allowedHosts,
+						cdpUrl: process.env.APIFUSE__CDP_POOL__URL,
+						headless: true,
+						requireCdpPool: isProductionProviderBrowserMode(provider),
+						stealth: true,
+						engine: provider.browser?.engine,
+					})
+				: createBrowserStub(),
+		...(provider.native
+			? {
+					native: {
+						network: capabilityModules.nativeNetwork!.createNativeNetworkClient({
+							egress: provider.native.network,
+							proxyPolicy: resolveNativeProxyPolicy(provider),
+							affinityKey: proxyClientOptions.affinityKey,
+							credentials: capabilityModules.nativeNetwork!.createEnvVendorCredentialResolver(env),
+						}),
+					},
+				}
+			: {}),
+		trace: traceConfig
+			? createTraceContext(
+					resolveServerTraceContextOptions(traceConfig, {
+						request_id: request.requestId,
+						provider_id: provider.id,
+						operation_id: operationId,
+					}),
+				)
+			: createTraceContext(),
+		auth: createAuthStub(),
+		ocr: options.ocr ?? createOcrClientFromEnv(provider.ocr),
+		stt: options.stt ?? createSttClientFromEnv(provider.stt),
+		resolver: capabilityModules.resolver
+			? capabilityModules.resolver.bindResolverSignal(
+					options.resolver ??
+						capabilityModules.resolver.createResolverClientFromEnv(provider.resolver, undefined, {
+							allowedHosts: provider.allowedHosts,
+							cache,
+							identityScope: resolverIdentityScope,
+							...(proxyPolicy
+								? {
+										proxyIntent: {
+											mode: proxyPolicy.mode,
+											...proxyClientOptions,
+											...(stealthProfile ? { userAgent: stealthProfile.userAgent } : {}),
+										},
+									}
+								: {}),
+						}),
+					signal,
+				)
+			: bindResolverSignalWithoutRuntime(
+					options.resolver ??
+						createUnsupportedResolverClient("Provider does not declare resolver capability"),
+					signal,
+				),
+		choice: createProviderChoiceContext({
+			providerId: provider.id,
+			env,
+			request: requestContext,
+			credential,
+			state: requestState,
+			onTelemetry: (event) =>
+				(options.logger ?? defaultProviderServerLogger)({
+					level: "info",
+					event: "provider_choice_token",
+					...event,
+				}),
+		}),
+	} as ProviderContext);
+	wrappedContext = context;
+	return context;
+}
+
+function createFlowContextStore(
+	allowedKeys: string[],
+	initialContext: Record<string, unknown> = {},
+): {
+	context: FlowContextStore;
+	getPatch: () => Record<string, unknown | null> | undefined;
+} {
+	const context = createScratchpad(allowedKeys, initialContext);
+
+	return {
+		context,
+		getPatch() {
+			const next = context.toJSON();
+			const patch = new Map<string, unknown | null>();
+
+			for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(next)) {
+				if (initialContext[key] !== value) {
+					patch.set(key, value);
+				}
+			}
+
+			for (const key of Object.keys(initialContext)) {
+				if (!(key in next)) {
+					patch.set(key, null);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (patch.size === 0) {
+				return undefined;
+			}
+
+			return Object.fromEntries(patch.entries());
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+export function resolveAuthFlowProxyAffinityKey(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	request: Pick<
+		AuthFlowRequest,
+		"connection" | "connectionId" | "externalRef" | "tenantId" | "providerId"
+	>,
+): string {
+	return (
+		resolveOperationConnectionId(request) ??
+		request.externalRef ??
+		request.tenantId ??
+		request.providerId ??
+		provider.id
+	);
+}
+
+function createAuthFlowContext(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	request: AuthFlowRequest,
+	options: ProviderServerRuntimeOptions,
+	state: ProviderRuntimeState,
+	proxyTelemetry?: ProxyTelemetryCollector,
+	signal?: AbortSignal,
+): {
+	context: FlowContext;
+	getPatch: () => Record<string, unknown | null> | undefined;
+} {
+	const baseUrl = getProviderBaseUrl(provider);
+	const stealthBaseUrl = getProviderStealthBaseUrl(provider);
+	const stealthProfile = getProviderStealthProfile(provider);
+	const proxyPolicy = resolveNativeProxyPolicy(provider);
+	const contextData = request.context ?? {};
+	const flowContextStore = createFlowContextStore(
+		provider.context?.keys ?? Object.keys(contextData),
+		contextData,
+	);
+	const proxyClientOptions = {
+		upstream: { proxy: provider.proxy },
+		affinityKey: resolveAuthFlowProxyAffinityKey(provider, request),
+		telemetry: proxyTelemetry,
+	};
+	const resolverIdentityScope = resolveProviderResolverIdentityScope(
+		provider,
+		proxyClientOptions.affinityKey,
+		request.requestId,
+	);
+	const stealthClientOptions = {
+		upstream: proxyClientOptions.upstream,
+		affinityKey: proxyClientOptions.affinityKey,
+		telemetry: proxyTelemetry,
+	};
+	const { capabilityModules } = options;
+	const logStealthCleanupError = (error: unknown) =>
+		logProviderCleanupError(
+			options.logger,
+			provider,
+			"auth",
+			"flow",
+			request.requestId,
+			"stealth",
+			error,
+		);
+	const credential = request.connection
+		? createCredentialContext({
+				allowedKeys: provider.credential?.keys,
+				mode: request.connection.mode,
+				scopes: request.connection.scopes,
+				values: request.connection.secrets,
+			})
+		: undefined;
+	const cache = createProviderCache({ providerId: provider.id });
+
+	return {
+		context: {
+			flowId: request.flowId,
+			connectionId: resolveOperationConnectionId(request),
+			externalRef: request.externalRef,
+			tenantId: request.tenantId ?? "",
+			providerId: request.providerId ?? provider.id,
+			http: createHttpClient(baseUrl, {
+				...proxyClientOptions,
+				...(signal ? { signal } : {}),
+			}),
+			state: state.forConnection(resolveOperationConnectionId(request)),
+			stealth: stealthBaseUrl
+				? capabilityModules.stealth
+					? stealthProfile
+						? capabilityModules.stealth.createStealthClient(
+								stealthBaseUrl,
+								stealthProfile.name,
+								stealthClientOptions,
+							)
+						: capabilityModules.stealth.createStealthClient(stealthBaseUrl, stealthClientOptions)
+					: stealthProfile
+						? createLazyStealthClient(
+								logStealthCleanupError,
+								stealthBaseUrl,
+								stealthProfile.name,
+								stealthClientOptions,
+							)
+						: createLazyStealthClient(logStealthCleanupError, stealthBaseUrl, stealthClientOptions)
+				: createStealthStub(),
+			...(provider.native
+				? {
+						native: {
+							network: capabilityModules.nativeNetwork!.createNativeNetworkClient({
+								egress: provider.native.network,
+								proxyPolicy: resolveNativeProxyPolicy(provider),
+								affinityKey: proxyClientOptions.affinityKey,
+								credentials: capabilityModules.nativeNetwork!.createEnvVendorCredentialResolver(
+									createEnvContext(provider.secrets?.map((secret) => secret.name)),
+								),
+							}),
+						},
+					}
+				: {}),
+			env: createEnvContext([
+				...(provider.secrets?.map((secret) => secret.name) ?? []),
+				...(provider.auth?.mode === "oauth2_proxied" ? ["APIFUSE__AUTH_PROXY__URL"] : []),
+			]),
+			credential,
+			context: flowContextStore.context,
+			ocr: options.ocr ?? createOcrClientFromEnv(provider.ocr),
+			stt: options.stt ?? createSttClientFromEnv(provider.stt),
+			resolver: capabilityModules.resolver
+				? capabilityModules.resolver.bindResolverSignal(
+						options.resolver ??
+							capabilityModules.resolver.createResolverClientFromEnv(provider.resolver, undefined, {
+								allowedHosts: provider.allowedHosts,
+								cache,
+								identityScope: resolverIdentityScope,
+								...(proxyPolicy
+									? {
+											proxyIntent: {
+												mode: proxyPolicy.mode,
+												...proxyClientOptions,
+												...(stealthProfile ? { userAgent: stealthProfile.userAgent } : {}),
+											},
+										}
+									: {}),
+							}),
+						signal,
+					)
+				: bindResolverSignalWithoutRuntime(
+						options.resolver ??
+							createUnsupportedResolverClient("Provider does not declare resolver capability"),
+						signal,
+					),
+			auth: createAuthFlowHelpers({ signal }),
+		},
+		getPatch: flowContextStore.getPatch,
+	};
+}
+
+type ProviderRequestCost = {
+	durationMs: number;
+	cpuUserMicros: number;
+	cpuSystemMicros: number;
+	cpuTotalMicros: number;
+};
+
+type ProviderServerLogEventBase = ProviderRequestCost & {
+	providerId: string;
+	kind: "operation" | "auth";
+	route: string;
+	requestId?: string;
+	status: number;
+	proxy?: ProxyTelemetryLogPayload;
+};
+
+export type ProviderServerLogEvent =
+	| (ProviderServerLogEventBase & {
+			level: "info";
+			event: "provider_request_completed";
+	  })
+	| (ProviderServerLogEventBase & {
+			level: "warn" | "error";
+			event: "provider_request_failed";
+			code: string;
+			errorClass: string;
+			message: string;
+			upstreamStatus?: number;
+			errorCategory?: ProviderErrorCategory;
+			taxonomyVersion?: string;
+			retryable?: boolean;
+			signal?: "unregistered_provider_error_code";
+			signalFix?: string;
+			issues?: Array<{ path: string; code: string; message: string }>;
+	  })
+	| {
+			level: "warn";
+			event: "provider_secrets_missing";
+			providerId: string;
+			missingSecrets: string[];
+	  }
+	| {
+			level: "info";
+			event: "provider_choice_token";
+			providerId: string;
+			purpose: string;
+			operation: "parse" | "consume";
+			format: "word" | "legacy";
+			outcome: "success" | "not-found" | "invalid" | "unsupported" | "error";
+			consumeMode: "never" | "on-parse" | "explicit";
+			consumed: boolean;
+			replay: boolean;
+	  }
+	| {
+			level: "warn";
+			event: "provider_cleanup_failed";
+			providerId: string;
+			kind: "operation" | "auth";
+			route: string;
+			requestId?: string;
+			resource: "browser" | "stealth";
+			errorClass: string;
+			message: string;
+	  }
+	| {
+			level: "error";
+			event: "provider_shutdown_hook_failed";
+			providerId: string;
+			hookIndex: number;
+			errorClass: string;
+			message: string;
+	  }
+	| SelfTestCancellationLogEvent;
+
+export type ProviderServerLogger = (event: ProviderServerLogEvent) => void;
+
+export type ProviderServerOptions = {
+	logger?: ProviderServerLogger;
+	/** Optional provider-specific operation executor. Stateful providers use this to preserve provider-local runtime semantics. */
+	operationExecutor?: ProviderServerOperationExecutor;
+	/** Optional signed internal executor for stateful owner forwarding. */
+	internalOperationExecutor?: ProviderServerOperationExecutor;
+	statefulForwarding?: {
+		readonly secret: string;
+		readonly maxSkewMs?: number;
+		readonly replayCacheMaxEntries?: number;
+		/** Required fail-closed check against the SDK/runtime owner registry. */
+		readonly validateOwnerFence: ProviderServerStatefulOwnerFenceValidator;
+	};
+	/** Optional STT override for tests or custom hosts; local/prod normally resolves from env. */
+	stt?: SttContext;
+	/** Optional OCR override for tests or custom hosts; local/prod normally resolves from env. */
+	ocr?: OcrContext;
+	/** Optional resolver override for tests or custom hosts; local/prod normally resolves from env. */
+	resolver?: ResolverContext;
+	/** Optional runtime state override for tests or custom hosts. Production resolves Redis from env and fails closed when unavailable. */
+	state?: ProviderRuntimeState;
+	/** Allow process-local runtime state only for local development and tests. */
+	allowMemoryStateFallback?: boolean;
+	/**
+	 * Graceful process shutdown. Hooks run in declaration order after listeners stop accepting work.
+	 *
+	 * @example
+	 * ```ts
+	 * await serve(provider, {
+	 *	 shutdown: {
+	 *		 hooks: [
+	 *			 async () => { await emitter.flush(); },
+	 *			 async () => { await sessionManager.closeAll("server-shutdown"); },
+	 *			 async () => { await lease.release(); },
+	 *			 async () => { await router.close(); },
+	 *		 ],
+	 *	 },
+	 * });
+	 * ```
+	 */
+	shutdown?: {
+		readonly hooks?: Array<() => Promise<void>>;
+		readonly signals?: boolean | NodeJS.Signals[];
+		readonly timeoutMs?: number;
+	};
+};
+
+const defaultProviderServerLogger: ProviderServerLogger = (event) => {
+	const line = JSON.stringify(event);
+	if (event.level === "info") {
+		console.log(line);
+		return;
+	}
+	console.error(line);
+};
+
+function startRequestCost(): {
+	startedAtMs: number;
+	cpuStart: NodeJS.CpuUsage;
+} {
+	return {
+		startedAtMs: performance.now(),
+		cpuStart: process.cpuUsage(),
+	};
+}
+
+function finishRequestCost(input: {
+	startedAtMs: number;
+	cpuStart: NodeJS.CpuUsage;
+}): ProviderRequestCost {
+	const cpuDelta = process.cpuUsage(input.cpuStart);
+	return {
+		durationMs: Math.max(0, Math.round(performance.now() - input.startedAtMs)),
+		cpuUserMicros: Math.max(0, cpuDelta.user),
+		cpuSystemMicros: Math.max(0, cpuDelta.system),
+		cpuTotalMicros: Math.max(0, cpuDelta.user + cpuDelta.system),
+	};
+}
+
+function zodDetails(error: z.ZodError): Array<{
+	path: string;
+	code: string;
+	message: string;
+}> {
+	return error.issues.map((issue) => ({
+		path: issue.path.join("."),
+		code: issue.code,
+		message: issue.message,
+	}));
+}
+
+// Category-level projection with code-aware honesty overrides: a missing
+// deployment secret is an APIFuse-side defect even though its category
+// (credential_unavailable) usually means a caller credential problem, an
+// internal stateful-routing deadline is APIFuse-owned despite its timeout
+// category, and the built-in upstream failure families keep their upstream
+// attribution even when the author left the category at the provider_error
+// default.
+function publicErrorSource(error: unknown, category: ProviderErrorCategory): ProviderErrorSource {
+	if (error instanceof StatefulRoutingDeadlineError) return "apifuse";
+	if (isProviderError(error)) {
+		if (error.code === MISSING_SECRET_CODE) return "apifuse";
+		if (error.code === "UPSTREAM_ERROR" || error.code === "BLOCKED") {
+			return "upstream_failure";
+		}
+	}
+	return sourceForCategory(category);
+}
+
+function toErrorResponse(
+	error: unknown,
+	requestId?: string,
+	declaredErrorCode?: OperationErrorCode,
+): OperationErrorResponse {
+	const observability = errorObservabilityDetails(error, declaredErrorCode);
+	const source = publicErrorSource(error, observability.category);
+	if (error instanceof StatefulRoutingDeadlineError) {
+		return {
+			error: {
+				code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_DEADLINE_EXPIRED",
+				message: "Stateful forwarding deadline expired.",
+				...(requestId ? { requestId } : {}),
+				retryable: observability.retryable,
+				source,
+			},
+		};
+	}
+
+	if (isProviderError(error)) {
+		const details = error.details;
+		return {
+			error: {
+				code: error.code ?? "provider_error",
+				message: publicProviderErrorMessage(error),
+				...(requestId ? { requestId } : {}),
+				retryable: observability.retryable,
+				source,
+				...(error.fix ? { fix: error.fix } : {}),
+				...(details !== undefined ? { details } : {}),
+			},
+		};
+	}
+
+	if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+		return {
+			error: {
+				code: "invalid_request",
+				message: "Invalid request body",
+				...(requestId ? { requestId } : {}),
+				retryable: observability.retryable,
+				source,
+				details: zodDetails(error),
+			},
+		};
+	}
+
+	// A masked internal error MUST NOT be advertised as retryable: without an
+	// explicit retryable:false the hub (bori provider-backed engine) defaults 5xx
+	// to retryable:true, which turns a deterministic pre-upstream crash into an
+	// infinite START->CONTINUE->restart loop (2026-07-22 catchtable reserve RCA).
+	// We still refuse to leak message/stack — only the error class name (or the
+	// primitive type for non-Error throwables) is surfaced for ops triage.
+	return {
+		error: {
+			code: "internal_error",
+			message: "Internal error",
+			...(requestId ? { requestId } : {}),
+			retryable: observability.retryable,
+			source,
+			details: {
+				retryable: false,
+				category: "internal_error",
+				errorClass: error instanceof Error ? error.name : typeof error,
+			},
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+// Accepts `unknown` so the branded guards narrow cleanly from the top: the
+// subtype error classes are structurally compatible with ProviderError, so
+// narrowing from a ProviderError-typed value would collapse the negative branch
+// to `never`. Narrowing from unknown avoids that while still recognizing errors
+// from a duplicate SDK module instance.
+function providerObservabilityDetails(
+	error: unknown,
+	declaredErrorCode?: OperationErrorCode,
+): ErrorObservabilityDetails | undefined {
+	const declaredRetryable = sdkOwnsErrorResolution(error)
+		? undefined
+		: declaredErrorCode?.retryable;
+	// Session-expiry surfaces the credential_expired category + the opt-in
+	// retryable signal so Gateway/Credential Service can refresh and re-drive the
+	// operation (see design.md §4.3 D3). Without this branch the auth error would
+	// serialize as a bare 401 with no retryable/category, losing the refresh
+	// signal for exactly the retryOnAuthRefresh operations it is meant to enable.
+	if (isSessionExpiredError(error)) {
+		return {
+			category: error.options?.category ?? "credential_expired",
+			taxonomyVersion: PROVIDER_OBSERVABILITY_TAXONOMY_VERSION,
+			retryable: error.options?.retryable ?? declaredRetryable ?? false,
+		};
+	}
+	// Missing-secret errors carry the canonical credential_unavailable category
+	// so Gateway/observability can attribute the failure to provisioning, not
+	// the upstream. Matched by code (not constructor) so both the SDK-owned
+	// runtime gate and any not-yet-migrated provider-thrown MISSING_SECRET
+	// serialize identically, including across duplicate SDK module instances.
+	if (isProviderError(error) && error.code === MISSING_SECRET_CODE) {
+		return {
+			category: error.options?.category ?? "credential_unavailable",
+			taxonomyVersion: PROVIDER_OBSERVABILITY_TAXONOMY_VERSION,
+			retryable: error.options?.retryable ?? declaredRetryable ?? false,
+		};
+	}
+	if (!isTransportError(error)) {
+		return undefined;
+	}
+	const isProxyPoolCode =
+		error.code === PROXY_POOL_EXHAUSTED_CODE ||
+		error.code === PROXY_EDGE_AUTH_REJECTED_CODE ||
+		error.code === "PROXY_ALLOCATION_FAILED";
+	const category =
+		error.options?.category ??
+		(isProxyPoolCode
+			? "proxy_pool"
+			: error.code === PROXY_AUTH_IP_DENIED_CODE
+				? "anti_bot_blocked"
+				: error.code === "transport_timeout"
+					? "timeout"
+					: error.code === "transport_network_error"
+						? "network"
+						: error.upstreamStatus
+							? categoryForStatus(error.upstreamStatus)
+							: "upstream_http");
+	return {
+		category,
+		taxonomyVersion: PROVIDER_OBSERVABILITY_TAXONOMY_VERSION,
+		retryable:
+			error.options?.retryable ??
+			(category === "upstream_http" && error.upstreamStatus
+				? error.upstreamStatus >= 500
+				: isRetryableCategory(category)),
+		...(error.upstreamStatus ? { upstreamStatus: error.upstreamStatus } : {}),
+	};
+}
+
+function errorObservabilityDetails(
+	error: unknown,
+	declaredErrorCode?: OperationErrorCode,
+): ErrorObservabilityDetails {
+	const effectiveDeclaration = sdkOwnsErrorResolution(error) ? undefined : declaredErrorCode;
+	const providerDetails = providerObservabilityDetails(error, effectiveDeclaration);
+	if (providerDetails) return providerDetails;
+
+	if (error instanceof z.ZodError || isValidationError(error)) {
+		const declaredStatus = effectiveDeclaration?.status;
+		return {
+			category:
+				isProviderError(error) && error.options?.category
+					? error.options.category
+					: isEmittableErrorStatus(declaredStatus) &&
+							categoryForStatus(declaredStatus) === "upstream_rejected"
+						? "upstream_rejected"
+						: isEmittableErrorStatus(declaredStatus) && declaredStatus >= 500
+							? "provider_error"
+							: "input_validation",
+			taxonomyVersion: PROVIDER_OBSERVABILITY_TAXONOMY_VERSION,
+			retryable: isProviderError(error)
+				? (error.options?.retryable ?? effectiveDeclaration?.retryable ?? false)
+				: false,
+		};
+	}
+
+	if (error instanceof StatefulRoutingDeadlineError) {
+		return {
+			category: "timeout",
+			taxonomyVersion: PROVIDER_OBSERVABILITY_TAXONOMY_VERSION,
+			retryable: false,
+		};
+	}
+
+	if (isProviderError(error)) {
+		// Deterministic upstream refusals default to the rejection category:
+		// the UPSTREAM_REJECTED family and any operation-declared rejection
+		// status (409/410/422) classify as upstream_rejected unless the
+		// author set an explicit category.
+		const declaredStatus = effectiveDeclaration?.status;
+		const rejectionDefault =
+			error.code === "UPSTREAM_REJECTED" ||
+			(isEmittableErrorStatus(declaredStatus) &&
+				categoryForStatus(declaredStatus) === "upstream_rejected")
+				? ("upstream_rejected" as const)
+				: ("provider_error" as const);
+		return {
+			category: error.options?.category ?? rejectionDefault,
+			taxonomyVersion: PROVIDER_OBSERVABILITY_TAXONOMY_VERSION,
+			retryable: error.options?.retryable ?? effectiveDeclaration?.retryable ?? false,
+		};
+	}
+
+	return {
+		category: "internal_error",
+		taxonomyVersion: PROVIDER_OBSERVABILITY_TAXONOMY_VERSION,
+		retryable: false,
+	};
+}
+
+function responseWithErrorObservability(
+	response: Response,
+	error: unknown,
+	declaredErrorCode?: OperationErrorCode,
+): Response {
+	const headers = new Headers(response.headers);
+	headers.set(
+		ERROR_OBSERVABILITY_HEADER,
+		JSON.stringify(errorObservabilityDetails(error, declaredErrorCode)),
+	);
+	return new Response(response.body, {
+		status: response.status,
+		statusText: response.statusText,
+		headers,
+	});
+}
+
+function publicProviderErrorMessage(error: ProviderError): string {
+	if (isTransportError(error)) {
+		if (error.code === PROXY_AUTH_IP_DENIED_CODE) {
+			return error.message;
+		}
+		if (error.code === PROXY_EDGE_AUTH_REJECTED_CODE) {
+			return error.message;
+		}
+		if (error.code === PROXY_POOL_EXHAUSTED_CODE) {
+			return error.message;
+		}
+		if (error.code === "transport_timeout") return "Request timed out";
+		if (error.code === "transport_network_error") return "Network error";
+		if (error.code === "upstream_http_error" && error.status) {
+			return `Upstream request failed with status ${error.status}`;
+		}
+		if (error.status) {
+			return `Upstream request failed with status ${error.status}`;
+		}
+		return "Upstream request failed";
+	}
+	return error.message;
+}
+
+function isEmittableErrorStatus(value: unknown): value is ProviderErrorStatus {
+	return (
+		typeof value === "number" && VALID_OPERATION_ERROR_STATUSES.some((status) => status === value)
+	);
+}
+
+function toStatusCode(error: unknown, declaredErrorCode?: OperationErrorCode): ProviderErrorStatus {
+	if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+		return 400;
+	}
+	if (error instanceof StatefulRoutingDeadlineError) {
+		return 504;
+	}
+	if (isProviderError(error)) {
+		if (!sdkOwnsErrorResolution(error) && isEmittableErrorStatus(declaredErrorCode?.status)) {
+			return declaredErrorCode.status;
+		}
+		// Canonical SDK code → status mapping lives in error-resolution.ts so
+		// the authoring lint and this runtime path share one source of truth.
+		if (typeof error.code === "string") {
+			const mappedStatus = SDK_STATUS_MAPPED_PROVIDER_ERROR_CODES.get(error.code);
+			if (mappedStatus !== undefined) {
+				return mappedStatus;
+			}
+		}
+		if (isTransportError(error)) {
+			return error.code === "transport_timeout" ? 504 : 502;
+		}
+		if (isValidationError(error)) {
+			return error.options?.category === "output_validation" ? 500 : 400;
+		}
+
+		return 500;
+	}
+
+	return 500;
+}
+
+function sdkOwnsErrorResolution(error: unknown): boolean {
+	if (isSessionExpiredError(error)) return true;
+	if (isTransportError(error)) return true;
+	if (error instanceof z.ZodError) return true;
+	if (error instanceof StatefulRoutingDeadlineError) return true;
+	return (
+		isProviderError(error) &&
+		typeof error.code === "string" &&
+		SDK_RUNTIME_OWNED_ERROR_CODES.has(error.code)
+	);
+}
+
+type OperationErrorCodeLookup = ReadonlyMap<string, ReadonlyMap<string, OperationErrorCode>>;
+
+function buildOperationErrorCodeLookup(provider: ProviderDefinition): OperationErrorCodeLookup {
+	return new Map(
+		Object.entries(provider.operations).flatMap(([operationId, operation]) => {
+			const errorCodes = operation.docs?.errorCodes;
+			return errorCodes?.length
+				? [[operationId, new Map(errorCodes.map((entry) => [entry.code, entry]))] as const]
+				: [];
+		}),
+	);
+}
+
+function declaredErrorCodeFor(
+	error: unknown,
+	operationId: string | undefined,
+	lookup: OperationErrorCodeLookup,
+): OperationErrorCode | undefined {
+	if (!operationId || !isProviderError(error) || typeof error.code !== "string") return undefined;
+	return lookup.get(operationId)?.get(error.code);
+}
+
+function extractRequestId(raw: unknown): string | undefined {
+	if (!raw || typeof raw !== "object") {
+		return undefined;
+	}
+
+	const value = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(raw, "requestId")?.value;
+	return typeof value === "string" ? value : undefined;
+}
+
+type ProviderErrorCauseFrame = {
+	errorClass: string;
+	code?: string;
+	messageLength: number;
+	messageFingerprint: string;
+};
+
+const MAX_PROVIDER_ERROR_CAUSE_FRAMES = 5;
+
+function providerErrorCauseChain(error: unknown): ProviderErrorCauseFrame[] | undefined {
+	if (!(error instanceof Error) && !isProviderError(error)) return undefined;
+
+	const seen = new Set<object>([error]);
+	const frames: ProviderErrorCauseFrame[] = [];
+	let cause = error.cause;
+
+	while (
+		frames.length < MAX_PROVIDER_ERROR_CAUSE_FRAMES &&
+		(cause instanceof Error || isProviderError(cause)) &&
+		!seen.has(cause)
+	) {
+		seen.add(cause);
+		const message = cause.message;
+		frames.push({
+			errorClass: cause.name,
+			...(isProviderError(cause) && typeof cause.code === "string" ? { code: cause.code } : {}),
+			messageLength: message.length,
+			messageFingerprint: createHash("sha256").update(message).digest("hex").slice(0, 12),
+		});
+		cause = cause.cause;
+	}
+
+	return frames.length > 0 ? frames : undefined;
+}
+
+function logProviderError(
+	logger: ProviderServerLogger | unknown,
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	kind: "operation" | "auth",
+	route: string,
+	requestId: string | undefined,
+	error: unknown,
+	status: number,
+	cost: ProviderRequestCost,
+	declaredErrorCode?: OperationErrorCode,
+	proxyTelemetry?: ProxyTelemetryCollector,
+): void {
+	const code = isProviderError(error)
+		? (error.code ?? "provider_error")
+		: error instanceof z.ZodError
+			? "invalid_request"
+			: error instanceof StatefulRoutingDeadlineError
+				? "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_DEADLINE_EXPIRED"
+				: "internal_error";
+	const errorClass = error instanceof Error ? error.name : typeof error;
+	const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+	const causeChain = providerErrorCauseChain(error);
+	const details = errorObservabilityDetails(error, declaredErrorCode);
+	const isUnregisteredProviderErrorCode =
+		status === 500 &&
+		isProviderError(error) &&
+		!isValidationError(error) &&
+		typeof error.code === "string" &&
+		!SDK_OWNED_PROVIDER_ERROR_CODES.has(error.code) &&
+		declaredErrorCode === undefined;
+	const proxy = proxyTelemetry?.toLogPayload();
+	const emit = typeof logger === "function" ? logger : defaultProviderServerLogger;
+	emit({
+		level: status >= 500 ? "error" : "warn",
+		event: "provider_request_failed",
+		providerId: provider.id,
+		kind,
+		route,
+		...(requestId ? { requestId } : {}),
+		status,
+		...cost,
+		...(proxy ? { proxy } : {}),
+		code,
+		errorClass,
+		message,
+		...(causeChain ? { causeChain } : {}),
+		...(details.upstreamStatus ? { upstreamStatus: details.upstreamStatus } : {}),
+		errorCategory: details.category,
+		taxonomyVersion: details.taxonomyVersion,
+		retryable: details.retryable,
+		...(isUnregisteredProviderErrorCode
+			? {
+					signal: "unregistered_provider_error_code" as const,
+					signalFix:
+						"Declare this code (with status and retryable) in the operation's docs.errorCodes so it serves its intended status instead of 500.",
+				}
+			: {}),
+		...(error instanceof z.ZodError ? { issues: zodDetails(error) } : {}),
+	});
+}
+
+function logProviderCleanupError(
+	logger: ProviderServerLogger | unknown,
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	kind: "operation" | "auth",
+	operationId: string,
+	requestId: string | undefined,
+	resource: "browser" | "stealth",
+	error: unknown,
+): void {
+	const emit = typeof logger === "function" ? logger : defaultProviderServerLogger;
+	const errorClass = error instanceof Error ? error.name : typeof error;
+	const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+	emit({
+		level: "warn",
+		event: "provider_cleanup_failed",
+		providerId: provider.id,
+		kind,
+		route: operationId,
+		...(requestId ? { requestId } : {}),
+		resource,
+		errorClass,
+		message,
+	});
+}
+
+function logProviderSuccess(
+	logger: ProviderServerLogger | unknown,
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	kind: "operation" | "auth",
+	route: string,
+	requestId: string | undefined,
+	status: number,
+	cost: ProviderRequestCost,
+	proxyTelemetry?: ProxyTelemetryCollector,
+): void {
+	const proxy = proxyTelemetry?.toLogPayload();
+	const emit = typeof logger === "function" ? logger : defaultProviderServerLogger;
+	emit({
+		level: "info",
+		event: "provider_request_completed",
+		providerId: provider.id,
+		kind,
+		route,
+		...(requestId ? { requestId } : {}),
+		status,
+		...cost,
+		...(proxy ? { proxy } : {}),
+	});
+}
+
+function toJsonSuccessResponse(
+	result: unknown,
+	ctx?: ProviderContext,
+): Response | OperationSuccessResponse {
+	if (result instanceof Response) {
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	if (result instanceof ReadableStream) {
+		return new Response(result);
+	}
+
+	const cacheMeta = ctx?.cache.responseMeta();
+	const retryMeta = ctx ? retryResponseMeta.get(ctx) : undefined;
+	const meta =
+		cacheMeta || retryMeta
+			? {
+					...(cacheMeta
+						? {
+								cached: cacheMeta.hit,
+								stale: cacheMeta.stale,
+								cache: cacheMeta,
+							}
+						: {}),
+					...(retryMeta ? { retry: retryMeta } : {}),
+				}
+			: undefined;
+	return {
+		data: result,
+		...(meta ? { meta } : {}),
+	};
+}
+
+function isAsyncIterable<T = unknown>(value: unknown): value is AsyncIterable<T> {
+	if (!value || typeof value !== "object") return false;
+	const iterator = Reflect.get(value, Symbol.asyncIterator);
+	return typeof iterator === "function";
+}
+
+function responseWithCleanup(response: Response, cleanup: RequestCleanup): Response {
+	if (!response.body) {
+		void cleanup();
+		return response;
+	}
+	const reader = response.body.getReader();
+	let cleaned = false;
+	const runCleanup = async () => {
+		if (cleaned) return;
+		cleaned = true;
+		await cleanup();
+	};
+	const body = new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+		async pull(controller) {
+			try {
+				const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+				if (done) {
+					controller.close();
+					await runCleanup();
+					return;
+				}
+				if (value) controller.enqueue(value);
+			} catch (error) {
+				await runCleanup();
+				controller.error(error);
+			}
+		},
+		async cancel(reason) {
+			try {
+				await reader.cancel(reason);
+			} finally {
+				await runCleanup();
+			}
+		},
+	});
+	return new Response(body, {
+		headers: response.headers,
+		status: response.status,
+		statusText: response.statusText,
+	});
+}
+
+async function validateSseEvent(
+	operation: OperationDefinition,
+	event: ProviderStreamEvent,
+): Promise<ProviderStreamEvent> {
+	const transport = getSseTransport(operation);
+	const schema = transport?.events?.[event.event];
+	if (!schema) {
+		if (event.event === APIFUSE_STREAM_ERROR_EVENT || event.event === APIFUSE_STREAM_DONE_EVENT) {
+			return event;
+		}
+		throw new ProviderError(
+			`SSE event "${event.event}" is not declared in operation transport.events.`,
+			{
+				code: "SSE_EVENT_UNDECLARED",
+				category: "output_validation",
+				retryable: false,
+				fix: `Add "${event.event}" to transport.events or stop emitting that event.`,
+			},
+		);
+	}
+	const data = await parseSchema(schema, event.data, `transport.events.${event.event}`);
+	return { ...event, data };
+}
+
+function byteLength(value: Uint8Array | string): number {
+	if (typeof value === "string") {
+		return new TextEncoder().encode(value).byteLength;
+	}
+	return value.byteLength;
+}
+
+function assertStreamPayloadWithinLimit(
+	actualBytes: number,
+	maxBytes: number | undefined,
+	kind: "event" | "chunk",
+): void {
+	if (maxBytes === undefined || actualBytes <= maxBytes) return;
+	throw new ProviderError(
+		`Stream ${kind} exceeded declared byte limit (${actualBytes} > ${maxBytes}).`,
+		{
+			code: kind === "event" ? "STREAM_EVENT_TOO_LARGE" : "STREAM_CHUNK_TOO_LARGE",
+			retryable: false,
+			category: "input_validation",
+			fix:
+				kind === "event"
+					? "Emit smaller SSE events or increase transport.maxEventBytes."
+					: "Emit smaller stream chunks or increase transport.maxChunkBytes.",
+		},
+	);
+}
+
+function toSseResponse(
+	operation: OperationDefinition,
+	result: AsyncIterable<ProviderStreamEvent>,
+	cleanup: RequestCleanup,
+	requestId?: string,
+): Response {
+	const encoder = new TextEncoder();
+	const iterator = result[Symbol.asyncIterator]();
+	const transport = getSseTransport(operation);
+	let done = false;
+	let cleaned = false;
+	const runCleanup = async () => {
+		if (cleaned) return;
+		cleaned = true;
+		await cleanup();
+	};
+	const body = new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+		async pull(controller) {
+			try {
+				if (done) {
+					controller.close();
+					await runCleanup();
+					return;
+				}
+				const next = await iterator.next();
+				if (next.done) {
+					done = true;
+					controller.close();
+					await runCleanup();
+					return;
+				}
+				const validated = await validateSseEvent(operation, next.value);
+				const encodedEvent = encodeSseEvent(validated);
+				const encodedBytes = encoder.encode(encodedEvent);
+				assertStreamPayloadWithinLimit(encodedBytes.byteLength, transport?.maxEventBytes, "event");
+				controller.enqueue(encodedBytes);
+			} catch (error) {
+				const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Stream failed";
+				controller.enqueue(
+					encoder.encode(
+						encodeSseEvent(
+							streamError("stream_error", message, {
+								...(requestId ? { requestId } : {}),
+							}),
+						),
+					),
+				);
+				controller.close();
+				done = true;
+				await runCleanup();
+			}
+		},
+		async cancel(reason) {
+			try {
+				await iterator.return?.(reason);
+			} finally {
+				await runCleanup();
+			}
+		},
+	});
+	return new Response(body, {
+		headers: {
+			"Cache-Control": "no-cache, no-transform",
+			Connection: "keep-alive",
+			"Content-Type": "text/event-stream; charset=utf-8",
+		},
+	});
+}
+
+function enforceStreamChunkLimit(
+	body: ReadableStream<Uint8Array>,
+	maxChunkBytes: number | undefined,
+): ReadableStream<Uint8Array> {
+	if (maxChunkBytes === undefined) return body;
+	const reader = body.getReader();
+	return new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+		async pull(controller) {
+			try {
+				const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+				if (done) {
+					controller.close();
+					return;
+				}
+				if (value) {
+					assertStreamPayloadWithinLimit(byteLength(value), maxChunkBytes, "chunk");
+					controller.enqueue(value);
+				}
+			} catch (error) {
+				controller.error(error);
+			}
+		},
+		cancel(reason) {
+			return reader.cancel(reason);
+		},
+	});
+}
+
+function toStreamingResponse(
+	operation: OperationDefinition,
+	result: unknown,
+	cleanup: RequestCleanup,
+	requestId?: string,
+): Response {
+	const transport = operation.transport?.kind ?? "json";
+	if (transport === "sse" && (result instanceof Response || result instanceof ReadableStream)) {
+		void cleanup();
+		throw new ProviderError(
+			"SSE operations must return an AsyncIterable of typed stream.event(...) values.",
+			{
+				code: "SSE_RESULT_UNSUPPORTED",
+				category: "output_validation",
+				retryable: false,
+				fix: "Return an async generator that yields stream.event(name, data) so APIFuse can validate event schemas and enforce event byte limits.",
+			},
+		);
+	}
+	if (result instanceof Response) {
+		const httpTransport = getHttpStreamTransport(operation);
+		if (httpTransport && result.body && httpTransport?.maxChunkBytes !== undefined) {
+			return responseWithCleanup(
+				new Response(enforceStreamChunkLimit(result.body, httpTransport.maxChunkBytes), {
+					headers: result.headers,
+					status: result.status,
+					statusText: result.statusText,
+				}),
+				cleanup,
+			);
+		}
+		return responseWithCleanup(result, cleanup);
+	}
+	if (result instanceof ReadableStream) {
+		const httpTransport = getHttpStreamTransport(operation);
+		const stream =
+			httpTransport !== undefined
+				? enforceStreamChunkLimit(result, httpTransport.maxChunkBytes)
+				: result;
+		return responseWithCleanup(
+			new Response(stream, {
+				headers:
+					transport === "sse"
+						? { "Content-Type": "text/event-stream; charset=utf-8" }
+						: {
+								"Content-Type":
+									operation.transport?.kind === "http-stream"
+										? (operation.transport.contentType ?? "application/octet-stream")
+										: "application/octet-stream",
+							},
+			}),
+			cleanup,
+		);
+	}
+	if (transport === "sse" && isAsyncIterable<ProviderStreamEvent>(result)) {
+		return toSseResponse(operation, result, cleanup, requestId);
+	}
+	void cleanup();
+	throw new ProviderError(
+		`Streaming operation returned unsupported result for transport "${transport}"`,
+		{
+			code: "STREAM_RESULT_UNSUPPORTED",
+			fix: "Return an AsyncIterable of stream.event(...) values, a ReadableStream, or a Response from streaming operations.",
+		},
+	);
+}
+
+function getSseTransport(operation: OperationDefinition): OperationSseTransport | undefined {
+	return operation.transport?.kind === "sse" ? operation.transport : undefined;
+}
+
+function getHttpStreamTransport(
+	operation: OperationDefinition,
+): OperationHttpStreamTransport | undefined {
+	return operation.transport?.kind === "http-stream" ? operation.transport : undefined;
+}
+
+function toAuthFlowResponse(
+	result: unknown,
+	contextPatch: Record<string, unknown | null> | undefined,
+): Response | AuthFlowSuccessResponse {
+	if (result instanceof Response) {
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	if (result instanceof ReadableStream) {
+		return new Response(result);
+	}
+
+	return {
+		data: result,
+		...(contextPatch ? { contextPatch } : {}),
+	};
+}
+
+function authFlowLocaleFromHeaders(headers?: Record<string, string>): ProviderLocale {
+	const header = Object.entries(headers ?? {}).find(
+		([key]) => key.toLowerCase() === "accept-language",
+	)?.[1];
+	for (const token of (header ?? "").split(",")) {
+		const language = token.trim().split(";")[0]?.split("-")[0]?.toLowerCase();
+		if (isAuthFlowLocale(language)) {
+			return language;
+		}
+	}
+	return "en";
+}
+
+function isAuthFlowLocale(value: string | undefined): value is ProviderLocale {
+	return value === "en" || value === "ko" || value === "ja";
+}
+
+function isAuthTurn(value: unknown): value is AuthTurn {
+	return !!value && typeof value === "object" && "kind" in value && "turnId" in value;
+}
+
+function loadAuthFlowLocaleCatalogs(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+): ProviderLocaleCatalogMap | undefined {
+	for (const providerDir of [
+		process.cwd(),
+		join(process.cwd(), "providers", provider.id),
+		join(process.cwd(), "providers-staging", provider.id),
+	]) {
+		if (!existsSync(join(providerDir, "locales", "en.json"))) continue;
+		try {
+			return loadProviderLocaleCatalogs({
+				providerDir,
+				locales: AUTH_FLOW_LOCALES,
+			});
+		} catch {
+			return undefined;
+		}
+	}
+	return undefined;
+}
+
+function materializeAuthFlowTurn(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	request: AuthFlowRequest,
+	turn: AuthTurn,
+): AuthTurn {
+	const catalogs = loadAuthFlowLocaleCatalogs(provider);
+	if (!catalogs) return turn;
+	return localizeAuthTurn(turn, {
+		catalogs,
+		locale: authFlowLocaleFromHeaders(request.headers),
+	});
+}
+
+function withAuthRequestHeaders(request: AuthFlowRequest, headers: Headers): AuthFlowRequest {
+	return {
+		...request,
+		headers: {
+			...(request.headers ?? {}),
+			...Object.fromEntries(headers.entries()),
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+async function handleOperation(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	request: OperationRequest,
+	operationId: string,
+	options: ProviderServerRuntimeOptions,
+	state: ProviderRuntimeState = createUnsupportedProviderRuntimeState(),
+	proxyTelemetry?: ProxyTelemetryCollector,
+	signal?: AbortSignal,
+): Promise<Response | OperationResponse> {
+	const ctx = createProviderContext(
+		provider,
+		request,
+		operationId,
+		options,
+		state,
+		proxyTelemetry,
+		signal,
+	);
+	const operation = provider.operations[operationId];
+	const streaming = operation?.transport?.kind && operation.transport.kind !== "json";
+	let cleanupCalled = false;
+	const cleanup = async () => {
+		if (cleanupCalled) return;
+		cleanupCalled = true;
+		try {
+			ctx.stealth.close?.();
+		} catch (error) {
+			logProviderCleanupError(
+				options.logger,
+				provider,
+				"operation",
+				operationId,
+				request.requestId,
+				"stealth",
+				error,
+			);
+		}
+		try {
+			await ctx.browser.close?.();
+		} catch (error) {
+			logProviderCleanupError(
+				options.logger,
+				provider,
+				"operation",
+				operationId,
+				request.requestId,
+				"browser",
+				error,
+			);
+		}
+	};
+	try {
+		const result = options.operationExecutor
+			? await options.operationExecutor({
+					provider,
+					operationId,
+					ctx,
+					request,
+					signal,
+				})
+			: await executeOperation(provider, operationId, ctx, request.input);
+		if (streaming && operation) {
+			return toStreamingResponse(operation, result, cleanup, request.requestId);
+		}
+		return toJsonSuccessResponse(result, ctx);
+	} catch (error) {
+		await cleanup();
+		throw error;
+	} finally {
+		if (!streaming) await cleanup();
+	}
+}
+
+function responseWithProviderTelemetry(
+	response: Response,
+	proxyTelemetry?: ProxyTelemetryCollector,
+): Response {
+	const headerValue = proxyTelemetry?.toHeaderValue();
+	const headers = new Headers(response.headers);
+	headers.delete(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER);
+	if (headerValue) headers.set(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, headerValue);
+	return new Response(response.body, {
+		headers,
+		status: response.status,
+		statusText: response.statusText,
+	});
+}
+
+type AuthRoute = "start" | "continue" | "poll" | "abort" | "refresh";
+
+async function handleAuthFlow(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	request: AuthFlowRequest,
+	route: AuthRoute,
+	options: ProviderServerRuntimeOptions,
+	state: ProviderRuntimeState,
+	proxyTelemetry?: ProxyTelemetryCollector,
+	signal?: AbortSignal,
+): Promise<Response | AuthFlowResponse> {
+	const flow = provider.auth?.flow;
+	if (!flow) {
+		throw new ProviderError("Auth flow is not configured", {
+			code: "AUTH_FLOW_NOT_CONFIGURED",
+		});
+	}
+
+	// Same SDK-owned gate as executeOperation: OAuth/credentials ceremonies
+	// depend on declared secrets (client ids/secrets), so fail structured before
+	// any flow code runs instead of at whatever point the ceremony first reads
+	// the env. `abort` stays exempt: a user must always be able to cancel a
+	// stranded flow even when provisioning is broken.
+	const { context, getPatch } = createAuthFlowContext(
+		provider,
+		request,
+		options,
+		state,
+		proxyTelemetry,
+		signal,
+	);
+	try {
+		if (route !== "abort") {
+			assertRequiredSecretsPresent(provider, context.env);
+		}
+		const result =
+			route === "start"
+				? await flow.start(context)
+				: route === "continue"
+					? await flow.continue(context, request.input ?? {})
+					: route === "poll"
+						? flow.poll
+							? await flow.poll(context)
+							: null
+						: route === "abort"
+							? flow.abort
+								? await flow.abort(context)
+								: null
+							: flow.refresh
+								? await flow.refresh(context, request.input ?? {})
+								: null;
+
+		if (route === "refresh" && !flow.refresh) {
+			throw new AuthError("Provider auth flow does not support refresh.", {
+				code: "refresh_not_supported",
+			});
+		}
+
+		const materializedResult =
+			result &&
+			!(result instanceof Response) &&
+			!(result instanceof ReadableStream) &&
+			isAuthTurn(result)
+				? materializeAuthFlowTurn(provider, request, result)
+				: result;
+		return toAuthFlowResponse(materializedResult, getPatch());
+	} catch (error) {
+		if (error instanceof AuthAbortError) {
+			return toAuthFlowResponse(error.turn, getPatch());
+		}
+		throw error;
+	} finally {
+		try {
+			context.stealth.close?.();
+		} catch (error) {
+			logProviderCleanupError(
+				options.logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				route,
+				request.requestId,
+				"stealth",
+				error,
+			);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+class StatefulForwardingReplayCache {
+	readonly #nonces = new Map<string, number>();
+	readonly #expiryBuckets = new Map<number, Set<string>>();
+	#nextExpiryBucket?: number;
+	#latestExpiryBucket?: number;
+
+	constructor(private readonly maxEntries: number) {}
+
+	claim(nonce: string, expiresAtMs: number, nowMs: number): "accepted" | "replayed" | "full" {
+		this.dropExpiredBuckets(nowMs);
+		if (this.#nonces.has(nonce)) return "replayed";
+		if (this.#nonces.size >= this.maxEntries) return "full";
+		const expiryBucket =
+			Math.ceil(expiresAtMs / STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_BUCKET_MS) *
+			STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_BUCKET_MS;
+		this.#nonces.set(nonce, expiryBucket);
+		const bucket = this.#expiryBuckets.get(expiryBucket) ?? new Set<string>();
+		bucket.add(nonce);
+		this.#expiryBuckets.set(expiryBucket, bucket);
+		this.#nextExpiryBucket = Math.min(this.#nextExpiryBucket ?? expiryBucket, expiryBucket);
+		this.#latestExpiryBucket = Math.max(this.#latestExpiryBucket ?? expiryBucket, expiryBucket);
+		return "accepted";
+	}
+
+	private dropExpiredBuckets(nowMs: number): void {
+		if (this.#nextExpiryBucket === undefined || this.#latestExpiryBucket === undefined) return;
+		if (nowMs >= this.#latestExpiryBucket) {
+			this.#nonces.clear();
+			this.#expiryBuckets.clear();
+			this.#nextExpiryBucket = undefined;
+			this.#latestExpiryBucket = undefined;
+			return;
+		}
+		while (this.#nextExpiryBucket <= nowMs) {
+			const bucket = this.#expiryBuckets.get(this.#nextExpiryBucket);
+			if (bucket) {
+				for (const cachedNonce of bucket) this.#nonces.delete(cachedNonce);
+				this.#expiryBuckets.delete(this.#nextExpiryBucket);
+			}
+			this.#nextExpiryBucket += STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_BUCKET_MS;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+function verifyStatefulForwardingRequest(input: {
+	readonly options: ProviderServerOptions;
+	readonly rawBody: string;
+	readonly headers: Headers;
+	readonly method: string;
+	readonly path: string;
+	readonly replayCache: StatefulForwardingReplayCache;
+}): void {
+	const config = input.options.statefulForwarding;
+	if (!config?.secret) {
+		throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding is not configured.", {
+			code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_NOT_CONFIGURED",
+		});
+	}
+	const timestamp = input.headers.get(STATEFUL_FORWARDING_TIMESTAMP_HEADER) ?? "";
+	const signature = input.headers.get(STATEFUL_FORWARDING_SIGNATURE_HEADER) ?? "";
+	const nonce = input.headers.get(STATEFUL_FORWARDING_NONCE_HEADER) ?? "";
+	if (!timestamp || !signature || !nonce) {
+		throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding signature headers are missing.", {
+			code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_SIGNATURE_MISSING",
+		});
+	}
+	if (nonce.length > 256) {
+		throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding nonce is invalid.", {
+			code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_NONCE_INVALID",
+		});
+	}
+	const timestampMs = Date.parse(timestamp);
+	const maxSkewMs = config.maxSkewMs ?? DEFAULT_STATEFUL_FORWARDING_MAX_SKEW_MS;
+	if (!Number.isFinite(timestampMs) || Math.abs(Date.now() - timestampMs) > maxSkewMs) {
+		throw new ProviderError(
+			"Stateful forwarding signature timestamp is outside the allowed skew.",
+			{ code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_TIMESTAMP_INVALID" },
+		);
+	}
+	if (
+		!verifyStatefulRequestSignature({
+			secret: config.secret,
+			timestamp,
+			rawBody: input.rawBody,
+			method: input.method,
+			path: input.path,
+			nonce,
+			signature,
+		})
+	) {
+		throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding signature is invalid.", {
+			code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_SIGNATURE_INVALID",
+		});
+	}
+	const replayResult = input.replayCache.claim(nonce, timestampMs + maxSkewMs, Date.now());
+	if (replayResult === "replayed") {
+		throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding nonce has already been used.", {
+			code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_DETECTED",
+		});
+	}
+	if (replayResult === "full") {
+		throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding replay cache is at capacity.", {
+			code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_CACHE_FULL",
+		});
+	}
+}
+
+function operationRequestFromForwardingEnvelope(
+	envelope: ProviderServerStatefulForwardEnvelope,
+): OperationRequest & { readonly deadlineAt?: string } {
+	return {
+		...envelope.operationRequest,
+		...(envelope.deadlineAt !== undefined ? { deadlineAt: envelope.deadlineAt } : {}),
+	};
+}
+
+function parseStatefulForwardingEnvelope(rawBody: unknown): ProviderServerStatefulForwardEnvelope {
+	const parsed = ProviderServerStatefulForwardEnvelopeSchema.safeParse(rawBody);
+	if (parsed.success) return parsed.data;
+	throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding envelope is invalid.", {
+		code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_ENVELOPE_INVALID",
+		details: zodDetails(parsed.error),
+	});
+}
+
+/**
+ * Primary, cross-runtime app factory. Declared capability ESM is preloaded
+ * asynchronously, so this path works on Bun and every supported Node release.
+ */
+export async function createServerAppAsync(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	options: ProviderServerOptions = {},
+): Promise<Hono> {
+	validateFailClosedDeclaration(provider);
+	validateStatefulServerConfig(options);
+	return createServerAppWithCapabilityModules(
+		provider,
+		options,
+		await loadProviderCapabilityModules(provider),
+	);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Synchronous compatibility factory. Standard providers remain synchronous on
+ * every runtime because they load no capability modules. Providers declaring a
+ * capability require Bun or Node >=22.12; older Node releases receive an
+ * actionable error directing them to createServerAppAsync().
+ */
+export function createServerApp(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	options: ProviderServerOptions = {},
+): Hono {
+	validateFailClosedDeclaration(provider);
+	validateStatefulServerConfig(options);
+	return createServerAppWithCapabilityModules(
+		provider,
+		options,
+		loadProviderCapabilityModulesSync(provider),
+	);
+}
+
+function createServerAppWithCapabilityModules(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	serverOptions: ProviderServerOptions,
+	capabilityModules: ProviderCapabilityModules,
+): Hono {
+	const options: ProviderServerRuntimeOptions = { ...serverOptions, capabilityModules };
+	const app = new Hono();
+	const logger = options.logger ?? defaultProviderServerLogger;
+	const operationErrorCodes = buildOperationErrorCodeLookup(provider);
+	const statefulForwardingReplayCache = new StatefulForwardingReplayCache(
+		options.statefulForwarding?.replayCacheMaxEntries ??
+			DEFAULT_STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES,
+	);
+	const state =
+		options.state ??
+		createProviderRuntimeStateFromEnv({
+			providerId: provider.id,
+			allowMemoryFallback: options.allowMemoryStateFallback === true,
+		});
+
+	// Boot-time visibility for unprovisioned declared secrets: emit a structured
+	// warn so deploy tooling/alerting sees the gap the moment the pod boots,
+	// instead of discovering it request-by-request. Deliberately log-only — a
+	// boot crash would trade a structured MISSING_SECRET signal for
+	// CrashLoopBackOff. Requests still fail closed via the executeOperation gate.
+	const missingSecretsAtBoot = listMissingRequiredSecrets(
+		provider,
+		createEnvContext(provider.secrets?.map((secret) => secret.name)),
+	);
+	if (missingSecretsAtBoot.length > 0) {
+		logger({
+			level: "warn",
+			event: "provider_secrets_missing",
+			providerId: provider.id,
+			missingSecrets: missingSecretsAtBoot,
+		});
+	}
+
+	app.notFound((c) => {
+		const error = new ProviderError("Not found", { code: "not_found", retryable: false });
+		return responseWithErrorObservability(c.json(toErrorResponse(error), 404), error);
+	});
+
+	app.get("/health", (c) =>
+		c.json({
+			status: "ok",
+			provider: provider.id,
+			version: provider.version,
+		}),
+	);
+
+	app.post(STATEFUL_INTERNAL_OPERATIONS_ROUTE, async (c) => {
+		let rawBodyText = "";
+		let rawBody: unknown;
+		let operationId: string | undefined;
+		const operation = "stateful-internal";
+		const requestCost = startRequestCost();
+		try {
+			if (!options.internalOperationExecutor) {
+				throw new ProviderError("Stateful internal operation executor is not configured.", {
+					code: "STATEFUL_INTERNAL_EXECUTOR_NOT_CONFIGURED",
+				});
+			}
+			rawBodyText = await c.req.raw.clone().text();
+			verifyStatefulForwardingRequest({
+				options,
+				rawBody: rawBodyText,
+				headers: c.req.raw.headers,
+				method: c.req.raw.method,
+				path: STATEFUL_INTERNAL_OPERATIONS_ROUTE,
+				replayCache: statefulForwardingReplayCache,
+			});
+			try {
+				rawBody = JSON.parse(rawBodyText);
+			} catch {
+				throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding envelope is not valid JSON.", {
+					code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_ENVELOPE_INVALID",
+				});
+			}
+			const envelope = parseStatefulForwardingEnvelope(rawBody);
+			if (envelope.providerId !== provider.id) {
+				throw new ProviderError(
+					"Stateful forwarding envelope providerId does not match the served provider.",
+					{ code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_PROVIDER_MISMATCH" },
+				);
+			}
+			if (envelope.requestId !== envelope.operationRequest.requestId) {
+				throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding requestId values do not match.", {
+					code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_ENVELOPE_INVALID",
+				});
+			}
+			if (
+				envelope.sourcePodId !==
+				(c.req.raw.headers.get(STATEFUL_FORWARDING_SOURCE_POD_HEADER) ?? "")
+			) {
+				throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding source pod does not match its header.", {
+					code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_SOURCE_POD_MISMATCH",
+				});
+			}
+			if (
+				envelope.forwardedAt !== (c.req.raw.headers.get(STATEFUL_FORWARDING_TIMESTAMP_HEADER) ?? "")
+			) {
+				throw new ProviderError(
+					"Stateful forwarding forwardedAt does not match its signature timestamp.",
+					{ code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_ENVELOPE_INVALID" },
+				);
+			}
+			const deadlineAtMs = envelope.deadlineAt ? Date.parse(envelope.deadlineAt) : undefined;
+			if (deadlineAtMs !== undefined && deadlineAtMs <= Date.now()) {
+				throw new StatefulRoutingDeadlineError(envelope.requestId, envelope.deadlineAt as string);
+			}
+			const remainingDeadlineMs =
+				deadlineAtMs === undefined ? undefined : deadlineAtMs - Date.now();
+			const deadlineSignal =
+				remainingDeadlineMs === undefined ? undefined : AbortSignal.timeout(remainingDeadlineMs);
+			const signal = deadlineSignal
+				? AbortSignal.any([c.req.raw.signal, deadlineSignal])
+				: c.req.raw.signal;
+			const ownerFenceValidation = Promise.resolve(
+				options.statefulForwarding?.validateOwnerFence(
+					{
+						providerId: envelope.providerId,
+						sessionKey: envelope.sessionKey,
+						ownerPodId: envelope.ownerPodId,
+						generation: envelope.generation,
+						sourcePodId: envelope.sourcePodId,
+						forwardedAt: envelope.forwardedAt,
+						requestId: envelope.requestId,
+						...(envelope.idempotencyKey ? { idempotencyKey: envelope.idempotencyKey } : {}),
+					},
+					signal,
+				),
+			);
+			let ownerFenceValid: boolean | undefined;
+			try {
+				ownerFenceValid = deadlineSignal
+					? await Promise.race([
+							ownerFenceValidation,
+							new Promise<never>((_resolve, reject) => {
+								deadlineSignal.addEventListener(
+									"abort",
+									() =>
+										reject(
+											new StatefulRoutingDeadlineError(
+												envelope.requestId,
+												envelope.deadlineAt as string,
+											),
+										),
+									{ once: true },
+								);
+							}),
+						])
+					: await ownerFenceValidation;
+			} catch (error) {
+				if (deadlineSignal?.aborted) {
+					throw new StatefulRoutingDeadlineError(envelope.requestId, envelope.deadlineAt as string);
+				}
+				throw error;
+			}
+			if (ownerFenceValid !== true) {
+				throw new ProviderError("Stateful forwarding owner fence is no longer current.", {
+					code: "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_OWNER_FENCE_INVALID",
+				});
+			}
+			const request = operationRequestFromForwardingEnvelope(envelope);
+			operationId = envelope.operationId;
+			const ctx = createProviderContext(
+				provider,
+				request,
+				operationId,
+				options,
+				state,
+				undefined,
+				signal,
+			);
+			if (deadlineAtMs !== undefined && deadlineAtMs <= Date.now()) {
+				throw new StatefulRoutingDeadlineError(envelope.requestId, envelope.deadlineAt as string);
+			}
+			const output = await options.internalOperationExecutor({
+				provider,
+				operationId,
+				ctx,
+				request,
+				internalStatefulForward: envelope,
+				signal,
+			});
+			logProviderSuccess(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"operation",
+				operationId || operation,
+				request.requestId,
+				200,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+			);
+			return c.json({ data: output });
+		} catch (error) {
+			const declaredErrorCode = declaredErrorCodeFor(error, operationId, operationErrorCodes);
+			const status = toStatusCode(error, declaredErrorCode);
+			if (isProviderError(error) && error.code === "STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_CACHE_FULL") {
+				c.header("Retry-After", String(STATEFUL_FORWARDING_REPLAY_RETRY_AFTER_SECONDS));
+			}
+			const requestId = extractRequestId(rawBody);
+			logProviderError(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"operation",
+				operationId || operation,
+				requestId,
+				error,
+				status,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				declaredErrorCode,
+			);
+			return responseWithErrorObservability(
+				c.json(toErrorResponse(error, requestId, declaredErrorCode), status),
+				error,
+				declaredErrorCode,
+			);
+		}
+	});
+
+	app.post("/v1/:operation", async (c) => {
+		let rawBody: unknown;
+		const operation = c.req.param("operation");
+		const proxyTelemetry = new ProxyTelemetryCollector();
+		const requestCost = startRequestCost();
+		try {
+			rawBody = await c.req.raw
+				.clone()
+				.json()
+				.catch(() => undefined);
+			const body = OperationRequestSchema.parse(rawBody);
+			const requestHeaders = Object.fromEntries(c.req.raw.headers.entries());
+			body.headers = { ...requestHeaders, ...body.headers };
+			const response = await handleOperation(
+				provider,
+				body,
+				operation,
+				options,
+				state,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+				c.req.raw.signal,
+			);
+			if (response instanceof Response) {
+				logProviderSuccess(
+					logger,
+					provider,
+					"operation",
+					operation,
+					body.requestId,
+					response.status,
+					finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+					proxyTelemetry,
+				);
+				return responseWithProviderTelemetry(response, proxyTelemetry);
+			}
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			logProviderSuccess(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"operation",
+				operation,
+				body.requestId,
+				200,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			return c.json(response);
+		} catch (error) {
+			const declaredErrorCode = declaredErrorCodeFor(error, operation, operationErrorCodes);
+			const status = toStatusCode(error, declaredErrorCode);
+			const requestId = extractRequestId(rawBody);
+			logProviderError(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"operation",
+				operation,
+				requestId,
+				error,
+				status,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				declaredErrorCode,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return responseWithErrorObservability(
+				c.json(toErrorResponse(error, requestId, declaredErrorCode), status),
+				error,
+				declaredErrorCode,
+			);
+		}
+	});
+
+	app.post("/auth/start", async (c) => {
+		let rawBody: unknown;
+		const proxyTelemetry = new ProxyTelemetryCollector();
+		const requestCost = startRequestCost();
+		try {
+			rawBody = await c.req.raw
+				.clone()
+				.json()
+				.catch(() => undefined);
+			const body = withAuthRequestHeaders(AuthFlowRequestSchema.parse(rawBody), c.req.raw.headers);
+			const response = await handleAuthFlow(
+				provider,
+				body,
+				"start",
+				options,
+				state,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+				c.req.raw.signal,
+			);
+			logProviderSuccess(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"start",
+				body.requestId,
+				response instanceof Response ? response.status : 200,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			if (response instanceof Response)
+				return responseWithProviderTelemetry(response, proxyTelemetry);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return c.json(response);
+		} catch (error) {
+			const status = toStatusCode(error);
+			const requestId = extractRequestId(rawBody);
+			logProviderError(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"start",
+				requestId,
+				error,
+				status,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				undefined,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return responseWithErrorObservability(
+				c.json(toErrorResponse(error, requestId), status),
+				error,
+			);
+		}
+	});
+
+	app.post("/auth/continue", async (c) => {
+		let rawBody: unknown;
+		const proxyTelemetry = new ProxyTelemetryCollector();
+		const requestCost = startRequestCost();
+		try {
+			rawBody = await c.req.raw
+				.clone()
+				.json()
+				.catch(() => undefined);
+			const body = withAuthRequestHeaders(AuthFlowRequestSchema.parse(rawBody), c.req.raw.headers);
+			const response = await handleAuthFlow(
+				provider,
+				body,
+				"continue",
+				options,
+				state,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+				c.req.raw.signal,
+			);
+			logProviderSuccess(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"continue",
+				body.requestId,
+				response instanceof Response ? response.status : 200,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			if (response instanceof Response)
+				return responseWithProviderTelemetry(response, proxyTelemetry);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return c.json(response);
+		} catch (error) {
+			const status = toStatusCode(error);
+			const requestId = extractRequestId(rawBody);
+			logProviderError(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"continue",
+				requestId,
+				error,
+				status,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				undefined,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return responseWithErrorObservability(
+				c.json(toErrorResponse(error, requestId), status),
+				error,
+			);
+		}
+	});
+
+	app.post("/auth/poll", async (c) => {
+		let rawBody: unknown;
+		const proxyTelemetry = new ProxyTelemetryCollector();
+		const requestCost = startRequestCost();
+		try {
+			rawBody = await c.req.raw
+				.clone()
+				.json()
+				.catch(() => undefined);
+			const body = withAuthRequestHeaders(AuthFlowRequestSchema.parse(rawBody), c.req.raw.headers);
+			const response = await handleAuthFlow(
+				provider,
+				body,
+				"poll",
+				options,
+				state,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+				c.req.raw.signal,
+			);
+			logProviderSuccess(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"poll",
+				body.requestId,
+				response instanceof Response ? response.status : 200,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			if (response instanceof Response)
+				return responseWithProviderTelemetry(response, proxyTelemetry);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return c.json(response);
+		} catch (error) {
+			const status = toStatusCode(error);
+			const requestId = extractRequestId(rawBody);
+			logProviderError(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"poll",
+				requestId,
+				error,
+				status,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				undefined,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return responseWithErrorObservability(
+				c.json(toErrorResponse(error, requestId), status),
+				error,
+			);
+		}
+	});
+
+	app.post("/auth/refresh", async (c) => {
+		let rawBody: unknown;
+		const proxyTelemetry = new ProxyTelemetryCollector();
+		const requestCost = startRequestCost();
+		try {
+			rawBody = await c.req.raw
+				.clone()
+				.json()
+				.catch(() => undefined);
+			const body = withAuthRequestHeaders(AuthFlowRequestSchema.parse(rawBody), c.req.raw.headers);
+			const response = await handleAuthFlow(
+				provider,
+				body,
+				"refresh",
+				options,
+				state,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+				c.req.raw.signal,
+			);
+			logProviderSuccess(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"refresh",
+				body.requestId,
+				response instanceof Response ? response.status : 200,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			if (response instanceof Response)
+				return responseWithProviderTelemetry(response, proxyTelemetry);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return c.json(response);
+		} catch (error) {
+			const status = toStatusCode(error);
+			const requestId = extractRequestId(rawBody);
+			logProviderError(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"refresh",
+				requestId,
+				error,
+				status,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				undefined,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return responseWithErrorObservability(
+				c.json(toErrorResponse(error, requestId), status),
+				error,
+			);
+		}
+	});
+
+	app.post("/auth/disconnect", async (c) => {
+		let rawBody: unknown;
+		const proxyTelemetry = new ProxyTelemetryCollector();
+		const requestCost = startRequestCost();
+		try {
+			rawBody = await c.req.raw
+				.clone()
+				.json()
+				.catch(() => undefined);
+			const body = withAuthRequestHeaders(AuthFlowRequestSchema.parse(rawBody), c.req.raw.headers);
+			const response = await handleAuthFlow(
+				provider,
+				body,
+				"abort",
+				options,
+				state,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+				c.req.raw.signal,
+			);
+			logProviderSuccess(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"disconnect",
+				body.requestId,
+				response instanceof Response ? response.status : 200,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			if (response instanceof Response)
+				return responseWithProviderTelemetry(response, proxyTelemetry);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return c.json(response);
+		} catch (error) {
+			const status = toStatusCode(error);
+			const requestId = extractRequestId(rawBody);
+			logProviderError(
+				logger,
+				provider,
+				"auth",
+				"disconnect",
+				requestId,
+				error,
+				status,
+				finishRequestCost(requestCost),
+				undefined,
+				proxyTelemetry,
+			);
+			const telemetryHeader = proxyTelemetry.toHeaderValue();
+			if (telemetryHeader) c.header(PROVIDER_TELEMETRY_HEADER, telemetryHeader);
+			return responseWithErrorObservability(
+				c.json(toErrorResponse(error, requestId), status),
+				error,
+			);
+		}
+	});
+
+	return app;
+}
+
+function validateStatefulServerConfig(options: ProviderServerOptions): void {
+	if (options.statefulForwarding && !options.internalOperationExecutor) {
+		throw new Error(
+			"Invalid provider server configuration: statefulForwarding requires internalOperationExecutor; missing option internalOperationExecutor.",
+		);
+	}
+	if (options.internalOperationExecutor && !options.statefulForwarding?.secret) {
+		throw new Error(
+			"Invalid provider server configuration: internalOperationExecutor requires statefulForwarding.secret; missing option statefulForwarding.secret.",
+		);
+	}
+	if (
+		options.statefulForwarding &&
+		typeof options.statefulForwarding.validateOwnerFence !== "function"
+	) {
+		throw new Error(
+			"Invalid provider server configuration: statefulForwarding requires validateOwnerFence.",
+		);
+	}
+	if (
+		options.statefulForwarding?.maxSkewMs !== undefined &&
+		(!Number.isFinite(options.statefulForwarding.maxSkewMs) ||
+			options.statefulForwarding.maxSkewMs <= 0)
+	) {
+		throw new Error("Invalid provider server configuration: maxSkewMs must be positive.");
+	}
+	if (
+		options.statefulForwarding?.replayCacheMaxEntries !== undefined &&
+		(!Number.isInteger(options.statefulForwarding.replayCacheMaxEntries) ||
+			options.statefulForwarding.replayCacheMaxEntries <= 0)
+	) {
+		throw new Error(
+			"Invalid provider server configuration: replayCacheMaxEntries must be a positive integer.",
+		);
+	}
+}
+
+type BunServeRuntime = {
+	serve: (options: {
+		port: number;
+		hostname: string;
+		fetch: (request: Request) => Response | Promise<Response>;
+	}) => BunServerHandle;
+};
+
+type BunServerHandle = {
+	readonly port: number;
+	stop(closeActiveConnections?: boolean): Promise<void>;
+};
+
+function getBunServeRuntime(): BunServeRuntime | undefined {
+	const bunValue = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, "Bun")?.value;
+	if (!bunValue || typeof bunValue !== "object") {
+		return undefined;
+	}
+
+	const serve = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(bunValue, "serve")?.value;
+	if (typeof serve !== "function") {
+		return undefined;
+	}
+
+	return {
+		serve(options) {
+			return serve(options) as BunServerHandle;
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+export type ProviderServerCloseOptions = {
+	readonly timeoutMs?: number;
+};
+
+export type ProviderServerHandle = {
+	readonly port: number;
+	close(options?: ProviderServerCloseOptions): Promise<void>;
+};
+
+export interface ServeOptions extends ProviderServerOptions {
+	host?: string;
+	port?: number;
+	/**
+	 * Port for the internal self-test listener (default 3001 or
+	 * APIFUSE__PROVIDER_RUNTIME__SELF_TEST_PORT). The listener only starts
+	 * when APIFUSE__PROVIDER_RUNTIME__SELF_TEST_MASTER_SECRET is present.
+	 */
+	selfTestPort?: number;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+const DEFAULT_SHUTDOWN_SIGNALS: NodeJS.Signals[] = ["SIGTERM", "SIGINT"];
+
+type SignalServerRegistration = {
+	readonly signals: ReadonlySet<NodeJS.Signals>;
+	readonly close: () => Promise<void>;
+};
+
+type ProcessSignalCoordinator = {
+	readonly registrations: Set<SignalServerRegistration>;
+	readonly listener: () => void;
+	handling: boolean;
+};
+
+const processSignalCoordinators = new Map<NodeJS.Signals, ProcessSignalCoordinator>();
+
+export async function serve(
+	provider: ProviderDefinition,
+	options: ServeOptions = {},
+): Promise<ProviderServerHandle> {
+	const bunRuntime = getBunServeRuntime();
+
+	if (bunRuntime === undefined) {
+		throw new ProviderError("Bun runtime is required to start the provider server", {
+			code: "RUNTIME_UNSUPPORTED",
+		});
+	}
+	const logger = options.logger ?? defaultProviderServerLogger;
+	const configuredTimeoutMs = shutdownTimeout(
+		options.shutdown?.timeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_MS,
+	);
+	const configuredSignals = resolveShutdownSignals(options.shutdown?.signals ?? true);
+	const selfTestSecrets = resolveSelfTestMasterSecrets();
+	const serverAppOptions: ProviderServerOptions = {
+		logger: options.logger,
+		ocr: options.ocr,
+		stt: options.stt,
+		resolver: options.resolver,
+		state: options.state,
+		allowMemoryStateFallback: options.allowMemoryStateFallback,
+		operationExecutor: options.operationExecutor,
+		internalOperationExecutor: options.internalOperationExecutor,
+		statefulForwarding: options.statefulForwarding,
+	};
+	const [app, selfTestModule] = await Promise.all([
+		createServerAppAsync(provider, serverAppOptions),
+		selfTestSecrets ? import("./self-test.js") : undefined,
+	]);
+
+	const servers: BunServerHandle[] = [];
+	try {
+		servers.push(
+			bunRuntime.serve({
+				port: options.port ?? DEFAULT_PORT,
+				hostname: options.host ?? DEFAULT_HOST,
+				fetch: app.fetch,
+			}),
+		);
+
+		// Internal self-test listener (health dependency inversion): a SEPARATE
+		// socket the tenant-facing gateway never dials. Off by default — it only
+		// starts when the shared self-test master secret env is present.
+		if (selfTestSecrets && selfTestModule) {
+			const selfTestApp = selfTestModule.createSelfTestApp(provider, {
+				secrets: selfTestSecrets,
+				invoke: selfTestModule.createSelfTestInvoke(app),
+				authFlow: selfTestModule.createSelfTestAuthFlowInvoke(app),
+				logger,
+			});
+			servers.push(
+				bunRuntime.serve({
+					port: options.selfTestPort ?? selfTestModule.resolveSelfTestPort(),
+					hostname: options.host ?? DEFAULT_HOST,
+					fetch: selfTestApp.fetch,
+				}),
+			);
+		}
+	} catch (error) {
+		await Promise.allSettled(servers.map((startedServer) => startedServer.stop(true)));
+		throw error;
+	}
+
+	const server = servers[0];
+	if (!server) throw new Error("Provider server failed to create its primary listener.");
+	let closePromise: Promise<void> | undefined;
+	let unregisterSignals = () => {};
+
+	const close = (closeOptions: ProviderServerCloseOptions = {}): Promise<void> => {
+		if (closePromise) return closePromise;
+		const timeoutMs = shutdownTimeout(closeOptions.timeoutMs ?? configuredTimeoutMs);
+		closePromise = closeProviderServers({
+			servers,
+			hooks: options.shutdown?.hooks ?? [],
+			timeoutMs,
+			logger,
+			providerId: provider.id,
+		}).finally(() => unregisterSignals());
+		return closePromise;
+	};
+
+	try {
+		unregisterSignals = registerForProcessSignals(configuredSignals, () =>
+			close({ timeoutMs: configuredTimeoutMs }),
+		);
+	} catch (error) {
+		unregisterSignals();
+		await Promise.allSettled(servers.map((startedServer) => startedServer.stop(true)));
+		throw error;
+	}
+
+	return { port: server.port, close };
+}
+
+function registerForProcessSignals(
+	signals: NodeJS.Signals[],
+	close: () => Promise<void>,
+): () => void {
+	if (signals.length === 0) return () => {};
+	const registration: SignalServerRegistration = {
+		signals: new Set(signals),
+		close,
+	};
+	let registered = true;
+	const unregister = () => {
+		if (!registered) return;
+		registered = false;
+		for (const signal of registration.signals) {
+			const coordinator = processSignalCoordinators.get(signal);
+			if (!coordinator) continue;
+			coordinator.registrations.delete(registration);
+			if (coordinator.registrations.size === 0 && !coordinator.handling) {
+				process.removeListener(signal, coordinator.listener);
+				processSignalCoordinators.delete(signal);
+			}
+		}
+	};
+	try {
+		for (const signal of signals) {
+			let coordinator = processSignalCoordinators.get(signal);
+			if (!coordinator) {
+				const created: ProcessSignalCoordinator = {
+					registrations: new Set(),
+					handling: false,
+					listener: () => handleCoordinatedSignal(signal, created),
+				};
+				coordinator = created;
+				processSignalCoordinators.set(signal, coordinator);
+				process.on(signal, coordinator.listener);
+			}
+			coordinator.registrations.add(registration);
+		}
+	} catch (error) {
+		unregister();
+		throw error;
+	}
+	return unregister;
+}
+
+function handleCoordinatedSignal(
+	signal: NodeJS.Signals,
+	coordinator: ProcessSignalCoordinator,
+): void {
+	if (coordinator.handling) return;
+	coordinator.handling = true;
+	const registrations = [...coordinator.registrations];
+	void Promise.allSettled(registrations.map((registration) => registration.close())).finally(() => {
+		if (processSignalCoordinators.get(signal) === coordinator) {
+			process.removeListener(signal, coordinator.listener);
+			processSignalCoordinators.delete(signal);
+		}
+		try {
+			process.kill(process.pid, signal);
+		} catch {
+			process.exitCode = 1;
+		}
+	});
+}
+
+async function closeProviderServers(input: {
+	readonly servers: BunServerHandle[];
+	readonly hooks: Array<() => Promise<void>>;
+	readonly timeoutMs: number;
+	readonly logger: ProviderServerLogger;
+	readonly providerId: string;
+}): Promise<void> {
+	const deadline = Date.now() + input.timeoutMs;
+	const gracefulStops = input.servers.map((server) => server.stop(false));
+	for (const gracefulStop of gracefulStops) gracefulStop.catch(() => undefined);
+	for (const [hookIndex, hook] of input.hooks.entries()) {
+		try {
+			await withinShutdownBudget(Promise.resolve().then(hook), deadline);
+		} catch (error) {
+			try {
+				input.logger({
+					level: "error",
+					event: "provider_shutdown_hook_failed",
+					providerId: input.providerId,
+					hookIndex,
+					errorClass: error instanceof Error ? error.name : "UnknownError",
+					message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : "Shutdown hook failed.",
+				});
+			} catch {}
+		}
+	}
+	const forcedStops = input.servers.map((server) => server.stop(true));
+	await withinShutdownBudget(
+		Promise.allSettled([...gracefulStops, ...forcedStops]).then(() => undefined),
+		deadline,
+	).catch(() => undefined);
+}
+
+async function withinShutdownBudget<T>(promise: Promise<T>, deadline: number): Promise<T> {
+	promise.catch(() => undefined);
+	const remainingMs = Math.max(0, deadline - Date.now());
+	let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
+	const timeout = new Promise<never>((_resolve, reject) => {
+		timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Provider server shutdown timed out.")), remainingMs);
+	});
+	try {
+		return await Promise.race([promise, timeout]);
+	} finally {
+		if (timer) clearTimeout(timer);
+	}
+}
+
+function resolveShutdownSignals(signals: boolean | NodeJS.Signals[]): NodeJS.Signals[] {
+	if (signals === false) return [];
+	return [...new Set(signals === true ? DEFAULT_SHUTDOWN_SIGNALS : signals)];
+}
+
+function shutdownTimeout(value: number): number {
+	if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value < 0) {
+		throw new Error("Provider server shutdown timeoutMs must be a non-negative finite number.");
+	}
+	return value;
+}