wj_eventmachine 1.3.0.dev.1

data/ext/em.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2378 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+
+$Id$
+
+File:     em.cpp
+Date:     06Apr06
+
+Copyright (C) 2006-07 by Francis Cianfrocca. All Rights Reserved.
+Gmail: blackhedd
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of either: 1) the GNU General Public License
+as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+License, or (at your option) any later version; or 2) Ruby's License.
+
+See the file COPYING for complete licensing information.
+
+*****************************************************************************/
+
+// THIS ENTIRE FILE WILL EVENTUALLY BE FOR UNIX BUILDS ONLY.
+//#ifdef OS_UNIX
+
+#include "project.h"
+
+/* The numer of max outstanding timers was once a const enum defined in em.h.
+ * Now we define it here so that users can change its value if necessary.
+ */
+static unsigned int MaxOutstandingTimers = 100000;
+
+/* The number of accept() done at once in a single tick when the acceptor
+ * socket becomes readable.
+ */
+static unsigned int SimultaneousAcceptCount = 10;
+
+/* Internal helper to create a socket with SOCK_CLOEXEC set, and fall
+ * back to fcntl'ing it if the headers/runtime don't support it.
+ */
+SOCKET EmSocket (int domain, int type, int protocol)
+{
+	SOCKET sd;
+#ifdef HAVE_SOCKET_CLOEXEC
+	sd = socket (domain, type | SOCK_CLOEXEC, protocol);
+	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET) {
+		sd = socket (domain, type, protocol);
+		if (sd < 0) {
+			return sd;
+		}
+		SetFdCloexec(sd);
+	}
+#else
+	sd = socket (domain, type, protocol);
+	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET) {
+		return sd;
+	}
+	SetFdCloexec(sd);
+#endif
+	return sd;
+}
+
+
+/***************************************
+STATIC EventMachine_t::GetMaxTimerCount
+***************************************/
+
+int EventMachine_t::GetMaxTimerCount()
+{
+	return MaxOutstandingTimers;
+}
+
+
+/***************************************
+STATIC EventMachine_t::SetMaxTimerCount
+***************************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::SetMaxTimerCount (int count)
+{
+	/* Allow a user to increase the maximum number of outstanding timers.
+	 * If this gets "too high" (a metric that is of course platform dependent),
+	 * bad things will happen like performance problems and possible overuse
+	 * of memory.
+	 * The actual timer mechanism is very efficient so it's hard to know what
+	 * the practical max, but 100,000 shouldn't be too problematical.
+	 */
+	if (count < 100)
+		count = 100;
+	MaxOutstandingTimers = count;
+}
+
+int EventMachine_t::GetSimultaneousAcceptCount()
+{
+	return SimultaneousAcceptCount;
+}
+
+void EventMachine_t::SetSimultaneousAcceptCount (int count)
+{
+	if (count < 1)
+		count = 1;
+	SimultaneousAcceptCount = count;
+}
+
+
+/******************************
+EventMachine_t::EventMachine_t
+******************************/
+
+EventMachine_t::EventMachine_t (EMCallback event_callback, Poller_t poller):
+	NumCloseScheduled (0),
+	HeartbeatInterval(2000000),
+	EventCallback (event_callback),
+	LoopBreakerReader (INVALID_SOCKET),
+	LoopBreakerWriter (INVALID_SOCKET),
+	bTerminateSignalReceived (false),
+	Poller (poller),
+	epfd (-1),
+	kqfd (-1)
+	#ifdef HAVE_INOTIFY
+	, inotify (NULL)
+	#endif
+{
+	// Default time-slice is just smaller than one hundred mills.
+	Quantum.tv_sec = 0;
+	Quantum.tv_usec = 90000;
+
+	// Override the requested poller back to default if needed.
+	#if !defined(HAVE_EPOLL) && !defined(HAVE_KQUEUE)
+	Poller = Poller_Default;
+	#endif
+
+	/* Initialize monotonic timekeeping on OS X before the first call to GetRealTime */
+	#ifdef OS_DARWIN
+	(void) mach_timebase_info(&mach_timebase);
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	TickCountTickover = 0;
+	LastTickCount = 0;
+	#endif
+
+	// Make sure the current loop time is sane, in case we do any initializations of
+	// objects before we start running.
+	_UpdateTime();
+
+	/* We initialize the network library here (only on Windows of course)
+	 * and initialize "loop breakers." Our destructor also does some network-level
+	 * cleanup. There's thus an implicit assumption that any given instance of EventMachine_t
+	 * will only call ::Run once. Is that a good assumption? Should we move some of these
+	 * inits and de-inits into ::Run?
+	 */
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	WSADATA w;
+	WSAStartup (MAKEWORD (1, 1), &w);
+	#endif
+
+	_InitializeLoopBreaker();
+	SelectData = new SelectData_t();
+}
+
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::~EventMachine_t
+*******************************/
+
+EventMachine_t::~EventMachine_t()
+{
+	// Run down descriptors
+	size_t i;
+	for (i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++)
+		delete NewDescriptors[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++)
+		delete Descriptors[i];
+
+	close (LoopBreakerReader);
+	close (LoopBreakerWriter);
+
+	// Remove any file watch descriptors
+	while(!Files.empty()) {
+		std::map<int, Bindable_t*>::iterator f = Files.begin();
+		UnwatchFile (f->first);
+	}
+
+	if (epfd != -1)
+		close (epfd);
+	if (kqfd != -1)
+		close (kqfd);
+
+	delete SelectData;
+}
+
+
+/****************************
+EventMachine_t::ScheduleHalt
+****************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::ScheduleHalt()
+{
+	/* This is how we stop the machine.
+	 * This can be called by clients. Signal handlers will probably
+	 * set the global flag.
+	 * For now this means there can only be one EventMachine ever running at a time.
+	 *
+	 * IMPORTANT: keep this light, fast, and async-safe. Don't do anything frisky in here,
+	 * because it may be called from signal handlers invoked from code that we don't
+	 * control. At this writing (20Sep06), EM does NOT install any signal handlers of
+	 * its own.
+	 *
+	 * We need a FAQ. And one of the questions is: how do I stop EM when Ctrl-C happens?
+	 * The answer is to call evma_stop_machine, which calls here, from a SIGINT handler.
+	 */
+	bTerminateSignalReceived = true;
+
+	/* Signal the loopbreaker so we break out of long-running select/epoll/kqueue and
+	 * notice the halt boolean is set. Signalling the loopbreaker also uses a single
+	 * signal-safe syscall.
+	 */
+	SignalLoopBreaker();
+}
+
+bool EventMachine_t::Stopping()
+{
+	return bTerminateSignalReceived;
+}
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::GetTimerQuantum
+*******************************/
+
+uint64_t EventMachine_t::GetTimerQuantum()
+{
+	/* Convert timer-quantum to microseconds */
+	return (Quantum.tv_sec * 1000 + (Quantum.tv_usec + 500) / 1000) * 1000;
+}
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::SetTimerQuantum
+*******************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::SetTimerQuantum (int interval)
+{
+	/* We get a timer-quantum expressed in milliseconds.
+	 */
+
+	if ((interval < 5) || (interval > 5*60*1000))
+		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid timer-quantum");
+
+	Quantum.tv_sec = interval / 1000;
+	Quantum.tv_usec = (interval % 1000) * 1000;
+}
+
+
+/*************************************
+(STATIC) EventMachine_t::SetuidString
+*************************************/
+
+#ifdef OS_UNIX
+void EventMachine_t::SetuidString (const char *username)
+{
+	/* This method takes a caller-supplied username and tries to setuid
+	 * to that user. There is no meaningful implementation (and no error)
+	 * on Windows. On Unix, a failure to setuid the caller-supplied string
+	 * causes a fatal abort, because presumably the program is calling here
+	 * in order to fulfill a security requirement. If we fail silently,
+	 * the user may continue to run with too much privilege.
+	 *
+	 * TODO, we need to decide on and document a way of generating C++ level errors
+	 * that can be wrapped in documented Ruby exceptions, so users can catch
+	 * and handle them. And distinguish it from errors that we WON'T let the Ruby
+	 * user catch (like security-violations and resource-overallocation).
+	 * A setuid failure here would be in the latter category.
+	 */
+
+	if (!username || !*username)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("setuid_string failed: no username specified");
+
+	errno = 0;
+	struct passwd *p = getpwnam (username);
+	if (!p) {
+		if (errno) {
+			char buf[200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "setuid_string failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		} else {
+			throw std::runtime_error ("setuid_string failed: unknown username");
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (setuid (p->pw_uid) != 0)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("setuid_string failed: no setuid");
+
+	// Success.
+}
+#else
+void EventMachine_t::SetuidString (const char *username UNUSED) { }
+#endif
+
+/****************************************
+(STATIC) EventMachine_t::SetRlimitNofile
+****************************************/
+
+#ifdef OS_UNIX
+int EventMachine_t::SetRlimitNofile (int nofiles)
+{
+	struct rlimit rlim;
+	getrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
+	if (nofiles >= 0) {
+		rlim.rlim_cur = nofiles;
+		if ((unsigned int)nofiles > rlim.rlim_max)
+			rlim.rlim_max = nofiles;
+		setrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
+		// ignore the error return, for now at least.
+		// TODO, emit an error message someday when we have proper debug levels.
+	}
+	getrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
+	return rlim.rlim_cur;
+}
+#else
+int EventMachine_t::SetRlimitNofile (int nofiles UNUSED) { return 0; }
+#endif
+
+/*********************************
+EventMachine_t::SignalLoopBreaker
+*********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::SignalLoopBreaker()
+{
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	(void)write (LoopBreakerWriter, "", 1);
+	#endif
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	sendto (LoopBreakerReader, "", 0, 0, (struct sockaddr*)&(LoopBreakerTarget), sizeof(LoopBreakerTarget));
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/**************************************
+EventMachine_t::_InitializeLoopBreaker
+**************************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_InitializeLoopBreaker()
+{
+	/* A "loop-breaker" is a socket-descriptor that we can write to in order
+	 * to break the main select loop. Primarily useful for things running on
+	 * threads other than the main EM thread, so they can trigger processing
+	 * of events that arise exogenously to the EM.
+	 * Keep the loop-breaker pipe out of the main descriptor set, otherwise
+	 * its events will get passed on to user code.
+	 */
+
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	int fd[2];
+#if defined (HAVE_CLOEXEC) && defined (HAVE_PIPE2)
+	int pipestatus = pipe2(fd, O_CLOEXEC);
+	if (pipestatus < 0) {
+		if (pipe(fd))
+			throw std::runtime_error (strerror(errno));
+	}
+#else
+	if (pipe (fd))
+		throw std::runtime_error (strerror(errno));
+#endif
+	if (!SetFdCloexec(fd[0]) || !SetFdCloexec(fd[1]))
+		throw std::runtime_error (strerror(errno));
+
+	LoopBreakerWriter = fd[1];
+	LoopBreakerReader = fd[0];
+
+	/* 16Jan11: Make sure the pipe is non-blocking, so more than 65k loopbreaks
+	 * in one tick do not fill up the pipe and block the process on write() */
+	SetSocketNonblocking (LoopBreakerWriter);
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	SOCKET sd = EmSocket (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no loop breaker socket");
+	SetSocketNonblocking (sd);
+
+	memset (&LoopBreakerTarget, 0, sizeof(LoopBreakerTarget));
+	LoopBreakerTarget.sin_family = AF_INET;
+	LoopBreakerTarget.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr ("127.0.0.1");
+
+	srand ((int)time(NULL));
+	int i;
+	for (i=0; i < 100; i++) {
+		int r = (rand() % 10000) + 20000;
+		LoopBreakerTarget.sin_port = htons (r);
+		if (bind (sd, (struct sockaddr*)&LoopBreakerTarget, sizeof(LoopBreakerTarget)) == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	if (i == 100)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no loop breaker");
+	LoopBreakerReader = sd;
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	if (Poller == Poller_Epoll) {
+		epfd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
+		if (epfd == -1) {
+			char buf[200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to create epoll descriptor: %s", strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+
+		assert (LoopBreakerReader >= 0);
+		LoopbreakDescriptor *ld = new LoopbreakDescriptor (LoopBreakerReader, this);
+		assert (ld);
+		Add (ld);
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	if (Poller == Poller_Kqueue) {
+		kqfd = kqueue();
+		if (kqfd == -1) {
+			char buf[200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to create kqueue descriptor: %s", strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+		// cloexec not needed. By definition, kqueues are not carried across forks.
+
+		assert (LoopBreakerReader >= 0);
+		LoopbreakDescriptor *ld = new LoopbreakDescriptor (LoopBreakerReader, this);
+		assert (ld);
+		Add (ld);
+	}
+	#endif
+}
+
+/***************************
+EventMachine_t::_UpdateTime
+***************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_UpdateTime()
+{
+	MyCurrentLoopTime = GetRealTime();
+}
+
+/***************************
+EventMachine_t::GetRealTime
+***************************/
+
+// Two great writeups of cross-platform monotonic time are at:
+// http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0418
+// http://nadeausoftware.com/articles/2012/04/c_c_tip_how_measure_elapsed_real_time_benchmarking
+// Uncomment the #pragma messages to confirm which compile-time option was used
+uint64_t EventMachine_t::GetRealTime()
+{
+	uint64_t current_time;
+
+	#if defined(HAVE_CONST_CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW)
+	// #pragma message "GetRealTime: clock_gettime CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW"
+	// Linux 2.6.28 and above
+	struct timespec tv;
+	clock_gettime (CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, &tv);
+	current_time = (((uint64_t)(tv.tv_sec)) * 1000000LL) + ((uint64_t)((tv.tv_nsec)/1000));
+
+	#elif defined(HAVE_CONST_CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+	// #pragma message "GetRealTime: clock_gettime CLOCK_MONOTONIC"
+	// Linux, FreeBSD 5.0 and above, Solaris 8 and above, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonflyBSD
+	struct timespec tv;
+	clock_gettime (CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &tv);
+	current_time = (((uint64_t)(tv.tv_sec)) * 1000000LL) + ((uint64_t)((tv.tv_nsec)/1000));
+
+	#elif defined(HAVE_GETHRTIME)
+	// #pragma message "GetRealTime: gethrtime"
+	// Solaris and HP-UX
+	current_time = (uint64_t)gethrtime() / 1000;
+
+	#elif defined(OS_DARWIN)
+	// #pragma message "GetRealTime: mach_absolute_time"
+	// Mac OS X
+	// https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/qa/qa1398/_index.html
+	current_time = mach_absolute_time() * mach_timebase.numer / mach_timebase.denom / 1000;
+
+	#elif defined(OS_UNIX)
+	// #pragma message "GetRealTime: gettimeofday"
+	// Unix fallback
+	struct timeval tv;
+	gettimeofday (&tv, NULL);
+	current_time = (((uint64_t)(tv.tv_sec)) * 1000000LL) + ((uint64_t)(tv.tv_usec));
+
+	#elif defined(OS_WIN32)
+	// #pragma message "GetRealTime: GetTickCount"
+	// Future improvement: use GetTickCount64 in Windows Vista / Server 2008
+	unsigned tick = GetTickCount();
+	if (tick < LastTickCount)
+		TickCountTickover += 1;
+	LastTickCount = tick;
+	current_time = ((uint64_t)TickCountTickover << 32) + (uint64_t)tick;
+	current_time *= 1000; // convert to microseconds
+
+	#else
+	// #pragma message "GetRealTime: time"
+	// Universal fallback
+	current_time = (uint64_t)time(NULL) * 1000000LL;
+	#endif
+
+	return current_time;
+}
+
+/***********************************
+EventMachine_t::_DispatchHeartbeats
+***********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_DispatchHeartbeats()
+{
+	// Store the first processed heartbeat descriptor and bail out if
+	// we see it again. This fixes an infinite loop in case the system time
+	// is changed out from underneath MyCurrentLoopTime.
+	const EventableDescriptor *head = NULL;
+
+	while (true) {
+		std::multimap<uint64_t,EventableDescriptor*>::iterator i = Heartbeats.begin();
+		if (i == Heartbeats.end())
+			break;
+		if (i->first > MyCurrentLoopTime)
+			break;
+
+		EventableDescriptor *ed = i->second;
+		if (ed == head)
+			break;
+
+		ed->Heartbeat();
+		QueueHeartbeat(ed);
+
+		if (head == NULL)
+			head = ed;
+	}
+}
+
+/******************************
+EventMachine_t::QueueHeartbeat
+******************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::QueueHeartbeat(EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	uint64_t heartbeat = ed->GetNextHeartbeat();
+
+	if (heartbeat) {
+		#ifndef HAVE_MAKE_PAIR
+		Heartbeats.insert (std::multimap<uint64_t,EventableDescriptor*>::value_type (heartbeat, ed));
+		#else
+		Heartbeats.insert (std::make_pair (heartbeat, ed));
+		#endif
+	}
+}
+
+/******************************
+EventMachine_t::ClearHeartbeat
+******************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::ClearHeartbeat(uint64_t key, EventableDescriptor* ed)
+{
+	std::multimap<uint64_t,EventableDescriptor*>::iterator it;
+	std::pair<std::multimap<uint64_t,EventableDescriptor*>::iterator,std::multimap<uint64_t,EventableDescriptor*>::iterator> ret;
+	ret = Heartbeats.equal_range (key);
+	for (it = ret.first; it != ret.second; ++it) {
+		if (it->second == ed) {
+			Heartbeats.erase (it);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*******************
+EventMachine_t::Run
+*******************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::Run()
+{
+	while (RunOnce()) ;
+}
+
+/***********************
+EventMachine_t::RunOnce
+***********************/
+
+bool EventMachine_t::RunOnce()
+{
+	_UpdateTime();
+	_RunTimers();
+
+	/* _Add must precede _Modify because the same descriptor might
+	 * be on both lists during the same pass through the machine,
+	 * and to modify a descriptor before adding it would fail.
+	 */
+	_AddNewDescriptors();
+	_ModifyDescriptors();
+
+	switch (Poller) {
+	case Poller_Epoll:
+		_RunEpollOnce();
+		break;
+	case Poller_Kqueue:
+		_RunKqueueOnce();
+		break;
+	case Poller_Default:
+		_RunSelectOnce();
+		break;
+	}
+
+	_DispatchHeartbeats();
+	_CleanupSockets();
+
+	if (bTerminateSignalReceived)
+		return false;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+typedef struct {
+	int epfd;
+	struct epoll_event *events;
+	int maxevents;
+	int timeout;
+} epoll_args_t;
+
+static void *nogvl_epoll_wait(void *args)
+{
+	epoll_args_t *a = (epoll_args_t *)args;
+	return (void *) (uintptr_t) epoll_wait (a->epfd, a->events, a->maxevents, a->timeout);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*****************************
+EventMachine_t::_RunEpollOnce
+*****************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_RunEpollOnce()
+{
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	assert (epfd != -1);
+	int s;
+
+	timeval tv = _TimeTilNextEvent();
+
+	#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if ((ret = rb_wait_for_single_fd(epfd, RB_WAITFD_IN|RB_WAITFD_PRI, &tv)) < 1) {
+		if (ret == -1) {
+			assert(errno != EINVAL);
+			assert(errno != EBADF);
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+
+	epoll_args_t epoll_args = { epfd, epoll_events, MaxEvents, 0 };
+	s = (uintptr_t) rb_thread_call_without_gvl (nogvl_epoll_wait, &epoll_args, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+	#else
+	int duration = 0;
+	duration = duration + (tv.tv_sec * 1000);
+	duration = duration + (tv.tv_usec / 1000);
+	s = epoll_wait (epfd, epoll_events, MaxEvents, duration);
+	#endif
+
+	if (s > 0) {
+		for (int i=0; i < s; i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ed = (EventableDescriptor*) epoll_events[i].data.ptr;
+
+			if (ed->IsWatchOnly() && ed->GetSocket() == INVALID_SOCKET)
+				continue;
+
+			assert(ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET);
+
+			if (epoll_events[i].events & EPOLLIN)
+				ed->Read();
+			if (epoll_events[i].events & EPOLLOUT)
+				ed->Write();
+			if (epoll_events[i].events & (EPOLLERR | EPOLLHUP))
+				ed->HandleError();
+		}
+	}
+	else if (s < 0) {
+		// epoll_wait can fail on error in a handful of ways.
+		// If this happens, then wait for a little while to avoid busy-looping.
+		// If the error was EINTR, we probably caught SIGCHLD or something,
+		// so keep the wait short.
+		timeval tv = {0, ((errno == EINTR) ? 5 : 50) * 1000};
+		EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+	}
+	#else
+	throw std::runtime_error ("epoll is not implemented on this platform");
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+typedef struct {
+	int kqfd;
+	const struct kevent *changelist;
+	int nchanges;
+	struct kevent *eventlist;
+	int nevents;
+	const struct timespec *timeout;
+} kevent_args_t;
+
+static void *nogvl_kevent(void *args)
+{
+	kevent_args_t *a = (kevent_args_t *)args;
+	return (void *) (uintptr_t) kevent (a->kqfd, a->changelist, a->nchanges, a->eventlist, a->nevents, a->timeout);
+}
+#endif
+
+/******************************
+EventMachine_t::_RunKqueueOnce
+******************************/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+void EventMachine_t::_RunKqueueOnce()
+{
+	assert (kqfd != -1);
+	int k;
+
+	timeval tv = _TimeTilNextEvent();
+
+	struct timespec ts;
+	ts.tv_sec = tv.tv_sec;
+	ts.tv_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
+
+	#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if ((ret = rb_wait_for_single_fd(kqfd, RB_WAITFD_IN|RB_WAITFD_PRI, &tv)) < 1) {
+		if (ret == -1) {
+			assert(errno != EINVAL);
+			assert(errno != EBADF);
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+
+	ts.tv_sec = ts.tv_nsec = 0;
+	kevent_args_t kevent_args = { kqfd, NULL, 0, Karray, MaxEvents, &ts };
+	k = (uintptr_t) rb_thread_call_without_gvl (nogvl_kevent, &kevent_args, RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
+	#else
+	k = kevent (kqfd, NULL, 0, Karray, MaxEvents, &ts);
+	#endif
+
+	struct kevent *ke = Karray;
+	while (k > 0) {
+		switch (ke->filter)
+		{
+			case EVFILT_VNODE:
+				_HandleKqueueFileEvent (ke);
+				break;
+
+			case EVFILT_PROC:
+				_HandleKqueuePidEvent (ke);
+				break;
+
+			case EVFILT_READ:
+			case EVFILT_WRITE:
+				EventableDescriptor *ed = (EventableDescriptor*) (ke->udata);
+				assert (ed);
+
+				if (ed->IsWatchOnly() && ed->GetSocket() == INVALID_SOCKET)
+					break;
+
+				if (ke->filter == EVFILT_READ)
+					ed->Read();
+				else if (ke->filter == EVFILT_WRITE)
+					ed->Write();
+				else
+					std::cerr << "Discarding unknown kqueue event " << ke->filter << std::endl;
+
+				break;
+		}
+
+		--k;
+		++ke;
+	}
+
+	#ifdef BUILD_FOR_RUBY
+	if (!rb_thread_alone()) {
+		rb_thread_schedule();
+	}
+	#endif
+}
+#else
+void EventMachine_t::_RunKqueueOnce()
+{
+	throw std::runtime_error ("kqueue is not implemented on this platform");
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*********************************
+EventMachine_t::_TimeTilNextEvent
+*********************************/
+
+timeval EventMachine_t::_TimeTilNextEvent()
+{
+	// 29jul11: Changed calculation base from MyCurrentLoopTime to the
+	// real time. As MyCurrentLoopTime is set at the beginning of an
+	// iteration and this calculation is done at the end, evenmachine
+	// will potentially oversleep by the amount of time the iteration
+	// took to execute.
+	uint64_t next_event = 0;
+	uint64_t current_time = GetRealTime();
+
+	if (!Heartbeats.empty()) {
+		std::multimap<uint64_t,EventableDescriptor*>::iterator heartbeats = Heartbeats.begin();
+		next_event = heartbeats->first;
+	}
+
+	if (!Timers.empty()) {
+		std::multimap<uint64_t,Timer_t>::iterator timers = Timers.begin();
+		if (next_event == 0 || timers->first < next_event)
+			next_event = timers->first;
+	}
+
+	if (!NewDescriptors.empty() || !ModifiedDescriptors.empty()) {
+		next_event = current_time;
+	}
+
+	timeval tv;
+
+	if (NumCloseScheduled > 0 || bTerminateSignalReceived) {
+		tv.tv_sec = tv.tv_usec = 0;
+	} else if (next_event == 0) {
+		tv = Quantum;
+	} else {
+		if (next_event > current_time) {
+			uint64_t duration = next_event - current_time;
+			tv.tv_sec = duration / 1000000;
+			tv.tv_usec = duration % 1000000;
+		} else {
+			tv.tv_sec = tv.tv_usec = 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return tv;
+}
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::_CleanupSockets
+*******************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_CleanupSockets()
+{
+	// TODO, rip this out and only delete the descriptors we know have died,
+	// rather than traversing the whole list.
+	// Modified 05Jan08 per suggestions by Chris Heath. It's possible that
+	// an EventableDescriptor will have a descriptor value of -1. That will
+	// happen if EventableDescriptor::Close was called on it. In that case,
+	// don't call epoll_ctl to remove the socket's filters from the epoll set.
+	// According to the epoll docs, this happens automatically when the
+	// descriptor is closed anyway. This is different from the case where
+	// the socket has already been closed but the descriptor in the ED object
+	// hasn't yet been set to INVALID_SOCKET.
+	// In kqueue, closing a descriptor automatically removes its event filters.
+	int i, j;
+	int nSockets = Descriptors.size();
+	for (i=0, j=0; i < nSockets; i++) {
+		EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+		assert (ed);
+		if (ed->ShouldDelete()) {
+		#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+			if (Poller == Poller_Epoll) {
+				assert (epfd != -1);
+				if (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET) {
+					int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+					// ENOENT or EBADF are not errors because the socket may be already closed when we get here.
+					if (e && (errno != ENOENT) && (errno != EBADF) && (errno != EPERM)) {
+						char buf [200];
+						snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to delete epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
+						throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+					}
+				}
+				ModifiedDescriptors.erase(ed);
+			}
+		#endif
+			delete ed;
+		}
+		else
+			Descriptors [j++] = ed;
+	}
+	while ((size_t)j < Descriptors.size())
+		Descriptors.pop_back();
+}
+
+/*********************************
+EventMachine_t::_ModifyEpollEvent
+*********************************/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+void EventMachine_t::_ModifyEpollEvent (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (Poller == Poller_Epoll) {
+		assert (epfd != -1);
+		assert (ed);
+		assert (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET);
+		int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+		if (e) {
+			char buf [200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to modify epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+	}
+}
+#else
+void EventMachine_t::_ModifyEpollEvent (EventableDescriptor *ed UNUSED) { }
+#endif
+
+
+/**************************
+SelectData_t::SelectData_t
+**************************/
+
+SelectData_t::SelectData_t()
+{
+	maxsocket = 0;
+	rb_fd_init (&fdreads);
+	rb_fd_init (&fdwrites);
+	rb_fd_init (&fderrors);
+}
+
+SelectData_t::~SelectData_t()
+{
+	rb_fd_term (&fdreads);
+	rb_fd_term (&fdwrites);
+	rb_fd_term (&fderrors);
+}
+
+/*********************
+SelectData_t::_Select
+*********************/
+
+int SelectData_t::_Select()
+{
+	return EmSelect (maxsocket + 1, &fdreads, &fdwrites, &fderrors, &tv);
+}
+
+void SelectData_t::_Clear()
+{
+	maxsocket = 0;
+	rb_fd_zero (&fdreads);
+	rb_fd_zero (&fdwrites);
+	rb_fd_zero (&fderrors);
+}
+
+/******************************
+EventMachine_t::_RunSelectOnce
+******************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_RunSelectOnce()
+{
+	// Crank the event machine once.
+	// If there are no descriptors to process, then sleep
+	// for a few hundred mills to avoid busy-looping.
+	// This is based on a select loop. Alternately provide epoll
+	// if we know we're running on a 2.6 kernel.
+	// epoll will be effective if we provide it as an alternative,
+	// however it has the same problem interoperating with Ruby
+	// threads that select does.
+
+	// Get ready for select()
+	SelectData->_Clear();
+
+	// Always read the loop-breaker reader.
+	// Changed 23Aug06, provisionally implemented for Windows with a UDP socket
+	// running on localhost with a randomly-chosen port. (*Puke*)
+	// Windows has a version of the Unix pipe() library function, but it doesn't
+	// give you back descriptors that are selectable.
+	rb_fd_set (LoopBreakerReader, &(SelectData->fdreads));
+	if (SelectData->maxsocket < LoopBreakerReader)
+		SelectData->maxsocket = LoopBreakerReader;
+
+	// prepare the sockets for reading and writing
+	size_t i;
+	for (i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+		EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+		assert (ed);
+		SOCKET sd = ed->GetSocket();
+		if (ed->IsWatchOnly() && sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+			continue;
+		assert (sd != INVALID_SOCKET);
+
+		if (ed->SelectForRead())
+			rb_fd_set (sd, &(SelectData->fdreads));
+		if (ed->SelectForWrite())
+			rb_fd_set (sd, &(SelectData->fdwrites));
+
+		#ifdef OS_WIN32
+		/* 21Sep09: on windows, a non-blocking connect() that fails does not come up as writable.
+		   Instead, it is added to the error set. See http://www.mail-archive.com/openssl-users@openssl.org/msg58500.html
+		*/
+		if (ed->IsConnectPending())
+			rb_fd_set (sd, &(SelectData->fderrors));
+		#endif
+
+		if (SelectData->maxsocket < sd)
+			SelectData->maxsocket = sd;
+	}
+
+
+	{ // read and write the sockets
+		SelectData->tv = _TimeTilNextEvent();
+		int s = SelectData->_Select();
+		if (s > 0) {
+			/* Changed 01Jun07. We used to handle the Loop-breaker right here.
+			 * Now we do it AFTER all the regular descriptors. There's an
+			 * incredibly important and subtle reason for this. Code on
+			 * loop breakers is sometimes used to cause the reactor core to
+			 * cycle (for example, to allow outbound network buffers to drain).
+			 * If a loop-breaker handler reschedules itself (say, after determining
+			 * that the write buffers are still too full), then it will execute
+			 * IMMEDIATELY if _ReadLoopBreaker is done here instead of after
+			 * the other descriptors are processed. That defeats the whole purpose.
+			 */
+			for (i=0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+				EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+				assert (ed);
+				SOCKET sd = ed->GetSocket();
+				if (ed->IsWatchOnly() && sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+					continue;
+				assert (sd != INVALID_SOCKET);
+
+				if (rb_fd_isset (sd, &(SelectData->fdwrites))) {
+					// Double-check SelectForWrite() still returns true. If not, one of the callbacks must have
+					// modified some value since we checked SelectForWrite() earlier in this method.
+					if (ed->SelectForWrite())
+						ed->Write();
+				}
+				if (rb_fd_isset (sd, &(SelectData->fdreads)))
+					ed->Read();
+				if (rb_fd_isset (sd, &(SelectData->fderrors)))
+					ed->HandleError();
+			}
+
+			if (rb_fd_isset (LoopBreakerReader, &(SelectData->fdreads)))
+				_ReadLoopBreaker();
+		}
+		else if (s < 0) {
+			switch (errno) {
+				case EBADF:
+					_CleanBadDescriptors();
+					break;
+				case EINVAL:
+					throw std::runtime_error ("Somehow EM passed an invalid nfds or invalid timeout to select(2), please report this!");
+					break;
+				default:
+					// select can fail on error in a handful of ways.
+					// If this happens, then wait for a little while to avoid busy-looping.
+					// If the error was EINTR, we probably caught SIGCHLD or something,
+					// so keep the wait short.
+					timeval tv = {0, ((errno == EINTR) ? 5 : 50) * 1000};
+					EmSelect (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void EventMachine_t::_CleanBadDescriptors()
+{
+	size_t i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+		EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+		if (ed->ShouldDelete())
+			continue;
+
+		if (rb_wait_for_single_fd(ed->GetSocket(), RB_WAITFD_PRI, NULL) < 0) {
+			if (errno == EBADF)
+				ed->ScheduleClose(false);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/********************************
+EventMachine_t::_ReadLoopBreaker
+********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_ReadLoopBreaker()
+{
+	/* The loop breaker has selected readable.
+	 * Read it ONCE (it may block if we try to read it twice)
+	 * and send a loop-break event back to user code.
+	 */
+	char buffer [1024];
+	(void)read (LoopBreakerReader, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+	if (EventCallback)
+		(*EventCallback)(0, EM_LOOPBREAK_SIGNAL, "", 0);
+}
+
+
+/**************************
+EventMachine_t::_RunTimers
+**************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_RunTimers()
+{
+	// These are caller-defined timer handlers.
+	// We rely on the fact that multimaps sort by their keys to avoid
+	// inspecting the whole list every time we come here.
+	// Just keep inspecting and processing the list head until we hit
+	// one that hasn't expired yet.
+
+	while (true) {
+		std::multimap<uint64_t,Timer_t>::iterator i = Timers.begin();
+		if (i == Timers.end())
+			break;
+		if (i->first > MyCurrentLoopTime)
+			break;
+		if (EventCallback)
+			(*EventCallback) (0, EM_TIMER_FIRED, NULL, i->second.GetBinding());
+		Timers.erase (i);
+	}
+}
+
+/*********************************************
+EventMachine_t::_GetNumberOfOutstandingTimers
+*********************************************/
+
+size_t EventMachine_t::GetTimerCount()
+{
+	return Timers.size();
+}
+
+
+/***********************************
+EventMachine_t::InstallOneshotTimer
+***********************************/
+
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::InstallOneshotTimer (uint64_t milliseconds)
+{
+	if (Timers.size() > MaxOutstandingTimers)
+		return false;
+
+	uint64_t fire_at = GetRealTime();
+	fire_at += ((uint64_t)milliseconds) * 1000LL;
+
+	Timer_t t;
+	#ifndef HAVE_MAKE_PAIR
+	std::multimap<uint64_t,Timer_t>::iterator i = Timers.insert (std::multimap<uint64_t,Timer_t>::value_type (fire_at, t));
+	#else
+	std::multimap<uint64_t,Timer_t>::iterator i = Timers.insert (std::make_pair (fire_at, t));
+	#endif
+	return i->second.GetBinding();
+}
+
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::ConnectToServer
+*******************************/
+
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::ConnectToServer (const char *bind_addr, int bind_port, const char *server, int port)
+{
+	/* We want to spend no more than a few seconds waiting for a connection
+	 * to a remote host. So we use a nonblocking connect.
+	 * Linux disobeys the usual rules for nonblocking connects.
+	 * Per Stevens (UNP p.410), you expect a nonblocking connect to select
+	 * both readable and writable on error, and not to return EINPROGRESS
+	 * if the connect can be fulfilled immediately. Linux violates both
+	 * of these expectations.
+	 * Any kind of nonblocking connect on Linux returns EINPROGRESS.
+	 * The socket will then return writable when the disposition of the
+	 * connect is known, but it will not also be readable in case of
+	 * error! Weirdly, it will be readable in case there is data to read!!!
+	 * (Which can happen with protocols like SSH and SMTP.)
+	 * I suppose if you were so inclined you could consider this logical,
+	 * but it's not the way Unix has historically done it.
+	 * So we ignore the readable flag and read getsockopt to see if there
+	 * was an error connecting. A select timeout works as expected.
+	 * In regard to getsockopt: Linux does the Berkeley-style thing,
+	 * not the Solaris-style, and returns zero with the error code in
+	 * the error parameter.
+	 * Return the binding-text of the newly-created pending connection,
+	 * or NULL if there was a problem.
+	 */
+
+	if (!server || !*server || !port)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid server or port");
+
+	struct sockaddr_storage bind_as;
+	size_t bind_as_len = sizeof bind_as;
+	int gai = name2address (server, port, SOCK_STREAM, (struct sockaddr *)&bind_as, &bind_as_len);
+	if (gai != 0) {
+		char buf [200];
+		snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to resolve address: %s", gai_strerror(gai));
+		throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+	}
+
+	SOCKET sd = EmSocket (bind_as.ss_family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET) {
+		char buf [200];
+		snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to create new socket: %s", strerror(errno));
+		throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+	}
+
+	// From here on, ALL error returns must close the socket.
+	// Set the new socket nonblocking.
+	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd)) {
+		close (sd);
+		throw std::runtime_error ("unable to set socket as non-blocking");
+	}
+	// Disable slow-start (Nagle algorithm).
+	int one = 1;
+	setsockopt (sd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, (char*) &one, sizeof(one));
+	// Set reuseaddr to improve performance on restarts
+	setsockopt (sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char*) &one, sizeof(one));
+
+	if (bind_addr) {
+		struct sockaddr_storage bind_to;
+		size_t bind_to_len = sizeof bind_to;
+		gai = name2address (bind_addr, bind_port, SOCK_STREAM, (struct sockaddr *)&bind_to, &bind_to_len);
+		if (gai != 0) {
+			close (sd);
+			char buf [200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "invalid bind address: %s", gai_strerror(gai));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+		if (bind (sd, (struct sockaddr *)&bind_to, bind_to_len) < 0) {
+			close (sd);
+			throw std::runtime_error ("couldn't bind to address");
+		}
+	}
+
+	uintptr_t out = 0;
+
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	int e_reason = 0;
+	if (connect (sd, (struct sockaddr *)&bind_as, bind_as_len) == 0) {
+		// This is a connect success, which Linux appears
+		// never to give when the socket is nonblocking,
+		// even if the connection is intramachine or to
+		// localhost.
+
+		/* Changed this branch 08Aug06. Evidently some kernels
+		 * (FreeBSD for example) will actually return success from
+		 * a nonblocking connect. This is a pretty simple case,
+		 * just set up the new connection and clear the pending flag.
+		 * Thanks to Chris Ochs for helping track this down.
+		 * This branch never gets taken on Linux or (oddly) OSX.
+		 * The original behavior was to throw an unimplemented,
+		 * which the user saw as a fatal exception. Very unfriendly.
+		 *
+		 * Tweaked 10Aug06. Even though the connect disposition is
+		 * known, we still set the connect-pending flag. That way
+		 * some needed initialization will happen in the ConnectionDescriptor.
+		 * (To wit, the ConnectionCompleted event gets sent to the client.)
+		 */
+		ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
+		if (!cd)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+		cd->SetConnectPending (true);
+		Add (cd);
+		out = cd->GetBinding();
+	}
+	else if (errno == EINPROGRESS) {
+		// Errno will generally always be EINPROGRESS, but on Linux
+		// we have to look at getsockopt to be sure what really happened.
+		int error = 0;
+		socklen_t len;
+		len = sizeof(error);
+		int o = getsockopt (sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &error, &len);
+		if ((o == 0) && (error == 0)) {
+			// Here, there's no disposition.
+			// Put the connection on the stack and wait for it to complete
+			// or time out.
+			ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
+			if (!cd)
+				throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+			cd->SetConnectPending (true);
+			Add (cd);
+			out = cd->GetBinding();
+		} else {
+			// Fall through to the !out case below.
+			e_reason = error;
+		}
+	}
+	else {
+		// The error from connect was something other then EINPROGRESS (EHOSTDOWN, etc).
+		// Fall through to the !out case below
+		e_reason = errno;
+	}
+
+	if (!out) {
+		/* This could be connection refused or some such thing.
+		 * We will come here on Linux if a localhost connection fails.
+		 * Changed 16Jul06: Originally this branch was a no-op, and
+		 * we'd drop down to the end of the method, close the socket,
+		 * and return NULL, which would cause the caller to GET A
+		 * FATAL EXCEPTION. Now we keep the socket around but schedule an
+		 * immediate close on it, so the caller will get a close-event
+		 * scheduled on it. This was only an issue for localhost connections
+		 * to non-listening ports. We may eventually need to revise this
+		 * revised behavior, in case it causes problems like making it hard
+		 * for people to know that a failure occurred.
+		 */
+		ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
+		if (!cd)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+		cd->SetUnbindReasonCode (e_reason);
+		cd->ScheduleClose (false);
+		Add (cd);
+		out = cd->GetBinding();
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	if (connect (sd, (struct sockaddr *)&bind_as, bind_as_len) == 0) {
+		// This is a connect success, which Windows appears
+		// never to give when the socket is nonblocking,
+		// even if the connection is intramachine or to
+		// localhost.
+		throw std::runtime_error ("unimplemented");
+	}
+	else if (WSAGetLastError() == WSAEWOULDBLOCK) {
+		// Here, there's no disposition.
+		// Windows appears not to surface refused connections or
+		// such stuff at this point.
+		// Put the connection on the stack and wait for it to complete
+		// or time out.
+		ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (sd, this);
+		if (!cd)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+		cd->SetConnectPending (true);
+		Add (cd);
+		out = cd->GetBinding();
+	}
+	else {
+		// The error from connect was something other then WSAEWOULDBLOCK.
+	}
+
+	#endif
+
+	if (!out)
+		close (sd);
+	return out;
+}
+
+/***********************************
+EventMachine_t::ConnectToUnixServer
+***********************************/
+
+#ifdef OS_UNIX
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::ConnectToUnixServer (const char *server)
+{
+	/* Connect to a Unix-domain server, which by definition is running
+	 * on the same host.
+	 * There is no meaningful implementation on Windows.
+	 * There's no need to do a nonblocking connect, since the connection
+	 * is always local and can always be fulfilled immediately.
+	 */
+
+	uintptr_t out = 0;
+
+	if (!server || !*server)
+		return 0;
+
+	sockaddr_un pun;
+	memset (&pun, 0, sizeof(pun));
+	pun.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
+
+	// You ordinarily expect the server name field to be at least 1024 bytes long,
+	// but on Linux it can be MUCH shorter.
+	if (strlen(server) >= sizeof(pun.sun_path))
+		throw std::runtime_error ("unix-domain server name is too long");
+
+
+	strcpy (pun.sun_path, server);
+
+	SOCKET fd = EmSocket (AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (fd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		return 0;
+
+	// From here on, ALL error returns must close the socket.
+	// NOTE: At this point, the socket is still a blocking socket.
+	if (connect (fd, (struct sockaddr*)&pun, sizeof(pun)) != 0) {
+		close (fd);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	// Set the newly-connected socket nonblocking.
+	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (fd)) {
+		close (fd);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	// Set up a connection descriptor and add it to the event-machine.
+	// Observe, even though we know the connection status is connect-success,
+	// we still set the "pending" flag, so some needed initializations take
+	// place.
+	ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (fd, this);
+	if (!cd)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+	cd->SetConnectPending (true);
+	Add (cd);
+	out = cd->GetBinding();
+
+	if (!out)
+		close (fd);
+
+	return out;
+}
+#else
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::ConnectToUnixServer (const char *server UNUSED)
+{
+	throw std::runtime_error ("unix-domain connection unavailable on this platform");
+}
+#endif
+
+/************************
+EventMachine_t::AttachFD
+************************/
+
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::AttachFD (SOCKET fd, bool watch_mode)
+{
+	#ifdef OS_UNIX
+	if (fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0) < 0) {
+		if (errno) {
+			throw std::runtime_error (strerror(errno));
+		} else {
+			throw std::runtime_error ("invalid file descriptor");
+		}
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef OS_WIN32
+	// TODO: add better check for invalid file descriptors (see ioctlsocket or getsockopt)
+	if (fd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("invalid file descriptor");
+	#endif
+
+	{// Check for duplicate descriptors
+		size_t i;
+		for (i = 0; i < Descriptors.size(); i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ed = Descriptors[i];
+			assert (ed);
+			if (ed->GetSocket() == fd)
+				throw std::runtime_error ("adding existing descriptor");
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++) {
+			EventableDescriptor *ed = NewDescriptors[i];
+			assert (ed);
+			if (ed->GetSocket() == fd)
+				throw std::runtime_error ("adding existing new descriptor");
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!watch_mode)
+		SetSocketNonblocking(fd);
+
+	ConnectionDescriptor *cd = new ConnectionDescriptor (fd, this);
+	if (!cd)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no connection allocated");
+
+	cd->SetAttached(true);
+	cd->SetWatchOnly(watch_mode);
+	cd->SetConnectPending (false);
+
+	Add (cd);
+
+	const uintptr_t out = cd->GetBinding();
+	return out;
+}
+
+/************************
+EventMachine_t::DetachFD
+************************/
+
+int EventMachine_t::DetachFD (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (!ed)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("detaching bad descriptor");
+
+	SOCKET fd = ed->GetSocket();
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	if (Poller == Poller_Epoll) {
+		if (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET) {
+			assert (epfd != -1);
+			int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+			// ENOENT or EBADF are not errors because the socket may be already closed when we get here.
+			if (e && (errno != ENOENT) && (errno != EBADF)) {
+				char buf [200];
+				snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to delete epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
+				throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	if (Poller == Poller_Kqueue) {
+		// remove any read/write events for this fd
+		struct kevent k;
+#ifdef __NetBSD__
+		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ | EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, (intptr_t)ed);
+#else
+		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ | EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, ed);
+#endif
+		int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+		if (t < 0 && (errno != ENOENT) && (errno != EBADF)) {
+			char buf [200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to delete kqueue event: %s", strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	// Prevent the descriptor from being modified, in case DetachFD was called from a timer or next_tick
+	ModifiedDescriptors.erase (ed);
+
+	// Prevent the descriptor from being added, in case DetachFD was called in the same tick as AttachFD
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++) {
+		if (ed == NewDescriptors[i]) {
+			NewDescriptors.erase(NewDescriptors.begin() + i);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Set MySocket = INVALID_SOCKET so ShouldDelete() is true (and the descriptor gets deleted and removed),
+	// and also to prevent anyone from calling close() on the detached fd
+	ed->SetSocketInvalid();
+
+	return fd;
+}
+
+/************
+name2address
+************/
+
+int EventMachine_t::name2address (const char *server, int port, int socktype, struct sockaddr *addr, size_t *addr_len)
+{
+	if (!server || !*server)
+		server = "0.0.0.0";
+
+	struct addrinfo *ai;
+	struct addrinfo hints;
+	memset (&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
+	hints.ai_socktype = socktype;
+	hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+	hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICSERV | AI_ADDRCONFIG;
+
+	char portstr[12];
+	snprintf(portstr, sizeof(portstr), "%u", port);
+
+	int gai = getaddrinfo (server, portstr, &hints, &ai);
+	if (gai == 0) {
+		assert (ai->ai_addrlen <= *addr_len);
+		memcpy (addr, ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
+		*addr_len = ai->ai_addrlen;
+		freeaddrinfo(ai);
+	}
+
+	return gai;
+}
+
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::CreateTcpServer
+*******************************/
+
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::CreateTcpServer (const char *server, int port)
+{
+	/* Create a TCP-acceptor (server) socket and add it to the event machine.
+	 * Return the binding of the new acceptor to the caller.
+	 * This binding will be referenced when the new acceptor sends events
+	 * to indicate accepted connections.
+	 */
+
+
+	struct sockaddr_storage bind_here;
+	size_t bind_here_len = sizeof bind_here;
+	if (0 != name2address (server, port, SOCK_STREAM, (struct sockaddr *)&bind_here, &bind_here_len))
+		return 0;
+
+	SOCKET sd_accept = EmSocket (bind_here.ss_family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (sd_accept == INVALID_SOCKET) {
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	{ // set reuseaddr to improve performance on restarts.
+		int oval = 1;
+		if (setsockopt (sd_accept, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char*)&oval, sizeof(oval)) < 0) {
+			//__warning ("setsockopt failed while creating listener","");
+			goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+
+	{ // set CLOEXEC. Only makes sense on Unix
+		#ifdef OS_UNIX
+		int cloexec = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFD, 0);
+		assert (cloexec >= 0);
+		cloexec |= FD_CLOEXEC;
+		fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFD, cloexec);
+		#endif
+	}
+
+
+	if (bind (sd_accept, (struct sockaddr *)&bind_here, bind_here_len)) {
+		//__warning ("binding failed");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (listen (sd_accept, 100)) {
+		//__warning ("listen failed");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	return AttachSD(sd_accept);
+
+	fail:
+	if (sd_accept != INVALID_SOCKET)
+		close (sd_accept);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/**********************************
+EventMachine_t::OpenDatagramSocket
+**********************************/
+
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::OpenDatagramSocket (const char *address, int port)
+{
+	uintptr_t output_binding = 0;
+
+	struct sockaddr_storage bind_here;
+	size_t bind_here_len = sizeof bind_here;
+	if (0 != name2address (address, port, SOCK_DGRAM, (struct sockaddr *)&bind_here, &bind_here_len))
+		return 0;
+
+	// from here on, early returns must close the socket!
+	SOCKET sd = EmSocket (bind_here.ss_family, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+	if (sd == INVALID_SOCKET)
+		goto fail;
+
+	{ // set the SO_REUSEADDR on the socket before we bind, otherwise it won't work for a second one
+		int oval = 1;
+		if (setsockopt (sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char*)&oval, sizeof(oval)) < 0)
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+	// Set the new socket nonblocking.
+	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd))
+		goto fail;
+
+	if (bind (sd, (struct sockaddr *)&bind_here, bind_here_len) != 0)
+		goto fail;
+
+	{ // Looking good.
+		DatagramDescriptor *ds = new DatagramDescriptor (sd, this);
+		if (!ds)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate datagram-socket");
+		Add (ds);
+		output_binding = ds->GetBinding();
+	}
+
+	return output_binding;
+
+	fail:
+	if (sd != INVALID_SOCKET)
+		close (sd);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+/*******************
+EventMachine_t::Add
+*******************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::Add (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (!ed)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("added bad descriptor");
+	ed->SetEventCallback (EventCallback);
+	NewDescriptors.push_back (ed);
+}
+
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueWriter
+*******************************/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+void EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueWriter (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (Poller == Poller_Kqueue) {
+		if (!ed)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("added bad descriptor");
+		struct kevent k;
+#ifdef __NetBSD__
+		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_ONESHOT, 0, 0, (intptr_t)ed);
+#else
+		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_ONESHOT, 0, 0, ed);
+#endif
+		int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+		if (t < 0) {
+			char buf [200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "arm kqueue writer failed on %d: %s", ed->GetSocket(), strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+	}
+}
+#else
+void EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueWriter (EventableDescriptor *ed UNUSED) { }
+#endif
+
+/*******************************
+EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueReader
+*******************************/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+void EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueReader (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (Poller == Poller_Kqueue) {
+		if (!ed)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("added bad descriptor");
+		struct kevent k;
+#ifdef __NetBSD__
+		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, (intptr_t)ed);
+#else
+		EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, ed);
+#endif
+		int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+		if (t < 0) {
+			char buf [200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "arm kqueue reader failed on %d: %s", ed->GetSocket(), strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+	}
+}
+#else
+void EventMachine_t::ArmKqueueReader (EventableDescriptor *ed UNUSED) { }
+#endif
+
+/**********************************
+EventMachine_t::_AddNewDescriptors
+**********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_AddNewDescriptors()
+{
+	/* Avoid adding descriptors to the main descriptor list
+	 * while we're actually traversing the list.
+	 * Any descriptors that are added as a result of processing timers
+	 * or acceptors should go on a temporary queue and then added
+	 * while we're not traversing the main list.
+	 * Also, it (rarely) happens that a newly-created descriptor
+	 * is immediately scheduled to close. It might be a good
+	 * idea not to bother scheduling these for I/O but if
+	 * we do that, we might bypass some important processing.
+	 */
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < NewDescriptors.size(); i++) {
+		EventableDescriptor *ed = NewDescriptors[i];
+		if (ed == NULL)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("adding bad descriptor");
+
+		#if HAVE_EPOLL
+		if (Poller == Poller_Epoll) {
+			assert (epfd != -1);
+			int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+			if (e) {
+				char buf [200];
+				snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to add new descriptor: %s", strerror(errno));
+				throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+			}
+		}
+		#endif
+
+		#if HAVE_KQUEUE
+		/*
+		if (Poller == Poller_Kqueue) {
+			// INCOMPLETE. Some descriptors don't want to be readable.
+			assert (kqfd != -1);
+			struct kevent k;
+#ifdef __NetBSD__
+			EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, (intptr_t)ed);
+#else
+			EV_SET (&k, ed->GetSocket(), EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD, 0, 0, ed);
+#endif
+			int t = kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+			assert (t == 0);
+		}
+		*/
+		#endif
+
+		QueueHeartbeat(ed);
+		Descriptors.push_back (ed);
+	}
+	NewDescriptors.clear();
+}
+
+
+/**********************************
+EventMachine_t::_ModifyDescriptors
+**********************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_ModifyDescriptors()
+{
+	/* For implementations which don't level check every descriptor on
+	 * every pass through the machine, as select does.
+	 * If we're not selecting, then descriptors need a way to signal to the
+	 * machine that their readable or writable status has changed.
+	 * That's what the ::Modify call is for. We do it this way to avoid
+	 * modifying descriptors during the loop traversal, where it can easily
+	 * happen that an object (like a UDP socket) gets data written on it by
+	 * the application during #post_init. That would take place BEFORE the
+	 * descriptor even gets added to the epoll descriptor, so the modify
+	 * operation will crash messily.
+	 * Another really messy possibility is for a descriptor to put itself
+	 * on the Modified list, and then get deleted before we get here.
+	 * Remember, deletes happen after the I/O traversal and before the
+	 * next pass through here. So we have to make sure when we delete a
+	 * descriptor to remove it from the Modified list.
+	 */
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	if (Poller == Poller_Epoll) {
+		std::set<EventableDescriptor*>::iterator i = ModifiedDescriptors.begin();
+		while (i != ModifiedDescriptors.end()) {
+			assert (*i);
+			_ModifyEpollEvent (*i);
+			++i;
+		}
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	if (Poller == Poller_Kqueue) {
+		std::set<EventableDescriptor*>::iterator i = ModifiedDescriptors.begin();
+		while (i != ModifiedDescriptors.end()) {
+			assert (*i);
+			if ((*i)->GetKqueueArmWrite())
+				ArmKqueueWriter (*i);
+			++i;
+		}
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	ModifiedDescriptors.clear();
+}
+
+
+/**********************
+EventMachine_t::Modify
+**********************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::Modify (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (!ed)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("modified bad descriptor");
+	ModifiedDescriptors.insert (ed);
+}
+
+
+/***********************
+EventMachine_t::Deregister
+***********************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::Deregister (EventableDescriptor *ed)
+{
+	if (!ed)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("modified bad descriptor");
+	#ifdef HAVE_EPOLL
+	// cut/paste from _CleanupSockets().  The error handling could be
+	// refactored out of there, but it is cut/paste all over the
+	// file already.
+	if (Poller == Poller_Epoll) {
+		assert (epfd != -1);
+		assert (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET);
+		int e = epoll_ctl (epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ed->GetSocket(), ed->GetEpollEvent());
+		// ENOENT or EBADF are not errors because the socket may be already closed when we get here.
+		if (e && (errno != ENOENT) && (errno != EBADF) && (errno != EPERM)) {
+			char buf [200];
+			snprintf (buf, sizeof(buf)-1, "unable to delete epoll event: %s", strerror(errno));
+			throw std::runtime_error (buf);
+		}
+		ModifiedDescriptors.erase(ed);
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	if (Poller == Poller_Kqueue) {
+		assert (ed->GetSocket() != INVALID_SOCKET);
+
+		ModifiedDescriptors.erase(ed);
+	}
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/**************************************
+EventMachine_t::CreateUnixDomainServer
+**************************************/
+
+#ifdef OS_UNIX
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::CreateUnixDomainServer (const char *filename)
+{
+	/* Create a UNIX-domain acceptor (server) socket and add it to the event machine.
+	 * Return the binding of the new acceptor to the caller.
+	 * This binding will be referenced when the new acceptor sends events
+	 * to indicate accepted connections.
+	 * THERE IS NO MEANINGFUL IMPLEMENTATION ON WINDOWS.
+	 */
+
+	struct sockaddr_un s_sun;
+
+	SOCKET sd_accept = EmSocket (AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (sd_accept == INVALID_SOCKET) {
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (!filename || !*filename)
+		goto fail;
+	unlink (filename);
+
+	bzero (&s_sun, sizeof(s_sun));
+	s_sun.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
+	strncpy (s_sun.sun_path, filename, sizeof(s_sun.sun_path)-1);
+
+	// don't bother with reuseaddr for a local socket.
+
+	{ // set CLOEXEC. Only makes sense on Unix
+		#ifdef OS_UNIX
+		int cloexec = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFD, 0);
+		assert (cloexec >= 0);
+		cloexec |= FD_CLOEXEC;
+		fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFD, cloexec);
+		#endif
+	}
+
+	if (bind (sd_accept, (struct sockaddr*)&s_sun, sizeof(s_sun))) {
+		//__warning ("binding failed");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (listen (sd_accept, 100)) {
+		//__warning ("listen failed");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	return AttachSD(sd_accept);
+
+	fail:
+	if (sd_accept != INVALID_SOCKET)
+		close (sd_accept);
+	return 0;
+}
+#else
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::CreateUnixDomainServer (const char *filename UNUSED)
+{
+	throw std::runtime_error ("unix-domain server unavailable on this platform");
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/**************************************
+EventMachine_t::AttachSD
+**************************************/
+
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::AttachSD (SOCKET sd_accept)
+{
+	uintptr_t output_binding = 0;
+
+	{
+		// Set the acceptor non-blocking.
+		// THIS IS CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT because we read it in a select loop.
+		if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sd_accept)) {
+		//int val = fcntl (sd_accept, F_GETFL, 0);
+		//if (fcntl (sd_accept, F_SETFL, val | O_NONBLOCK) == -1) {
+			goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+
+	{ // Looking good.
+		AcceptorDescriptor *ad = new AcceptorDescriptor (sd_accept, this);
+		if (!ad)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate acceptor");
+		Add (ad);
+		output_binding = ad->GetBinding();
+	}
+
+	return output_binding;
+
+	fail:
+	if (sd_accept != INVALID_SOCKET)
+		close (sd_accept);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/**************************
+EventMachine_t::Socketpair
+**************************/
+
+#ifdef OS_UNIX
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::Socketpair (char * const * cmd_strings)
+{
+	// Make sure the incoming array of command strings is sane.
+	if (!cmd_strings)
+		return 0;
+	int j;
+	for (j=0; j < 2048 && cmd_strings[j]; j++)
+		;
+	if ((j==0) || (j==2048))
+		return 0;
+
+	uintptr_t output_binding = 0;
+
+	int sv[2];
+	if (socketpair (AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0, sv) < 0)
+		return 0;
+	// from here, all early returns must close the pair of sockets.
+
+	// Set the parent side of the socketpair nonblocking.
+	// We don't care about the child side, and most child processes will expect their
+	// stdout to be blocking. Thanks to Duane Johnson and Bill Kelly for pointing this out.
+	// Obviously DON'T set CLOEXEC.
+	if (!SetSocketNonblocking (sv[0])) {
+		close (sv[0]);
+		close (sv[1]);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	pid_t f = fork();
+	if (f > 0) {
+		close (sv[1]);
+		PipeDescriptor *pd = new PipeDescriptor (sv[0], f, this);
+		if (!pd)
+			throw std::runtime_error ("unable to allocate pipe");
+		Add (pd);
+		output_binding = pd->GetBinding();
+	}
+	else if (f == 0) {
+		close (sv[0]);
+		dup2 (sv[1], STDIN_FILENO);
+		close (sv[1]);
+		dup2 (STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO);
+		execvp (cmd_strings[0], cmd_strings+1);
+		exit (-1); // end the child process if the exec doesn't work.
+	}
+	else
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no fork");
+
+	return output_binding;
+}
+#else
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::Socketpair (char * const * cmd_strings UNUSED)
+{
+	throw std::runtime_error ("socketpair is currently unavailable on this platform");
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+/****************************
+EventMachine_t::OpenKeyboard
+****************************/
+
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::OpenKeyboard()
+{
+	KeyboardDescriptor *kd = new KeyboardDescriptor (this);
+	if (!kd)
+		throw std::runtime_error ("no keyboard-object allocated");
+	Add (kd);
+	return kd->GetBinding();
+}
+
+
+/**********************************
+EventMachine_t::GetConnectionCount
+**********************************/
+
+int EventMachine_t::GetConnectionCount ()
+{
+	int i = 0;
+	// Subtract one for epoll or kqueue because of the LoopbreakDescriptor
+	if (Poller == Poller_Epoll || Poller == Poller_Kqueue)
+		i = 1;
+
+	return Descriptors.size() + NewDescriptors.size() - i;
+}
+
+
+/************************
+EventMachine_t::WatchPid
+************************/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::WatchPid (int pid)
+{
+	if (Poller != Poller_Kqueue)
+		throw std::runtime_error("must enable kqueue (EM.kqueue=true) for pid watching support");
+
+	struct kevent event;
+	int kqres;
+
+	EV_SET(&event, pid, EVFILT_PROC, EV_ADD, NOTE_EXIT | NOTE_FORK, 0, 0);
+
+	// Attempt to register the event
+	kqres = kevent(kqfd, &event, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+	if (kqres == -1) {
+		char errbuf[200];
+		sprintf(errbuf, "failed to register file watch descriptor with kqueue: %s", strerror(errno));
+		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
+	}
+	Bindable_t* b = new Bindable_t();
+	Pids.insert(std::make_pair (pid, b));
+
+	return b->GetBinding();
+}
+#else
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::WatchPid (int pid UNUSED)
+{
+	throw std::runtime_error("no pid watching support on this system");
+}
+#endif
+
+/**************************
+EventMachine_t::UnwatchPid
+**************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::UnwatchPid (int pid)
+{
+	Bindable_t *b = Pids[pid];
+	assert(b);
+	Pids.erase(pid);
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	struct kevent k;
+
+	EV_SET(&k, pid, EVFILT_PROC, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, 0);
+	/*int t =*/ kevent (kqfd, &k, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+	// t==-1 if the process already exited; ignore this for now
+	#endif
+
+	if (EventCallback)
+		(*EventCallback)(b->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_UNBOUND, NULL, 0);
+
+	delete b;
+}
+
+void EventMachine_t::UnwatchPid (const uintptr_t sig)
+{
+	for(std::map<int, Bindable_t*>::iterator i=Pids.begin(); i != Pids.end(); i++)
+	{
+		if (i->second->GetBinding() == sig) {
+			UnwatchPid (i->first);
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	throw std::runtime_error("attempted to remove invalid pid signature");
+}
+
+
+/*************************
+EventMachine_t::WatchFile
+*************************/
+
+const uintptr_t EventMachine_t::WatchFile (const char *fpath)
+{
+	struct stat sb;
+	int sres;
+	int wd = -1;
+
+	sres = stat(fpath, &sb);
+
+	if (sres == -1) {
+		char errbuf[300];
+		sprintf(errbuf, "error registering file %s for watching: %s", fpath, strerror(errno));
+		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
+	}
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_INOTIFY
+	if (!inotify) {
+		inotify = new InotifyDescriptor(this);
+		assert (inotify);
+		Add(inotify);
+	}
+
+	wd = inotify_add_watch(inotify->GetSocket(), fpath,
+			       IN_MODIFY | IN_DELETE_SELF | IN_MOVE_SELF | IN_CREATE | IN_DELETE | IN_MOVE) ;
+	if (wd == -1) {
+		char errbuf[300];
+		sprintf(errbuf, "failed to open file %s for registering with inotify: %s", fpath, strerror(errno));
+		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
+	}
+	#endif
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+	if (Poller != Poller_Kqueue)
+		throw std::runtime_error("must enable kqueue (EM.kqueue=true) for file watching support");
+
+	// With kqueue we have to open the file first and use the resulting fd to register for events
+	wd = open(fpath, O_RDONLY);
+	if (wd == -1) {
+		char errbuf[300];
+		sprintf(errbuf, "failed to open file %s for registering with kqueue: %s", fpath, strerror(errno));
+		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
+	}
+	_RegisterKqueueFileEvent(wd);
+	#endif
+
+	if (wd != -1) {
+		Bindable_t* b = new Bindable_t();
+		Files.insert(std::make_pair (wd, b));
+
+		return b->GetBinding();
+	}
+
+	throw std::runtime_error("no file watching support on this system"); // is this the right thing to do?
+}
+
+
+/***************************
+EventMachine_t::UnwatchFile
+***************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::UnwatchFile (int wd)
+{
+	Bindable_t *b = Files[wd];
+	assert(b);
+	Files.erase(wd);
+
+	#ifdef HAVE_INOTIFY
+	inotify_rm_watch(inotify->GetSocket(), wd);
+	#elif HAVE_KQUEUE
+	// With kqueue, closing the monitored fd automatically clears all registered events for it
+	close(wd);
+	#endif
+
+	if (EventCallback)
+		(*EventCallback)(b->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_UNBOUND, NULL, 0);
+
+	delete b;
+}
+
+void EventMachine_t::UnwatchFile (const uintptr_t sig)
+{
+	for(std::map<int, Bindable_t*>::iterator i=Files.begin(); i != Files.end(); i++)
+	{
+		if (i->second->GetBinding() == sig) {
+			UnwatchFile (i->first);
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	throw std::runtime_error("attempted to remove invalid watch signature");
+}
+
+
+/***********************************
+EventMachine_t::_ReadInotify_Events
+************************************/
+
+void EventMachine_t::_ReadInotifyEvents()
+{
+	#ifdef HAVE_INOTIFY
+	char buffer[1024];
+
+	assert(EventCallback);
+
+	for (;;) {
+		int returned = read(inotify->GetSocket(), buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+		assert(!(returned == 0 || (returned == -1 && errno == EINVAL)));
+		if (returned <= 0) {
+			break;
+		}
+		int current = 0;
+		while (current < returned) {
+			struct inotify_event* event = (struct inotify_event*)(buffer+current);
+			std::map<int, Bindable_t*>::const_iterator bindable = Files.find(event->wd);
+			if (bindable != Files.end()) {
+				if (event->mask & (IN_MODIFY | IN_CREATE | IN_DELETE | IN_MOVE)){
+					(*EventCallback)(bindable->second->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "modified", 8);
+				}
+				if (event->mask & IN_MOVE_SELF){
+					(*EventCallback)(bindable->second->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "moved", 5);
+				}
+				if (event->mask & IN_DELETE_SELF) {
+					(*EventCallback)(bindable->second->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "deleted", 7);
+					UnwatchFile ((int)event->wd);
+				}
+			}
+			current += sizeof(struct inotify_event) + event->len;
+		}
+	}
+	#endif
+}
+
+
+/*************************************
+EventMachine_t::_HandleKqueuePidEvent
+*************************************/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+void EventMachine_t::_HandleKqueuePidEvent(struct kevent *event)
+{
+	assert(EventCallback);
+
+	if (event->fflags & NOTE_FORK)
+		(*EventCallback)(Pids [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "fork", 4);
+	if (event->fflags & NOTE_EXIT) {
+		(*EventCallback)(Pids [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "exit", 4);
+		// stop watching the pid if it died
+		UnwatchPid ((int)event->ident);
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/**************************************
+EventMachine_t::_HandleKqueueFileEvent
+***************************************/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+void EventMachine_t::_HandleKqueueFileEvent(struct kevent *event)
+{
+	assert(EventCallback);
+
+	if (event->fflags & NOTE_WRITE)
+		(*EventCallback)(Files [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "modified", 8);
+	if (event->fflags & NOTE_RENAME)
+		(*EventCallback)(Files [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "moved", 5);
+	if (event->fflags & NOTE_DELETE) {
+		(*EventCallback)(Files [(int) event->ident]->GetBinding(), EM_CONNECTION_READ, "deleted", 7);
+		UnwatchFile ((int)event->ident);
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/****************************************
+EventMachine_t::_RegisterKqueueFileEvent
+*****************************************/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KQUEUE
+void EventMachine_t::_RegisterKqueueFileEvent(int fd)
+{
+	struct kevent newevent;
+	int kqres;
+
+	// Setup the event with our fd and proper flags
+	EV_SET(&newevent, fd, EVFILT_VNODE, EV_ADD | EV_CLEAR, NOTE_DELETE | NOTE_RENAME | NOTE_WRITE, 0, 0);
+
+	// Attempt to register the event
+	kqres = kevent(kqfd, &newevent, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
+	if (kqres == -1) {
+		char errbuf[200];
+		sprintf(errbuf, "failed to register file watch descriptor with kqueue: %s", strerror(errno));
+		close(fd);
+		throw std::runtime_error(errbuf);
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/************************************
+EventMachine_t::GetHeartbeatInterval
+*************************************/
+
+float EventMachine_t::GetHeartbeatInterval()
+{
+	return ((float)HeartbeatInterval / 1000000);
+}
+
+
+/************************************
+EventMachine_t::SetHeartbeatInterval
+*************************************/
+
+int EventMachine_t::SetHeartbeatInterval(float interval)
+{
+	int iv = (int)(interval * 1000000);
+	if (iv > 0) {
+		HeartbeatInterval = iv;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+//#endif // OS_UNIX