zxing_cpp 0.1.0

data/ext/zxing/zxing-cpp/cli/src/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+// -*- mode:c++; tab-width:2; indent-tabs-mode:nil; c-basic-offset:2 -*-
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2010-2011 ZXing authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <string>
+#include "ImageReaderSource.h"
+#include <zxing/common/Counted.h>
+#include <zxing/Binarizer.h>
+#include <zxing/MultiFormatReader.h>
+#include <zxing/Result.h>
+#include <zxing/ReaderException.h>
+#include <zxing/common/GlobalHistogramBinarizer.h>
+#include <zxing/common/HybridBinarizer.h>
+#include <exception>
+#include <zxing/Exception.h>
+#include <zxing/common/IllegalArgumentException.h>
+#include <zxing/BinaryBitmap.h>
+#include <zxing/DecodeHints.h>
+
+#include <zxing/qrcode/QRCodeReader.h>
+#include <zxing/multi/qrcode/QRCodeMultiReader.h>
+#include <zxing/multi/ByQuadrantReader.h>
+#include <zxing/multi/MultipleBarcodeReader.h>
+#include <zxing/multi/GenericMultipleBarcodeReader.h>
+
+using namespace std;
+using namespace zxing;
+using namespace zxing::multi;
+using namespace zxing::qrcode;
+
+namespace {
+
+bool more = false;
+bool test_mode = false;
+bool try_harder = false;
+bool search_multi = false;
+bool use_hybrid = false;
+bool use_global = false;
+bool verbose = false;
+
+}
+
+vector<Ref<Result> > decode(Ref<BinaryBitmap> image, DecodeHints hints) {
+  Ref<Reader> reader(new MultiFormatReader);
+  return vector<Ref<Result> >(1, reader->decode(image, hints));
+}
+
+vector<Ref<Result> > decode_multi(Ref<BinaryBitmap> image, DecodeHints hints) {
+  MultiFormatReader delegate;
+  GenericMultipleBarcodeReader reader(delegate);
+  return reader.decodeMultiple(image, hints);
+}
+
+int read_image(Ref<LuminanceSource> source, bool hybrid, string expected) {
+  vector<Ref<Result> > results;
+  string cell_result;
+  int res = -1;
+
+  try {
+    Ref<Binarizer> binarizer;
+    if (hybrid) {
+      binarizer = new HybridBinarizer(source);
+    } else {
+      binarizer = new GlobalHistogramBinarizer(source);
+    }
+    DecodeHints hints(DecodeHints::DEFAULT_HINT);
+    hints.setTryHarder(try_harder);
+    Ref<BinaryBitmap> binary(new BinaryBitmap(binarizer));
+    if (search_multi) {
+      results = decode_multi(binary, hints);
+    } else {
+      results = decode(binary, hints);
+    }
+    res = 0;
+  } catch (const ReaderException& e) {
+    cell_result = "zxing::ReaderException: " + string(e.what());
+    res = -2;
+  } catch (const zxing::IllegalArgumentException& e) {
+    cell_result = "zxing::IllegalArgumentException: " + string(e.what());
+    res = -3;
+  } catch (const zxing::Exception& e) {
+    cell_result = "zxing::Exception: " + string(e.what());
+    res = -4;
+  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+    cell_result = "std::exception: " + string(e.what());
+    res = -5;
+  }
+
+  if (test_mode && results.size() == 1) {
+    std::string result = results[0]->getText()->getText();
+    if (expected.empty()) {
+      cout << "  Expected text or binary data for image missing." << endl
+           << "  Detected: " << result << endl;
+      res = -6;
+    } else {
+      if (expected.compare(result) != 0) {
+        cout << "  Expected: " << expected << endl
+             << "  Detected: " << result << endl;
+        cell_result = "data did not match";
+        res = -6;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (res != 0 && (verbose || (use_global ^ use_hybrid))) {
+    cout << (hybrid ? "Hybrid" : "Global")
+         << " binarizer failed: " << cell_result << endl;
+  } else if (!test_mode) {
+    if (verbose) {
+      cout << (hybrid ? "Hybrid" : "Global")
+           << " binarizer succeeded: " << endl;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < results.size(); i++) {
+      if (more) {
+        cout << "  Format: "
+             << BarcodeFormat::barcodeFormatNames[results[i]->getBarcodeFormat()]
+             << endl;
+        for (int j = 0; j < results[i]->getResultPoints()->size(); j++) {
+          cout << "  Point[" << j <<  "]: "
+               << results[i]->getResultPoints()[j]->getX() << " "
+               << results[i]->getResultPoints()[j]->getY() << endl;
+        }
+      }
+      if (verbose) {
+        cout << "    ";
+      }
+      cout << results[i]->getText()->getText() << endl;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+string read_expected(string imagefilename) {
+  string textfilename = imagefilename;
+  string::size_type dotpos = textfilename.rfind(".");
+
+  textfilename.replace(dotpos + 1, textfilename.length() - dotpos - 1, "txt");
+  ifstream textfile(textfilename.c_str(), ios::binary);
+  textfilename.replace(dotpos + 1, textfilename.length() - dotpos - 1, "bin");
+  ifstream binfile(textfilename.c_str(), ios::binary);
+  ifstream *file = 0;
+  if (textfile.is_open()) {
+    file = &textfile;
+  } else if (binfile.is_open()) {
+    file = &binfile;
+  } else {
+    return std::string();
+  }
+  file->seekg(0, ios_base::end);
+  size_t size = size_t(file->tellg());
+  file->seekg(0, ios_base::beg);
+
+  if (size == 0) {
+    return std::string();
+  }
+
+  char* data = new char[size + 1];
+  file->read(data, size);
+  data[size] = '\0';
+  string expected(data);
+  delete[] data;
+
+  return expected;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  if (argc <= 1) {
+    cout << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " [OPTION]... <IMAGE>..." << endl
+         << "Read barcodes from each IMAGE file." << endl
+         << endl
+         << "Options:" << endl
+         << "  (-h|--hybrid)             use the hybrid binarizer (default)" << endl
+         << "  (-g|--global)             use the global binarizer" << endl
+         << "  (-v|--verbose)            chattier results printing" << endl
+         << "  --more                    display more information about the barcode" << endl
+         << "  --test-mode               compare IMAGEs against text files" << endl
+         << "  --try-harder              spend more time to try to find a barcode" << endl
+         << "  --search-multi            search for more than one bar code" << endl
+         << endl
+         << "Example usage:" << endl
+         << "  zxing --test-mode *.jpg" << endl
+         << endl;
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  int total = 0;
+  int gonly = 0;
+  int honly = 0;
+  int both = 0;
+  int neither = 0;
+
+  for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+    string filename = argv[i];
+    if (filename.compare("--verbose") == 0 ||
+        filename.compare("-v") == 0) {
+      verbose = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (filename.compare("--hybrid") == 0 ||
+        filename.compare("-h") == 0) {
+      use_hybrid = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (filename.compare("--global") == 0 ||
+        filename.compare("-g") == 0) {
+      use_global = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (filename.compare("--more") == 0) {
+      more = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (filename.compare("--test-mode") == 0) {
+      test_mode = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (filename.compare("--try-harder") == 0) {
+      try_harder = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (filename.compare("--search-multi") == 0){
+      search_multi = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (filename.length() > 3 &&
+        (filename.substr(filename.length() - 3, 3).compare("txt") == 0 ||
+         filename.substr(filename.length() - 3, 3).compare("bin") == 0)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (!use_global && !use_hybrid) {
+      use_global = use_hybrid = true;
+    }
+
+    if (test_mode) {
+      cerr << "Testing: " << filename << endl;
+    }
+
+    Ref<LuminanceSource> source;
+    try {
+      source = ImageReaderSource::create(filename);
+    } catch (const zxing::IllegalArgumentException &e) {
+      cerr << e.what() << " (ignoring)" << endl;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    string expected = read_expected(filename);
+
+    int gresult = 1;
+    int hresult = 1;
+    if (use_hybrid) {
+      hresult = read_image(source, true, expected);
+    }
+    if (use_global && (verbose || hresult != 0)) {
+      gresult = read_image(source, false, expected);
+      if (!verbose && gresult != 0) {
+        cout << "decoding failed" << endl;
+      }
+    }
+    gresult = gresult == 0;
+    hresult = hresult == 0;
+    gonly += gresult && !hresult;
+    honly += hresult && !gresult;
+    both += gresult && hresult;
+    neither += !gresult && !hresult;
+    total = total + 1;
+  }
+
+  if (test_mode) {
+    cout << endl
+         << "Summary:" << endl
+         << " " << total << " images tested total," << endl
+         << " " << (honly + both)  << " passed hybrid, " << (gonly + both)
+         << " passed global, " << both << " pass both, " << endl
+         << " " << honly << " passed only hybrid, " << gonly
+         << " passed only global, " << neither << " pass neither." << endl;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}

data/ext/zxing/zxing-cpp/cmake/FindCPPUNIT.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#
+# Find the CppUnit includes and library
+#
+# This module defines
+# CPPUNIT_INCLUDE_DIR, where to find tiff.h, etc.
+# CPPUNIT_LIBRARIES, the libraries to link against to use CppUnit.
+# CPPUNIT_FOUND, If false, do not try to use CppUnit.
+
+# also defined, but not for general use are
+# CPPUNIT_LIBRARY, where to find the CppUnit library.
+# CPPUNIT_DEBUG_LIBRARY, where to find the CppUnit library in debug
+# mode.
+
+SET(CPPUNIT_FOUND "NO")
+
+FIND_PATH(CPPUNIT_INCLUDE_DIR cppunit/TestCase.h /usr/local/include /usr/include)
+
+# With Win32, important to have both
+IF(WIN32)
+  FIND_LIBRARY(CPPUNIT_LIBRARY cppunit
+               ${CPPUNIT_INCLUDE_DIR}/../lib
+               /usr/local/lib
+               /usr/lib)
+  FIND_LIBRARY(CPPUNIT_DEBUG_LIBRARY cppunitd
+               ${CPPUNIT_INCLUDE_DIR}/../lib
+               /usr/local/lib
+               /usr/lib)
+ELSE(WIN32)
+  # On unix system, debug and release have the same name
+  FIND_LIBRARY(CPPUNIT_LIBRARY cppunit
+               ${CPPUNIT_INCLUDE_DIR}/../lib
+               /usr/local/lib
+               /usr/lib)
+  FIND_LIBRARY(CPPUNIT_DEBUG_LIBRARY cppunit
+               ${CPPUNIT_INCLUDE_DIR}/../lib
+               /usr/local/lib
+               /usr/lib)
+ENDIF(WIN32)
+
+IF(CPPUNIT_INCLUDE_DIR)
+  IF(CPPUNIT_LIBRARY)
+    SET(CPPUNIT_FOUND "YES")
+    SET(CPPUNIT_LIBRARIES ${CPPUNIT_LIBRARY} ${CMAKE_DL_LIBS})
+    SET(CPPUNIT_DEBUG_LIBRARIES ${CPPUNIT_DEBUG_LIBRARY} ${CMAKE_DL_LIBS})
+  ELSE (CPPUNIT_LIBRARY)
+    IF (CPPUNIT_FIND_REQUIRED)
+      MESSAGE(SEND_ERROR "Could not find library CppUnit.")
+    ENDIF (CPPUNIT_FIND_REQUIRED)
+  ENDIF(CPPUNIT_LIBRARY)
+ELSE(CPPUNIT_INCLUDE_DIR)
+  IF (CPPUNIT_FIND_REQUIRED)
+    MESSAGE(SEND_ERROR "Could not find library CppUnit.")
+  ENDIF(CPPUNIT_FIND_REQUIRED)
+ENDIF(CPPUNIT_INCLUDE_DIR)

data/ext/zxing/zxing-cpp/cmake/FindIconv.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# - Try to find Iconv 
+# Once done this will define 
+# 
+#  ICONV_FOUND - system has Iconv 
+#  ICONV_INCLUDE_DIR - the Iconv include directory 
+#  ICONV_LIBRARIES - Link these to use Iconv 
+#  ICONV_SECOND_ARGUMENT_IS_CONST - the second argument for iconv() is const
+# 
+include(CheckCXXSourceCompiles)
+
+IF (ICONV_INCLUDE_DIR)
+  # Already in cache, be silent
+  SET(ICONV_FIND_QUIETLY TRUE)
+ENDIF (ICONV_INCLUDE_DIR)
+
+FIND_PATH(ICONV_INCLUDE_DIR iconv.h) 
+ 
+FIND_LIBRARY(ICONV_LIBRARIES NAMES iconv libiconv libiconv-2 c)
+ 
+IF(ICONV_INCLUDE_DIR) 
+   SET(ICONV_FOUND TRUE) 
+ENDIF(ICONV_INCLUDE_DIR) 
+
+set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_INCLUDES ${ICONV_INCLUDE_DIR})
+set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_LIBRARIES ${ICONV_LIBRARIES})
+IF(ICONV_FOUND)
+  check_cxx_source_compiles("
+  #include <iconv.h>
+  int main(){
+    iconv_t conv = 0;
+    char* in = 0;
+    size_t ilen = 0;
+    char* out = 0;
+    size_t olen = 0;
+    iconv(conv, &in, &ilen, &out, &olen);
+    return 0;
+  }
+" ICONV_SECOND_ARGUMENT_IS_CONST )
+ENDIF(ICONV_FOUND)
+set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_INCLUDES)
+set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_LIBRARIES)
+
+IF(ICONV_FOUND) 
+  IF(NOT ICONV_FIND_QUIETLY) 
+    MESSAGE(STATUS "Found Iconv: ${ICONV_LIBRARIES}") 
+  ENDIF(NOT ICONV_FIND_QUIETLY) 
+ELSE(ICONV_FOUND) 
+  IF(Iconv_FIND_REQUIRED) 
+    MESSAGE(FATAL_ERROR "Could not find Iconv") 
+  ENDIF(Iconv_FIND_REQUIRED) 
+ENDIF(ICONV_FOUND)
+
+MARK_AS_ADVANCED(
+  ICONV_INCLUDE_DIR
+  ICONV_LIBRARIES
+  ICONV_SECOND_ARGUMENT_IS_CONST
+)

data/ext/zxing/zxing-cpp/core/src/bigint/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+*.o
+sample
+testsuite
+testsuite.expected
+testsuite.out
+testsuite.err

data/ext/zxing/zxing-cpp/core/src/bigint/BigInteger.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+#include "BigInteger.hh"
+
+void BigInteger::operator =(const BigInteger &x) {
+	// Calls like a = a have no effect
+	if (this == &x)
+		return;
+	// Copy sign
+	sign = x.sign;
+	// Copy the rest
+	mag = x.mag;
+}
+
+BigInteger::BigInteger(const Blk *b, Index blen, Sign s) : mag(b, blen) {
+	switch (s) {
+	case zero:
+		if (!mag.isZero())
+			throw "BigInteger::BigInteger(const Blk *, Index, Sign): Cannot use a sign of zero with a nonzero magnitude";
+		sign = zero;
+		break;
+	case positive:
+	case negative:
+		// If the magnitude is zero, force the sign to zero.
+		sign = mag.isZero() ? zero : s;
+		break;
+	default:
+		/* g++ seems to be optimizing out this case on the assumption
+		 * that the sign is a valid member of the enumeration.  Oh well. */
+		throw "BigInteger::BigInteger(const Blk *, Index, Sign): Invalid sign";
+	}
+}
+
+BigInteger::BigInteger(const BigUnsigned &x, Sign s) : mag(x) {
+	switch (s) {
+	case zero:
+		if (!mag.isZero())
+			throw "BigInteger::BigInteger(const BigUnsigned &, Sign): Cannot use a sign of zero with a nonzero magnitude";
+		sign = zero;
+		break;
+	case positive:
+	case negative:
+		// If the magnitude is zero, force the sign to zero.
+		sign = mag.isZero() ? zero : s;
+		break;
+	default:
+		/* g++ seems to be optimizing out this case on the assumption
+		 * that the sign is a valid member of the enumeration.  Oh well. */
+		throw "BigInteger::BigInteger(const BigUnsigned &, Sign): Invalid sign";
+	}
+}
+
+/* CONSTRUCTION FROM PRIMITIVE INTEGERS
+ * Same idea as in BigUnsigned.cc, except that negative input results in a
+ * negative BigInteger instead of an exception. */
+
+// Done longhand to let us use initialization.
+BigInteger::BigInteger(unsigned long  x) : mag(x) { sign = mag.isZero() ? zero : positive; }
+BigInteger::BigInteger(unsigned int   x) : mag(x) { sign = mag.isZero() ? zero : positive; }
+BigInteger::BigInteger(unsigned short x) : mag(x) { sign = mag.isZero() ? zero : positive; }
+
+// For signed input, determine the desired magnitude and sign separately.
+
+namespace {
+	template <class X, class UX>
+	BigInteger::Blk magOf(X x) {
+		/* UX(...) cast needed to stop short(-2^15), which negates to
+		 * itself, from sign-extending in the conversion to Blk. */
+		return BigInteger::Blk(x < 0 ? UX(-x) : x);
+	}
+	template <class X>
+	BigInteger::Sign signOf(X x) {
+		return (x == 0) ? BigInteger::zero
+			: (x > 0) ? BigInteger::positive
+			: BigInteger::negative;
+	}
+}
+
+BigInteger::BigInteger(long  x) : sign(signOf(x)), mag(magOf<long , unsigned long >(x)) {}
+BigInteger::BigInteger(int   x) : sign(signOf(x)), mag(magOf<int  , unsigned int  >(x)) {}
+BigInteger::BigInteger(short x) : sign(signOf(x)), mag(magOf<short, unsigned short>(x)) {}
+
+// CONVERSION TO PRIMITIVE INTEGERS
+
+/* Reuse BigUnsigned's conversion to an unsigned primitive integer.
+ * The friend is a separate function rather than
+ * BigInteger::convertToUnsignedPrimitive to avoid requiring BigUnsigned to
+ * declare BigInteger. */
+template <class X>
+inline X convertBigUnsignedToPrimitiveAccess(const BigUnsigned &a) {
+	return a.convertToPrimitive<X>();
+}
+
+template <class X>
+X BigInteger::convertToUnsignedPrimitive() const {
+	if (sign == negative)
+		throw "BigInteger::to<Primitive>: "
+			"Cannot convert a negative integer to an unsigned type";
+	else
+		return convertBigUnsignedToPrimitiveAccess<X>(mag);
+}
+
+/* Similar to BigUnsigned::convertToPrimitive, but split into two cases for
+ * nonnegative and negative numbers. */
+template <class X, class UX>
+X BigInteger::convertToSignedPrimitive() const {
+	if (sign == zero)
+		return 0;
+	else if (mag.getLength() == 1) {
+		// The single block might fit in an X.  Try the conversion.
+		Blk b = mag.getBlock(0);
+		if (sign == positive) {
+			X x = X(b);
+			if (x >= 0 && Blk(x) == b)
+				return x;
+		} else {
+			X x = -X(b);
+			/* UX(...) needed to avoid rejecting conversion of
+			 * -2^15 to a short. */
+			if (x < 0 && Blk(UX(-x)) == b)
+				return x;
+		}
+		// Otherwise fall through.
+	}
+	throw "BigInteger::to<Primitive>: "
+		"Value is too big to fit in the requested type";
+}
+
+unsigned long  BigInteger::toUnsignedLong () const { return convertToUnsignedPrimitive<unsigned long >       (); }
+unsigned int   BigInteger::toUnsignedInt  () const { return convertToUnsignedPrimitive<unsigned int  >       (); }
+unsigned short BigInteger::toUnsignedShort() const { return convertToUnsignedPrimitive<unsigned short>       (); }
+long           BigInteger::toLong         () const { return convertToSignedPrimitive  <long , unsigned long> (); }
+int            BigInteger::toInt          () const { return convertToSignedPrimitive  <int  , unsigned int>  (); }
+short          BigInteger::toShort        () const { return convertToSignedPrimitive  <short, unsigned short>(); }
+
+// COMPARISON
+BigInteger::CmpRes BigInteger::compareTo(const BigInteger &x) const {
+	// A greater sign implies a greater number
+	if (sign < x.sign)
+		return less;
+	else if (sign > x.sign)
+		return greater;
+	else switch (sign) {
+		// If the signs are the same...
+	case zero:
+		return equal; // Two zeros are equal
+	case positive:
+		// Compare the magnitudes
+		return mag.compareTo(x.mag);
+	case negative:
+		// Compare the magnitudes, but return the opposite result
+		return CmpRes(-mag.compareTo(x.mag));
+	default:
+		throw "BigInteger internal error";
+	}
+}
+
+/* COPY-LESS OPERATIONS
+ * These do some messing around to determine the sign of the result,
+ * then call one of BigUnsigned's copy-less operations. */
+
+// See remarks about aliased calls in BigUnsigned.cc .
+#define DTRT_ALIASED(cond, op) \
+	if (cond) { \
+		BigInteger tmpThis; \
+		tmpThis.op; \
+		*this = tmpThis; \
+		return; \
+	}
+
+void BigInteger::add(const BigInteger &a, const BigInteger &b) {
+	DTRT_ALIASED(this == &a || this == &b, add(a, b));
+	// If one argument is zero, copy the other.
+	if (a.sign == zero)
+		operator =(b);
+	else if (b.sign == zero)
+		operator =(a);
+	// If the arguments have the same sign, take the
+	// common sign and add their magnitudes.
+	else if (a.sign == b.sign) {
+		sign = a.sign;
+		mag.add(a.mag, b.mag);
+	} else {
+		// Otherwise, their magnitudes must be compared.
+		switch (a.mag.compareTo(b.mag)) {
+		case equal:
+			// If their magnitudes are the same, copy zero.
+			mag = 0;
+			sign = zero;
+			break;
+			// Otherwise, take the sign of the greater, and subtract
+			// the lesser magnitude from the greater magnitude.
+		case greater:
+			sign = a.sign;
+			mag.subtract(a.mag, b.mag);
+			break;
+		case less:
+			sign = b.sign;
+			mag.subtract(b.mag, a.mag);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void BigInteger::subtract(const BigInteger &a, const BigInteger &b) {
+	// Notice that this routine is identical to BigInteger::add,
+	// if one replaces b.sign by its opposite.
+	DTRT_ALIASED(this == &a || this == &b, subtract(a, b));
+	// If a is zero, copy b and flip its sign.  If b is zero, copy a.
+	if (a.sign == zero) {
+		mag = b.mag;
+		// Take the negative of _b_'s, sign, not ours.
+		// Bug pointed out by Sam Larkin on 2005.03.30.
+		sign = Sign(-b.sign);
+	} else if (b.sign == zero)
+		operator =(a);
+	// If their signs differ, take a.sign and add the magnitudes.
+	else if (a.sign != b.sign) {
+		sign = a.sign;
+		mag.add(a.mag, b.mag);
+	} else {
+		// Otherwise, their magnitudes must be compared.
+		switch (a.mag.compareTo(b.mag)) {
+			// If their magnitudes are the same, copy zero.
+		case equal:
+			mag = 0;
+			sign = zero;
+			break;
+			// If a's magnitude is greater, take a.sign and
+			// subtract a from b.
+		case greater:
+			sign = a.sign;
+			mag.subtract(a.mag, b.mag);
+			break;
+			// If b's magnitude is greater, take the opposite
+			// of b.sign and subtract b from a.
+		case less:
+			sign = Sign(-b.sign);
+			mag.subtract(b.mag, a.mag);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void BigInteger::multiply(const BigInteger &a, const BigInteger &b) {
+	DTRT_ALIASED(this == &a || this == &b, multiply(a, b));
+	// If one object is zero, copy zero and return.
+	if (a.sign == zero || b.sign == zero) {
+		sign = zero;
+		mag = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+	// If the signs of the arguments are the same, the result
+	// is positive, otherwise it is negative.
+	sign = (a.sign == b.sign) ? positive : negative;
+	// Multiply the magnitudes.
+	mag.multiply(a.mag, b.mag);
+}
+
+/*
+ * DIVISION WITH REMAINDER
+ * Please read the comments before the definition of
+ * `BigUnsigned::divideWithRemainder' in `BigUnsigned.cc' for lots of
+ * information you should know before reading this function.
+ *
+ * Following Knuth, I decree that x / y is to be
+ * 0 if y==0 and floor(real-number x / y) if y!=0.
+ * Then x % y shall be x - y*(integer x / y).
+ *
+ * Note that x = y * (x / y) + (x % y) always holds.
+ * In addition, (x % y) is from 0 to y - 1 if y > 0,
+ * and from -(|y| - 1) to 0 if y < 0.  (x % y) = x if y = 0.
+ *
+ * Examples: (q = a / b, r = a % b)
+ *	a	b	q	r
+ *	===	===	===	===
+ *	4	3	1	1
+ *	-4	3	-2	2
+ *	4	-3	-2	-2
+ *	-4	-3	1	-1
+ */
+void BigInteger::divideWithRemainder(const BigInteger &b, BigInteger &q) {
+	// Defend against aliased calls;
+	// same idea as in BigUnsigned::divideWithRemainder .
+	if (this == &q)
+		throw "BigInteger::divideWithRemainder: Cannot write quotient and remainder into the same variable";
+	if (this == &b || &q == &b) {
+		BigInteger tmpB(b);
+		divideWithRemainder(tmpB, q);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// Division by zero gives quotient 0 and remainder *this
+	if (b.sign == zero) {
+		q.mag = 0;
+		q.sign = zero;
+		return;
+	}
+	// 0 / b gives quotient 0 and remainder 0
+	if (sign == zero) {
+		q.mag = 0;
+		q.sign = zero;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// Here *this != 0, b != 0.
+
+	// Do the operands have the same sign?
+	if (sign == b.sign) {
+		// Yes: easy case.  Quotient is zero or positive.
+		q.sign = positive;
+	} else {
+		// No: harder case.  Quotient is negative.
+		q.sign = negative;
+		// Decrease the magnitude of the dividend by one.
+		mag--;
+		/*
+		 * We tinker with the dividend before and with the
+		 * quotient and remainder after so that the result
+		 * comes out right.  To see why it works, consider the following
+		 * list of examples, where A is the magnitude-decreased
+		 * a, Q and R are the results of BigUnsigned division
+		 * with remainder on A and |b|, and q and r are the
+		 * final results we want:
+		 *
+		 *	a	A	b	Q	R	q	r
+		 *	-3	-2	3	0	2	-1	0
+		 *	-4	-3	3	1	0	-2	2
+		 *	-5	-4	3	1	1	-2	1
+		 *	-6	-5	3	1	2	-2	0
+		 *
+		 * It appears that we need a total of 3 corrections:
+		 * Decrease the magnitude of a to get A.  Increase the
+		 * magnitude of Q to get q (and make it negative).
+		 * Find r = (b - 1) - R and give it the desired sign.
+		 */
+	}
+
+	// Divide the magnitudes.
+	mag.divideWithRemainder(b.mag, q.mag);
+
+	if (sign != b.sign) {
+		// More for the harder case (as described):
+		// Increase the magnitude of the quotient by one.
+		q.mag++;
+		// Modify the remainder.
+		mag.subtract(b.mag, mag);
+		mag--;
+	}
+
+	// Sign of the remainder is always the sign of the divisor b.
+	sign = b.sign;
+
+	// Set signs to zero as necessary.  (Thanks David Allen!)
+	if (mag.isZero())
+		sign = zero;
+	if (q.mag.isZero())
+		q.sign = zero;
+
+	// WHEW!!!
+}
+
+// Negation
+void BigInteger::negate(const BigInteger &a) {
+	DTRT_ALIASED(this == &a, negate(a));
+	// Copy a's magnitude
+	mag = a.mag;
+	// Copy the opposite of a.sign
+	sign = Sign(-a.sign);
+}
+
+// INCREMENT/DECREMENT OPERATORS
+
+// Prefix increment
+void BigInteger::operator ++() {
+	if (sign == negative) {
+		mag--;
+		if (mag == 0)
+			sign = zero;
+	} else {
+		mag++;
+		sign = positive; // if not already
+	}
+}
+
+// Postfix increment: same as prefix
+void BigInteger::operator ++(int) {
+	operator ++();
+}
+
+// Prefix decrement
+void BigInteger::operator --() {
+	if (sign == positive) {
+		mag--;
+		if (mag == 0)
+			sign = zero;
+	} else {
+		mag++;
+		sign = negative;
+	}
+}
+
+// Postfix decrement: same as prefix
+void BigInteger::operator --(int) {
+	operator --();
+}
+