@aleph-ai/tinyaleph 1.3.0 → 1.4.0

package/core/quaternion-semantics.js

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+/**
+ * Quaternionic Semantic Embedding (PIQC.pdf §3)
+ *
+ * Prime-indexed quaternionic semantics for directional meaning:
+ * - Ψ(p) = cos(h(p)) + u(p)sin(h(p)) prime-to-quaternion mapping
+ * - Q(A(p1)...N(q)) = Ψ(p1) ⊗ ... ⊗ Ψ(q) chain composition
+ * - Configurable axis mapping based on prime number-theoretic properties
+ *
+ * The semantic axes are NOT hardcoded with meanings. Instead, the axes
+ * emerge from the prime's number-theoretic properties:
+ * - Quadratic residue character (mod 4, mod 8)
+ * - Position in prime sequence
+ * - Relationship to golden ratio φ
+ *
+ * Meaning emerges from the geometric relationships between primes,
+ * not from predetermined labels.
+ */
+
+const { isPrime, twistAngle, nthPrime } = require('./prime');
+
+// ============================================================================
+// AXIS MAPPING STRATEGIES
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Golden ratio for axis distribution
+ */
+const PHI = (1 + Math.sqrt(5)) / 2;
+
+/**
+ * Base class for axis mapping strategies
+ */
+class AxisMapper {
+    /**
+     * Map a prime to an axis vector {i, j, k}
+     * @param {number} p - Prime number
+     * @returns {{i: number, j: number, k: number}} Unit vector
+     */
+    map(p) {
+        throw new Error('Subclass must implement map()');
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Modular axis mapper - uses quadratic residue properties
+ *
+ * Maps primes to axes based on their behavior mod small numbers:
+ * - p mod 4 determines i-component sign
+ * - p mod 8 determines j-component weight
+ * - p mod 6 determines k-component weight
+ *
+ * This is purely number-theoretic with no semantic labels.
+ */
+class ModularAxisMapper extends AxisMapper {
+    map(p) {
+        // Use quadratic residue character for i-axis
+        // p ≡ 1 (mod 4) means p = a² + b² (sum of two squares)
+        const mod4 = p % 4;
+        const i = mod4 === 1 ? 1 : mod4 === 3 ? -1 : 0;
+        
+        // Use mod 8 for j-axis (determines if p = a² + 2b²)
+        const mod8 = p % 8;
+        const j = (mod8 === 1 || mod8 === 3) ? 1 : (mod8 === 5 || mod8 === 7) ? -1 : 0;
+        
+        // Use mod 6 for k-axis (relates to cubic residues)
+        const mod6 = p % 6;
+        const k = mod6 === 1 ? 1 : mod6 === 5 ? -1 : 0;
+        
+        // Normalize to unit vector
+        const len = Math.sqrt(i*i + j*j + k*k);
+        if (len < 1e-10) {
+            // p = 2 or p = 3: return special axis
+            return p === 2 ? { i: 1, j: 0, k: 0 } : { i: 0, j: 1, k: 0 };
+        }
+        
+        return { i: i/len, j: j/len, k: k/len };
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Golden ratio axis mapper - uses golden angle distribution
+ *
+ * Maps each prime to a point on the unit sphere using the golden angle,
+ * creating maximally uniform distribution (like sunflower seeds).
+ */
+class GoldenAxisMapper extends AxisMapper {
+    constructor() {
+        super();
+        this.primeIndex = new Map();
+        this.currentIndex = 0;
+    }
+    
+    map(p) {
+        // Get or assign index for this prime
+        if (!this.primeIndex.has(p)) {
+            this.primeIndex.set(p, this.currentIndex++);
+        }
+        const n = this.primeIndex.get(p);
+        
+        // Golden angle in radians
+        const goldenAngle = 2 * Math.PI / (PHI * PHI);
+        
+        // Spherical coordinates using golden ratio
+        const theta = goldenAngle * n;
+        const phi = Math.acos(1 - 2 * (n + 0.5) / (this.currentIndex + 1));
+        
+        return {
+            i: Math.sin(phi) * Math.cos(theta),
+            j: Math.sin(phi) * Math.sin(theta),
+            k: Math.cos(phi)
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Twist angle axis mapper - uses κ(p) = 360°/p to distribute axes
+ *
+ * The twist angle naturally encodes the prime's "rotation frequency"
+ * and creates a geometrically meaningful distribution.
+ */
+class TwistAxisMapper extends AxisMapper {
+    map(p) {
+        // Use twist angle for spherical position
+        const kappa = twistAngle(p) * Math.PI / 180;  // to radians
+        
+        // Use log(p) for elevation angle (larger primes → lower elevation)
+        const elevation = Math.PI / 2 * (1 - Math.log(p) / Math.log(1000));
+        
+        return {
+            i: Math.cos(kappa) * Math.cos(elevation),
+            j: Math.sin(kappa) * Math.cos(elevation),
+            k: Math.sin(elevation)
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Custom axis mapper - user provides the mapping function
+ */
+class CustomAxisMapper extends AxisMapper {
+    constructor(mapFn) {
+        super();
+        this.mapFn = mapFn;
+    }
+    
+    map(p) {
+        const axis = this.mapFn(p);
+        // Normalize
+        const len = Math.sqrt(axis.i ** 2 + axis.j ** 2 + axis.k ** 2);
+        if (len < 1e-10) return { i: 1, j: 0, k: 0 };
+        return { i: axis.i / len, j: axis.j / len, k: axis.k / len };
+    }
+}
+
+// Default mapper uses modular arithmetic (purely number-theoretic)
+let defaultMapper = new ModularAxisMapper();
+
+/**
+ * Get the current axis mapper
+ */
+function getAxisMapper() {
+    return defaultMapper;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Set a new axis mapper
+ * @param {AxisMapper} mapper - New mapper to use
+ */
+function setAxisMapper(mapper) {
+    if (!(mapper instanceof AxisMapper)) {
+        throw new TypeError('Mapper must be instance of AxisMapper');
+    }
+    defaultMapper = mapper;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prime → axis mapping using current mapper
+ * @param {number} p - Prime number
+ * @returns {{i: number, j: number, k: number}} Unit axis vector
+ */
+function primeToAxis(p) {
+    return defaultMapper.map(p);
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// UNIT QUATERNION CLASS
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * UnitQuaternion - Quaternion with unit norm for rotations
+ * q = a + bi + cj + dk where |q| = 1
+ */
+class UnitQuaternion {
+    constructor(a = 1, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0) {
+        this.a = a;  // Real/scalar part
+        this.b = b;  // i component
+        this.c = c;  // j component
+        this.d = d;  // k component
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Create unit quaternion from angle-axis representation
+     * q = cos(θ/2) + sin(θ/2)(xi + yj + zk)
+     * 
+     * @param {number} theta - Rotation angle in radians
+     * @param {Object} axis - Axis vector {i, j, k}
+     */
+    static fromAxisAngle(theta, axis) {
+        const halfTheta = theta / 2;
+        const sinHalf = Math.sin(halfTheta);
+        const cosHalf = Math.cos(halfTheta);
+        
+        // Normalize axis
+        const len = Math.sqrt(axis.i ** 2 + axis.j ** 2 + axis.k ** 2);
+        const norm = len > 1e-10 ? len : 1;
+        
+        return new UnitQuaternion(
+            cosHalf,
+            sinHalf * axis.i / norm,
+            sinHalf * axis.j / norm,
+            sinHalf * axis.k / norm
+        );
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Create identity quaternion (1 + 0i + 0j + 0k)
+     */
+    static identity() {
+        return new UnitQuaternion(1, 0, 0, 0);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Hamilton product: q₁ ⊗ q₂ (non-commutative!)
+     */
+    multiply(other) {
+        return new UnitQuaternion(
+            this.a * other.a - this.b * other.b - this.c * other.c - this.d * other.d,
+            this.a * other.b + this.b * other.a + this.c * other.d - this.d * other.c,
+            this.a * other.c - this.b * other.d + this.c * other.a + this.d * other.b,
+            this.a * other.d + this.b * other.c - this.c * other.b + this.d * other.a
+        );
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Quaternion conjugate: q* = a - bi - cj - dk
+     */
+    conjugate() {
+        return new UnitQuaternion(this.a, -this.b, -this.c, -this.d);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Quaternion norm: |q|
+     */
+    norm() {
+        return Math.sqrt(this.a ** 2 + this.b ** 2 + this.c ** 2 + this.d ** 2);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Normalize to unit quaternion
+     */
+    normalize() {
+        const n = this.norm();
+        if (n < 1e-10) return UnitQuaternion.identity();
+        return new UnitQuaternion(
+            this.a / n, this.b / n, this.c / n, this.d / n
+        );
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Inner product with another quaternion
+     */
+    dot(other) {
+        return this.a * other.a + this.b * other.b + this.c * other.c + this.d * other.d;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Extract rotation angle (radians)
+     */
+    angle() {
+        return 2 * Math.acos(Math.min(1, Math.max(-1, this.a)));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Extract rotation axis
+     */
+    axis() {
+        const sinHalf = Math.sqrt(1 - this.a * this.a);
+        if (sinHalf < 1e-10) {
+            return { i: 0, j: 0, k: 1 }; // Default axis
+        }
+        return {
+            i: this.b / sinHalf,
+            j: this.c / sinHalf,
+            k: this.d / sinHalf
+        };
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Spherical linear interpolation (slerp)
+     */
+    slerp(other, t) {
+        let cosTheta = this.dot(other);
+        
+        // Handle negative dot product (take shorter path)
+        let target = other;
+        if (cosTheta < 0) {
+            cosTheta = -cosTheta;
+            target = new UnitQuaternion(-other.a, -other.b, -other.c, -other.d);
+        }
+        
+        if (cosTheta > 0.9995) {
+            // Linear interpolation for nearly parallel quaternions
+            return new UnitQuaternion(
+                this.a + t * (target.a - this.a),
+                this.b + t * (target.b - this.b),
+                this.c + t * (target.c - this.c),
+                this.d + t * (target.d - this.d)
+            ).normalize();
+        }
+        
+        const theta = Math.acos(cosTheta);
+        const sinTheta = Math.sin(theta);
+        const s0 = Math.sin((1 - t) * theta) / sinTheta;
+        const s1 = Math.sin(t * theta) / sinTheta;
+        
+        return new UnitQuaternion(
+            s0 * this.a + s1 * target.a,
+            s0 * this.b + s1 * target.b,
+            s0 * this.c + s1 * target.c,
+            s0 * this.d + s1 * target.d
+        );
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Convert to array [a, b, c, d]
+     */
+    toArray() {
+        return [this.a, this.b, this.c, this.d];
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Clone the quaternion
+     */
+    clone() {
+        return new UnitQuaternion(this.a, this.b, this.c, this.d);
+    }
+    
+    toString() {
+        const parts = [];
+        if (Math.abs(this.a) > 1e-10) parts.push(this.a.toFixed(4));
+        if (Math.abs(this.b) > 1e-10) parts.push(`${this.b.toFixed(4)}i`);
+        if (Math.abs(this.c) > 1e-10) parts.push(`${this.c.toFixed(4)}j`);
+        if (Math.abs(this.d) > 1e-10) parts.push(`${this.d.toFixed(4)}k`);
+        return parts.length > 0 ? parts.join(' + ').replace(/\+ -/g, '- ') : '0';
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// PRIME-TO-QUATERNION MAPPING Ψ(p)
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Prime-to-quaternion mapping functions
+ * 
+ * From PIQC §3.1:
+ * Ψ(p) = cos(h(p)) + u(p)sin(h(p))
+ * 
+ * Where:
+ * - h(p) is the half-angle function
+ * - u(p) is the unit axis function
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Half-angle function h(p)
+ * Maps prime to rotation half-angle
+ */
+function halfAngle(p) {
+    // Use twist angle κ(p) = 360°/p as the rotation angle
+    // h(p) = κ(p)/2 in radians
+    const kappaRad = (twistAngle(p) * Math.PI) / 180;
+    return kappaRad / 2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Axis function u(p)
+ * Maps prime to rotation axis based on semantic category
+ */
+function axisFunction(p) {
+    return primeToAxis(p);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prime-to-quaternion map Ψ(p)
+ * 
+ * @param {number} p - Prime number
+ * @returns {UnitQuaternion} Unit quaternion for this prime
+ */
+function Psi(p) {
+    if (!isPrime(p)) {
+        throw new Error(`Psi requires prime, got ${p}`);
+    }
+    
+    const h = halfAngle(p);
+    const u = axisFunction(p);
+    
+    return UnitQuaternion.fromAxisAngle(2 * h, u);
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// QUATERNIONIC CHAIN COMPOSITION
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Compute quaternionic embedding of an operator chain
+ * 
+ * Q(A(p₁)...A(pₖ)N(q)) = Ψ(p₁) ⊗ ... ⊗ Ψ(pₖ) ⊗ Ψ(q)
+ * 
+ * @param {number[]} operatorPrimes - Array of operator primes [p₁, ..., pₖ]
+ * @param {number} nounPrime - Noun prime q
+ * @returns {UnitQuaternion} Composed quaternion
+ */
+function quaternionicChain(operatorPrimes, nounPrime) {
+    // Start with identity
+    let result = UnitQuaternion.identity();
+    
+    // Apply operators left-to-right (Hamilton product is associative)
+    for (const p of operatorPrimes) {
+        result = result.multiply(Psi(p));
+    }
+    
+    // Apply noun quaternion
+    result = result.multiply(Psi(nounPrime));
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Verify non-commutativity of quaternionic composition
+ * 
+ * @param {number} p1 - First prime
+ * @param {number} p2 - Second prime
+ * @returns {Object} Comparison of Ψ(p₁)⊗Ψ(p₂) vs Ψ(p₂)⊗Ψ(p₁)
+ */
+function verifyNonCommutativity(p1, p2) {
+    const psi1 = Psi(p1);
+    const psi2 = Psi(p2);
+    
+    const forward = psi1.multiply(psi2);
+    const backward = psi2.multiply(psi1);
+    
+    const difference = Math.sqrt(
+        (forward.a - backward.a) ** 2 +
+        (forward.b - backward.b) ** 2 +
+        (forward.c - backward.c) ** 2 +
+        (forward.d - backward.d) ** 2
+    );
+    
+    return {
+        p1, p2,
+        forward: forward.toArray(),
+        backward: backward.toArray(),
+        difference,
+        isCommutative: difference < 1e-10
+    };
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// SEMANTIC COHERENCE METRICS
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Compute semantic coherence between two quaternionic states
+ * 
+ * Coherence = |⟨q₁, q₂⟩|² = (q₁ · q₂)²
+ * 
+ * @param {UnitQuaternion} q1 - First quaternion
+ * @param {UnitQuaternion} q2 - Second quaternion
+ * @returns {number} Coherence in [0, 1]
+ */
+function semanticCoherence(q1, q2) {
+    const dot = q1.dot(q2);
+    return dot * dot;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract axis projections from a quaternion
+ *
+ * Returns the normalized i, j, k components without semantic labels.
+ * The meaning of these axes depends on the AxisMapper in use.
+ *
+ * @param {UnitQuaternion} q - Quaternion to analyze
+ * @returns {Object} Projections onto i, j, k axes
+ */
+function axisProjections(q) {
+    // The i, j, k components - meaning depends on mapper configuration
+    const norm = Math.sqrt(q.b ** 2 + q.c ** 2 + q.d ** 2);
+    
+    return {
+        i: norm > 1e-10 ? q.b / norm : 0,
+        j: norm > 1e-10 ? q.c / norm : 0,
+        k: norm > 1e-10 ? q.d / norm : 0,
+        rotationAngle: q.angle() * 180 / Math.PI, // degrees
+        purity: norm  // How much of the quaternion is "rotation" vs "identity"
+    };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compute semantic distance between chains
+ * 
+ * @param {number[]} ops1 - First chain operators
+ * @param {number} noun1 - First chain noun
+ * @param {number[]} ops2 - Second chain operators
+ * @param {number} noun2 - Second chain noun
+ * @returns {number} Geodesic distance on quaternion sphere
+ */
+function chainDistance(ops1, noun1, ops2, noun2) {
+    const q1 = quaternionicChain(ops1, noun1);
+    const q2 = quaternionicChain(ops2, noun2);
+    
+    const dot = Math.abs(q1.dot(q2));
+    const angle = 2 * Math.acos(Math.min(1, dot));
+    
+    return angle;
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// PRIME FAMILY ANALYSIS
+// ============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Analyze quaternionic properties of a prime family
+ * 
+ * @param {number[]} primes - Array of primes to analyze
+ * @returns {Object} Family analysis
+ */
+function analyzePrimeFamily(primes) {
+    const quaternions = primes.map(p => ({ prime: p, psi: Psi(p) }));
+    
+    // Compute pairwise coherences
+    const coherences = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < primes.length; i++) {
+        for (let j = i + 1; j < primes.length; j++) {
+            coherences.push({
+                p1: primes[i],
+                p2: primes[j],
+                coherence: semanticCoherence(quaternions[i].psi, quaternions[j].psi)
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // Find most coherent pairs
+    coherences.sort((a, b) => b.coherence - a.coherence);
+    
+    // Compute centroid (average quaternion)
+    let centroid = new UnitQuaternion(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    for (const { psi } of quaternions) {
+        centroid = new UnitQuaternion(
+            centroid.a + psi.a,
+            centroid.b + psi.b,
+            centroid.c + psi.c,
+            centroid.d + psi.d
+        );
+    }
+    centroid = centroid.normalize();
+    
+    // Compute spread (variance around centroid)
+    let spread = 0;
+    for (const { psi } of quaternions) {
+        const dot = psi.dot(centroid);
+        spread += 1 - dot * dot;
+    }
+    spread /= primes.length;
+    
+    return {
+        quaternions: quaternions.map(({ prime, psi }) => ({
+            prime,
+            quaternion: psi.toArray(),
+            angle: psi.angle() * 180 / Math.PI,
+            projections: axisProjections(psi)
+        })),
+        coherences: coherences.slice(0, 10),  // Top 10
+        centroid: centroid.toArray(),
+        spread,
+        meanCoherence: coherences.reduce((s, c) => s + c.coherence, 0) / coherences.length
+    };
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// EXPORTS
+// ============================================================================
+
+module.exports = {
+    // Axis mapping strategies
+    AxisMapper,
+    ModularAxisMapper,
+    GoldenAxisMapper,
+    TwistAxisMapper,
+    CustomAxisMapper,
+    getAxisMapper,
+    setAxisMapper,
+    primeToAxis,
+    PHI,
+    
+    // Unit quaternion class
+    UnitQuaternion,
+    
+    // Prime-to-quaternion mapping
+    halfAngle,
+    axisFunction,
+    Psi,
+    
+    // Chain composition
+    quaternionicChain,
+    verifyNonCommutativity,
+    
+    // Coherence metrics (no semantic labels)
+    semanticCoherence,  // Keep name for compatibility but it's just quaternion coherence
+    axisProjections,
+    chainDistance,
+    
+    // Analysis
+    analyzePrimeFamily
+};