@ai-ecoverse/wasix-python 3.14.2-2

package/lib/python3.14/typing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3854 @@
+"""
+The typing module: Support for gradual typing as defined by PEP 484 and subsequent PEPs.
+
+Among other things, the module includes the following:
+* Generic, Protocol, and internal machinery to support generic aliases.
+  All subscripted types like X[int], Union[int, str] are generic aliases.
+* Various "special forms" that have unique meanings in type annotations:
+  NoReturn, Never, ClassVar, Self, Concatenate, Unpack, and others.
+* Classes whose instances can be type arguments to generic classes and functions:
+  TypeVar, ParamSpec, TypeVarTuple.
+* Public helper functions: get_type_hints, overload, cast, final, and others.
+* Several protocols to support duck-typing:
+  SupportsFloat, SupportsIndex, SupportsAbs, and others.
+* Special types: NewType, NamedTuple, TypedDict.
+* Deprecated aliases for builtin types and collections.abc ABCs.
+
+Any name not present in __all__ is an implementation detail
+that may be changed without notice. Use at your own risk!
+"""
+
+from abc import abstractmethod, ABCMeta
+import collections
+from collections import defaultdict
+import collections.abc
+import copyreg
+import functools
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+from types import GenericAlias
+
+from _typing import (
+    _idfunc,
+    TypeVar,
+    ParamSpec,
+    TypeVarTuple,
+    ParamSpecArgs,
+    ParamSpecKwargs,
+    TypeAliasType,
+    Generic,
+    Union,
+    NoDefault,
+)
+
+# Please keep __all__ alphabetized within each category.
+__all__ = [
+    # Super-special typing primitives.
+    'Annotated',
+    'Any',
+    'Callable',
+    'ClassVar',
+    'Concatenate',
+    'Final',
+    'ForwardRef',
+    'Generic',
+    'Literal',
+    'Optional',
+    'ParamSpec',
+    'Protocol',
+    'Tuple',
+    'Type',
+    'TypeVar',
+    'TypeVarTuple',
+    'Union',
+
+    # ABCs (from collections.abc).
+    'AbstractSet',  # collections.abc.Set.
+    'ByteString',
+    'Container',
+    'ContextManager',
+    'Hashable',
+    'ItemsView',
+    'Iterable',
+    'Iterator',
+    'KeysView',
+    'Mapping',
+    'MappingView',
+    'MutableMapping',
+    'MutableSequence',
+    'MutableSet',
+    'Sequence',
+    'Sized',
+    'ValuesView',
+    'Awaitable',
+    'AsyncIterator',
+    'AsyncIterable',
+    'Coroutine',
+    'Collection',
+    'AsyncGenerator',
+    'AsyncContextManager',
+
+    # Structural checks, a.k.a. protocols.
+    'Reversible',
+    'SupportsAbs',
+    'SupportsBytes',
+    'SupportsComplex',
+    'SupportsFloat',
+    'SupportsIndex',
+    'SupportsInt',
+    'SupportsRound',
+
+    # Concrete collection types.
+    'ChainMap',
+    'Counter',
+    'Deque',
+    'Dict',
+    'DefaultDict',
+    'List',
+    'OrderedDict',
+    'Set',
+    'FrozenSet',
+    'NamedTuple',  # Not really a type.
+    'TypedDict',  # Not really a type.
+    'Generator',
+
+    # Other concrete types.
+    'BinaryIO',
+    'IO',
+    'Match',
+    'Pattern',
+    'TextIO',
+
+    # One-off things.
+    'AnyStr',
+    'assert_type',
+    'assert_never',
+    'cast',
+    'clear_overloads',
+    'dataclass_transform',
+    'evaluate_forward_ref',
+    'final',
+    'get_args',
+    'get_origin',
+    'get_overloads',
+    'get_protocol_members',
+    'get_type_hints',
+    'is_protocol',
+    'is_typeddict',
+    'LiteralString',
+    'Never',
+    'NewType',
+    'no_type_check',
+    'no_type_check_decorator',
+    'NoDefault',
+    'NoReturn',
+    'NotRequired',
+    'overload',
+    'override',
+    'ParamSpecArgs',
+    'ParamSpecKwargs',
+    'ReadOnly',
+    'Required',
+    'reveal_type',
+    'runtime_checkable',
+    'Self',
+    'Text',
+    'TYPE_CHECKING',
+    'TypeAlias',
+    'TypeGuard',
+    'TypeIs',
+    'TypeAliasType',
+    'Unpack',
+]
+
+class _LazyAnnotationLib:
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        global _lazy_annotationlib
+        import annotationlib
+        _lazy_annotationlib = annotationlib
+        return getattr(annotationlib, attr)
+
+_lazy_annotationlib = _LazyAnnotationLib()
+
+
+def _type_convert(arg, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False, owner=None):
+    """For converting None to type(None), and strings to ForwardRef."""
+    if arg is None:
+        return type(None)
+    if isinstance(arg, str):
+        return _make_forward_ref(arg, module=module, is_class=allow_special_forms, owner=owner)
+    return arg
+
+
+def _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False, owner=None):
+    """Check that the argument is a type, and return it (internal helper).
+
+    As a special case, accept None and return type(None) instead. Also wrap strings
+    into ForwardRef instances. Consider several corner cases, for example plain
+    special forms like Union are not valid, while Union[int, str] is OK, etc.
+    The msg argument is a human-readable error message, e.g.::
+
+        "Union[arg, ...]: arg should be a type."
+
+    We append the repr() of the actual value (truncated to 100 chars).
+    """
+    invalid_generic_forms = (Generic, Protocol)
+    if not allow_special_forms:
+        invalid_generic_forms += (ClassVar,)
+        if is_argument:
+            invalid_generic_forms += (Final,)
+
+    arg = _type_convert(arg, module=module, allow_special_forms=allow_special_forms, owner=owner)
+    if (isinstance(arg, _GenericAlias) and
+            arg.__origin__ in invalid_generic_forms):
+        raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument")
+    if arg in (Any, LiteralString, NoReturn, Never, Self, TypeAlias):
+        return arg
+    if allow_special_forms and arg in (ClassVar, Final):
+        return arg
+    if isinstance(arg, _SpecialForm) or arg in (Generic, Protocol):
+        raise TypeError(f"Plain {arg} is not valid as type argument")
+    if type(arg) is tuple:
+        raise TypeError(f"{msg} Got {arg!r:.100}.")
+    return arg
+
+
+def _is_param_expr(arg):
+    return arg is ... or isinstance(arg,
+            (tuple, list, ParamSpec, _ConcatenateGenericAlias))
+
+
+def _should_unflatten_callable_args(typ, args):
+    """Internal helper for munging collections.abc.Callable's __args__.
+
+    The canonical representation for a Callable's __args__ flattens the
+    argument types, see https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86361.
+
+    For example::
+
+        >>> import collections.abc
+        >>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+        >>> collections.abc.Callable[[int, int], str].__args__ == (int, int, str)
+        True
+        >>> collections.abc.Callable[P, str].__args__ == (P, str)
+        True
+
+    As a result, if we need to reconstruct the Callable from its __args__,
+    we need to unflatten it.
+    """
+    return (
+        typ.__origin__ is collections.abc.Callable
+        and not (len(args) == 2 and _is_param_expr(args[0]))
+    )
+
+
+def _type_repr(obj):
+    """Return the repr() of an object, special-casing types (internal helper).
+
+    If obj is a type, we return a shorter version than the default
+    type.__repr__, based on the module and qualified name, which is
+    typically enough to uniquely identify a type.  For everything
+    else, we fall back on repr(obj).
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, tuple):
+        # Special case for `repr` of types with `ParamSpec`:
+        return '[' + ', '.join(_type_repr(t) for t in obj) + ']'
+    return _lazy_annotationlib.type_repr(obj)
+
+
+def _collect_type_parameters(args, *, enforce_default_ordering: bool = True):
+    """Collect all type parameters in args
+    in order of first appearance (lexicographic order).
+
+    For example::
+
+        >>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+        >>> T = TypeVar('T')
+        >>> _collect_type_parameters((T, Callable[P, T]))
+        (~T, ~P)
+    """
+    # required type parameter cannot appear after parameter with default
+    default_encountered = False
+    # or after TypeVarTuple
+    type_var_tuple_encountered = False
+    parameters = []
+    for t in args:
+        if isinstance(t, type):
+            # We don't want __parameters__ descriptor of a bare Python class.
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(t, tuple):
+            # `t` might be a tuple, when `ParamSpec` is substituted with
+            # `[T, int]`, or `[int, *Ts]`, etc.
+            for x in t:
+                for collected in _collect_type_parameters([x]):
+                    if collected not in parameters:
+                        parameters.append(collected)
+        elif hasattr(t, '__typing_subst__'):
+            if t not in parameters:
+                if enforce_default_ordering:
+                    if type_var_tuple_encountered and t.has_default():
+                        raise TypeError('Type parameter with a default'
+                                        ' follows TypeVarTuple')
+
+                    if t.has_default():
+                        default_encountered = True
+                    elif default_encountered:
+                        raise TypeError(f'Type parameter {t!r} without a default'
+                                        ' follows type parameter with a default')
+
+                parameters.append(t)
+        else:
+            if _is_unpacked_typevartuple(t):
+                type_var_tuple_encountered = True
+            for x in getattr(t, '__parameters__', ()):
+                if x not in parameters:
+                    parameters.append(x)
+    return tuple(parameters)
+
+
+def _check_generic_specialization(cls, arguments):
+    """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).
+
+    This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch.
+    """
+    expected_len = len(cls.__parameters__)
+    if not expected_len:
+        raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
+    actual_len = len(arguments)
+    if actual_len != expected_len:
+        # deal with defaults
+        if actual_len < expected_len:
+            # If the parameter at index `actual_len` in the parameters list
+            # has a default, then all parameters after it must also have
+            # one, because we validated as much in _collect_type_parameters().
+            # That means that no error needs to be raised here, despite
+            # the number of arguments being passed not matching the number
+            # of parameters: all parameters that aren't explicitly
+            # specialized in this call are parameters with default values.
+            if cls.__parameters__[actual_len].has_default():
+                return
+
+            expected_len -= sum(p.has_default() for p in cls.__parameters__)
+            expect_val = f"at least {expected_len}"
+        else:
+            expect_val = expected_len
+
+        raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if actual_len > expected_len else 'few'} arguments"
+                        f" for {cls}; actual {actual_len}, expected {expect_val}")
+
+
+def _unpack_args(*args):
+    newargs = []
+    for arg in args:
+        subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None)
+        if subargs is not None and not (subargs and subargs[-1] is ...):
+            newargs.extend(subargs)
+        else:
+            newargs.append(arg)
+    return newargs
+
+def _deduplicate(params, *, unhashable_fallback=False):
+    # Weed out strict duplicates, preserving the first of each occurrence.
+    try:
+        return dict.fromkeys(params)
+    except TypeError:
+        if not unhashable_fallback:
+            raise
+        # Happens for cases like `Annotated[dict, {'x': IntValidator()}]`
+        new_unhashable = []
+        for t in params:
+            if t not in new_unhashable:
+                new_unhashable.append(t)
+        return new_unhashable
+
+def _flatten_literal_params(parameters):
+    """Internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters."""
+    params = []
+    for p in parameters:
+        if isinstance(p, _LiteralGenericAlias):
+            params.extend(p.__args__)
+        else:
+            params.append(p)
+    return tuple(params)
+
+
+_cleanups = []
+_caches = {}
+
+
+def _tp_cache(func=None, /, *, typed=False):
+    """Internal wrapper caching __getitem__ of generic types.
+
+    For non-hashable arguments, the original function is used as a fallback.
+    """
+    def decorator(func):
+        # The callback 'inner' references the newly created lru_cache
+        # indirectly by performing a lookup in the global '_caches' dictionary.
+        # This breaks a reference that can be problematic when combined with
+        # C API extensions that leak references to types. See GH-98253.
+
+        cache = functools.lru_cache(typed=typed)(func)
+        _caches[func] = cache
+        _cleanups.append(cache.cache_clear)
+        del cache
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def inner(*args, **kwds):
+            try:
+                return _caches[func](*args, **kwds)
+            except TypeError:
+                pass  # All real errors (not unhashable args) are raised below.
+            return func(*args, **kwds)
+        return inner
+
+    if func is not None:
+        return decorator(func)
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def _deprecation_warning_for_no_type_params_passed(funcname: str) -> None:
+    import warnings
+
+    depr_message = (
+        f"Failing to pass a value to the 'type_params' parameter "
+        f"of {funcname!r} is deprecated, as it leads to incorrect behaviour "
+        f"when calling {funcname} on a stringified annotation "
+        f"that references a PEP 695 type parameter. "
+        f"It will be disallowed in Python 3.15."
+    )
+    warnings.warn(depr_message, category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
+
+
+class _Sentinel:
+    __slots__ = ()
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<sentinel>'
+
+
+_sentinel = _Sentinel()
+
+
+def _eval_type(t, globalns, localns, type_params=_sentinel, *, recursive_guard=frozenset(),
+               format=None, owner=None, parent_fwdref=None, prefer_fwd_module=False):
+    """Evaluate all forward references in the given type t.
+
+    For use of globalns and localns see the docstring for get_type_hints().
+    recursive_guard is used to prevent infinite recursion with a recursive
+    ForwardRef.
+    """
+    if type_params is _sentinel:
+        _deprecation_warning_for_no_type_params_passed("typing._eval_type")
+        type_params = ()
+    if isinstance(t, _lazy_annotationlib.ForwardRef):
+        # If the forward_ref has __forward_module__ set, evaluate() infers the globals
+        # from the module, and it will probably pick better than the globals we have here.
+        # We do this only for calls from get_type_hints() (which opts in through the
+        # prefer_fwd_module flag), so that the default behavior remains more straightforward.
+        if prefer_fwd_module and t.__forward_module__ is not None:
+            globalns = None
+            # If there are type params on the owner, we need to add them back, because
+            # annotationlib won't.
+            if owner_type_params := getattr(owner, "__type_params__", None):
+                globalns = getattr(
+                    sys.modules.get(t.__forward_module__, None), "__dict__", None
+                )
+                if globalns is not None:
+                    globalns = dict(globalns)
+                    for type_param in owner_type_params:
+                        globalns[type_param.__name__] = type_param
+        return evaluate_forward_ref(t, globals=globalns, locals=localns,
+                                    type_params=type_params, owner=owner,
+                                    _recursive_guard=recursive_guard, format=format)
+    if isinstance(t, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias, Union)):
+        if isinstance(t, GenericAlias):
+            args = tuple(
+                _make_forward_ref(arg, parent_fwdref=parent_fwdref) if isinstance(arg, str) else arg
+                for arg in t.__args__
+            )
+            is_unpacked = t.__unpacked__
+            if _should_unflatten_callable_args(t, args):
+                t = t.__origin__[(args[:-1], args[-1])]
+            else:
+                t = t.__origin__[args]
+            if is_unpacked:
+                t = Unpack[t]
+
+        ev_args = tuple(
+            _eval_type(
+                a, globalns, localns, type_params, recursive_guard=recursive_guard,
+                format=format, owner=owner, prefer_fwd_module=prefer_fwd_module,
+            )
+            for a in t.__args__
+        )
+        if ev_args == t.__args__:
+            return t
+        if isinstance(t, GenericAlias):
+            return GenericAlias(t.__origin__, ev_args)
+        if isinstance(t, Union):
+            return functools.reduce(operator.or_, ev_args)
+        else:
+            return t.copy_with(ev_args)
+    return t
+
+
+class _Final:
+    """Mixin to prohibit subclassing."""
+
+    __slots__ = ('__weakref__',)
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, /, *args, **kwds):
+        if '_root' not in kwds:
+            raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")
+
+
+class _NotIterable:
+    """Mixin to prevent iteration, without being compatible with Iterable.
+
+    That is, we could do::
+
+        def __iter__(self): raise TypeError()
+
+    But this would make users of this mixin duck type-compatible with
+    collections.abc.Iterable - isinstance(foo, Iterable) would be True.
+
+    Luckily, we can instead prevent iteration by setting __iter__ to None, which
+    is treated specially.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    __iter__ = None
+
+
+# Internal indicator of special typing constructs.
+# See __doc__ instance attribute for specific docs.
+class _SpecialForm(_Final, _NotIterable, _root=True):
+    __slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem')
+
+    def __init__(self, getitem):
+        self._getitem = getitem
+        self._name = getitem.__name__
+        self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
+            return self._name
+
+        raise AttributeError(item)
+
+    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+        raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'typing.' + self._name
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        raise TypeError(f"Cannot instantiate {self!r}")
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return Union[self, other]
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        return Union[other, self]
+
+    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance()")
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass()")
+
+    @_tp_cache
+    def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+        return self._getitem(self, parameters)
+
+
+class _TypedCacheSpecialForm(_SpecialForm, _root=True):
+    def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+        if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+            parameters = (parameters,)
+        return self._getitem(self, *parameters)
+
+
+class _AnyMeta(type):
+    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+        if self is Any:
+            raise TypeError("typing.Any cannot be used with isinstance()")
+        return super().__instancecheck__(obj)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self is Any:
+            return "typing.Any"
+        return super().__repr__()  # respect to subclasses
+
+
+class Any(metaclass=_AnyMeta):
+    """Special type indicating an unconstrained type.
+
+    - Any is compatible with every type.
+    - Any assumed to have all methods.
+    - All values assumed to be instances of Any.
+
+    Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of
+    static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance
+    checks.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        if cls is Any:
+            raise TypeError("Any cannot be instantiated")
+        return super().__new__(cls)
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def NoReturn(self, parameters):
+    """Special type indicating functions that never return.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from typing import NoReturn
+
+        def stop() -> NoReturn:
+            raise Exception('no way')
+
+    NoReturn can also be used as a bottom type, a type that
+    has no values. Starting in Python 3.11, the Never type should
+    be used for this concept instead. Type checkers should treat the two
+    equivalently.
+    """
+    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+# This is semantically identical to NoReturn, but it is implemented
+# separately so that type checkers can distinguish between the two
+# if they want.
+@_SpecialForm
+def Never(self, parameters):
+    """The bottom type, a type that has no members.
+
+    This can be used to define a function that should never be
+    called, or a function that never returns::
+
+        from typing import Never
+
+        def never_call_me(arg: Never) -> None:
+            pass
+
+        def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
+            never_call_me(arg)  # type checker error
+            match arg:
+                case int():
+                    print("It's an int")
+                case str():
+                    print("It's a str")
+                case _:
+                    never_call_me(arg)  # OK, arg is of type Never
+    """
+    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def Self(self, parameters):
+    """Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from typing import Self
+
+        class Foo:
+            def return_self(self) -> Self:
+                ...
+                return self
+
+    This is especially useful for:
+        - classmethods that are used as alternative constructors
+        - annotating an `__enter__` method which returns self
+    """
+    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def LiteralString(self, parameters):
+    """Represents an arbitrary literal string.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from typing import LiteralString
+
+        def run_query(sql: LiteralString) -> None:
+            ...
+
+        def caller(arbitrary_string: str, literal_string: LiteralString) -> None:
+            run_query("SELECT * FROM students")  # OK
+            run_query(literal_string)  # OK
+            run_query("SELECT * FROM " + literal_string)  # OK
+            run_query(arbitrary_string)  # type checker error
+            run_query(  # type checker error
+                f"SELECT * FROM students WHERE name = {arbitrary_string}"
+            )
+
+    Only string literals and other LiteralStrings are compatible
+    with LiteralString. This provides a tool to help prevent
+    security issues such as SQL injection.
+    """
+    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def ClassVar(self, parameters):
+    """Special type construct to mark class variables.
+
+    An annotation wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given
+    attribute is intended to be used as a class variable and
+    should not be set on instances of that class.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        class Starship:
+            stats: ClassVar[dict[str, int]] = {} # class variable
+            damage: int = 10                     # instance variable
+
+    ClassVar accepts only types and cannot be further subscribed.
+
+    Note that ClassVar is not a class itself, and should not
+    be used with isinstance() or issubclass().
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.', allow_special_forms=True)
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def Final(self, parameters):
+    """Special typing construct to indicate final names to type checkers.
+
+    A final name cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
+
+    For example::
+
+        MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
+        MAX_SIZE += 1  # Error reported by type checker
+
+        class Connection:
+            TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
+
+        class FastConnector(Connection):
+            TIMEOUT = 1  # Error reported by type checker
+
+    There is no runtime checking of these properties.
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.', allow_special_forms=True)
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def Optional(self, parameters):
+    """Optional[X] is equivalent to Union[X, None]."""
+    arg = _type_check(parameters, f"{self} requires a single type.")
+    return Union[arg, type(None)]
+
+@_TypedCacheSpecialForm
+@_tp_cache(typed=True)
+def Literal(self, *parameters):
+    """Special typing form to define literal types (a.k.a. value types).
+
+    This form can be used to indicate to type checkers that the corresponding
+    variable or function parameter has a value equivalent to the provided
+    literal (or one of several literals)::
+
+        def validate_simple(data: Any) -> Literal[True]:  # always returns True
+            ...
+
+        MODE = Literal['r', 'rb', 'w', 'wb']
+        def open_helper(file: str, mode: MODE) -> str:
+            ...
+
+        open_helper('/some/path', 'r')  # Passes type check
+        open_helper('/other/path', 'typo')  # Error in type checker
+
+    Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. At runtime, an arbitrary value
+    is allowed as type argument to Literal[...], but type checkers may
+    impose restrictions.
+    """
+    # There is no '_type_check' call because arguments to Literal[...] are
+    # values, not types.
+    parameters = _flatten_literal_params(parameters)
+
+    try:
+        parameters = tuple(p for p, _ in _deduplicate(list(_value_and_type_iter(parameters))))
+    except TypeError:  # unhashable parameters
+        pass
+
+    return _LiteralGenericAlias(self, parameters)
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def TypeAlias(self, parameters):
+    """Special form for marking type aliases.
+
+    Use TypeAlias to indicate that an assignment should
+    be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
+    checkers.
+
+    For example::
+
+        Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
+
+    It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
+    """
+    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def Concatenate(self, parameters):
+    """Special form for annotating higher-order functions.
+
+    ``Concatenate`` can be used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and
+    ``Callable`` to represent a higher-order function which adds, removes or
+    transforms the parameters of a callable.
+
+    For example::
+
+        Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+
+    See PEP 612 for detailed information.
+    """
+    if parameters == ():
+        raise TypeError("Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.")
+    if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+        parameters = (parameters,)
+    if not (parameters[-1] is ... or isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec)):
+        raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
+                        "ParamSpec variable or ellipsis.")
+    msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
+    parameters = (*(_type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters[:-1]), parameters[-1])
+    return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters)
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def TypeGuard(self, parameters):
+    """Special typing construct for marking user-defined type predicate functions.
+
+    ``TypeGuard`` can be used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+    type predicate function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
+    At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+    ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+    type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+    program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+    conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+    conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type predicate".
+
+    Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+    as a type predicate.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` or
+    ``TypeIs[...]`` as its return type to alert static type checkers to
+    this intention. ``TypeGuard`` should be used over ``TypeIs`` when narrowing
+    from an incompatible type (e.g., ``list[object]`` to ``list[int]``) or when
+    the function does not return ``True`` for all instances of the narrowed type.
+
+    Using  ``-> TypeGuard[NarrowedType]`` tells the static type checker that
+    for a given function:
+
+    1. The return value is a boolean.
+    2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+       is ``NarrowedType``.
+
+    For example::
+
+         def is_str_list(val: list[object]) -> TypeGuard[list[str]]:
+             '''Determines whether all objects in the list are strings'''
+             return all(isinstance(x, str) for x in val)
+
+         def func1(val: list[object]):
+             if is_str_list(val):
+                 # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``list[str]``.
+                 print(" ".join(val))
+             else:
+                 # Type of ``val`` remains as ``list[object]``.
+                 print("Not a list of strings!")
+
+    Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
+    form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
+    type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
+    narrowing ``list[object]`` to ``list[str]`` even though the latter is not
+    a subtype of the former, since ``list`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
+    writing type-safe type predicates is left to the user.
+
+    ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+    PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def TypeIs(self, parameters):
+    """Special typing construct for marking user-defined type predicate functions.
+
+    ``TypeIs`` can be used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+    type predicate function.  ``TypeIs`` only accepts a single type argument.
+    At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean and accept
+    at least one argument.
+
+    ``TypeIs`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+    type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+    program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+    conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+    conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type predicate".
+
+    Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+    as a type predicate.  Such a function should use ``TypeIs[...]`` or
+    ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its return type to alert static type checkers to
+    this intention.  ``TypeIs`` usually has more intuitive behavior than
+    ``TypeGuard``, but it cannot be used when the input and output types
+    are incompatible (e.g., ``list[object]`` to ``list[int]``) or when the
+    function does not return ``True`` for all instances of the narrowed type.
+
+    Using  ``-> TypeIs[NarrowedType]`` tells the static type checker that for
+    a given function:
+
+    1. The return value is a boolean.
+    2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+       is the intersection of the argument's original type and
+       ``NarrowedType``.
+    3. If the return value is ``False``, the type of its argument
+       is narrowed to exclude ``NarrowedType``.
+
+    For example::
+
+        from typing import assert_type, final, TypeIs
+
+        class Parent: pass
+        class Child(Parent): pass
+        @final
+        class Unrelated: pass
+
+        def is_parent(val: object) -> TypeIs[Parent]:
+            return isinstance(val, Parent)
+
+        def run(arg: Child | Unrelated):
+            if is_parent(arg):
+                # Type of ``arg`` is narrowed to the intersection
+                # of ``Parent`` and ``Child``, which is equivalent to
+                # ``Child``.
+                assert_type(arg, Child)
+            else:
+                # Type of ``arg`` is narrowed to exclude ``Parent``,
+                # so only ``Unrelated`` is left.
+                assert_type(arg, Unrelated)
+
+    The type inside ``TypeIs`` must be consistent with the type of the
+    function's argument; if it is not, static type checkers will raise
+    an error.  An incorrectly written ``TypeIs`` function can lead to
+    unsound behavior in the type system; it is the user's responsibility
+    to write such functions in a type-safe manner.
+
+    ``TypeIs`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+    PEP 742 (Narrowing types with ``TypeIs``).
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+
+def _make_forward_ref(code, *, parent_fwdref=None, **kwargs):
+    if parent_fwdref is not None:
+        if parent_fwdref.__forward_module__ is not None:
+            kwargs['module'] = parent_fwdref.__forward_module__
+        if parent_fwdref.__owner__ is not None:
+            kwargs['owner'] = parent_fwdref.__owner__
+    forward_ref = _lazy_annotationlib.ForwardRef(code, **kwargs)
+    # For compatibility, eagerly compile the forwardref's code.
+    forward_ref.__forward_code__
+    return forward_ref
+
+
+def evaluate_forward_ref(
+    forward_ref,
+    *,
+    owner=None,
+    globals=None,
+    locals=None,
+    type_params=None,
+    format=None,
+    _recursive_guard=frozenset(),
+):
+    """Evaluate a forward reference as a type hint.
+
+    This is similar to calling the ForwardRef.evaluate() method,
+    but unlike that method, evaluate_forward_ref() also
+    recursively evaluates forward references nested within the type hint.
+
+    *forward_ref* must be an instance of ForwardRef. *owner*, if given,
+    should be the object that holds the annotations that the forward reference
+    derived from, such as a module, class object, or function. It is used to
+    infer the namespaces to use for looking up names. *globals* and *locals*
+    can also be explicitly given to provide the global and local namespaces.
+    *type_params* is a tuple of type parameters that are in scope when
+    evaluating the forward reference. This parameter should be provided (though
+    it may be an empty tuple) if *owner* is not given and the forward reference
+    does not already have an owner set. *format* specifies the format of the
+    annotation and is a member of the annotationlib.Format enum, defaulting to
+    VALUE.
+
+    """
+    if format == _lazy_annotationlib.Format.STRING:
+        return forward_ref.__forward_arg__
+    if forward_ref.__forward_arg__ in _recursive_guard:
+        return forward_ref
+
+    if format is None:
+        format = _lazy_annotationlib.Format.VALUE
+    value = forward_ref.evaluate(globals=globals, locals=locals,
+                                 type_params=type_params, owner=owner, format=format)
+
+    if (isinstance(value, _lazy_annotationlib.ForwardRef)
+            and format == _lazy_annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF):
+        return value
+
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        value = _make_forward_ref(value, module=forward_ref.__forward_module__,
+                                  owner=owner or forward_ref.__owner__,
+                                  is_argument=forward_ref.__forward_is_argument__,
+                                  is_class=forward_ref.__forward_is_class__)
+    if owner is None:
+        owner = forward_ref.__owner__
+    return _eval_type(
+        value,
+        globals,
+        locals,
+        type_params,
+        recursive_guard=_recursive_guard | {forward_ref.__forward_arg__},
+        format=format,
+        owner=owner,
+        parent_fwdref=forward_ref,
+    )
+
+
+def _is_unpacked_typevartuple(x: Any) -> bool:
+    # Need to check 'is True' here
+    # See: https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/137706
+    return ((not isinstance(x, type)) and
+            getattr(x, '__typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__', False) is True)
+
+
+def _is_typevar_like(x: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(x, (TypeVar, ParamSpec)) or _is_unpacked_typevartuple(x)
+
+
+def _typevar_subst(self, arg):
+    msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
+    arg = _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True)
+    if ((isinstance(arg, _GenericAlias) and arg.__origin__ is Unpack) or
+        (isinstance(arg, GenericAlias) and getattr(arg, '__unpacked__', False))):
+        raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument")
+    return arg
+
+
+def _typevartuple_prepare_subst(self, alias, args):
+    params = alias.__parameters__
+    typevartuple_index = params.index(self)
+    for param in params[typevartuple_index + 1:]:
+        if isinstance(param, TypeVarTuple):
+            raise TypeError(f"More than one TypeVarTuple parameter in {alias}")
+
+    alen = len(args)
+    plen = len(params)
+    left = typevartuple_index
+    right = plen - typevartuple_index - 1
+    var_tuple_index = None
+    fillarg = None
+    for k, arg in enumerate(args):
+        if not isinstance(arg, type):
+            subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None)
+            if subargs and len(subargs) == 2 and subargs[-1] is ...:
+                if var_tuple_index is not None:
+                    raise TypeError("More than one unpacked arbitrary-length tuple argument")
+                var_tuple_index = k
+                fillarg = subargs[0]
+    if var_tuple_index is not None:
+        left = min(left, var_tuple_index)
+        right = min(right, alen - var_tuple_index - 1)
+    elif left + right > alen:
+        raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias};"
+                        f" actual {alen}, expected at least {plen-1}")
+    if left == alen - right and self.has_default():
+        replacement = _unpack_args(self.__default__)
+    else:
+        replacement = args[left: alen - right]
+
+    return (
+        *args[:left],
+        *([fillarg]*(typevartuple_index - left)),
+        replacement,
+        *([fillarg]*(plen - right - left - typevartuple_index - 1)),
+        *args[alen - right:],
+    )
+
+
+def _paramspec_subst(self, arg):
+    if isinstance(arg, (list, tuple)):
+        arg = tuple(_type_check(a, "Expected a type.") for a in arg)
+    elif not _is_param_expr(arg):
+        raise TypeError(f"Expected a list of types, an ellipsis, "
+                        f"ParamSpec, or Concatenate. Got {arg}")
+    return arg
+
+
+def _paramspec_prepare_subst(self, alias, args):
+    params = alias.__parameters__
+    i = params.index(self)
+    if i == len(args) and self.has_default():
+        args = (*args, self.__default__)
+    if i >= len(args):
+        raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias}")
+    # Special case where Z[[int, str, bool]] == Z[int, str, bool] in PEP 612.
+    if len(params) == 1 and not _is_param_expr(args[0]):
+        assert i == 0
+        args = (args,)
+    # Convert lists to tuples to help other libraries cache the results.
+    elif isinstance(args[i], list):
+        args = (*args[:i], tuple(args[i]), *args[i+1:])
+    return args
+
+
+@_tp_cache
+def _generic_class_getitem(cls, args):
+    """Parameterizes a generic class.
+
+    At least, parameterizing a generic class is the *main* thing this method
+    does. For example, for some generic class `Foo`, this is called when we
+    do `Foo[int]` - there, with `cls=Foo` and `args=int`.
+
+    However, note that this method is also called when defining generic
+    classes in the first place with `class Foo(Generic[T]): ...`.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+        args = (args,)
+
+    args = tuple(_type_convert(p) for p in args)
+    is_generic_or_protocol = cls in (Generic, Protocol)
+
+    if is_generic_or_protocol:
+        # Generic and Protocol can only be subscripted with unique type variables.
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Parameter list to {cls.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty"
+            )
+        if not all(_is_typevar_like(p) for p in args):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be type variables "
+                f"or parameter specification variables.")
+        if len(set(args)) != len(args):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be unique")
+    else:
+        # Subscripting a regular Generic subclass.
+        try:
+            parameters = cls.__parameters__
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            init_subclass = getattr(cls, '__init_subclass__', None)
+            if init_subclass not in {None, Generic.__init_subclass__}:
+                e.add_note(
+                    f"Note: this exception may have been caused by "
+                    f"{init_subclass.__qualname__!r} (or the "
+                    f"'__init_subclass__' method on a superclass) not "
+                    f"calling 'super().__init_subclass__()'"
+                )
+            raise
+        for param in parameters:
+            prepare = getattr(param, '__typing_prepare_subst__', None)
+            if prepare is not None:
+                args = prepare(cls, args)
+        _check_generic_specialization(cls, args)
+
+        new_args = []
+        for param, new_arg in zip(parameters, args):
+            if isinstance(param, TypeVarTuple):
+                new_args.extend(new_arg)
+            else:
+                new_args.append(new_arg)
+        args = tuple(new_args)
+
+    return _GenericAlias(cls, args)
+
+
+def _generic_init_subclass(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+    super(Generic, cls).__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)
+    tvars = []
+    if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
+        error = Generic in cls.__orig_bases__
+    else:
+        error = (Generic in cls.__bases__ and
+                    cls.__name__ != 'Protocol' and
+                    type(cls) != _TypedDictMeta)
+    if error:
+        raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
+    if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
+        tvars = _collect_type_parameters(cls.__orig_bases__)
+        # Look for Generic[T1, ..., Tn].
+        # If found, tvars must be a subset of it.
+        # If not found, tvars is it.
+        # Also check for and reject plain Generic,
+        # and reject multiple Generic[...].
+        gvars = None
+        for base in cls.__orig_bases__:
+            if (isinstance(base, _GenericAlias) and
+                    base.__origin__ is Generic):
+                if gvars is not None:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Cannot inherit from Generic[...] multiple times.")
+                gvars = base.__parameters__
+        if gvars is not None:
+            tvarset = set(tvars)
+            gvarset = set(gvars)
+            if not tvarset <= gvarset:
+                s_vars = ', '.join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)
+                s_args = ', '.join(str(g) for g in gvars)
+                raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
+                                f" not listed in Generic[{s_args}]")
+            tvars = gvars
+    cls.__parameters__ = tuple(tvars)
+
+
+def _is_dunder(attr):
+    return attr.startswith('__') and attr.endswith('__')
+
+class _BaseGenericAlias(_Final, _root=True):
+    """The central part of the internal API.
+
+    This represents a generic version of type 'origin' with type arguments 'params'.
+    There are two kind of these aliases: user defined and special. The special ones
+    are wrappers around builtin collections and ABCs in collections.abc. These must
+    have 'name' always set. If 'inst' is False, then the alias can't be instantiated;
+    this is used by e.g. typing.List and typing.Dict.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, origin, *, inst=True, name=None):
+        self._inst = inst
+        self._name = name
+        self.__origin__ = origin
+        self.__slots__ = None  # This is not documented.
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not self._inst:
+            raise TypeError(f"Type {self._name} cannot be instantiated; "
+                            f"use {self.__origin__.__name__}() instead")
+        result = self.__origin__(*args, **kwargs)
+        try:
+            result.__orig_class__ = self
+        # Some objects raise TypeError (or something even more exotic)
+        # if you try to set attributes on them; we guard against that here
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+        res = []
+        if self.__origin__ not in bases:
+            res.append(self.__origin__)
+
+        # Check if any base that occurs after us in `bases` is either itself a
+        # subclass of Generic, or something which will add a subclass of Generic
+        # to `__bases__` via its `__mro_entries__`. If not, add Generic
+        # ourselves. The goal is to ensure that Generic (or a subclass) will
+        # appear exactly once in the final bases tuple. If we let it appear
+        # multiple times, we risk "can't form a consistent MRO" errors.
+        i = bases.index(self)
+        for b in bases[i+1:]:
+            if isinstance(b, _BaseGenericAlias):
+                break
+            if not isinstance(b, type):
+                meth = getattr(b, "__mro_entries__", None)
+                new_bases = meth(bases) if meth else None
+                if (
+                    isinstance(new_bases, tuple) and
+                    any(
+                        isinstance(b2, type) and issubclass(b2, Generic)
+                        for b2 in new_bases
+                    )
+                ):
+                    break
+            elif issubclass(b, Generic):
+                break
+        else:
+            res.append(Generic)
+        return tuple(res)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        if attr in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
+            return self._name or self.__origin__.__name__
+
+        # We are careful for copy and pickle.
+        # Also for simplicity we don't relay any dunder names
+        if '__origin__' in self.__dict__ and not _is_dunder(attr):
+            return getattr(self.__origin__, attr)
+        raise AttributeError(attr)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
+        if _is_dunder(attr) or attr in {'_name', '_inst', '_nparams', '_defaults'}:
+            super().__setattr__(attr, val)
+        else:
+            setattr(self.__origin__, attr, val)
+
+    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+        return self.__subclasscheck__(type(obj))
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+        raise TypeError("Subscripted generics cannot be used with"
+                        " class and instance checks")
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return list(set(super().__dir__()
+                + [attr for attr in dir(self.__origin__) if not _is_dunder(attr)]))
+
+
+# Special typing constructs Union, Optional, Generic, Callable and Tuple
+# use three special attributes for internal bookkeeping of generic types:
+# * __parameters__ is a tuple of unique free type parameters of a generic
+#   type, for example, Dict[T, T].__parameters__ == (T,);
+# * __origin__ keeps a reference to a type that was subscripted,
+#   e.g., Union[T, int].__origin__ == Union, or the non-generic version of
+#   the type.
+# * __args__ is a tuple of all arguments used in subscripting,
+#   e.g., Dict[T, int].__args__ == (T, int).
+
+
+class _GenericAlias(_BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
+    # The type of parameterized generics.
+    #
+    # That is, for example, `type(List[int])` is `_GenericAlias`.
+    #
+    # Objects which are instances of this class include:
+    # * Parameterized container types, e.g. `Tuple[int]`, `List[int]`.
+    #  * Note that native container types, e.g. `tuple`, `list`, use
+    #    `types.GenericAlias` instead.
+    # * Parameterized classes:
+    #     class C[T]: pass
+    #     # C[int] is a _GenericAlias
+    # * `Callable` aliases, generic `Callable` aliases, and
+    #   parameterized `Callable` aliases:
+    #     T = TypeVar('T')
+    #     # _CallableGenericAlias inherits from _GenericAlias.
+    #     A = Callable[[], None]  # _CallableGenericAlias
+    #     B = Callable[[T], None]  # _CallableGenericAlias
+    #     C = B[int]  # _CallableGenericAlias
+    # * Parameterized `Final`, `ClassVar`, `TypeGuard`, and `TypeIs`:
+    #     # All _GenericAlias
+    #     Final[int]
+    #     ClassVar[float]
+    #     TypeGuard[bool]
+    #     TypeIs[range]
+
+    def __init__(self, origin, args, *, inst=True, name=None):
+        super().__init__(origin, inst=inst, name=name)
+        if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+            args = (args,)
+        self.__args__ = tuple(... if a is _TypingEllipsis else
+                              a for a in args)
+        enforce_default_ordering = origin in (Generic, Protocol)
+        self.__parameters__ = _collect_type_parameters(
+            args,
+            enforce_default_ordering=enforce_default_ordering,
+        )
+        if not name:
+            self.__module__ = origin.__module__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _GenericAlias):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return (self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
+                and self.__args__ == other.__args__)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash((self.__origin__, self.__args__))
+
+    def __or__(self, right):
+        return Union[self, right]
+
+    def __ror__(self, left):
+        return Union[left, self]
+
+    @_tp_cache
+    def __getitem__(self, args):
+        # Parameterizes an already-parameterized object.
+        #
+        # For example, we arrive here doing something like:
+        #   T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        #   T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        #   T3 = TypeVar('T3')
+        #   class A(Generic[T1]): pass
+        #   B = A[T2]  # B is a _GenericAlias
+        #   C = B[T3]  # Invokes _GenericAlias.__getitem__
+        #
+        # We also arrive here when parameterizing a generic `Callable` alias:
+        #   T = TypeVar('T')
+        #   C = Callable[[T], None]
+        #   C[int]  # Invokes _GenericAlias.__getitem__
+
+        if self.__origin__ in (Generic, Protocol):
+            # Can't subscript Generic[...] or Protocol[...].
+            raise TypeError(f"Cannot subscript already-subscripted {self}")
+        if not self.__parameters__:
+            raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class")
+
+        # Preprocess `args`.
+        if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+            args = (args,)
+        args = _unpack_args(*(_type_convert(p) for p in args))
+        new_args = self._determine_new_args(args)
+        r = self.copy_with(new_args)
+        return r
+
+    def _determine_new_args(self, args):
+        # Determines new __args__ for __getitem__.
+        #
+        # For example, suppose we had:
+        #   T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        #   T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        #   class A(Generic[T1, T2]): pass
+        #   T3 = TypeVar('T3')
+        #   B = A[int, T3]
+        #   C = B[str]
+        # `B.__args__` is `(int, T3)`, so `C.__args__` should be `(int, str)`.
+        # Unfortunately, this is harder than it looks, because if `T3` is
+        # anything more exotic than a plain `TypeVar`, we need to consider
+        # edge cases.
+
+        params = self.__parameters__
+        # In the example above, this would be {T3: str}
+        for param in params:
+            prepare = getattr(param, '__typing_prepare_subst__', None)
+            if prepare is not None:
+                args = prepare(self, args)
+        alen = len(args)
+        plen = len(params)
+        if alen != plen:
+            raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > plen else 'few'} arguments for {self};"
+                            f" actual {alen}, expected {plen}")
+        new_arg_by_param = dict(zip(params, args))
+        return tuple(self._make_substitution(self.__args__, new_arg_by_param))
+
+    def _make_substitution(self, args, new_arg_by_param):
+        """Create a list of new type arguments."""
+        new_args = []
+        for old_arg in args:
+            if isinstance(old_arg, type):
+                new_args.append(old_arg)
+                continue
+
+            substfunc = getattr(old_arg, '__typing_subst__', None)
+            if substfunc:
+                new_arg = substfunc(new_arg_by_param[old_arg])
+            else:
+                subparams = getattr(old_arg, '__parameters__', ())
+                if not subparams:
+                    new_arg = old_arg
+                else:
+                    subargs = []
+                    for x in subparams:
+                        if isinstance(x, TypeVarTuple):
+                            subargs.extend(new_arg_by_param[x])
+                        else:
+                            subargs.append(new_arg_by_param[x])
+                    new_arg = old_arg[tuple(subargs)]
+
+            if self.__origin__ == collections.abc.Callable and isinstance(new_arg, tuple):
+                # Consider the following `Callable`.
+                #   C = Callable[[int], str]
+                # Here, `C.__args__` should be (int, str) - NOT ([int], str).
+                # That means that if we had something like...
+                #   P = ParamSpec('P')
+                #   T = TypeVar('T')
+                #   C = Callable[P, T]
+                #   D = C[[int, str], float]
+                # ...we need to be careful; `new_args` should end up as
+                # `(int, str, float)` rather than `([int, str], float)`.
+                new_args.extend(new_arg)
+            elif _is_unpacked_typevartuple(old_arg):
+                # Consider the following `_GenericAlias`, `B`:
+                #   class A(Generic[*Ts]): ...
+                #   B = A[T, *Ts]
+                # If we then do:
+                #   B[float, int, str]
+                # The `new_arg` corresponding to `T` will be `float`, and the
+                # `new_arg` corresponding to `*Ts` will be `(int, str)`. We
+                # should join all these types together in a flat list
+                # `(float, int, str)` - so again, we should `extend`.
+                new_args.extend(new_arg)
+            elif isinstance(old_arg, tuple):
+                # Corner case:
+                #    P = ParamSpec('P')
+                #    T = TypeVar('T')
+                #    class Base(Generic[P]): ...
+                # Can be substituted like this:
+                #    X = Base[[int, T]]
+                # In this case, `old_arg` will be a tuple:
+                new_args.append(
+                    tuple(self._make_substitution(old_arg, new_arg_by_param)),
+                )
+            else:
+                new_args.append(new_arg)
+        return new_args
+
+    def copy_with(self, args):
+        return self.__class__(self.__origin__, args, name=self._name, inst=self._inst)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self._name:
+            name = 'typing.' + self._name
+        else:
+            name = _type_repr(self.__origin__)
+        if self.__args__:
+            args = ", ".join([_type_repr(a) for a in self.__args__])
+        else:
+            # To ensure the repr is eval-able.
+            args = "()"
+        return f'{name}[{args}]'
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        if self._name:
+            origin = globals()[self._name]
+        else:
+            origin = self.__origin__
+        args = tuple(self.__args__)
+        if len(args) == 1 and not isinstance(args[0], tuple):
+            args, = args
+        return operator.getitem, (origin, args)
+
+    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+        if isinstance(self.__origin__, _SpecialForm):
+            raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")
+
+        if self._name:  # generic version of an ABC or built-in class
+            return super().__mro_entries__(bases)
+        if self.__origin__ is Generic:
+            if Protocol in bases:
+                return ()
+            i = bases.index(self)
+            for b in bases[i+1:]:
+                if isinstance(b, _BaseGenericAlias) and b is not self:
+                    return ()
+        return (self.__origin__,)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        yield Unpack[self]
+
+
+# _nparams is the number of accepted parameters, e.g. 0 for Hashable,
+# 1 for List and 2 for Dict.  It may be -1 if variable number of
+# parameters are accepted (needs custom __getitem__).
+
+class _SpecialGenericAlias(_NotIterable, _BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def __init__(self, origin, nparams, *, inst=True, name=None, defaults=()):
+        if name is None:
+            name = origin.__name__
+        super().__init__(origin, inst=inst, name=name)
+        self._nparams = nparams
+        self._defaults = defaults
+        if origin.__module__ == 'builtins':
+            self.__doc__ = f'A generic version of {origin.__qualname__}.'
+        else:
+            self.__doc__ = f'A generic version of {origin.__module__}.{origin.__qualname__}.'
+
+    @_tp_cache
+    def __getitem__(self, params):
+        if not isinstance(params, tuple):
+            params = (params,)
+        msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
+        params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
+        if (self._defaults
+            and len(params) < self._nparams
+            and len(params) + len(self._defaults) >= self._nparams
+        ):
+            params = (*params, *self._defaults[len(params) - self._nparams:])
+        actual_len = len(params)
+
+        if actual_len != self._nparams:
+            if self._defaults:
+                expected = f"at least {self._nparams - len(self._defaults)}"
+            else:
+                expected = str(self._nparams)
+            if not self._nparams:
+                raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class")
+            raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if actual_len > self._nparams else 'few'} arguments for {self};"
+                            f" actual {actual_len}, expected {expected}")
+        return self.copy_with(params)
+
+    def copy_with(self, params):
+        return _GenericAlias(self.__origin__, params,
+                             name=self._name, inst=self._inst)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'typing.' + self._name
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+        if isinstance(cls, _SpecialGenericAlias):
+            return issubclass(cls.__origin__, self.__origin__)
+        if not isinstance(cls, _GenericAlias):
+            return issubclass(cls, self.__origin__)
+        return super().__subclasscheck__(cls)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    def __or__(self, right):
+        return Union[self, right]
+
+    def __ror__(self, left):
+        return Union[left, self]
+
+
+class _DeprecatedGenericAlias(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self, origin, nparams, *, removal_version, inst=True, name=None
+    ):
+        super().__init__(origin, nparams, inst=inst, name=name)
+        self._removal_version = removal_version
+
+    def __instancecheck__(self, inst):
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated(
+            f"{self.__module__}.{self._name}", remove=self._removal_version
+        )
+        return super().__instancecheck__(inst)
+
+
+class _CallableGenericAlias(_NotIterable, _GenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        assert self._name == 'Callable'
+        args = self.__args__
+        if len(args) == 2 and _is_param_expr(args[0]):
+            return super().__repr__()
+        return (f'typing.Callable'
+                f'[[{", ".join([_type_repr(a) for a in args[:-1]])}], '
+                f'{_type_repr(args[-1])}]')
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        args = self.__args__
+        if not (len(args) == 2 and _is_param_expr(args[0])):
+            args = list(args[:-1]), args[-1]
+        return operator.getitem, (Callable, args)
+
+
+class _CallableType(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def copy_with(self, params):
+        return _CallableGenericAlias(self.__origin__, params,
+                                     name=self._name, inst=self._inst)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, params):
+        if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) != 2:
+            raise TypeError("Callable must be used as "
+                            "Callable[[arg, ...], result].")
+        args, result = params
+        # This relaxes what args can be on purpose to allow things like
+        # PEP 612 ParamSpec.  Responsibility for whether a user is using
+        # Callable[...] properly is deferred to static type checkers.
+        if isinstance(args, list):
+            params = (tuple(args), result)
+        else:
+            params = (args, result)
+        return self.__getitem_inner__(params)
+
+    @_tp_cache
+    def __getitem_inner__(self, params):
+        args, result = params
+        msg = "Callable[args, result]: result must be a type."
+        result = _type_check(result, msg)
+        if args is Ellipsis:
+            return self.copy_with((_TypingEllipsis, result))
+        if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+            args = (args,)
+        args = tuple(_type_convert(arg) for arg in args)
+        params = args + (result,)
+        return self.copy_with(params)
+
+
+class _TupleType(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
+    @_tp_cache
+    def __getitem__(self, params):
+        if not isinstance(params, tuple):
+            params = (params,)
+        if len(params) >= 2 and params[-1] is ...:
+            msg = "Tuple[t, ...]: t must be a type."
+            params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params[:-1])
+            return self.copy_with((*params, _TypingEllipsis))
+        msg = "Tuple[t0, t1, ...]: each t must be a type."
+        params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
+        return self.copy_with(params)
+
+
+class _UnionGenericAliasMeta(type):
+    def __instancecheck__(self, inst: object) -> bool:
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated("_UnionGenericAlias", remove=(3, 17))
+        return isinstance(inst, Union)
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(self, inst: type) -> bool:
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated("_UnionGenericAlias", remove=(3, 17))
+        return issubclass(inst, Union)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated("_UnionGenericAlias", remove=(3, 17))
+        if other is _UnionGenericAlias or other is Union:
+            return True
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(Union)
+
+
+class _UnionGenericAlias(metaclass=_UnionGenericAliasMeta):
+    """Compatibility hack.
+
+    A class named _UnionGenericAlias used to be used to implement
+    typing.Union. This class exists to serve as a shim to preserve
+    the meaning of some code that used to use _UnionGenericAlias
+    directly.
+
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, self_cls, parameters, /, *, name=None):
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated("_UnionGenericAlias", remove=(3, 17))
+        return Union[parameters]
+
+
+def _value_and_type_iter(parameters):
+    return ((p, type(p)) for p in parameters)
+
+
+class _LiteralGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _LiteralGenericAlias):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return set(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)) == set(_value_and_type_iter(other.__args__))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(frozenset(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)))
+
+
+class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def copy_with(self, params):
+        if isinstance(params[-1], (list, tuple)):
+            return (*params[:-1], *params[-1])
+        if isinstance(params[-1], _ConcatenateGenericAlias):
+            params = (*params[:-1], *params[-1].__args__)
+        return super().copy_with(params)
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def Unpack(self, parameters):
+    """Type unpack operator.
+
+    The type unpack operator takes the child types from some container type,
+    such as `tuple[int, str]` or a `TypeVarTuple`, and 'pulls them out'.
+
+    For example::
+
+        # For some generic class `Foo`:
+        Foo[Unpack[tuple[int, str]]]  # Equivalent to Foo[int, str]
+
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        # Specifies that `Bar` is generic in an arbitrary number of types.
+        # (Think of `Ts` as a tuple of an arbitrary number of individual
+        #  `TypeVar`s, which the `Unpack` is 'pulling out' directly into the
+        #  `Generic[]`.)
+        class Bar(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): ...
+        Bar[int]  # Valid
+        Bar[int, str]  # Also valid
+
+    From Python 3.11, this can also be done using the `*` operator::
+
+        Foo[*tuple[int, str]]
+        class Bar(Generic[*Ts]): ...
+
+    And from Python 3.12, it can be done using built-in syntax for generics::
+
+        Foo[*tuple[int, str]]
+        class Bar[*Ts]: ...
+
+    The operator can also be used along with a `TypedDict` to annotate
+    `**kwargs` in a function signature::
+
+        class Movie(TypedDict):
+            name: str
+            year: int
+
+        # This function expects two keyword arguments - *name* of type `str` and
+        # *year* of type `int`.
+        def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...
+
+    Note that there is only some runtime checking of this operator. Not
+    everything the runtime allows may be accepted by static type checkers.
+
+    For more information, see PEPs 646 and 692.
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
+    return _UnpackGenericAlias(origin=self, args=(item,))
+
+
+class _UnpackGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        # `Unpack` only takes one argument, so __args__ should contain only
+        # a single item.
+        return f'typing.Unpack[{_type_repr(self.__args__[0])}]'
+
+    def __getitem__(self, args):
+        if self.__typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__:
+            return args
+        return super().__getitem__(args)
+
+    @property
+    def __typing_unpacked_tuple_args__(self):
+        assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
+        assert len(self.__args__) == 1
+        arg, = self.__args__
+        if isinstance(arg, (_GenericAlias, types.GenericAlias)):
+            if arg.__origin__ is not tuple:
+                raise TypeError("Unpack[...] must be used with a tuple type")
+            return arg.__args__
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def __typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__(self):
+        assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
+        assert len(self.__args__) == 1
+        return isinstance(self.__args__[0], TypeVarTuple)
+
+
+class _TypingEllipsis:
+    """Internal placeholder for ... (ellipsis)."""
+
+
+_TYPING_INTERNALS = frozenset({
+    '__parameters__', '__orig_bases__',  '__orig_class__',
+    '_is_protocol', '_is_runtime_protocol', '__protocol_attrs__',
+    '__non_callable_proto_members__', '__type_params__',
+})
+
+_SPECIAL_NAMES = frozenset({
+    '__abstractmethods__', '__annotations__', '__dict__', '__doc__',
+    '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__slots__',
+    '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '__class_getitem__',
+    '__match_args__', '__static_attributes__', '__firstlineno__',
+    '__annotate__', '__annotate_func__', '__annotations_cache__',
+})
+
+# These special attributes will be not collected as protocol members.
+EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES = _TYPING_INTERNALS | _SPECIAL_NAMES | {'_MutableMapping__marker'}
+
+
+def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
+    """Collect protocol members from a protocol class objects.
+
+    This includes names actually defined in the class dictionary, as well
+    as names that appear in annotations. Special names (above) are skipped.
+    """
+    attrs = set()
+    for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]:  # without object
+        if base.__name__ in {'Protocol', 'Generic'}:
+            continue
+        try:
+            annotations = base.__annotations__
+        except Exception:
+            # Only go through annotationlib to handle deferred annotations if we need to
+            annotations = _lazy_annotationlib.get_annotations(
+                base, format=_lazy_annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF
+            )
+        for attr in (*base.__dict__, *annotations):
+            if not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES:
+                attrs.add(attr)
+    return attrs
+
+
+def _no_init_or_replace_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    cls = type(self)
+
+    if cls._is_protocol:
+        raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')
+
+    # Already using a custom `__init__`. No need to calculate correct
+    # `__init__` to call. This can lead to RecursionError. See bpo-45121.
+    if cls.__init__ is not _no_init_or_replace_init:
+        return
+
+    # Initially, `__init__` of a protocol subclass is set to `_no_init_or_replace_init`.
+    # The first instantiation of the subclass will call `_no_init_or_replace_init` which
+    # searches for a proper new `__init__` in the MRO. The new `__init__`
+    # replaces the subclass' old `__init__` (ie `_no_init_or_replace_init`). Subsequent
+    # instantiation of the protocol subclass will thus use the new
+    # `__init__` and no longer call `_no_init_or_replace_init`.
+    for base in cls.__mro__:
+        init = base.__dict__.get('__init__', _no_init_or_replace_init)
+        if init is not _no_init_or_replace_init:
+            cls.__init__ = init
+            break
+    else:
+        # should not happen
+        cls.__init__ = object.__init__
+
+    cls.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _caller(depth=1, default='__main__'):
+    try:
+        return sys._getframemodulename(depth + 1) or default
+    except AttributeError:  # For platforms without _getframemodulename()
+        pass
+    try:
+        return sys._getframe(depth + 1).f_globals.get('__name__', default)
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):  # For platforms without _getframe()
+        pass
+    return None
+
+def _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=2):
+    """Allow instance and class checks for special stdlib modules.
+
+    The abc and functools modules indiscriminately call isinstance() and
+    issubclass() on the whole MRO of a user class, which may contain protocols.
+    """
+    return _caller(depth) in {'abc', 'functools', None}
+
+
+_PROTO_ALLOWLIST = {
+    'collections.abc': [
+        'Callable', 'Awaitable', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable',
+        'AsyncIterator', 'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection',
+        'Reversible', 'Buffer',
+    ],
+    'contextlib': ['AbstractContextManager', 'AbstractAsyncContextManager'],
+    'io': ['Reader', 'Writer'],
+    'os': ['PathLike'],
+}
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def _lazy_load_getattr_static():
+    # Import getattr_static lazily so as not to slow down the import of typing.py
+    # Cache the result so we don't slow down _ProtocolMeta.__instancecheck__ unnecessarily
+    from inspect import getattr_static
+    return getattr_static
+
+
+_cleanups.append(_lazy_load_getattr_static.cache_clear)
+
+def _pickle_psargs(psargs):
+    return ParamSpecArgs, (psargs.__origin__,)
+
+copyreg.pickle(ParamSpecArgs, _pickle_psargs)
+
+def _pickle_pskwargs(pskwargs):
+    return ParamSpecKwargs, (pskwargs.__origin__,)
+
+copyreg.pickle(ParamSpecKwargs, _pickle_pskwargs)
+
+del _pickle_psargs, _pickle_pskwargs
+
+
+# Preload these once, as globals, as a micro-optimisation.
+# This makes a significant difference to the time it takes
+# to do `isinstance()`/`issubclass()` checks
+# against runtime-checkable protocols with only one callable member.
+_abc_instancecheck = ABCMeta.__instancecheck__
+_abc_subclasscheck = ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__
+
+
+def _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(arg):
+    """Raise TypeError if `arg` is not an instance of `type`
+    in `issubclass(arg, <protocol>)`.
+
+    In most cases, this is verified by type.__subclasscheck__.
+    Checking it again unnecessarily would slow down issubclass() checks,
+    so, we don't perform this check unless we absolutely have to.
+
+    For various error paths, however,
+    we want to ensure that *this* error message is shown to the user
+    where relevant, rather than a typing.py-specific error message.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(arg, type):
+        # Same error message as for issubclass(1, int).
+        raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
+
+
+class _ProtocolMeta(ABCMeta):
+    # This metaclass is somewhat unfortunate,
+    # but is necessary for several reasons...
+    def __new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, /, **kwargs):
+        if name == "Protocol" and bases == (Generic,):
+            pass
+        elif Protocol in bases:
+            for base in bases:
+                if not (
+                    base in {object, Generic}
+                    or base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST.get(base.__module__, [])
+                    or (
+                        issubclass(base, Generic)
+                        and getattr(base, "_is_protocol", False)
+                    )
+                ):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Protocols can only inherit from other protocols, "
+                        f"got {base!r}"
+                    )
+        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
+
+    def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
+            cls.__protocol_attrs__ = _get_protocol_attrs(cls)
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
+        if cls is Protocol:
+            return type.__subclasscheck__(cls, other)
+        if (
+            getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False)
+            and not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
+        ):
+            if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
+                _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other)
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Instance and class checks can only be used with "
+                    "@runtime_checkable protocols"
+                )
+            if (
+                # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable:
+                cls.__non_callable_proto_members__
+                and cls.__dict__.get("__subclasshook__") is _proto_hook
+            ):
+                _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other)
+                non_method_attrs = sorted(cls.__non_callable_proto_members__)
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()."
+                    f" Non-method members: {str(non_method_attrs)[1:-1]}."
+                )
+        return _abc_subclasscheck(cls, other)
+
+    def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
+        # We need this method for situations where attributes are
+        # assigned in __init__.
+        if cls is Protocol:
+            return type.__instancecheck__(cls, instance)
+        if not getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
+            # i.e., it's a concrete subclass of a protocol
+            return _abc_instancecheck(cls, instance)
+
+        if (
+            not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False) and
+            not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
+        ):
+            raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
+                            " @runtime_checkable protocols")
+
+        if _abc_instancecheck(cls, instance):
+            return True
+
+        getattr_static = _lazy_load_getattr_static()
+        for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+            try:
+                val = getattr_static(instance, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                break
+            # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable:
+            if val is None and attr not in cls.__non_callable_proto_members__:
+                break
+        else:
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+
+@classmethod
+def _proto_hook(cls, other):
+    if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+        for base in other.__mro__:
+            # Check if the members appears in the class dictionary...
+            if attr in base.__dict__:
+                if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
+                    return NotImplemented
+                break
+
+            # ...or in annotations, if it is a sub-protocol.
+            if issubclass(other, Generic) and getattr(other, "_is_protocol", False):
+                # We avoid the slower path through annotationlib here because in most
+                # cases it should be unnecessary.
+                try:
+                    annos = base.__annotations__
+                except Exception:
+                    annos = _lazy_annotationlib.get_annotations(
+                        base, format=_lazy_annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF
+                    )
+                if attr in annos:
+                    break
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+    return True
+
+
+class Protocol(Generic, metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
+    """Base class for protocol classes.
+
+    Protocol classes are defined as::
+
+        class Proto(Protocol):
+            def meth(self) -> int:
+                ...
+
+    Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
+    structural subtyping (static duck-typing).
+
+    For example::
+
+        class C:
+            def meth(self) -> int:
+                return 0
+
+        def func(x: Proto) -> int:
+            return x.meth()
+
+        func(C())  # Passes static type check
+
+    See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
+    @typing.runtime_checkable act as simple-minded runtime protocols that check
+    only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
+    Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
+
+        class GenProto[T](Protocol):
+            def meth(self) -> T:
+                ...
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _is_protocol = True
+    _is_runtime_protocol = False
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass.
+        if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
+            cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)
+
+        # Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
+        if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
+
+        # Prohibit instantiation for protocol classes
+        if cls._is_protocol and cls.__init__ is Protocol.__init__:
+            cls.__init__ = _no_init_or_replace_init
+
+
+class _AnnotatedAlias(_NotIterable, _GenericAlias, _root=True):
+    """Runtime representation of an annotated type.
+
+    At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
+    with extra metadata. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias.
+    Instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type; binding
+    it to types is also the same.
+
+    The metadata itself is stored in a '__metadata__' attribute as a tuple.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, origin, metadata):
+        if isinstance(origin, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            metadata = origin.__metadata__ + metadata
+            origin = origin.__origin__
+        super().__init__(origin, origin, name='Annotated')
+        self.__metadata__ = metadata
+
+    def copy_with(self, params):
+        assert len(params) == 1
+        new_type = params[0]
+        return _AnnotatedAlias(new_type, self.__metadata__)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "typing.Annotated[{}, {}]".format(
+            _type_repr(self.__origin__),
+            ", ".join(repr(a) for a in self.__metadata__)
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return operator.getitem, (
+            Annotated, (self.__origin__,) + self.__metadata__
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return (self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
+                and self.__metadata__ == other.__metadata__)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash((self.__origin__, self.__metadata__))
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        if attr in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
+            return 'Annotated'
+        return super().__getattr__(attr)
+
+    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+        return (self.__origin__,)
+
+
+@_TypedCacheSpecialForm
+@_tp_cache(typed=True)
+def Annotated(self, *params):
+    """Add context-specific metadata to a type.
+
+    Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
+    hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
+    Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
+    this type as int.
+
+    The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type.
+
+    Details:
+
+    - It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
+    - Access the metadata via the ``__metadata__`` attribute::
+
+        assert Annotated[int, '$'].__metadata__ == ('$',)
+
+    - Nested Annotated types are flattened::
+
+        assert Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
+
+    - Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
+    underlying type::
+
+        assert Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
+
+    - Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
+
+        type Optimized[T] = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
+        # type checker will treat Optimized[int]
+        # as equivalent to Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
+
+        type OptimizedList[T] = Annotated[list[T], runtime.Optimize()]
+        # type checker will treat OptimizedList[int]
+        # as equivalent to Annotated[list[int], runtime.Optimize()]
+
+    - Annotated cannot be used with an unpacked TypeVarTuple::
+
+        type Variadic[*Ts] = Annotated[*Ts, Ann1]  # NOT valid
+
+      This would be equivalent to::
+
+        Annotated[T1, T2, T3, ..., Ann1]
+
+      where T1, T2 etc. are TypeVars, which would be invalid, because
+      only one type should be passed to Annotated.
+    """
+    if len(params) < 2:
+        raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
+                        "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
+                        "annotation).")
+    if _is_unpacked_typevartuple(params[0]):
+        raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should not be used with an "
+                        "unpacked TypeVarTuple")
+    msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
+    origin = _type_check(params[0], msg, allow_special_forms=True)
+    metadata = tuple(params[1:])
+    return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)
+
+
+def runtime_checkable(cls):
+    """Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol.
+
+    Such protocol can be used with isinstance() and issubclass().
+    Raise TypeError if applied to a non-protocol class.
+    This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to
+    one trick ponies in collections.abc such as Iterable.
+
+    For example::
+
+        @runtime_checkable
+        class Closable(Protocol):
+            def close(self): ...
+
+        assert isinstance(open('/some/file'), Closable)
+
+    Warning: this will check only the presence of the required methods,
+    not their type signatures!
+    """
+    if not issubclass(cls, Generic) or not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False):
+        raise TypeError('@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,'
+                        ' got %r' % cls)
+    cls._is_runtime_protocol = True
+    # PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass()
+    # with protocols that have non-method members.
+    # See gh-113320 for why we compute this attribute here,
+    # rather than in `_ProtocolMeta.__init__`
+    cls.__non_callable_proto_members__ = set()
+    for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+        try:
+            is_callable = callable(getattr(cls, attr, None))
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Failed to determine whether protocol member {attr!r} "
+                "is a method member"
+            ) from e
+        else:
+            if not is_callable:
+                cls.__non_callable_proto_members__.add(attr)
+    return cls
+
+
+def cast(typ, val):
+    """Cast a value to a type.
+
+    This returns the value unchanged.  To the type checker this
+    signals that the return value has the designated type, but at
+    runtime we intentionally don't check anything (we want this
+    to be as fast as possible).
+    """
+    return val
+
+
+def assert_type(val, typ, /):
+    """Ask a static type checker to confirm that the value is of the given type.
+
+    At runtime this does nothing: it returns the first argument unchanged with no
+    checks or side effects, no matter the actual type of the argument.
+
+    When a static type checker encounters a call to assert_type(), it
+    emits an error if the value is not of the specified type::
+
+        def greet(name: str) -> None:
+            assert_type(name, str)  # OK
+            assert_type(name, int)  # type checker error
+    """
+    return val
+
+
+def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False,
+                   *, format=None):
+    """Return type hints for an object.
+
+    This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
+    forward references encoded as string literals and recursively replaces all
+    'Annotated[T, ...]' with 'T' (unless 'include_extras=True').
+
+    The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
+    are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
+    inherited members.
+
+    TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
+    annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
+    present.
+
+    BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
+    (unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work).  The
+    search order is locals first, then globals.
+
+    - If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
+      globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
+      and these are also used as the locals.  If the object does not appear
+      to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.  For classes, the search
+      order is globals first then locals.
+
+    - If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
+      locals.
+
+    - If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
+      locals, respectively.
+    """
+    if getattr(obj, '__no_type_check__', None):
+        return {}
+    Format = _lazy_annotationlib.Format
+    if format is None:
+        format = Format.VALUE
+    # Classes require a special treatment.
+    if isinstance(obj, type):
+        hints = {}
+        for base in reversed(obj.__mro__):
+            ann = _lazy_annotationlib.get_annotations(base, format=format)
+            if format == Format.STRING:
+                hints.update(ann)
+                continue
+            if globalns is None:
+                base_globals = getattr(sys.modules.get(base.__module__, None), '__dict__', {})
+            else:
+                base_globals = globalns
+            base_locals = dict(vars(base)) if localns is None else localns
+            if localns is None and globalns is None:
+                # This is surprising, but required.  Before Python 3.10,
+                # get_type_hints only evaluated the globalns of
+                # a class.  To maintain backwards compatibility, we reverse
+                # the globalns and localns order so that eval() looks into
+                # *base_globals* first rather than *base_locals*.
+                # This only affects ForwardRefs.
+                base_globals, base_locals = base_locals, base_globals
+            type_params = base.__type_params__
+            base_globals, base_locals = _add_type_params_to_scope(
+                type_params, base_globals, base_locals, True)
+            for name, value in ann.items():
+                if isinstance(value, str):
+                    value = _make_forward_ref(value, is_argument=False, is_class=True)
+                value = _eval_type(value, base_globals, base_locals, (),
+                                   format=format, owner=obj, prefer_fwd_module=True)
+                if value is None:
+                    value = type(None)
+                hints[name] = value
+        if include_extras or format == Format.STRING:
+            return hints
+        else:
+            return {k: _strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hints.items()}
+
+    hints = _lazy_annotationlib.get_annotations(obj, format=format)
+    if (
+        not hints
+        and not isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType)
+        and not callable(obj)
+        and not hasattr(obj, '__annotations__')
+        and not hasattr(obj, '__annotate__')
+    ):
+        raise TypeError(f"{obj!r} is not a module, class, or callable.")
+    if format == Format.STRING:
+        return hints
+
+    if globalns is None:
+        if isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType):
+            globalns = obj.__dict__
+        else:
+            nsobj = obj
+            # Find globalns for the unwrapped object.
+            while hasattr(nsobj, '__wrapped__'):
+                nsobj = nsobj.__wrapped__
+            globalns = getattr(nsobj, '__globals__', {})
+        if localns is None:
+            localns = globalns
+    elif localns is None:
+        localns = globalns
+    type_params = getattr(obj, "__type_params__", ())
+    globalns, localns = _add_type_params_to_scope(type_params, globalns, localns, False)
+    for name, value in hints.items():
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            # class-level forward refs were handled above, this must be either
+            # a module-level annotation or a function argument annotation
+            value = _make_forward_ref(
+                value,
+                is_argument=not isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType),
+                is_class=False,
+            )
+        value = _eval_type(value, globalns, localns, (), format=format, owner=obj, prefer_fwd_module=True)
+        if value is None:
+            value = type(None)
+        hints[name] = value
+    return hints if include_extras else {k: _strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hints.items()}
+
+
+# Add type parameters to the globals and locals scope. This is needed for
+# compatibility.
+def _add_type_params_to_scope(type_params, globalns, localns, is_class):
+    if not type_params:
+        return globalns, localns
+    globalns = dict(globalns)
+    localns = dict(localns)
+    for param in type_params:
+        if not is_class or param.__name__ not in globalns:
+            globalns[param.__name__] = param
+            localns.pop(param.__name__, None)
+    return globalns, localns
+
+
+def _strip_annotations(t):
+    """Strip the annotations from a given type."""
+    if isinstance(t, _AnnotatedAlias):
+        return _strip_annotations(t.__origin__)
+    if hasattr(t, "__origin__") and t.__origin__ in (Required, NotRequired, ReadOnly):
+        return _strip_annotations(t.__args__[0])
+    if isinstance(t, _GenericAlias):
+        stripped_args = tuple(_strip_annotations(a) for a in t.__args__)
+        if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+            return t
+        return t.copy_with(stripped_args)
+    if isinstance(t, GenericAlias):
+        stripped_args = tuple(_strip_annotations(a) for a in t.__args__)
+        if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+            return t
+        return GenericAlias(t.__origin__, stripped_args)
+    if isinstance(t, Union):
+        stripped_args = tuple(_strip_annotations(a) for a in t.__args__)
+        if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+            return t
+        return functools.reduce(operator.or_, stripped_args)
+
+    return t
+
+
+def get_origin(tp):
+    """Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
+
+    This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar,
+    Annotated, and others. Return None for unsupported types.
+
+    Examples::
+
+        >>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+        >>> assert get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
+        >>> assert get_origin(int) is None
+        >>> assert get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
+        >>> assert get_origin(Generic) is Generic
+        >>> assert get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
+        >>> assert get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
+        >>> assert get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) is list
+        >>> assert get_origin(P.args) is P
+    """
+    if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
+        return Annotated
+    if isinstance(tp, (_BaseGenericAlias, GenericAlias,
+                       ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs)):
+        return tp.__origin__
+    if tp is Generic:
+        return Generic
+    if isinstance(tp, Union):
+        return Union
+    return None
+
+
+def get_args(tp):
+    """Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
+
+    For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
+
+    Examples::
+
+        >>> T = TypeVar('T')
+        >>> assert get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
+        >>> assert get_args(int) == ()
+        >>> assert get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
+        >>> assert get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
+        >>> assert get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
+    """
+    if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
+        return (tp.__origin__,) + tp.__metadata__
+    if isinstance(tp, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias)):
+        res = tp.__args__
+        if _should_unflatten_callable_args(tp, res):
+            res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1])
+        return res
+    if isinstance(tp, Union):
+        return tp.__args__
+    return ()
+
+
+def is_typeddict(tp):
+    """Check if an annotation is a TypedDict class.
+
+    For example::
+
+        >>> from typing import TypedDict
+        >>> class Film(TypedDict):
+        ...     title: str
+        ...     year: int
+        ...
+        >>> is_typeddict(Film)
+        True
+        >>> is_typeddict(dict)
+        False
+    """
+    return isinstance(tp, _TypedDictMeta)
+
+
+_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH = 100
+
+
+def assert_never(arg: Never, /) -> Never:
+    """Statically assert that a line of code is unreachable.
+
+    Example::
+
+        def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
+            match arg:
+                case int():
+                    print("It's an int")
+                case str():
+                    print("It's a str")
+                case _:
+                    assert_never(arg)
+
+    If a type checker finds that a call to assert_never() is
+    reachable, it will emit an error.
+
+    At runtime, this throws an exception when called.
+    """
+    value = repr(arg)
+    if len(value) > _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH:
+        value = value[:_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH] + '...'
+    raise AssertionError(f"Expected code to be unreachable, but got: {value}")
+
+
+def no_type_check(arg):
+    """Decorator to indicate that annotations are not type hints.
+
+    The argument must be a class or function; if it is a class, it
+    applies recursively to all methods and classes defined in that class
+    (but not to methods defined in its superclasses or subclasses).
+
+    This mutates the function(s) or class(es) in place.
+    """
+    if isinstance(arg, type):
+        for key in dir(arg):
+            obj = getattr(arg, key)
+            if (
+                not hasattr(obj, '__qualname__')
+                or obj.__qualname__ != f'{arg.__qualname__}.{obj.__name__}'
+                or getattr(obj, '__module__', None) != arg.__module__
+            ):
+                # We only modify objects that are defined in this type directly.
+                # If classes / methods are nested in multiple layers,
+                # we will modify them when processing their direct holders.
+                continue
+            # Instance, class, and static methods:
+            if isinstance(obj, types.FunctionType):
+                obj.__no_type_check__ = True
+            if isinstance(obj, types.MethodType):
+                obj.__func__.__no_type_check__ = True
+            # Nested types:
+            if isinstance(obj, type):
+                no_type_check(obj)
+    try:
+        arg.__no_type_check__ = True
+    except TypeError:  # built-in classes
+        pass
+    return arg
+
+
+def no_type_check_decorator(decorator):
+    """Decorator to give another decorator the @no_type_check effect.
+
+    This wraps the decorator with something that wraps the decorated
+    function in @no_type_check.
+    """
+    import warnings
+    warnings._deprecated("typing.no_type_check_decorator", remove=(3, 15))
+    @functools.wraps(decorator)
+    def wrapped_decorator(*args, **kwds):
+        func = decorator(*args, **kwds)
+        func = no_type_check(func)
+        return func
+
+    return wrapped_decorator
+
+
+def _overload_dummy(*args, **kwds):
+    """Helper for @overload to raise when called."""
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "You should not call an overloaded function. "
+        "A series of @overload-decorated functions "
+        "outside a stub module should always be followed "
+        "by an implementation that is not @overload-ed.")
+
+
+# {module: {qualname: {firstlineno: func}}}
+_overload_registry = defaultdict(functools.partial(defaultdict, dict))
+
+
+def overload(func):
+    """Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.
+
+    In a stub file, place two or more stub definitions for the same
+    function in a row, each decorated with @overload.
+
+    For example::
+
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
+
+    In a non-stub file (i.e. a regular .py file), do the same but
+    follow it with an implementation.  The implementation should *not*
+    be decorated with @overload::
+
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
+        def utf8(value):
+            ...  # implementation goes here
+
+    The overloads for a function can be retrieved at runtime using the
+    get_overloads() function.
+    """
+    # classmethod and staticmethod
+    f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
+    try:
+        _overload_registry[f.__module__][f.__qualname__][f.__code__.co_firstlineno] = func
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Not a normal function; ignore.
+        pass
+    return _overload_dummy
+
+
+def get_overloads(func):
+    """Return all defined overloads for *func* as a sequence."""
+    # classmethod and staticmethod
+    f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
+    if f.__module__ not in _overload_registry:
+        return []
+    mod_dict = _overload_registry[f.__module__]
+    if f.__qualname__ not in mod_dict:
+        return []
+    return list(mod_dict[f.__qualname__].values())
+
+
+def clear_overloads():
+    """Clear all overloads in the registry."""
+    _overload_registry.clear()
+
+
+def final(f):
+    """Decorator to indicate final methods and final classes.
+
+    Use this decorator to indicate to type checkers that the decorated
+    method cannot be overridden, and decorated class cannot be subclassed.
+
+    For example::
+
+        class Base:
+            @final
+            def done(self) -> None:
+                ...
+        class Sub(Base):
+            def done(self) -> None:  # Error reported by type checker
+                ...
+
+        @final
+        class Leaf:
+            ...
+        class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
+            ...
+
+    There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator
+    attempts to set the ``__final__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated
+    object to allow runtime introspection.
+    """
+    try:
+        f.__final__ = True
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
+        # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
+        # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
+        pass
+    return f
+
+
+# Some unconstrained type variables.  These were initially used by the container types.
+# They were never meant for export and are now unused, but we keep them around to
+# avoid breaking compatibility with users who import them.
+T = TypeVar('T')  # Any type.
+KT = TypeVar('KT')  # Key type.
+VT = TypeVar('VT')  # Value type.
+T_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)  # Any type covariant containers.
+V_co = TypeVar('V_co', covariant=True)  # Any type covariant containers.
+VT_co = TypeVar('VT_co', covariant=True)  # Value type covariant containers.
+T_contra = TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)  # Ditto contravariant.
+# Internal type variable used for Type[].
+CT_co = TypeVar('CT_co', covariant=True, bound=type)
+
+
+# A useful type variable with constraints.  This represents string types.
+# (This one *is* for export!)
+AnyStr = TypeVar('AnyStr', bytes, str)
+
+
+# Various ABCs mimicking those in collections.abc.
+_alias = _SpecialGenericAlias
+
+Hashable = _alias(collections.abc.Hashable, 0)  # Not generic.
+Awaitable = _alias(collections.abc.Awaitable, 1)
+Coroutine = _alias(collections.abc.Coroutine, 3)
+AsyncIterable = _alias(collections.abc.AsyncIterable, 1)
+AsyncIterator = _alias(collections.abc.AsyncIterator, 1)
+Iterable = _alias(collections.abc.Iterable, 1)
+Iterator = _alias(collections.abc.Iterator, 1)
+Reversible = _alias(collections.abc.Reversible, 1)
+Sized = _alias(collections.abc.Sized, 0)  # Not generic.
+Container = _alias(collections.abc.Container, 1)
+Collection = _alias(collections.abc.Collection, 1)
+Callable = _CallableType(collections.abc.Callable, 2)
+Callable.__doc__ = \
+    """Deprecated alias to collections.abc.Callable.
+
+    Callable[[int], str] signifies a function that takes a single
+    parameter of type int and returns a str.
+
+    The subscription syntax must always be used with exactly two
+    values: the argument list and the return type.
+    The argument list must be a list of types, a ParamSpec,
+    Concatenate or ellipsis. The return type must be a single type.
+
+    There is no syntax to indicate optional or keyword arguments;
+    such function types are rarely used as callback types.
+    """
+AbstractSet = _alias(collections.abc.Set, 1, name='AbstractSet')
+MutableSet = _alias(collections.abc.MutableSet, 1)
+# NOTE: Mapping is only covariant in the value type.
+Mapping = _alias(collections.abc.Mapping, 2)
+MutableMapping = _alias(collections.abc.MutableMapping, 2)
+Sequence = _alias(collections.abc.Sequence, 1)
+MutableSequence = _alias(collections.abc.MutableSequence, 1)
+ByteString = _DeprecatedGenericAlias(
+    collections.abc.ByteString, 0, removal_version=(3, 17)  # Not generic.
+)
+# Tuple accepts variable number of parameters.
+Tuple = _TupleType(tuple, -1, inst=False, name='Tuple')
+Tuple.__doc__ = \
+    """Deprecated alias to builtins.tuple.
+
+    Tuple[X, Y] is the cross-product type of X and Y.
+
+    Example: Tuple[T1, T2] is a tuple of two elements corresponding
+    to type variables T1 and T2.  Tuple[int, float, str] is a tuple
+    of an int, a float and a string.
+
+    To specify a variable-length tuple of homogeneous type, use Tuple[T, ...].
+    """
+List = _alias(list, 1, inst=False, name='List')
+Deque = _alias(collections.deque, 1, name='Deque')
+Set = _alias(set, 1, inst=False, name='Set')
+FrozenSet = _alias(frozenset, 1, inst=False, name='FrozenSet')
+MappingView = _alias(collections.abc.MappingView, 1)
+KeysView = _alias(collections.abc.KeysView, 1)
+ItemsView = _alias(collections.abc.ItemsView, 2)
+ValuesView = _alias(collections.abc.ValuesView, 1)
+Dict = _alias(dict, 2, inst=False, name='Dict')
+DefaultDict = _alias(collections.defaultdict, 2, name='DefaultDict')
+OrderedDict = _alias(collections.OrderedDict, 2)
+Counter = _alias(collections.Counter, 1)
+ChainMap = _alias(collections.ChainMap, 2)
+Generator = _alias(collections.abc.Generator, 3, defaults=(types.NoneType, types.NoneType))
+AsyncGenerator = _alias(collections.abc.AsyncGenerator, 2, defaults=(types.NoneType,))
+Type = _alias(type, 1, inst=False, name='Type')
+Type.__doc__ = \
+    """Deprecated alias to builtins.type.
+
+    builtins.type or typing.Type can be used to annotate class objects.
+    For example, suppose we have the following classes::
+
+        class User: ...  # Abstract base for User classes
+        class BasicUser(User): ...
+        class ProUser(User): ...
+        class TeamUser(User): ...
+
+    And a function that takes a class argument that's a subclass of
+    User and returns an instance of the corresponding class::
+
+        def new_user[U](user_class: Type[U]) -> U:
+            user = user_class()
+            # (Here we could write the user object to a database)
+            return user
+
+        joe = new_user(BasicUser)
+
+    At this point the type checker knows that joe has type BasicUser.
+    """
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsInt(Protocol):
+    """An ABC with one abstract method __int__."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __int__(self) -> int:
+        pass
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsFloat(Protocol):
+    """An ABC with one abstract method __float__."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __float__(self) -> float:
+        pass
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsComplex(Protocol):
+    """An ABC with one abstract method __complex__."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __complex__(self) -> complex:
+        pass
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsBytes(Protocol):
+    """An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        pass
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsIndex(Protocol):
+    """An ABC with one abstract method __index__."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __index__(self) -> int:
+        pass
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsAbs[T](Protocol):
+    """An ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __abs__(self) -> T:
+        pass
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsRound[T](Protocol):
+    """An ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __round__(self, ndigits: int = 0) -> T:
+        pass
+
+
+def _make_nmtuple(name, fields, annotate_func, module, defaults = ()):
+    nm_tpl = collections.namedtuple(name, fields,
+                                    defaults=defaults, module=module)
+    nm_tpl.__annotate__ = nm_tpl.__new__.__annotate__ = annotate_func
+    return nm_tpl
+
+
+def _make_eager_annotate(types):
+    checked_types = {key: _type_check(val, f"field {key} annotation must be a type")
+                     for key, val in types.items()}
+    def annotate(format):
+        match format:
+            case _lazy_annotationlib.Format.VALUE | _lazy_annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF:
+                return checked_types
+            case _lazy_annotationlib.Format.STRING:
+                return _lazy_annotationlib.annotations_to_string(types)
+            case _:
+                raise NotImplementedError(format)
+    return annotate
+
+
+# attributes prohibited to set in NamedTuple class syntax
+_prohibited = frozenset({'__new__', '__init__', '__slots__', '__getnewargs__',
+                         '_fields', '_field_defaults',
+                         '_make', '_replace', '_asdict', '_source'})
+
+_special = frozenset({'__module__', '__name__', '__annotations__', '__annotate__',
+                      '__annotate_func__', '__annotations_cache__'})
+
+
+class NamedTupleMeta(type):
+    def __new__(cls, typename, bases, ns):
+        assert _NamedTuple in bases
+        if "__classcell__" in ns:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "uses of super() and __class__ are unsupported in methods of NamedTuple subclasses")
+        for base in bases:
+            if base is not _NamedTuple and base is not Generic:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'can only inherit from a NamedTuple type and Generic')
+        bases = tuple(tuple if base is _NamedTuple else base for base in bases)
+        if "__annotations__" in ns:
+            types = ns["__annotations__"]
+            field_names = list(types)
+            annotate = _make_eager_annotate(types)
+        elif (original_annotate := _lazy_annotationlib.get_annotate_from_class_namespace(ns)) is not None:
+            types = _lazy_annotationlib.call_annotate_function(
+                original_annotate, _lazy_annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF)
+            field_names = list(types)
+
+            # For backward compatibility, type-check all the types at creation time
+            for typ in types.values():
+                _type_check(typ, "field annotation must be a type")
+
+            def annotate(format):
+                annos = _lazy_annotationlib.call_annotate_function(
+                    original_annotate, format)
+                if format != _lazy_annotationlib.Format.STRING:
+                    return {key: _type_check(val, f"field {key} annotation must be a type")
+                            for key, val in annos.items()}
+                return annos
+        else:
+            # Empty NamedTuple
+            field_names = []
+            annotate = lambda format: {}
+        default_names = []
+        for field_name in field_names:
+            if field_name in ns:
+                default_names.append(field_name)
+            elif default_names:
+                raise TypeError(f"Non-default namedtuple field {field_name} "
+                                f"cannot follow default field"
+                                f"{'s' if len(default_names) > 1 else ''} "
+                                f"{', '.join(default_names)}")
+        nm_tpl = _make_nmtuple(typename, field_names, annotate,
+                               defaults=[ns[n] for n in default_names],
+                               module=ns['__module__'])
+        nm_tpl.__bases__ = bases
+        if Generic in bases:
+            class_getitem = _generic_class_getitem
+            nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(class_getitem)
+        # update from user namespace without overriding special namedtuple attributes
+        for key, val in ns.items():
+            if key in _prohibited:
+                raise AttributeError("Cannot overwrite NamedTuple attribute " + key)
+            elif key not in _special:
+                if key not in nm_tpl._fields:
+                    setattr(nm_tpl, key, val)
+                try:
+                    set_name = type(val).__set_name__
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        set_name(val, nm_tpl, key)
+                    except BaseException as e:
+                        e.add_note(
+                            f"Error calling __set_name__ on {type(val).__name__!r} "
+                            f"instance {key!r} in {typename!r}"
+                        )
+                        raise
+
+        if Generic in bases:
+            nm_tpl.__init_subclass__()
+        return nm_tpl
+
+
+def NamedTuple(typename, fields=_sentinel, /, **kwargs):
+    """Typed version of namedtuple.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        class Employee(NamedTuple):
+            name: str
+            id: int
+
+    This is equivalent to::
+
+        Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id'])
+
+    The resulting class has an extra __annotations__ attribute, giving a
+    dict that maps field names to types.  (The field names are also in
+    the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple API.)
+    An alternative equivalent functional syntax is also accepted::
+
+        Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])
+    """
+    if fields is _sentinel:
+        if kwargs:
+            deprecated_thing = "Creating NamedTuple classes using keyword arguments"
+            deprecation_msg = (
+                "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                "Use the class-based or functional syntax instead."
+            )
+        else:
+            deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
+            example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`"
+            deprecation_msg = (
+                "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+                "using the functional syntax, "
+                "pass an empty list, e.g. "
+            ) + example + "."
+    elif fields is None:
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Cannot pass `None` as the 'fields' parameter "
+                "and also specify fields using keyword arguments"
+            )
+        else:
+            deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"
+            example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`"
+            deprecation_msg = (
+                "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+                "using the functional syntax, "
+                "pass an empty list, e.g. "
+            ) + example + "."
+    elif kwargs:
+        raise TypeError("Either list of fields or keywords"
+                        " can be provided to NamedTuple, not both")
+    if fields is _sentinel or fields is None:
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated(deprecated_thing, message=deprecation_msg, remove=(3, 15))
+        fields = kwargs.items()
+    types = {n: _type_check(t, f"field {n} annotation must be a type")
+             for n, t in fields}
+    field_names = [n for n, _ in fields]
+
+    nt = _make_nmtuple(typename, field_names, _make_eager_annotate(types), module=_caller())
+    nt.__orig_bases__ = (NamedTuple,)
+    return nt
+
+_NamedTuple = type.__new__(NamedTupleMeta, 'NamedTuple', (), {})
+
+def _namedtuple_mro_entries(bases):
+    assert NamedTuple in bases
+    return (_NamedTuple,)
+
+NamedTuple.__mro_entries__ = _namedtuple_mro_entries
+
+
+def _get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type):
+    while True:
+        annotation_origin = get_origin(annotation_type)
+        if annotation_origin is Annotated:
+            annotation_args = get_args(annotation_type)
+            if annotation_args:
+                annotation_type = annotation_args[0]
+            else:
+                break
+        elif annotation_origin is Required:
+            yield Required
+            (annotation_type,) = get_args(annotation_type)
+        elif annotation_origin is NotRequired:
+            yield NotRequired
+            (annotation_type,) = get_args(annotation_type)
+        elif annotation_origin is ReadOnly:
+            yield ReadOnly
+            (annotation_type,) = get_args(annotation_type)
+        else:
+            break
+
+
+class _TypedDictMeta(type):
+    def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
+        """Create a new typed dict class object.
+
+        This method is called when TypedDict is subclassed,
+        or when TypedDict is instantiated. This way
+        TypedDict supports all three syntax forms described in its docstring.
+        Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries.
+        """
+        for base in bases:
+            if type(base) is not _TypedDictMeta and base is not Generic:
+                raise TypeError('cannot inherit from both a TypedDict type '
+                                'and a non-TypedDict base class')
+
+        if any(issubclass(b, Generic) for b in bases):
+            generic_base = (Generic,)
+        else:
+            generic_base = ()
+
+        ns_annotations = ns.pop('__annotations__', None)
+
+        tp_dict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, name, (*generic_base, dict), ns)
+
+        if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__orig_bases__'):
+            tp_dict.__orig_bases__ = bases
+
+        if ns_annotations is not None:
+            own_annotate = None
+            own_annotations = ns_annotations
+        elif (own_annotate := _lazy_annotationlib.get_annotate_from_class_namespace(ns)) is not None:
+            own_annotations = _lazy_annotationlib.call_annotate_function(
+                own_annotate, _lazy_annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF, owner=tp_dict
+            )
+        else:
+            own_annotate = None
+            own_annotations = {}
+        msg = "TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a type"
+        own_checked_annotations = {
+            n: _type_check(tp, msg, owner=tp_dict, module=tp_dict.__module__)
+            for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
+        }
+        required_keys = set()
+        optional_keys = set()
+        readonly_keys = set()
+        mutable_keys = set()
+
+        for base in bases:
+            base_required = base.__dict__.get('__required_keys__', set())
+            required_keys |= base_required
+            optional_keys -= base_required
+
+            base_optional = base.__dict__.get('__optional_keys__', set())
+            required_keys -= base_optional
+            optional_keys |= base_optional
+
+            readonly_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__readonly_keys__', ()))
+            mutable_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__mutable_keys__', ()))
+
+        for annotation_key, annotation_type in own_checked_annotations.items():
+            qualifiers = set(_get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type))
+            if Required in qualifiers:
+                is_required = True
+            elif NotRequired in qualifiers:
+                is_required = False
+            else:
+                is_required = total
+
+            if is_required:
+                required_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                optional_keys.discard(annotation_key)
+            else:
+                optional_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                required_keys.discard(annotation_key)
+
+            if ReadOnly in qualifiers:
+                if annotation_key in mutable_keys:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Cannot override mutable key {annotation_key!r}"
+                        " with read-only key"
+                    )
+                readonly_keys.add(annotation_key)
+            else:
+                mutable_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                readonly_keys.discard(annotation_key)
+
+        assert required_keys.isdisjoint(optional_keys), (
+            f"Required keys overlap with optional keys in {name}:"
+            f" {required_keys=}, {optional_keys=}"
+        )
+
+        def __annotate__(format):
+            annos = {}
+            for base in bases:
+                if base is Generic:
+                    continue
+                base_annotate = base.__annotate__
+                if base_annotate is None:
+                    continue
+                base_annos = _lazy_annotationlib.call_annotate_function(
+                    base_annotate, format, owner=base)
+                annos.update(base_annos)
+            if own_annotate is not None:
+                own = _lazy_annotationlib.call_annotate_function(
+                    own_annotate, format, owner=tp_dict)
+                if format != _lazy_annotationlib.Format.STRING:
+                    own = {
+                        n: _type_check(tp, msg, module=tp_dict.__module__)
+                        for n, tp in own.items()
+                    }
+            elif format == _lazy_annotationlib.Format.STRING:
+                own = _lazy_annotationlib.annotations_to_string(own_annotations)
+            elif format in (_lazy_annotationlib.Format.FORWARDREF, _lazy_annotationlib.Format.VALUE):
+                own = own_checked_annotations
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(format)
+            annos.update(own)
+            return annos
+
+        tp_dict.__annotate__ = __annotate__
+        tp_dict.__required_keys__ = frozenset(required_keys)
+        tp_dict.__optional_keys__ = frozenset(optional_keys)
+        tp_dict.__readonly_keys__ = frozenset(readonly_keys)
+        tp_dict.__mutable_keys__ = frozenset(mutable_keys)
+        tp_dict.__total__ = total
+        return tp_dict
+
+    __call__ = dict  # static method
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
+        # Typed dicts are only for static structural subtyping.
+        raise TypeError('TypedDict does not support instance and class checks')
+
+    __instancecheck__ = __subclasscheck__
+
+
+def TypedDict(typename, fields=_sentinel, /, *, total=True):
+    """A simple typed namespace. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.
+
+    TypedDict creates a dictionary type such that a type checker will expect all
+    instances to have a certain set of keys, where each key is
+    associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
+    is not checked at runtime.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        >>> class Point2D(TypedDict):
+        ...     x: int
+        ...     y: int
+        ...     label: str
+        ...
+        >>> a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'}  # OK
+        >>> b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'}           # Fails type check
+        >>> Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')
+        True
+
+    The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and
+    the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets.
+    TypedDict supports an additional equivalent form::
+
+        Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})
+
+    By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible
+    to override this by specifying totality::
+
+        class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
+            x: int
+            y: int
+
+    This means that a Point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted. A type
+    checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of
+    the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the
+    class body be required.
+
+    The Required and NotRequired special forms can also be used to mark
+    individual keys as being required or not required::
+
+        class Point2D(TypedDict):
+            x: int               # the "x" key must always be present (Required is the default)
+            y: NotRequired[int]  # the "y" key can be omitted
+
+    See PEP 655 for more details on Required and NotRequired.
+
+    The ReadOnly special form can be used
+    to mark individual keys as immutable for type checkers::
+
+        class DatabaseUser(TypedDict):
+            id: ReadOnly[int]  # the "id" key must not be modified
+            username: str      # the "username" key can be changed
+
+    """
+    if fields is _sentinel or fields is None:
+        import warnings
+
+        if fields is _sentinel:
+            deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
+        else:
+            deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"
+
+        example = f"`{typename} = TypedDict({typename!r}, {{{{}}}})`"
+        deprecation_msg = (
+            "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+            "To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields "
+            "using the functional syntax, "
+            "pass an empty dictionary, e.g. "
+        ) + example + "."
+        warnings._deprecated(deprecated_thing, message=deprecation_msg, remove=(3, 15))
+        fields = {}
+
+    ns = {'__annotations__': dict(fields)}
+    module = _caller()
+    if module is not None:
+        # Setting correct module is necessary to make typed dict classes pickleable.
+        ns['__module__'] = module
+
+    td = _TypedDictMeta(typename, (), ns, total=total)
+    td.__orig_bases__ = (TypedDict,)
+    return td
+
+_TypedDict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, 'TypedDict', (), {})
+TypedDict.__mro_entries__ = lambda bases: (_TypedDict,)
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def Required(self, parameters):
+    """Special typing construct to mark a TypedDict key as required.
+
+    This is mainly useful for total=False TypedDicts.
+
+    For example::
+
+        class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
+            title: Required[str]
+            year: int
+
+        m = Movie(
+            title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+            year=1999,
+        )
+
+    There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
+    when instantiating a related TypedDict.
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def NotRequired(self, parameters):
+    """Special typing construct to mark a TypedDict key as potentially missing.
+
+    For example::
+
+        class Movie(TypedDict):
+            title: str
+            year: NotRequired[int]
+
+        m = Movie(
+            title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+            year=1999,
+        )
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def ReadOnly(self, parameters):
+    """A special typing construct to mark an item of a TypedDict as read-only.
+
+    For example::
+
+        class Movie(TypedDict):
+            title: ReadOnly[str]
+            year: int
+
+        def mutate_movie(m: Movie) -> None:
+            m["year"] = 1992  # allowed
+            m["title"] = "The Matrix"  # typechecker error
+
+    There is no runtime checking for this property.
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+
+class NewType:
+    """NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero runtime overhead.
+
+    NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp
+    by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
+    a dummy callable that simply returns its argument.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
+
+        def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:
+            ...
+
+        UserId('user')          # Fails type check
+
+        name_by_id(42)          # Fails type check
+        name_by_id(UserId(42))  # OK
+
+        num = UserId(5) + 1     # type: int
+    """
+
+    __call__ = _idfunc
+
+    def __init__(self, name, tp):
+        self.__qualname__ = name
+        if '.' in name:
+            name = name.rpartition('.')[-1]
+        self.__name__ = name
+        self.__supertype__ = tp
+        def_mod = _caller()
+        if def_mod != 'typing':
+            self.__module__ = def_mod
+
+    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+        # We defined __mro_entries__ to get a better error message
+        # if a user attempts to subclass a NewType instance. bpo-46170
+        superclass_name = self.__name__
+
+        class Dummy:
+            def __init_subclass__(cls):
+                subclass_name = cls.__name__
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Cannot subclass an instance of NewType. Perhaps you were looking for: "
+                    f"`{subclass_name} = NewType({subclass_name!r}, {superclass_name})`"
+                )
+
+        return (Dummy,)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'{self.__module__}.{self.__qualname__}'
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__qualname__
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return Union[self, other]
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        return Union[other, self]
+
+
+# Python-version-specific alias (Python 2: unicode; Python 3: str)
+Text = str
+
+
+# Constant that's True when type checking, but False here.
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+
+
+class IO(Generic[AnyStr]):
+    """Generic base class for TextIO and BinaryIO.
+
+    This is an abstract, generic version of the return of open().
+
+    NOTE: This does not distinguish between the different possible
+    classes (text vs. binary, read vs. write vs. read/write,
+    append-only, unbuffered).  The TextIO and BinaryIO subclasses
+    below capture the distinctions between text vs. binary, which is
+    pervasive in the interface; however we currently do not offer a
+    way to track the other distinctions in the type system.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def mode(self) -> str:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def isatty(self) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def read(self, n: int = -1) -> AnyStr:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def readable(self) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def readline(self, limit: int = -1) -> AnyStr:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def readlines(self, hint: int = -1) -> list[AnyStr]:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = 0) -> int:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def seekable(self) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def tell(self) -> int:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def truncate(self, size: int | None = None) -> int:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def writable(self) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def write(self, s: AnyStr) -> int:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def writelines(self, lines: list[AnyStr]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __enter__(self) -> IO[AnyStr]:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class BinaryIO(IO[bytes]):
+    """Typed version of the return of open() in binary mode."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def write(self, s: bytes | bytearray) -> int:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __enter__(self) -> BinaryIO:
+        pass
+
+
+class TextIO(IO[str]):
+    """Typed version of the return of open() in text mode."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def buffer(self) -> BinaryIO:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def encoding(self) -> str:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def errors(self) -> str | None:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def line_buffering(self) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def newlines(self) -> Any:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __enter__(self) -> TextIO:
+        pass
+
+
+def reveal_type[T](obj: T, /) -> T:
+    """Ask a static type checker to reveal the inferred type of an expression.
+
+    When a static type checker encounters a call to ``reveal_type()``,
+    it will emit the inferred type of the argument::
+
+        x: int = 1
+        reveal_type(x)
+
+    Running a static type checker (e.g., mypy) on this example
+    will produce output similar to 'Revealed type is "builtins.int"'.
+
+    At runtime, the function prints the runtime type of the
+    argument and returns the argument unchanged.
+    """
+    print(f"Runtime type is {type(obj).__name__!r}", file=sys.stderr)
+    return obj
+
+
+class _IdentityCallable(Protocol):
+    def __call__[T](self, arg: T, /) -> T:
+        ...
+
+
+def dataclass_transform(
+    *,
+    eq_default: bool = True,
+    order_default: bool = False,
+    kw_only_default: bool = False,
+    frozen_default: bool = False,
+    field_specifiers: tuple[type[Any] | Callable[..., Any], ...] = (),
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> _IdentityCallable:
+    """Decorator to mark an object as providing dataclass-like behaviour.
+
+    The decorator can be applied to a function, class, or metaclass.
+
+    Example usage with a decorator function::
+
+        @dataclass_transform()
+        def create_model[T](cls: type[T]) -> type[T]:
+            ...
+            return cls
+
+        @create_model
+        class CustomerModel:
+            id: int
+            name: str
+
+    On a base class::
+
+        @dataclass_transform()
+        class ModelBase: ...
+
+        class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
+            id: int
+            name: str
+
+    On a metaclass::
+
+        @dataclass_transform()
+        class ModelMeta(type): ...
+
+        class ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ...
+
+        class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
+            id: int
+            name: str
+
+    The ``CustomerModel`` classes defined above will
+    be treated by type checkers similarly to classes created with
+    ``@dataclasses.dataclass``.
+    For example, type checkers will assume these classes have
+    ``__init__`` methods that accept ``id`` and ``name``.
+
+    The arguments to this decorator can be used to customize this behavior:
+    - ``eq_default`` indicates whether the ``eq`` parameter is assumed to be
+        ``True`` or ``False`` if it is omitted by the caller.
+    - ``order_default`` indicates whether the ``order`` parameter is
+        assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+    - ``kw_only_default`` indicates whether the ``kw_only`` parameter is
+        assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+    - ``frozen_default`` indicates whether the ``frozen`` parameter is
+        assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+    - ``field_specifiers`` specifies a static list of supported classes
+        or functions that describe fields, similar to ``dataclasses.field()``.
+    - Arbitrary other keyword arguments are accepted in order to allow for
+        possible future extensions.
+
+    At runtime, this decorator records its arguments in the
+    ``__dataclass_transform__`` attribute on the decorated object.
+    It has no other runtime effect.
+
+    See PEP 681 for more details.
+    """
+    def decorator(cls_or_fn):
+        cls_or_fn.__dataclass_transform__ = {
+            "eq_default": eq_default,
+            "order_default": order_default,
+            "kw_only_default": kw_only_default,
+            "frozen_default": frozen_default,
+            "field_specifiers": field_specifiers,
+            "kwargs": kwargs,
+        }
+        return cls_or_fn
+    return decorator
+
+
+type _Func = Callable[..., Any]
+
+
+def override[F: _Func](method: F, /) -> F:
+    """Indicate that a method is intended to override a method in a base class.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        class Base:
+            def method(self) -> None:
+                pass
+
+        class Child(Base):
+            @override
+            def method(self) -> None:
+                super().method()
+
+    When this decorator is applied to a method, the type checker will
+    validate that it overrides a method or attribute with the same name on a
+    base class.  This helps prevent bugs that may occur when a base class is
+    changed without an equivalent change to a child class.
+
+    There is no runtime checking of this property. The decorator attempts to
+    set the ``__override__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object to
+    allow runtime introspection.
+
+    See PEP 698 for details.
+    """
+    try:
+        method.__override__ = True
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
+        # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
+        # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
+        pass
+    return method
+
+
+def is_protocol(tp: type, /) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given type is a Protocol.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> from typing import Protocol, is_protocol
+        >>> class P(Protocol):
+        ...     def a(self) -> str: ...
+        ...     b: int
+        >>> is_protocol(P)
+        True
+        >>> is_protocol(int)
+        False
+    """
+    return (
+        isinstance(tp, type)
+        and getattr(tp, '_is_protocol', False)
+        and tp != Protocol
+    )
+
+
+def get_protocol_members(tp: type, /) -> frozenset[str]:
+    """Return the set of members defined in a Protocol.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> from typing import Protocol, get_protocol_members
+        >>> class P(Protocol):
+        ...     def a(self) -> str: ...
+        ...     b: int
+        >>> get_protocol_members(P) == frozenset({'a', 'b'})
+        True
+
+    Raise a TypeError for arguments that are not Protocols.
+    """
+    if not is_protocol(tp):
+        raise TypeError(f'{tp!r} is not a Protocol')
+    return frozenset(tp.__protocol_attrs__)
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr):
+    """Improve the import time of the typing module.
+
+    Soft-deprecated objects which are costly to create
+    are only created on-demand here.
+    """
+    if attr == "ForwardRef":
+        obj = _lazy_annotationlib.ForwardRef
+    elif attr in {"Pattern", "Match"}:
+        import re
+        obj = _alias(getattr(re, attr), 1)
+    elif attr in {"ContextManager", "AsyncContextManager"}:
+        import contextlib
+        obj = _alias(getattr(contextlib, f"Abstract{attr}"), 2, name=attr, defaults=(bool | None,))
+    elif attr == "_collect_parameters":
+        import warnings
+
+        depr_message = (
+            "The private _collect_parameters function is deprecated and will be"
+            " removed in a future version of Python. Any use of private functions"
+            " is discouraged and may break in the future."
+        )
+        warnings.warn(depr_message, category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        obj = _collect_type_parameters
+    else:
+        raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {attr!r}")
+    globals()[attr] = obj
+    return obj