@agwab/pi-workflow 0.1.0

package/node_modules/node-forge/lib/util.js

@@ -0,0 +1,2652 @@
+/**
+ * Utility functions for web applications.
+ *
+ * @author Dave Longley
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2018 Digital Bazaar, Inc.
+ */
+var forge = require('./forge');
+var baseN = require('./baseN');
+
+/* Utilities API */
+var util = module.exports = forge.util = forge.util || {};
+
+// define setImmediate and nextTick
+(function() {
+  // use native nextTick (unless we're in webpack)
+  // webpack (or better node-libs-browser polyfill) sets process.browser.
+  // this way we can detect webpack properly
+  if(typeof process !== 'undefined' && process.nextTick && !process.browser) {
+    util.nextTick = process.nextTick;
+    if(typeof setImmediate === 'function') {
+      util.setImmediate = setImmediate;
+    } else {
+      // polyfill setImmediate with nextTick, older versions of node
+      // (those w/o setImmediate) won't totally starve IO
+      util.setImmediate = util.nextTick;
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // polyfill nextTick with native setImmediate
+  if(typeof setImmediate === 'function') {
+    util.setImmediate = function() { return setImmediate.apply(undefined, arguments); };
+    util.nextTick = function(callback) {
+      return setImmediate(callback);
+    };
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Note: A polyfill upgrade pattern is used here to allow combining
+  polyfills. For example, MutationObserver is fast, but blocks UI updates,
+  so it needs to allow UI updates periodically, so it falls back on
+  postMessage or setTimeout. */
+
+  // polyfill with setTimeout
+  util.setImmediate = function(callback) {
+    setTimeout(callback, 0);
+  };
+
+  // upgrade polyfill to use postMessage
+  if(typeof window !== 'undefined' &&
+    typeof window.postMessage === 'function') {
+    var msg = 'forge.setImmediate';
+    var callbacks = [];
+    util.setImmediate = function(callback) {
+      callbacks.push(callback);
+      // only send message when one hasn't been sent in
+      // the current turn of the event loop
+      if(callbacks.length === 1) {
+        window.postMessage(msg, '*');
+      }
+    };
+    function handler(event) {
+      if(event.source === window && event.data === msg) {
+        event.stopPropagation();
+        var copy = callbacks.slice();
+        callbacks.length = 0;
+        copy.forEach(function(callback) {
+          callback();
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    window.addEventListener('message', handler, true);
+  }
+
+  // upgrade polyfill to use MutationObserver
+  if(typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined') {
+    // polyfill with MutationObserver
+    var now = Date.now();
+    var attr = true;
+    var div = document.createElement('div');
+    var callbacks = [];
+    new MutationObserver(function() {
+      var copy = callbacks.slice();
+      callbacks.length = 0;
+      copy.forEach(function(callback) {
+        callback();
+      });
+    }).observe(div, {attributes: true});
+    var oldSetImmediate = util.setImmediate;
+    util.setImmediate = function(callback) {
+      if(Date.now() - now > 15) {
+        now = Date.now();
+        oldSetImmediate(callback);
+      } else {
+        callbacks.push(callback);
+        // only trigger observer when it hasn't been triggered in
+        // the current turn of the event loop
+        if(callbacks.length === 1) {
+          div.setAttribute('a', attr = !attr);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  util.nextTick = util.setImmediate;
+})();
+
+// check if running under Node.js
+util.isNodejs =
+  typeof process !== 'undefined' && process.versions && process.versions.node;
+
+
+// 'self' will also work in Web Workers (instance of WorkerGlobalScope) while
+// it will point to `window` in the main thread.
+// To remain compatible with older browsers, we fall back to 'window' if 'self'
+// is not available.
+util.globalScope = (function() {
+  if(util.isNodejs) {
+    return global;
+  }
+
+  return typeof self === 'undefined' ? window : self;
+})();
+
+// define isArray
+util.isArray = Array.isArray || function(x) {
+  return Object.prototype.toString.call(x) === '[object Array]';
+};
+
+// define isArrayBuffer
+util.isArrayBuffer = function(x) {
+  return typeof ArrayBuffer !== 'undefined' && x instanceof ArrayBuffer;
+};
+
+// define isArrayBufferView
+util.isArrayBufferView = function(x) {
+  return x && util.isArrayBuffer(x.buffer) && x.byteLength !== undefined;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Ensure a bits param is 8, 16, 24, or 32. Used to validate input for
+ * algorithms where bit manipulation, JavaScript limitations, and/or algorithm
+ * design only allow for byte operations of a limited size.
+ *
+ * @param n number of bits.
+ *
+ * Throw Error if n invalid.
+ */
+function _checkBitsParam(n) {
+  if(!(n === 8 || n === 16 || n === 24 || n === 32)) {
+    throw new Error('Only 8, 16, 24, or 32 bits supported: ' + n);
+  }
+}
+
+// TODO: set ByteBuffer to best available backing
+util.ByteBuffer = ByteStringBuffer;
+
+/** Buffer w/BinaryString backing */
+
+/**
+ * Constructor for a binary string backed byte buffer.
+ *
+ * @param [b] the bytes to wrap (either encoded as string, one byte per
+ *          character, or as an ArrayBuffer or Typed Array).
+ */
+function ByteStringBuffer(b) {
+  // TODO: update to match DataBuffer API
+
+  // the data in this buffer
+  this.data = '';
+  // the pointer for reading from this buffer
+  this.read = 0;
+
+  if(typeof b === 'string') {
+    this.data = b;
+  } else if(util.isArrayBuffer(b) || util.isArrayBufferView(b)) {
+    if(typeof Buffer !== 'undefined' && b instanceof Buffer) {
+      this.data = b.toString('binary');
+    } else {
+      // convert native buffer to forge buffer
+      // FIXME: support native buffers internally instead
+      var arr = new Uint8Array(b);
+      try {
+        this.data = String.fromCharCode.apply(null, arr);
+      } catch(e) {
+        for(var i = 0; i < arr.length; ++i) {
+          this.putByte(arr[i]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else if(b instanceof ByteStringBuffer ||
+    (typeof b === 'object' && typeof b.data === 'string' &&
+    typeof b.read === 'number')) {
+    // copy existing buffer
+    this.data = b.data;
+    this.read = b.read;
+  }
+
+  // used for v8 optimization
+  this._constructedStringLength = 0;
+}
+util.ByteStringBuffer = ByteStringBuffer;
+
+/* Note: This is an optimization for V8-based browsers. When V8 concatenates
+  a string, the strings are only joined logically using a "cons string" or
+  "constructed/concatenated string". These containers keep references to one
+  another and can result in very large memory usage. For example, if a 2MB
+  string is constructed by concatenating 4 bytes together at a time, the
+  memory usage will be ~44MB; so ~22x increase. The strings are only joined
+  together when an operation requiring their joining takes place, such as
+  substr(). This function is called when adding data to this buffer to ensure
+  these types of strings are periodically joined to reduce the memory
+  footprint. */
+var _MAX_CONSTRUCTED_STRING_LENGTH = 4096;
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype._optimizeConstructedString = function(x) {
+  this._constructedStringLength += x;
+  if(this._constructedStringLength > _MAX_CONSTRUCTED_STRING_LENGTH) {
+    // this substr() should cause the constructed string to join
+    this.data.substr(0, 1);
+    this._constructedStringLength = 0;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets the number of bytes in this buffer.
+ *
+ * @return the number of bytes in this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.length = function() {
+  return this.data.length - this.read;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets whether or not this buffer is empty.
+ *
+ * @return true if this buffer is empty, false if not.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.isEmpty = function() {
+  return this.length() <= 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a byte in this buffer.
+ *
+ * @param b the byte to put.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putByte = function(b) {
+  return this.putBytes(String.fromCharCode(b));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a byte in this buffer N times.
+ *
+ * @param b the byte to put.
+ * @param n the number of bytes of value b to put.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.fillWithByte = function(b, n) {
+  b = String.fromCharCode(b);
+  var d = this.data;
+  while(n > 0) {
+    if(n & 1) {
+      d += b;
+    }
+    n >>>= 1;
+    if(n > 0) {
+      b += b;
+    }
+  }
+  this.data = d;
+  this._optimizeConstructedString(n);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts bytes in this buffer.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the bytes (as a binary encoded string) to put.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putBytes = function(bytes) {
+  this.data += bytes;
+  this._optimizeConstructedString(bytes.length);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a UTF-16 encoded string into this buffer.
+ *
+ * @param str the string to put.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putString = function(str) {
+  return this.putBytes(util.encodeUtf8(str));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 16-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 16-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putInt16 = function(i) {
+  return this.putBytes(
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 8 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i & 0xFF));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 24-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 24-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putInt24 = function(i) {
+  return this.putBytes(
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 16 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 8 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i & 0xFF));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 32-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 32-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putInt32 = function(i) {
+  return this.putBytes(
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 24 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 16 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 8 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i & 0xFF));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 16-bit integer in this buffer in little-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 16-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putInt16Le = function(i) {
+  return this.putBytes(
+    String.fromCharCode(i & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 8 & 0xFF));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 24-bit integer in this buffer in little-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 24-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putInt24Le = function(i) {
+  return this.putBytes(
+    String.fromCharCode(i & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 8 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 16 & 0xFF));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 32-bit integer in this buffer in little-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 32-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putInt32Le = function(i) {
+  return this.putBytes(
+    String.fromCharCode(i & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 8 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 16 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 24 & 0xFF));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts an n-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the n-bit integer.
+ * @param n the number of bits in the integer (8, 16, 24, or 32).
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putInt = function(i, n) {
+  _checkBitsParam(n);
+  var bytes = '';
+  do {
+    n -= 8;
+    bytes += String.fromCharCode((i >> n) & 0xFF);
+  } while(n > 0);
+  return this.putBytes(bytes);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a signed n-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order. Two's
+ * complement representation is used.
+ *
+ * @param i the n-bit integer.
+ * @param n the number of bits in the integer (8, 16, 24, or 32).
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putSignedInt = function(i, n) {
+  // putInt checks n
+  if(i < 0) {
+    i += 2 << (n - 1);
+  }
+  return this.putInt(i, n);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts the given buffer into this buffer.
+ *
+ * @param buffer the buffer to put into this one.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.putBuffer = function(buffer) {
+  return this.putBytes(buffer.getBytes());
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a byte from this buffer and advances the read pointer by 1.
+ *
+ * @return the byte.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getByte = function() {
+  return this.data.charCodeAt(this.read++);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint16 from this buffer in big-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 2.
+ *
+ * @return the uint16.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getInt16 = function() {
+  var rval = (
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read) << 8 ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 1));
+  this.read += 2;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint24 from this buffer in big-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 3.
+ *
+ * @return the uint24.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getInt24 = function() {
+  var rval = (
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read) << 16 ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 1) << 8 ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 2));
+  this.read += 3;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint32 from this buffer in big-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 4.
+ *
+ * @return the word.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getInt32 = function() {
+  var rval = (
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read) << 24 ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 1) << 16 ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 2) << 8 ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 3));
+  this.read += 4;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint16 from this buffer in little-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 2.
+ *
+ * @return the uint16.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getInt16Le = function() {
+  var rval = (
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read) ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 1) << 8);
+  this.read += 2;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint24 from this buffer in little-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 3.
+ *
+ * @return the uint24.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getInt24Le = function() {
+  var rval = (
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read) ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 1) << 8 ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 2) << 16);
+  this.read += 3;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint32 from this buffer in little-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 4.
+ *
+ * @return the word.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getInt32Le = function() {
+  var rval = (
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read) ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 1) << 8 ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 2) << 16 ^
+    this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + 3) << 24);
+  this.read += 4;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets an n-bit integer from this buffer in big-endian order and advances the
+ * read pointer by ceil(n/8).
+ *
+ * @param n the number of bits in the integer (8, 16, 24, or 32).
+ *
+ * @return the integer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getInt = function(n) {
+  _checkBitsParam(n);
+  var rval = 0;
+  do {
+    // TODO: Use (rval * 0x100) if adding support for 33 to 53 bits.
+    rval = (rval << 8) + this.data.charCodeAt(this.read++);
+    n -= 8;
+  } while(n > 0);
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a signed n-bit integer from this buffer in big-endian order, using
+ * two's complement, and advances the read pointer by n/8.
+ *
+ * @param n the number of bits in the integer (8, 16, 24, or 32).
+ *
+ * @return the integer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getSignedInt = function(n) {
+  // getInt checks n
+  var x = this.getInt(n);
+  var max = 2 << (n - 2);
+  if(x >= max) {
+    x -= max << 1;
+  }
+  return x;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reads bytes out as a binary encoded string and clears them from the
+ * buffer. Note that the resulting string is binary encoded (in node.js this
+ * encoding is referred to as `binary`, it is *not* `utf8`).
+ *
+ * @param count the number of bytes to read, undefined or null for all.
+ *
+ * @return a binary encoded string of bytes.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.getBytes = function(count) {
+  var rval;
+  if(count) {
+    // read count bytes
+    count = Math.min(this.length(), count);
+    rval = this.data.slice(this.read, this.read + count);
+    this.read += count;
+  } else if(count === 0) {
+    rval = '';
+  } else {
+    // read all bytes, optimize to only copy when needed
+    rval = (this.read === 0) ? this.data : this.data.slice(this.read);
+    this.clear();
+  }
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a binary encoded string of the bytes from this buffer without
+ * modifying the read pointer.
+ *
+ * @param count the number of bytes to get, omit to get all.
+ *
+ * @return a string full of binary encoded characters.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.bytes = function(count) {
+  return (typeof(count) === 'undefined' ?
+    this.data.slice(this.read) :
+    this.data.slice(this.read, this.read + count));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a byte at the given index without modifying the read pointer.
+ *
+ * @param i the byte index.
+ *
+ * @return the byte.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.at = function(i) {
+  return this.data.charCodeAt(this.read + i);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a byte at the given index without modifying the read pointer.
+ *
+ * @param i the byte index.
+ * @param b the byte to put.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.setAt = function(i, b) {
+  this.data = this.data.substr(0, this.read + i) +
+    String.fromCharCode(b) +
+    this.data.substr(this.read + i + 1);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets the last byte without modifying the read pointer.
+ *
+ * @return the last byte.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.last = function() {
+  return this.data.charCodeAt(this.data.length - 1);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Creates a copy of this buffer.
+ *
+ * @return the copy.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.copy = function() {
+  var c = util.createBuffer(this.data);
+  c.read = this.read;
+  return c;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Compacts this buffer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.compact = function() {
+  if(this.read > 0) {
+    this.data = this.data.slice(this.read);
+    this.read = 0;
+  }
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clears this buffer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.clear = function() {
+  this.data = '';
+  this.read = 0;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Shortens this buffer by trimming bytes off of the end of this buffer.
+ *
+ * @param count the number of bytes to trim off.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.truncate = function(count) {
+  var len = Math.max(0, this.length() - count);
+  this.data = this.data.substr(this.read, len);
+  this.read = 0;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts this buffer to a hexadecimal string.
+ *
+ * @return a hexadecimal string.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.toHex = function() {
+  var rval = '';
+  for(var i = this.read; i < this.data.length; ++i) {
+    var b = this.data.charCodeAt(i);
+    if(b < 16) {
+      rval += '0';
+    }
+    rval += b.toString(16);
+  }
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts this buffer to a UTF-16 string (standard JavaScript string).
+ *
+ * @return a UTF-16 string.
+ */
+util.ByteStringBuffer.prototype.toString = function() {
+  return util.decodeUtf8(this.bytes());
+};
+
+/** End Buffer w/BinaryString backing */
+
+/** Buffer w/UInt8Array backing */
+
+/**
+ * FIXME: Experimental. Do not use yet.
+ *
+ * Constructor for an ArrayBuffer-backed byte buffer.
+ *
+ * The buffer may be constructed from a string, an ArrayBuffer, DataView, or a
+ * TypedArray.
+ *
+ * If a string is given, its encoding should be provided as an option,
+ * otherwise it will default to 'binary'. A 'binary' string is encoded such
+ * that each character is one byte in length and size.
+ *
+ * If an ArrayBuffer, DataView, or TypedArray is given, it will be used
+ * *directly* without any copying. Note that, if a write to the buffer requires
+ * more space, the buffer will allocate a new backing ArrayBuffer to
+ * accommodate. The starting read and write offsets for the buffer may be
+ * given as options.
+ *
+ * @param [b] the initial bytes for this buffer.
+ * @param options the options to use:
+ *          [readOffset] the starting read offset to use (default: 0).
+ *          [writeOffset] the starting write offset to use (default: the
+ *            length of the first parameter).
+ *          [growSize] the minimum amount, in bytes, to grow the buffer by to
+ *            accommodate writes (default: 1024).
+ *          [encoding] the encoding ('binary', 'utf8', 'utf16', 'hex') for the
+ *            first parameter, if it is a string (default: 'binary').
+ */
+function DataBuffer(b, options) {
+  // default options
+  options = options || {};
+
+  // pointers for read from/write to buffer
+  this.read = options.readOffset || 0;
+  this.growSize = options.growSize || 1024;
+
+  var isArrayBuffer = util.isArrayBuffer(b);
+  var isArrayBufferView = util.isArrayBufferView(b);
+  if(isArrayBuffer || isArrayBufferView) {
+    // use ArrayBuffer directly
+    if(isArrayBuffer) {
+      this.data = new DataView(b);
+    } else {
+      // TODO: adjust read/write offset based on the type of view
+      // or specify that this must be done in the options ... that the
+      // offsets are byte-based
+      this.data = new DataView(b.buffer, b.byteOffset, b.byteLength);
+    }
+    this.write = ('writeOffset' in options ?
+      options.writeOffset : this.data.byteLength);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // initialize to empty array buffer and add any given bytes using putBytes
+  this.data = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(0));
+  this.write = 0;
+
+  if(b !== null && b !== undefined) {
+    this.putBytes(b);
+  }
+
+  if('writeOffset' in options) {
+    this.write = options.writeOffset;
+  }
+}
+util.DataBuffer = DataBuffer;
+
+/**
+ * Gets the number of bytes in this buffer.
+ *
+ * @return the number of bytes in this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.length = function() {
+  return this.write - this.read;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets whether or not this buffer is empty.
+ *
+ * @return true if this buffer is empty, false if not.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.isEmpty = function() {
+  return this.length() <= 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Ensures this buffer has enough empty space to accommodate the given number
+ * of bytes. An optional parameter may be given that indicates a minimum
+ * amount to grow the buffer if necessary. If the parameter is not given,
+ * the buffer will be grown by some previously-specified default amount
+ * or heuristic.
+ *
+ * @param amount the number of bytes to accommodate.
+ * @param [growSize] the minimum amount, in bytes, to grow the buffer by if
+ *          necessary.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.accommodate = function(amount, growSize) {
+  if(this.length() >= amount) {
+    return this;
+  }
+  growSize = Math.max(growSize || this.growSize, amount);
+
+  // grow buffer
+  var src = new Uint8Array(
+    this.data.buffer, this.data.byteOffset, this.data.byteLength);
+  var dst = new Uint8Array(this.length() + growSize);
+  dst.set(src);
+  this.data = new DataView(dst.buffer);
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a byte in this buffer.
+ *
+ * @param b the byte to put.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putByte = function(b) {
+  this.accommodate(1);
+  this.data.setUint8(this.write++, b);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a byte in this buffer N times.
+ *
+ * @param b the byte to put.
+ * @param n the number of bytes of value b to put.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.fillWithByte = function(b, n) {
+  this.accommodate(n);
+  for(var i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+    this.data.setUint8(b);
+  }
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts bytes in this buffer. The bytes may be given as a string, an
+ * ArrayBuffer, a DataView, or a TypedArray.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the bytes to put.
+ * @param [encoding] the encoding for the first parameter ('binary', 'utf8',
+ *          'utf16', 'hex'), if it is a string (default: 'binary').
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putBytes = function(bytes, encoding) {
+  if(util.isArrayBufferView(bytes)) {
+    var src = new Uint8Array(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
+    var len = src.byteLength - src.byteOffset;
+    this.accommodate(len);
+    var dst = new Uint8Array(this.data.buffer, this.write);
+    dst.set(src);
+    this.write += len;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  if(util.isArrayBuffer(bytes)) {
+    var src = new Uint8Array(bytes);
+    this.accommodate(src.byteLength);
+    var dst = new Uint8Array(this.data.buffer);
+    dst.set(src, this.write);
+    this.write += src.byteLength;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  // bytes is a util.DataBuffer or equivalent
+  if(bytes instanceof util.DataBuffer ||
+    (typeof bytes === 'object' &&
+    typeof bytes.read === 'number' && typeof bytes.write === 'number' &&
+    util.isArrayBufferView(bytes.data))) {
+    var src = new Uint8Array(bytes.data.byteLength, bytes.read, bytes.length());
+    this.accommodate(src.byteLength);
+    var dst = new Uint8Array(bytes.data.byteLength, this.write);
+    dst.set(src);
+    this.write += src.byteLength;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  if(bytes instanceof util.ByteStringBuffer) {
+    // copy binary string and process as the same as a string parameter below
+    bytes = bytes.data;
+    encoding = 'binary';
+  }
+
+  // string conversion
+  encoding = encoding || 'binary';
+  if(typeof bytes === 'string') {
+    var view;
+
+    // decode from string
+    if(encoding === 'hex') {
+      this.accommodate(Math.ceil(bytes.length / 2));
+      view = new Uint8Array(this.data.buffer, this.write);
+      this.write += util.binary.hex.decode(bytes, view, this.write);
+      return this;
+    }
+    if(encoding === 'base64') {
+      this.accommodate(Math.ceil(bytes.length / 4) * 3);
+      view = new Uint8Array(this.data.buffer, this.write);
+      this.write += util.binary.base64.decode(bytes, view, this.write);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // encode text as UTF-8 bytes
+    if(encoding === 'utf8') {
+      // encode as UTF-8 then decode string as raw binary
+      bytes = util.encodeUtf8(bytes);
+      encoding = 'binary';
+    }
+
+    // decode string as raw binary
+    if(encoding === 'binary' || encoding === 'raw') {
+      // one byte per character
+      this.accommodate(bytes.length);
+      view = new Uint8Array(this.data.buffer, this.write);
+      this.write += util.binary.raw.decode(view);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // encode text as UTF-16 bytes
+    if(encoding === 'utf16') {
+      // two bytes per character
+      this.accommodate(bytes.length * 2);
+      view = new Uint16Array(this.data.buffer, this.write);
+      this.write += util.text.utf16.encode(view);
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    throw new Error('Invalid encoding: ' + encoding);
+  }
+
+  throw Error('Invalid parameter: ' + bytes);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts the given buffer into this buffer.
+ *
+ * @param buffer the buffer to put into this one.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putBuffer = function(buffer) {
+  this.putBytes(buffer);
+  buffer.clear();
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a string into this buffer.
+ *
+ * @param str the string to put.
+ * @param [encoding] the encoding for the string (default: 'utf16').
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putString = function(str) {
+  return this.putBytes(str, 'utf16');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 16-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 16-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putInt16 = function(i) {
+  this.accommodate(2);
+  this.data.setInt16(this.write, i);
+  this.write += 2;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 24-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 24-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putInt24 = function(i) {
+  this.accommodate(3);
+  this.data.setInt16(this.write, i >> 8 & 0xFFFF);
+  this.data.setInt8(this.write, i >> 16 & 0xFF);
+  this.write += 3;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 32-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 32-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putInt32 = function(i) {
+  this.accommodate(4);
+  this.data.setInt32(this.write, i);
+  this.write += 4;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 16-bit integer in this buffer in little-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 16-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putInt16Le = function(i) {
+  this.accommodate(2);
+  this.data.setInt16(this.write, i, true);
+  this.write += 2;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 24-bit integer in this buffer in little-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 24-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putInt24Le = function(i) {
+  this.accommodate(3);
+  this.data.setInt8(this.write, i >> 16 & 0xFF);
+  this.data.setInt16(this.write, i >> 8 & 0xFFFF, true);
+  this.write += 3;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a 32-bit integer in this buffer in little-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the 32-bit integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putInt32Le = function(i) {
+  this.accommodate(4);
+  this.data.setInt32(this.write, i, true);
+  this.write += 4;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts an n-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order.
+ *
+ * @param i the n-bit integer.
+ * @param n the number of bits in the integer (8, 16, 24, or 32).
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putInt = function(i, n) {
+  _checkBitsParam(n);
+  this.accommodate(n / 8);
+  do {
+    n -= 8;
+    this.data.setInt8(this.write++, (i >> n) & 0xFF);
+  } while(n > 0);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a signed n-bit integer in this buffer in big-endian order. Two's
+ * complement representation is used.
+ *
+ * @param i the n-bit integer.
+ * @param n the number of bits in the integer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.putSignedInt = function(i, n) {
+  _checkBitsParam(n);
+  this.accommodate(n / 8);
+  if(i < 0) {
+    i += 2 << (n - 1);
+  }
+  return this.putInt(i, n);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a byte from this buffer and advances the read pointer by 1.
+ *
+ * @return the byte.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getByte = function() {
+  return this.data.getInt8(this.read++);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint16 from this buffer in big-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 2.
+ *
+ * @return the uint16.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getInt16 = function() {
+  var rval = this.data.getInt16(this.read);
+  this.read += 2;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint24 from this buffer in big-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 3.
+ *
+ * @return the uint24.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getInt24 = function() {
+  var rval = (
+    this.data.getInt16(this.read) << 8 ^
+    this.data.getInt8(this.read + 2));
+  this.read += 3;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint32 from this buffer in big-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 4.
+ *
+ * @return the word.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getInt32 = function() {
+  var rval = this.data.getInt32(this.read);
+  this.read += 4;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint16 from this buffer in little-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 2.
+ *
+ * @return the uint16.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getInt16Le = function() {
+  var rval = this.data.getInt16(this.read, true);
+  this.read += 2;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint24 from this buffer in little-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 3.
+ *
+ * @return the uint24.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getInt24Le = function() {
+  var rval = (
+    this.data.getInt8(this.read) ^
+    this.data.getInt16(this.read + 1, true) << 8);
+  this.read += 3;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a uint32 from this buffer in little-endian order and advances the read
+ * pointer by 4.
+ *
+ * @return the word.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getInt32Le = function() {
+  var rval = this.data.getInt32(this.read, true);
+  this.read += 4;
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets an n-bit integer from this buffer in big-endian order and advances the
+ * read pointer by n/8.
+ *
+ * @param n the number of bits in the integer (8, 16, 24, or 32).
+ *
+ * @return the integer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getInt = function(n) {
+  _checkBitsParam(n);
+  var rval = 0;
+  do {
+    // TODO: Use (rval * 0x100) if adding support for 33 to 53 bits.
+    rval = (rval << 8) + this.data.getInt8(this.read++);
+    n -= 8;
+  } while(n > 0);
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a signed n-bit integer from this buffer in big-endian order, using
+ * two's complement, and advances the read pointer by n/8.
+ *
+ * @param n the number of bits in the integer (8, 16, 24, or 32).
+ *
+ * @return the integer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getSignedInt = function(n) {
+  // getInt checks n
+  var x = this.getInt(n);
+  var max = 2 << (n - 2);
+  if(x >= max) {
+    x -= max << 1;
+  }
+  return x;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reads bytes out as a binary encoded string and clears them from the
+ * buffer.
+ *
+ * @param count the number of bytes to read, undefined or null for all.
+ *
+ * @return a binary encoded string of bytes.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.getBytes = function(count) {
+  // TODO: deprecate this method, it is poorly named and
+  // this.toString('binary') replaces it
+  // add a toTypedArray()/toArrayBuffer() function
+  var rval;
+  if(count) {
+    // read count bytes
+    count = Math.min(this.length(), count);
+    rval = this.data.slice(this.read, this.read + count);
+    this.read += count;
+  } else if(count === 0) {
+    rval = '';
+  } else {
+    // read all bytes, optimize to only copy when needed
+    rval = (this.read === 0) ? this.data : this.data.slice(this.read);
+    this.clear();
+  }
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a binary encoded string of the bytes from this buffer without
+ * modifying the read pointer.
+ *
+ * @param count the number of bytes to get, omit to get all.
+ *
+ * @return a string full of binary encoded characters.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.bytes = function(count) {
+  // TODO: deprecate this method, it is poorly named, add "getString()"
+  return (typeof(count) === 'undefined' ?
+    this.data.slice(this.read) :
+    this.data.slice(this.read, this.read + count));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a byte at the given index without modifying the read pointer.
+ *
+ * @param i the byte index.
+ *
+ * @return the byte.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.at = function(i) {
+  return this.data.getUint8(this.read + i);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Puts a byte at the given index without modifying the read pointer.
+ *
+ * @param i the byte index.
+ * @param b the byte to put.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.setAt = function(i, b) {
+  this.data.setUint8(i, b);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets the last byte without modifying the read pointer.
+ *
+ * @return the last byte.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.last = function() {
+  return this.data.getUint8(this.write - 1);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Creates a copy of this buffer.
+ *
+ * @return the copy.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.copy = function() {
+  return new util.DataBuffer(this);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Compacts this buffer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.compact = function() {
+  if(this.read > 0) {
+    var src = new Uint8Array(this.data.buffer, this.read);
+    var dst = new Uint8Array(src.byteLength);
+    dst.set(src);
+    this.data = new DataView(dst);
+    this.write -= this.read;
+    this.read = 0;
+  }
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clears this buffer.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.clear = function() {
+  this.data = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(0));
+  this.read = this.write = 0;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Shortens this buffer by trimming bytes off of the end of this buffer.
+ *
+ * @param count the number of bytes to trim off.
+ *
+ * @return this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.truncate = function(count) {
+  this.write = Math.max(0, this.length() - count);
+  this.read = Math.min(this.read, this.write);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts this buffer to a hexadecimal string.
+ *
+ * @return a hexadecimal string.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.toHex = function() {
+  var rval = '';
+  for(var i = this.read; i < this.data.byteLength; ++i) {
+    var b = this.data.getUint8(i);
+    if(b < 16) {
+      rval += '0';
+    }
+    rval += b.toString(16);
+  }
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts this buffer to a string, using the given encoding. If no
+ * encoding is given, 'utf8' (UTF-8) is used.
+ *
+ * @param [encoding] the encoding to use: 'binary', 'utf8', 'utf16', 'hex',
+ *          'base64' (default: 'utf8').
+ *
+ * @return a string representation of the bytes in this buffer.
+ */
+util.DataBuffer.prototype.toString = function(encoding) {
+  var view = new Uint8Array(this.data, this.read, this.length());
+  encoding = encoding || 'utf8';
+
+  // encode to string
+  if(encoding === 'binary' || encoding === 'raw') {
+    return util.binary.raw.encode(view);
+  }
+  if(encoding === 'hex') {
+    return util.binary.hex.encode(view);
+  }
+  if(encoding === 'base64') {
+    return util.binary.base64.encode(view);
+  }
+
+  // decode to text
+  if(encoding === 'utf8') {
+    return util.text.utf8.decode(view);
+  }
+  if(encoding === 'utf16') {
+    return util.text.utf16.decode(view);
+  }
+
+  throw new Error('Invalid encoding: ' + encoding);
+};
+
+/** End Buffer w/UInt8Array backing */
+
+/**
+ * Creates a buffer that stores bytes. A value may be given to populate the
+ * buffer with data. This value can either be string of encoded bytes or a
+ * regular string of characters. When passing a string of binary encoded
+ * bytes, the encoding `raw` should be given. This is also the default. When
+ * passing a string of characters, the encoding `utf8` should be given.
+ *
+ * @param [input] a string with encoded bytes to store in the buffer.
+ * @param [encoding] (default: 'raw', other: 'utf8').
+ */
+util.createBuffer = function(input, encoding) {
+  // TODO: deprecate, use new ByteBuffer() instead
+  encoding = encoding || 'raw';
+  if(input !== undefined && encoding === 'utf8') {
+    input = util.encodeUtf8(input);
+  }
+  return new util.ByteBuffer(input);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Fills a string with a particular value. If you want the string to be a byte
+ * string, pass in String.fromCharCode(theByte).
+ *
+ * @param c the character to fill the string with, use String.fromCharCode
+ *          to fill the string with a byte value.
+ * @param n the number of characters of value c to fill with.
+ *
+ * @return the filled string.
+ */
+util.fillString = function(c, n) {
+  var s = '';
+  while(n > 0) {
+    if(n & 1) {
+      s += c;
+    }
+    n >>>= 1;
+    if(n > 0) {
+      c += c;
+    }
+  }
+  return s;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Performs a per byte XOR between two byte strings and returns the result as a
+ * string of bytes.
+ *
+ * @param s1 first string of bytes.
+ * @param s2 second string of bytes.
+ * @param n the number of bytes to XOR.
+ *
+ * @return the XOR'd result.
+ */
+util.xorBytes = function(s1, s2, n) {
+  var s3 = '';
+  var b = '';
+  var t = '';
+  var i = 0;
+  var c = 0;
+  for(; n > 0; --n, ++i) {
+    b = s1.charCodeAt(i) ^ s2.charCodeAt(i);
+    if(c >= 10) {
+      s3 += t;
+      t = '';
+      c = 0;
+    }
+    t += String.fromCharCode(b);
+    ++c;
+  }
+  s3 += t;
+  return s3;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts a hex string into a 'binary' encoded string of bytes.
+ *
+ * @param hex the hexadecimal string to convert.
+ *
+ * @return the binary-encoded string of bytes.
+ */
+util.hexToBytes = function(hex) {
+  // TODO: deprecate: "Deprecated. Use util.binary.hex.decode instead."
+  var rval = '';
+  var i = 0;
+  if(hex.length & 1 == 1) {
+    // odd number of characters, convert first character alone
+    i = 1;
+    rval += String.fromCharCode(parseInt(hex[0], 16));
+  }
+  // convert 2 characters (1 byte) at a time
+  for(; i < hex.length; i += 2) {
+    rval += String.fromCharCode(parseInt(hex.substr(i, 2), 16));
+  }
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts a 'binary' encoded string of bytes to hex.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the byte string to convert.
+ *
+ * @return the string of hexadecimal characters.
+ */
+util.bytesToHex = function(bytes) {
+  // TODO: deprecate: "Deprecated. Use util.binary.hex.encode instead."
+  return util.createBuffer(bytes).toHex();
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts an 32-bit integer to 4-big-endian byte string.
+ *
+ * @param i the integer.
+ *
+ * @return the byte string.
+ */
+util.int32ToBytes = function(i) {
+  return (
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 24 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 16 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i >> 8 & 0xFF) +
+    String.fromCharCode(i & 0xFF));
+};
+
+// base64 characters, reverse mapping
+var _base64 =
+  'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=';
+var _base64Idx = [
+/*43 -43 = 0*/
+/*'+',  1,  2,  3,'/' */
+   62, -1, -1, -1, 63,
+
+/*'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9' */
+   52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,
+
+/*15, 16, 17,'=', 19, 20, 21 */
+  -1, -1, -1, 64, -1, -1, -1,
+
+/*65 - 43 = 22*/
+/*'A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I','J','K','L','M', */
+   0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12,
+
+/*'N','O','P','Q','R','S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z' */
+   13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
+
+/*91 - 43 = 48 */
+/*48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 */
+  -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
+
+/*97 - 43 = 54*/
+/*'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m' */
+   26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
+
+/*'n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z' */
+   39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51
+];
+
+// base58 characters (Bitcoin alphabet)
+var _base58 = '123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz';
+
+/**
+ * Base64 encodes a 'binary' encoded string of bytes.
+ *
+ * @param input the binary encoded string of bytes to base64-encode.
+ * @param maxline the maximum number of encoded characters per line to use,
+ *          defaults to none.
+ *
+ * @return the base64-encoded output.
+ */
+util.encode64 = function(input, maxline) {
+  // TODO: deprecate: "Deprecated. Use util.binary.base64.encode instead."
+  var line = '';
+  var output = '';
+  var chr1, chr2, chr3;
+  var i = 0;
+  while(i < input.length) {
+    chr1 = input.charCodeAt(i++);
+    chr2 = input.charCodeAt(i++);
+    chr3 = input.charCodeAt(i++);
+
+    // encode 4 character group
+    line += _base64.charAt(chr1 >> 2);
+    line += _base64.charAt(((chr1 & 3) << 4) | (chr2 >> 4));
+    if(isNaN(chr2)) {
+      line += '==';
+    } else {
+      line += _base64.charAt(((chr2 & 15) << 2) | (chr3 >> 6));
+      line += isNaN(chr3) ? '=' : _base64.charAt(chr3 & 63);
+    }
+
+    if(maxline && line.length > maxline) {
+      output += line.substr(0, maxline) + '\r\n';
+      line = line.substr(maxline);
+    }
+  }
+  output += line;
+  return output;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Base64 decodes a string into a 'binary' encoded string of bytes.
+ *
+ * @param input the base64-encoded input.
+ *
+ * @return the binary encoded string.
+ */
+util.decode64 = function(input) {
+  // TODO: deprecate: "Deprecated. Use util.binary.base64.decode instead."
+
+  // remove all non-base64 characters
+  input = input.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9\+\/\=]/g, '');
+
+  var output = '';
+  var enc1, enc2, enc3, enc4;
+  var i = 0;
+
+  while(i < input.length) {
+    enc1 = _base64Idx[input.charCodeAt(i++) - 43];
+    enc2 = _base64Idx[input.charCodeAt(i++) - 43];
+    enc3 = _base64Idx[input.charCodeAt(i++) - 43];
+    enc4 = _base64Idx[input.charCodeAt(i++) - 43];
+
+    output += String.fromCharCode((enc1 << 2) | (enc2 >> 4));
+    if(enc3 !== 64) {
+      // decoded at least 2 bytes
+      output += String.fromCharCode(((enc2 & 15) << 4) | (enc3 >> 2));
+      if(enc4 !== 64) {
+        // decoded 3 bytes
+        output += String.fromCharCode(((enc3 & 3) << 6) | enc4);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return output;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Encodes the given string of characters (a standard JavaScript
+ * string) as a binary encoded string where the bytes represent
+ * a UTF-8 encoded string of characters. Non-ASCII characters will be
+ * encoded as multiple bytes according to UTF-8.
+ *
+ * @param str a standard string of characters to encode.
+ *
+ * @return the binary encoded string.
+ */
+util.encodeUtf8 = function(str) {
+  return unescape(encodeURIComponent(str));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a binary encoded string that contains bytes that
+ * represent a UTF-8 encoded string of characters -- into a
+ * string of characters (a standard JavaScript string).
+ *
+ * @param str the binary encoded string to decode.
+ *
+ * @return the resulting standard string of characters.
+ */
+util.decodeUtf8 = function(str) {
+  return decodeURIComponent(escape(str));
+};
+
+// binary encoding/decoding tools
+// FIXME: Experimental. Do not use yet.
+util.binary = {
+  raw: {},
+  hex: {},
+  base64: {},
+  base58: {},
+  baseN : {
+    encode: baseN.encode,
+    decode: baseN.decode
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Encodes a Uint8Array as a binary-encoded string. This encoding uses
+ * a value between 0 and 255 for each character.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the Uint8Array to encode.
+ *
+ * @return the binary-encoded string.
+ */
+util.binary.raw.encode = function(bytes) {
+  return String.fromCharCode.apply(null, bytes);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a binary-encoded string to a Uint8Array. This encoding uses
+ * a value between 0 and 255 for each character.
+ *
+ * @param str the binary-encoded string to decode.
+ * @param [output] an optional Uint8Array to write the output to; if it
+ *          is too small, an exception will be thrown.
+ * @param [offset] the start offset for writing to the output (default: 0).
+ *
+ * @return the Uint8Array or the number of bytes written if output was given.
+ */
+util.binary.raw.decode = function(str, output, offset) {
+  var out = output;
+  if(!out) {
+    out = new Uint8Array(str.length);
+  }
+  offset = offset || 0;
+  var j = offset;
+  for(var i = 0; i < str.length; ++i) {
+    out[j++] = str.charCodeAt(i);
+  }
+  return output ? (j - offset) : out;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Encodes a 'binary' string, ArrayBuffer, DataView, TypedArray, or
+ * ByteBuffer as a string of hexadecimal characters.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the bytes to convert.
+ *
+ * @return the string of hexadecimal characters.
+ */
+util.binary.hex.encode = util.bytesToHex;
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a hex-encoded string to a Uint8Array.
+ *
+ * @param hex the hexadecimal string to convert.
+ * @param [output] an optional Uint8Array to write the output to; if it
+ *          is too small, an exception will be thrown.
+ * @param [offset] the start offset for writing to the output (default: 0).
+ *
+ * @return the Uint8Array or the number of bytes written if output was given.
+ */
+util.binary.hex.decode = function(hex, output, offset) {
+  var out = output;
+  if(!out) {
+    out = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(hex.length / 2));
+  }
+  offset = offset || 0;
+  var i = 0, j = offset;
+  if(hex.length & 1) {
+    // odd number of characters, convert first character alone
+    i = 1;
+    out[j++] = parseInt(hex[0], 16);
+  }
+  // convert 2 characters (1 byte) at a time
+  for(; i < hex.length; i += 2) {
+    out[j++] = parseInt(hex.substr(i, 2), 16);
+  }
+  return output ? (j - offset) : out;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Base64-encodes a Uint8Array.
+ *
+ * @param input the Uint8Array to encode.
+ * @param maxline the maximum number of encoded characters per line to use,
+ *          defaults to none.
+ *
+ * @return the base64-encoded output string.
+ */
+util.binary.base64.encode = function(input, maxline) {
+  var line = '';
+  var output = '';
+  var chr1, chr2, chr3;
+  var i = 0;
+  while(i < input.byteLength) {
+    chr1 = input[i++];
+    chr2 = input[i++];
+    chr3 = input[i++];
+
+    // encode 4 character group
+    line += _base64.charAt(chr1 >> 2);
+    line += _base64.charAt(((chr1 & 3) << 4) | (chr2 >> 4));
+    if(isNaN(chr2)) {
+      line += '==';
+    } else {
+      line += _base64.charAt(((chr2 & 15) << 2) | (chr3 >> 6));
+      line += isNaN(chr3) ? '=' : _base64.charAt(chr3 & 63);
+    }
+
+    if(maxline && line.length > maxline) {
+      output += line.substr(0, maxline) + '\r\n';
+      line = line.substr(maxline);
+    }
+  }
+  output += line;
+  return output;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Decodes a base64-encoded string to a Uint8Array.
+ *
+ * @param input the base64-encoded input string.
+ * @param [output] an optional Uint8Array to write the output to; if it
+ *          is too small, an exception will be thrown.
+ * @param [offset] the start offset for writing to the output (default: 0).
+ *
+ * @return the Uint8Array or the number of bytes written if output was given.
+ */
+util.binary.base64.decode = function(input, output, offset) {
+  var out = output;
+  if(!out) {
+    out = new Uint8Array(Math.ceil(input.length / 4) * 3);
+  }
+
+  // remove all non-base64 characters
+  input = input.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9\+\/\=]/g, '');
+
+  offset = offset || 0;
+  var enc1, enc2, enc3, enc4;
+  var i = 0, j = offset;
+
+  while(i < input.length) {
+    enc1 = _base64Idx[input.charCodeAt(i++) - 43];
+    enc2 = _base64Idx[input.charCodeAt(i++) - 43];
+    enc3 = _base64Idx[input.charCodeAt(i++) - 43];
+    enc4 = _base64Idx[input.charCodeAt(i++) - 43];
+
+    out[j++] = (enc1 << 2) | (enc2 >> 4);
+    if(enc3 !== 64) {
+      // decoded at least 2 bytes
+      out[j++] = ((enc2 & 15) << 4) | (enc3 >> 2);
+      if(enc4 !== 64) {
+        // decoded 3 bytes
+        out[j++] = ((enc3 & 3) << 6) | enc4;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // make sure result is the exact decoded length
+  return output ? (j - offset) : out.subarray(0, j);
+};
+
+// add support for base58 encoding/decoding with Bitcoin alphabet
+util.binary.base58.encode = function(input, maxline) {
+  return util.binary.baseN.encode(input, _base58, maxline);
+};
+util.binary.base58.decode = function(input, maxline) {
+  return util.binary.baseN.decode(input, _base58, maxline);
+};
+
+// text encoding/decoding tools
+// FIXME: Experimental. Do not use yet.
+util.text = {
+  utf8: {},
+  utf16: {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * Encodes the given string as UTF-8 in a Uint8Array.
+ *
+ * @param str the string to encode.
+ * @param [output] an optional Uint8Array to write the output to; if it
+ *          is too small, an exception will be thrown.
+ * @param [offset] the start offset for writing to the output (default: 0).
+ *
+ * @return the Uint8Array or the number of bytes written if output was given.
+ */
+util.text.utf8.encode = function(str, output, offset) {
+  str = util.encodeUtf8(str);
+  var out = output;
+  if(!out) {
+    out = new Uint8Array(str.length);
+  }
+  offset = offset || 0;
+  var j = offset;
+  for(var i = 0; i < str.length; ++i) {
+    out[j++] = str.charCodeAt(i);
+  }
+  return output ? (j - offset) : out;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Decodes the UTF-8 contents from a Uint8Array.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the Uint8Array to decode.
+ *
+ * @return the resulting string.
+ */
+util.text.utf8.decode = function(bytes) {
+  return util.decodeUtf8(String.fromCharCode.apply(null, bytes));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Encodes the given string as UTF-16 in a Uint8Array.
+ *
+ * @param str the string to encode.
+ * @param [output] an optional Uint8Array to write the output to; if it
+ *          is too small, an exception will be thrown.
+ * @param [offset] the start offset for writing to the output (default: 0).
+ *
+ * @return the Uint8Array or the number of bytes written if output was given.
+ */
+util.text.utf16.encode = function(str, output, offset) {
+  var out = output;
+  if(!out) {
+    out = new Uint8Array(str.length * 2);
+  }
+  var view = new Uint16Array(out.buffer);
+  offset = offset || 0;
+  var j = offset;
+  var k = offset;
+  for(var i = 0; i < str.length; ++i) {
+    view[k++] = str.charCodeAt(i);
+    j += 2;
+  }
+  return output ? (j - offset) : out;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Decodes the UTF-16 contents from a Uint8Array.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the Uint8Array to decode.
+ *
+ * @return the resulting string.
+ */
+util.text.utf16.decode = function(bytes) {
+  return String.fromCharCode.apply(null, new Uint16Array(bytes.buffer));
+};
+
+/**
+ * Deflates the given data using a flash interface.
+ *
+ * @param api the flash interface.
+ * @param bytes the data.
+ * @param raw true to return only raw deflate data, false to include zlib
+ *          header and trailer.
+ *
+ * @return the deflated data as a string.
+ */
+util.deflate = function(api, bytes, raw) {
+  bytes = util.decode64(api.deflate(util.encode64(bytes)).rval);
+
+  // strip zlib header and trailer if necessary
+  if(raw) {
+    // zlib header is 2 bytes (CMF,FLG) where FLG indicates that
+    // there is a 4-byte DICT (alder-32) block before the data if
+    // its 5th bit is set
+    var start = 2;
+    var flg = bytes.charCodeAt(1);
+    if(flg & 0x20) {
+      start = 6;
+    }
+    // zlib trailer is 4 bytes of adler-32
+    bytes = bytes.substring(start, bytes.length - 4);
+  }
+
+  return bytes;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Inflates the given data using a flash interface.
+ *
+ * @param api the flash interface.
+ * @param bytes the data.
+ * @param raw true if the incoming data has no zlib header or trailer and is
+ *          raw DEFLATE data.
+ *
+ * @return the inflated data as a string, null on error.
+ */
+util.inflate = function(api, bytes, raw) {
+  // TODO: add zlib header and trailer if necessary/possible
+  var rval = api.inflate(util.encode64(bytes)).rval;
+  return (rval === null) ? null : util.decode64(rval);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Sets a storage object.
+ *
+ * @param api the storage interface.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ * @param obj the storage object, null to remove.
+ */
+var _setStorageObject = function(api, id, obj) {
+  if(!api) {
+    throw new Error('WebStorage not available.');
+  }
+
+  var rval;
+  if(obj === null) {
+    rval = api.removeItem(id);
+  } else {
+    // json-encode and base64-encode object
+    obj = util.encode64(JSON.stringify(obj));
+    rval = api.setItem(id, obj);
+  }
+
+  // handle potential flash error
+  if(typeof(rval) !== 'undefined' && rval.rval !== true) {
+    var error = new Error(rval.error.message);
+    error.id = rval.error.id;
+    error.name = rval.error.name;
+    throw error;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets a storage object.
+ *
+ * @param api the storage interface.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ *
+ * @return the storage object entry or null if none exists.
+ */
+var _getStorageObject = function(api, id) {
+  if(!api) {
+    throw new Error('WebStorage not available.');
+  }
+
+  // get the existing entry
+  var rval = api.getItem(id);
+
+  /* Note: We check api.init because we can't do (api == localStorage)
+    on IE because of "Class doesn't support Automation" exception. Only
+    the flash api has an init method so this works too, but we need a
+    better solution in the future. */
+
+  // flash returns item wrapped in an object, handle special case
+  if(api.init) {
+    if(rval.rval === null) {
+      if(rval.error) {
+        var error = new Error(rval.error.message);
+        error.id = rval.error.id;
+        error.name = rval.error.name;
+        throw error;
+      }
+      // no error, but also no item
+      rval = null;
+    } else {
+      rval = rval.rval;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // handle decoding
+  if(rval !== null) {
+    // base64-decode and json-decode data
+    rval = JSON.parse(util.decode64(rval));
+  }
+
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Stores an item in local storage.
+ *
+ * @param api the storage interface.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ * @param key the key for the item.
+ * @param data the data for the item (any javascript object/primitive).
+ */
+var _setItem = function(api, id, key, data) {
+  // get storage object
+  var obj = _getStorageObject(api, id);
+  if(obj === null) {
+    // create a new storage object
+    obj = {};
+  }
+  // update key
+  obj[key] = data;
+
+  // set storage object
+  _setStorageObject(api, id, obj);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets an item from local storage.
+ *
+ * @param api the storage interface.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ * @param key the key for the item.
+ *
+ * @return the item.
+ */
+var _getItem = function(api, id, key) {
+  // get storage object
+  var rval = _getStorageObject(api, id);
+  if(rval !== null) {
+    // return data at key
+    rval = (key in rval) ? rval[key] : null;
+  }
+
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Removes an item from local storage.
+ *
+ * @param api the storage interface.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ * @param key the key for the item.
+ */
+var _removeItem = function(api, id, key) {
+  // get storage object
+  var obj = _getStorageObject(api, id);
+  if(obj !== null && key in obj) {
+    // remove key
+    delete obj[key];
+
+    // see if entry has no keys remaining
+    var empty = true;
+    for(var prop in obj) {
+      empty = false;
+      break;
+    }
+    if(empty) {
+      // remove entry entirely if no keys are left
+      obj = null;
+    }
+
+    // set storage object
+    _setStorageObject(api, id, obj);
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clears the local disk storage identified by the given ID.
+ *
+ * @param api the storage interface.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ */
+var _clearItems = function(api, id) {
+  _setStorageObject(api, id, null);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Calls a storage function.
+ *
+ * @param func the function to call.
+ * @param args the arguments for the function.
+ * @param location the location argument.
+ *
+ * @return the return value from the function.
+ */
+var _callStorageFunction = function(func, args, location) {
+  var rval = null;
+
+  // default storage types
+  if(typeof(location) === 'undefined') {
+    location = ['web', 'flash'];
+  }
+
+  // apply storage types in order of preference
+  var type;
+  var done = false;
+  var exception = null;
+  for(var idx in location) {
+    type = location[idx];
+    try {
+      if(type === 'flash' || type === 'both') {
+        if(args[0] === null) {
+          throw new Error('Flash local storage not available.');
+        }
+        rval = func.apply(this, args);
+        done = (type === 'flash');
+      }
+      if(type === 'web' || type === 'both') {
+        args[0] = localStorage;
+        rval = func.apply(this, args);
+        done = true;
+      }
+    } catch(ex) {
+      exception = ex;
+    }
+    if(done) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(!done) {
+    throw exception;
+  }
+
+  return rval;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Stores an item on local disk.
+ *
+ * The available types of local storage include 'flash', 'web', and 'both'.
+ *
+ * The type 'flash' refers to flash local storage (SharedObject). In order
+ * to use flash local storage, the 'api' parameter must be valid. The type
+ * 'web' refers to WebStorage, if supported by the browser. The type 'both'
+ * refers to storing using both 'flash' and 'web', not just one or the
+ * other.
+ *
+ * The location array should list the storage types to use in order of
+ * preference:
+ *
+ * ['flash']: flash only storage
+ * ['web']: web only storage
+ * ['both']: try to store in both
+ * ['flash','web']: store in flash first, but if not available, 'web'
+ * ['web','flash']: store in web first, but if not available, 'flash'
+ *
+ * The location array defaults to: ['web', 'flash']
+ *
+ * @param api the flash interface, null to use only WebStorage.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ * @param key the key for the item.
+ * @param data the data for the item (any javascript object/primitive).
+ * @param location an array with the preferred types of storage to use.
+ */
+util.setItem = function(api, id, key, data, location) {
+  _callStorageFunction(_setItem, arguments, location);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets an item on local disk.
+ *
+ * Set setItem() for details on storage types.
+ *
+ * @param api the flash interface, null to use only WebStorage.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ * @param key the key for the item.
+ * @param location an array with the preferred types of storage to use.
+ *
+ * @return the item.
+ */
+util.getItem = function(api, id, key, location) {
+  return _callStorageFunction(_getItem, arguments, location);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Removes an item on local disk.
+ *
+ * Set setItem() for details on storage types.
+ *
+ * @param api the flash interface.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ * @param key the key for the item.
+ * @param location an array with the preferred types of storage to use.
+ */
+util.removeItem = function(api, id, key, location) {
+  _callStorageFunction(_removeItem, arguments, location);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clears the local disk storage identified by the given ID.
+ *
+ * Set setItem() for details on storage types.
+ *
+ * @param api the flash interface if flash is available.
+ * @param id the storage ID to use.
+ * @param location an array with the preferred types of storage to use.
+ */
+util.clearItems = function(api, id, location) {
+  _callStorageFunction(_clearItems, arguments, location);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Check if an object is empty.
+ *
+ * Taken from:
+ * http://stackoverflow.com/questions/679915/how-do-i-test-for-an-empty-javascript-object-from-json/679937#679937
+ *
+ * @param object the object to check.
+ */
+util.isEmpty = function(obj) {
+  for(var prop in obj) {
+    if(obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Format with simple printf-style interpolation.
+ *
+ * %%: literal '%'
+ * %s,%o: convert next argument into a string.
+ *
+ * @param format the string to format.
+ * @param ... arguments to interpolate into the format string.
+ */
+util.format = function(format) {
+  var re = /%./g;
+  // current match
+  var match;
+  // current part
+  var part;
+  // current arg index
+  var argi = 0;
+  // collected parts to recombine later
+  var parts = [];
+  // last index found
+  var last = 0;
+  // loop while matches remain
+  while((match = re.exec(format))) {
+    part = format.substring(last, re.lastIndex - 2);
+    // don't add empty strings (ie, parts between %s%s)
+    if(part.length > 0) {
+      parts.push(part);
+    }
+    last = re.lastIndex;
+    // switch on % code
+    var code = match[0][1];
+    switch(code) {
+    case 's':
+    case 'o':
+      // check if enough arguments were given
+      if(argi < arguments.length) {
+        parts.push(arguments[argi++ + 1]);
+      } else {
+        parts.push('<?>');
+      }
+      break;
+    // FIXME: do proper formatting for numbers, etc
+    //case 'f':
+    //case 'd':
+    case '%':
+      parts.push('%');
+      break;
+    default:
+      parts.push('<%' + code + '?>');
+    }
+  }
+  // add trailing part of format string
+  parts.push(format.substring(last));
+  return parts.join('');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats a number.
+ *
+ * http://snipplr.com/view/5945/javascript-numberformat--ported-from-php/
+ */
+util.formatNumber = function(number, decimals, dec_point, thousands_sep) {
+  // http://kevin.vanzonneveld.net
+  // +   original by: Jonas Raoni Soares Silva (http://www.jsfromhell.com)
+  // +   improved by: Kevin van Zonneveld (http://kevin.vanzonneveld.net)
+  // +     bugfix by: Michael White (http://crestidg.com)
+  // +     bugfix by: Benjamin Lupton
+  // +     bugfix by: Allan Jensen (http://www.winternet.no)
+  // +    revised by: Jonas Raoni Soares Silva (http://www.jsfromhell.com)
+  // *     example 1: number_format(1234.5678, 2, '.', '');
+  // *     returns 1: 1234.57
+
+  var n = number, c = isNaN(decimals = Math.abs(decimals)) ? 2 : decimals;
+  var d = dec_point === undefined ? ',' : dec_point;
+  var t = thousands_sep === undefined ?
+   '.' : thousands_sep, s = n < 0 ? '-' : '';
+  var i = parseInt((n = Math.abs(+n || 0).toFixed(c)), 10) + '';
+  var j = (i.length > 3) ? i.length % 3 : 0;
+  return s + (j ? i.substr(0, j) + t : '') +
+    i.substr(j).replace(/(\d{3})(?=\d)/g, '$1' + t) +
+    (c ? d + Math.abs(n - i).toFixed(c).slice(2) : '');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formats a byte size.
+ *
+ * http://snipplr.com/view/5949/format-humanize-file-byte-size-presentation-in-javascript/
+ */
+util.formatSize = function(size) {
+  if(size >= 1073741824) {
+    size = util.formatNumber(size / 1073741824, 2, '.', '') + ' GiB';
+  } else if(size >= 1048576) {
+    size = util.formatNumber(size / 1048576, 2, '.', '') + ' MiB';
+  } else if(size >= 1024) {
+    size = util.formatNumber(size / 1024, 0) + ' KiB';
+  } else {
+    size = util.formatNumber(size, 0) + ' bytes';
+  }
+  return size;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts an IPv4 or IPv6 string representation into bytes (in network order).
+ *
+ * @param ip the IPv4 or IPv6 address to convert.
+ *
+ * @return the 4-byte IPv6 or 16-byte IPv6 address or null if the address can't
+ *         be parsed.
+ */
+util.bytesFromIP = function(ip) {
+  if(ip.indexOf('.') !== -1) {
+    return util.bytesFromIPv4(ip);
+  }
+  if(ip.indexOf(':') !== -1) {
+    return util.bytesFromIPv6(ip);
+  }
+  return null;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts an IPv4 string representation into bytes (in network order).
+ *
+ * @param ip the IPv4 address to convert.
+ *
+ * @return the 4-byte address or null if the address can't be parsed.
+ */
+util.bytesFromIPv4 = function(ip) {
+  ip = ip.split('.');
+  if(ip.length !== 4) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  var b = util.createBuffer();
+  for(var i = 0; i < ip.length; ++i) {
+    var num = parseInt(ip[i], 10);
+    if(isNaN(num)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    b.putByte(num);
+  }
+  return b.getBytes();
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts an IPv6 string representation into bytes (in network order).
+ *
+ * @param ip the IPv6 address to convert.
+ *
+ * @return the 16-byte address or null if the address can't be parsed.
+ */
+util.bytesFromIPv6 = function(ip) {
+  var blanks = 0;
+  ip = ip.split(':').filter(function(e) {
+    if(e.length === 0) ++blanks;
+    return true;
+  });
+  var zeros = (8 - ip.length + blanks) * 2;
+  var b = util.createBuffer();
+  for(var i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+    if(!ip[i] || ip[i].length === 0) {
+      b.fillWithByte(0, zeros);
+      zeros = 0;
+      continue;
+    }
+    var bytes = util.hexToBytes(ip[i]);
+    if(bytes.length < 2) {
+      b.putByte(0);
+    }
+    b.putBytes(bytes);
+  }
+  return b.getBytes();
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts 4-bytes into an IPv4 string representation or 16-bytes into
+ * an IPv6 string representation. The bytes must be in network order.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the bytes to convert.
+ *
+ * @return the IPv4 or IPv6 string representation if 4 or 16 bytes,
+ *         respectively, are given, otherwise null.
+ */
+util.bytesToIP = function(bytes) {
+  if(bytes.length === 4) {
+    return util.bytesToIPv4(bytes);
+  }
+  if(bytes.length === 16) {
+    return util.bytesToIPv6(bytes);
+  }
+  return null;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts 4-bytes into an IPv4 string representation. The bytes must be
+ * in network order.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the bytes to convert.
+ *
+ * @return the IPv4 string representation or null for an invalid # of bytes.
+ */
+util.bytesToIPv4 = function(bytes) {
+  if(bytes.length !== 4) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  var ip = [];
+  for(var i = 0; i < bytes.length; ++i) {
+    ip.push(bytes.charCodeAt(i));
+  }
+  return ip.join('.');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Converts 16-bytes into an IPv16 string representation. The bytes must be
+ * in network order.
+ *
+ * @param bytes the bytes to convert.
+ *
+ * @return the IPv16 string representation or null for an invalid # of bytes.
+ */
+util.bytesToIPv6 = function(bytes) {
+  if(bytes.length !== 16) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  var ip = [];
+  var zeroGroups = [];
+  var zeroMaxGroup = 0;
+  for(var i = 0; i < bytes.length; i += 2) {
+    var hex = util.bytesToHex(bytes[i] + bytes[i + 1]);
+    // canonicalize zero representation
+    while(hex[0] === '0' && hex !== '0') {
+      hex = hex.substr(1);
+    }
+    if(hex === '0') {
+      var last = zeroGroups[zeroGroups.length - 1];
+      var idx = ip.length;
+      if(!last || idx !== last.end + 1) {
+        zeroGroups.push({start: idx, end: idx});
+      } else {
+        last.end = idx;
+        if((last.end - last.start) >
+          (zeroGroups[zeroMaxGroup].end - zeroGroups[zeroMaxGroup].start)) {
+          zeroMaxGroup = zeroGroups.length - 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    ip.push(hex);
+  }
+  if(zeroGroups.length > 0) {
+    var group = zeroGroups[zeroMaxGroup];
+    // only shorten group of length > 0
+    if(group.end - group.start > 0) {
+      ip.splice(group.start, group.end - group.start + 1, '');
+      if(group.start === 0) {
+        ip.unshift('');
+      }
+      if(group.end === 7) {
+        ip.push('');
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return ip.join(':');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Estimates the number of processes that can be run concurrently. If
+ * creating Web Workers, keep in mind that the main JavaScript process needs
+ * its own core.
+ *
+ * @param options the options to use:
+ *          update true to force an update (not use the cached value).
+ * @param callback(err, max) called once the operation completes.
+ */
+util.estimateCores = function(options, callback) {
+  if(typeof options === 'function') {
+    callback = options;
+    options = {};
+  }
+  options = options || {};
+  if('cores' in util && !options.update) {
+    return callback(null, util.cores);
+  }
+  if(typeof navigator !== 'undefined' &&
+    'hardwareConcurrency' in navigator &&
+    navigator.hardwareConcurrency > 0) {
+    util.cores = navigator.hardwareConcurrency;
+    return callback(null, util.cores);
+  }
+  if(typeof Worker === 'undefined') {
+    // workers not available
+    util.cores = 1;
+    return callback(null, util.cores);
+  }
+  if(typeof Blob === 'undefined') {
+    // can't estimate, default to 2
+    util.cores = 2;
+    return callback(null, util.cores);
+  }
+
+  // create worker concurrency estimation code as blob
+  var blobUrl = URL.createObjectURL(new Blob(['(',
+    function() {
+      self.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
+        // run worker for 4 ms
+        var st = Date.now();
+        var et = st + 4;
+        while(Date.now() < et);
+        self.postMessage({st: st, et: et});
+      });
+    }.toString(),
+  ')()'], {type: 'application/javascript'}));
+
+  // take 5 samples using 16 workers
+  sample([], 5, 16);
+
+  function sample(max, samples, numWorkers) {
+    if(samples === 0) {
+      // get overlap average
+      var avg = Math.floor(max.reduce(function(avg, x) {
+        return avg + x;
+      }, 0) / max.length);
+      util.cores = Math.max(1, avg);
+      URL.revokeObjectURL(blobUrl);
+      return callback(null, util.cores);
+    }
+    map(numWorkers, function(err, results) {
+      max.push(reduce(numWorkers, results));
+      sample(max, samples - 1, numWorkers);
+    });
+  }
+
+  function map(numWorkers, callback) {
+    var workers = [];
+    var results = [];
+    for(var i = 0; i < numWorkers; ++i) {
+      var worker = new Worker(blobUrl);
+      worker.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
+        results.push(e.data);
+        if(results.length === numWorkers) {
+          for(var i = 0; i < numWorkers; ++i) {
+            workers[i].terminate();
+          }
+          callback(null, results);
+        }
+      });
+      workers.push(worker);
+    }
+    for(var i = 0; i < numWorkers; ++i) {
+      workers[i].postMessage(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function reduce(numWorkers, results) {
+    // find overlapping time windows
+    var overlaps = [];
+    for(var n = 0; n < numWorkers; ++n) {
+      var r1 = results[n];
+      var overlap = overlaps[n] = [];
+      for(var i = 0; i < numWorkers; ++i) {
+        if(n === i) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        var r2 = results[i];
+        if((r1.st > r2.st && r1.st < r2.et) ||
+          (r2.st > r1.st && r2.st < r1.et)) {
+          overlap.push(i);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // get maximum overlaps ... don't include overlapping worker itself
+    // as the main JS process was also being scheduled during the work and
+    // would have to be subtracted from the estimate anyway
+    return overlaps.reduce(function(max, overlap) {
+      return Math.max(max, overlap.length);
+    }, 0);
+  }
+};