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+{{Infobox Album | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums -->
+| Name        = The Soundstage Sessions 
+| Type        = live
+| Longtype    = / <font style="background: {{Infobox Album/color|studio}}">[[Studio album]]</font>
+| Artist      = [[Stevie Nicks]]
+| Cover       = SS1.jpg
+| Released    = March 31, 2009
+| Recorded    = Oct. 2007–2008<br>Grainger Studio<br><small>([[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]])</small> <br>[[Ocean Way Recording]]<br><small>([[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]])</small> <br>[[Chicago Recording Company]]<br><small>([[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]])</small> 
+| Genre       = [[Rock music|Rock]]
+| Length      = 54:25
+| Label       = [[Reprise Records]]
+| Producer    = [[Joe Thomas (producer/director)|Joe Thomas]] <br> Stevie Nicks <br> [[Waddy Watchel]] 
+|Reviews = 
+* [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:3xftxzrkldhe link]
+| Last album  = ''[[Crystal Visions - The Very Best of Stevie Nicks]]'' <br /> (2007)
+| This album  = '''''The Soundstage Sessions''''' <br /> (2009)
+| Next album  = 
+| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
+| Upper caption = ''The Soundstage Sessions: Live in Chicago'' 
+| Type          =
+| Cover         = The_Soundstage_Sessions_-_Live_in_Chicago.jpg
+| Lower caption        = CD/DVD Deluxe Edition 
+}}
+}}
+
+'''''The Soundstage Sessions''''' is the tenth album released by the American singer-songwriter and [[Fleetwood Mac]] vocalist [[Stevie Nicks]]. Although it is the first live album of Nicks' solo career, it was produced to sound like a studio album.
+
+
+==Album Information==
+''The Soundstage Sessions'' was recorded in October 2007 before an intimate audience at [[WTTW]]'s Grainger Studio in [[Chicago]], with the [[set list]] containing 18 songs. In early 2008, Nicks went to [[Nashville]] and entered the studio with director/producer [[Joe Thomas (producer/director)|Joe Thomas]]. In the studio, they added "Nashville strings" and additional vocals to the songs that were to go on the CD. Nicks wanted the CD to sound perfect, and when asked about the project has said "I am as proud of this as anything I’ve ever done in my entire career."  <ref>http://popculturezoo.com/archives/2255</ref>
+
+==Track listing==
+===Standard Edition===
+# "[[Stand Back (song)|Stand Back]]" <small>(Stevie Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 4:40
+# "[[Crash Into Me#Stevie Nicks version|Crash Into Me]]" <small>([[Dave Matthews]])</small>&nbsp;– 5:33
+# "Sara" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 6:56
+# "If Anyone Falls in Love" <small>(Nicks, [[Sandy Stewart (musician)|Sandy Stewart]])</small>&nbsp;– 4:11
+# "[[Landslide (song)|Landslide]]" (Orchestra version) <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 4:20
+# "How Still My Love" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 7:34
+# "Circle Dance" <small>(Duet with [[Vanessa Carlton]])</small> <small>([[Bonnie Raitt]])</small>&nbsp;– 4:14
+# "Fall From Grace" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 4:35
+# "Sorcerer" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 5:00
+# "[[Beauty and the Beast (Stevie Nicks song)|Beauty and the Beast]]" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 7:14
+
+===Amazon Mp3 Edition===
+#<li value=11>"Enchanted" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 3:14
+
+===[[iTunes]] Edition===
+#<li value=11>"Gold Dust Woman" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 10:07
+#<li value=12>"Edge of Seventeen" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 12:33
+
+==Deluxe Edition==
+Reprise Records released a Deluxe Edition exclusively through the Warner Bros. Records Store, which is called '''''The Soundstage Sessions: Live in Chicago'''''. The Deluxe Edition is a CD/DVD set, and includes new cover art, a [[lithograph]] of Nicks, and free [[mp3]] downloads of "Rhiannon" and "The One". <ref>http://www.jammfactory.net/wbr/stevienicks/pre-order.html</ref>
+
+==Standard and Blu-Ray DVD==
+The [[Blu-Ray]] DVD of this performance has been available exclusively at Sears since December 1st, 2008 and features a total of 16 tracks in high-definition. The standard edition DVD of this performance was released by Reprise Records as ''[[Live in Chicago (Stevie Nicks DVD)|Live In Chicago]]''. 
+
+==Personnel==
+'''Main Performers'''
+
+*Stevie Nicks - vocals, producer
+*[[Vanessa Carlton]] - guest performer 
+*Sharon Celani - backup vocals 
+*Lori Nicks - backup vocals 
+*Jana Anderson - backup vocals 
+
+'''Production'''
+
+*[[Joe Thomas (producer/director)|Joe Thomas]] - producer
+*Waddy Wachtel - producer
+*Frank Pappalardo - engineering 
+*Michael Czaszwicz - assistant engineering
+*Patrick DeWitte - assistant engineering 
+*Mixed at HD Ready, St. Charles 
+
+'''Musicians'''
+
+*Waddy Wachtel - musical director/guitar
+*Lenny Castro - percussion
+*Al Ortiz - bass
+*Jimmy Paxson - drums 
+*Ricky Peterson - keyboards
+*Carlos Rios - guitar 
+*Darrell Smith - keyboards  
+
+'''String Section'''
+
+*Eric Roth - conductor
+*Janice MacDonald - flute
+*Deb Stevenson - oboe
+*Greg Flint - horn
+*Christine Worthing - horn 
+*Guillaume Combet - violin 
+*Jennifer Cappelli - violin
+*Carmen Llop-Kassinger - violin
+*Christine Keiko Abe - violin
+*Carol Cook - viola 
+*Jocelyn Davis-Beck - cello
+*[[Eddie Bayers]] - drums 
+*Michael Rhodes - bass 
+*[[Joe Thomas (producer/director)|Joe Thomas]] - keyboards
+
+==Charts==
+{|class="wikitable"
+!Chart (2009)
+!Peak<br>position
+|-
+|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
+|align="center"|47
+|-
+|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Current Rock Albums
+|align="center"|15
+|-
+|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Digital Albums
+|align="center"|55
+|-
+|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Internet Albums
+|align="center"|5
+|-
+|}
+
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+
+==External links==
+*http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001AW9DKU
+*http://www.pauseandplay.com/31march2009.htm
+*http://www.sears.com/shc/s/p_10153_12605_05801528000P?mv=rr
+*http://nickslive.blogspot.com/2009/04/live-in-chicago-first-week-sales.html
+
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Soundstage Sessions, The}}
+[[Category:2009 albums]]
+[[Category:Live albums]]
+[[Category:Reprise Records albums]]
+[[Category:Stevie Nicks albums]]
+[[Category:Albums produced by Waddy Wachtel]]
+

data/spec/resources/corpora/test/revisions/part-1/328774035.txt

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+{{Article issues|refimprove=August2008|original research=September 2008}}
+{{wrapper}}
+|[[Image:New York lion dance lion.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[lion dance|Chinese lion]] helps usher in the 2006 [[Chinese New Year]]]]
+|-
+|[[Image:Chinatown cooks.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cooks at a Mott Street restaurant taking a break outside a side entrance on Mosco Street]]
+|-
+|[[Image:FalunGongChinatownNYC.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Meditation in a Chinatown plaza]]
+|-
+|[[Image:Chinatown 02 - New York City.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Chinatown is home to many groceries]]
+|}
+The '''Chinatown neighborhood of [[Manhattan]]''' — a [[borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[New York City]] — is district with a large population of [[Chinese American|Chinese]] immigrants. Manhattan's Chinatown is one of the largest Chinese communities outside of Asia. After an enormous growth spurt during the 1990s, it has been declining in recent years. Relocation of businesses and residents as a result of Sept. 11, 2001, and Manhattan's rising high rent amidst bad economic times are to blame. A committee task force was introduced by NYC officials in 2009 to address this and other concerns plaguing Chinatown.
+
+==Location==
+The traditional borders of Chinatown are:
+* [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] in the North (bordering [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]])
+* [[Bowery|The Bowery]] in the East (bordering the [[Lower East Side, Manhattan|Lower East Side]])
+* [[Worth Street (Manhattan)|Worth Street]] in the South
+* Baxter Street in the West
+
+
+==History==
+{{Citations missing|date=November 2008}}
+===Ah Ken and early Chinese immigration===
+{{Main|Ah Ken}}
+Although [[Quimbo Appo]] is claimed to have arrived in the area during the 1840s, the first man credited to permanently immigrate to Chinatown was Ah Ken, a Cantonese businessman, who eventually founded a successful [[cigar store]] on [[Park Row]].<ref name="Moss">Moss, Frank. ''The American Metropolis from Knickerbocker Days to the Present Time''. London: The Authors' Syndicate, 1897. (pg. 403)</ref><ref>[[Herbert Asbury|Asbury, Herbert]]. ''The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the New York Underworld''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928. (pg. 278-279) ISBN 1-56025-275-8</ref><ref name="Harlow">Harlow, Alvin F. ''Old Bowery Days: The Chronicles of a Famous Street''. New York and London: D. Appleton & Company, 1931. (pg. 392)</ref><ref>Worden, Helen. ''The Real New York: A Guide for the Adventurous Shopper, the Exploratory Eater and the Know-it-all Sightseer who Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet''. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932. (pg. 140)</ref><ref name="Hemp">Hemp, William H. ''New York Enclaves''. New
+York: Clarkson M. Potter, 1975. (pg. 6) ISBN 0-517-51999-2</ref><ref>Wong, Bernard. ''Patronage, Brokerage, Entrepreneurship, and the Chinese Community of New York''. New York: AMS Press, 1988. (pg. 31) ISBN 0-404-19416-8</ref><ref>Lin, Jan. ''Reconstructing Chinatown: Ethnic Enclave, Global Change''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998. (pg. 30-31) ISBN 0-8166-2905-6</ref><ref>Taylor, B. Kim. ''The Great New York City Trivia & Fact Book''. Nashville: Cumberland House Publishing, 1998. (pg. 20) ISBN 1-888952-77-6</ref><ref>Ostrow, Daniel. ''Manhattan's Chinatown''. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2008. (pg. 9) ISBN 0-7385-5517-7</ref> He first arrived in New York around 1858 where he was ''"probably one of those Chinese mentioned in gossip of the sixties as peddling 'awful' cigars at three cents apiece from little stands along the City Hall park fence - offering a paper spill and a tiny oil lamp as a lighter"'' according to author Alvin Harlow in ''Old Bowery Days: The
+Chronicles of a Famous Street'' (1931).<ref name="Harlow"/> 
+Later immigrants would similarly find work as "cigar men" or carrying billboards and Ah Ken's particular success encouraged cigar makers William Longford, John Occoo and John Ava to also ply their trade in Chinatown eventually forming a monopoly on the cigar trade.<ref>Tchen, John Kuo Wei. ''New York Before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776-1882''. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2001. (pg. 82-83) ISBN 0-8018-6794-0</ref> It has been speculated that he may have been Ah Kam who kept a small [[boarding house]] on lower Mott Street and rented out bunks to the first Chinese immigrants to arrive in Chinatown. It was with the profits he earned as a landlord, earning an average of $100 a month, that he was able to open his Park Row smoke shop around which modern-day Chinatown would grow.<ref name="Moss"/><ref name="Hemp"/><ref name="FWP">Federal Writers' Project. ''New York City: Vol 1, New York City Guide''. Vol. I. American Guide Series. New York: Random House,
+1939. (pg. 104)</ref><ref>Marcuse, Maxwell F. ''This Was New York!: A Nostalgic Picture of Gotham in the Gaslight Era''. New York: LIM Press, 1969. (pg. 41)</ref><ref>Chen, Jack. ''The Chinese of America''. New York: Harper & Row, 1980. (pg. 258) ISBN 0-06-250140-2</ref><ref>Hall, Bruce Edward. ''Tea That Burns: A Family Memoir of Chinatown''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002. (pg. 37) ISBN 0-7432-3659-9</ref>
+===Chinese exclusion period===
+Faced with increasing discrimination and new laws which prevented participation in many occupations on the West Coast, some Chinese immigrants moved to the East Coast cities in search of employment. Early businesses in these cities included hand laundries and restaurants. Chinatown started on [[Mott Street]], Park, Pell and [[Bloody Angle|Doyers]] streets, east of the notorious [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points]] district. By 1870, there was a Chinese population of 200. By the time the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] of 1882 was passed, the population was up to 2,000 residents. By 1900, there were 7,000 Chinese residents, but fewer than 200 Chinese women.
+The early days of Chinatown were dominated by Chinese "[[tong (gang)|tongs]]" (now sometimes rendered neutrally as "associations"), which were a mixture of clan associations, landsman's associations, political alliances ([[Kuomintang]] (Nationalists) vs [[Communist Party of China]]) and (more secretly) crime syndicates. The associations started to give protection from harassment due to anti-Chinese sentiment. Each of these associations was aligned with a street gang. The associations were a source of assistance to new immigrants - giving out loans, aiding in starting business, and so forth.
+The associations formed a governing body named the [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association]]（中華公所). Though this body was meant to foster relations between the Tongs, open warfare periodically flared between the ''[[On Leong]]'' (安良) and ''[[Hip Sing]]'' (協勝) tongs.  Much of the Chinese gang warfare took place on Doyers street. [[Gang]]s like the ''[[Ghost Shadows]]'' (鬼影) and ''[[Flying Dragons (gang)|Flying Dragons]]'' (飛龍) were prevalent until the 1980s.
+The only park in Chinatown, Columbus Park, was built on what was once the center of the infamous [[Five Points (Manhattan)|Five Points]] neighborhood of New York. During the 19th century, this was the most dangerous slum area of immigrant New York (as portrayed in the movie ''[[Gangs of New York]]'').
+
+===Post-immigration reform===
+{{Refimprove|section|date=October 2009}}
+In the years after the United States enacted the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], allowing many more immigrants from Asia into the country, the population of Chinatown exploded. Geographically, much of the growth was to neighborhoods to the north.
+In the 1990s, Chinese people began to move into some parts of the western [[Lower East Side, Manhattan|Lower East Side]], which 50 years earlier was populated by Eastern European [[Jew]]s and 20 years earlier was occupied by Hispanics. There are today only a few remnants of Jewish heritage left on the Lower East Side, such as the famous [[Katz's Deli]] and a number of synagogues and other old religious establishments.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}
+Chinatown was adversely affected by the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. Being so physically close to [[Ground Zero]], tourism and business has been very slow to return to the area. Part of the reason was the [[New York City Police Department]] closure of [[Park Row (Manhattan)|Park Row]] - one of two major roads linking the Financial Center with Chinatown. A lawsuit is pending before the State Superior Court regarding this action.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}
+Currently, the raising prices of Manhattan real estate and rents are also affecting Chinatown and it seems that the neighborhood is shrinking to its original borders. New and poorer immigrants cannot afford their rents and a process of relocation to [[Brooklyn]] and [[Queens]] has started, and apartments particularly in the Lower East Side and Little Italy that used to be home for new Chinese immigrants are being bought and renovated by well-to-do Americans{{Who|date=March 2009}}, including Chinese-Americans. Many of the displaced have also left for the greener pastures of larger Chinatowns like [[San Francisco]]'s, which is currently experiencing revitalized growth and prosperity after nearly two decades of decline.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
+
+By 2009 many newer Chinese immigrants settled along East Broadway instead of the historic core west of the [[Bowery]]. In addition [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] began to eclipse [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]] as the predominate Chinese dialect in New York's Chinatown during the period. Kirk Semple of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said in a 2009 article that [[Flushing, Queens]] began to rival Manhattan's Chinatown in terms of being a cultural center for Chinese-speaking New Yorkers' politics and trade.<ref name="Chinesechange">Semple, Kirk. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/22/nyregion/22chinese.html In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. October 21, 2009. Retrieved on October 27, 2009.</ref>
+
+==Economy==
+{{Citations missing|date=November 2008}}
+[[Image:Chinatown 01 - New York City.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A shop selling traditional herbal medicines]]
+Chinese green-grocers and fishmongers are clustered around Mott Street, Mulberry Street, [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] (by Baxter Street) and all along [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]] (especially by Catherine Street).  The Chinese [[jewelry]] shop district is on Canal Street between Mott and Bowery. Due to the high savings rate among Chinese, there are many Asian and American banks in the neighborhood. Canal Street, west of Broadway (especially on the North side), is filled with Chinese street vendors selling imitation perfumes, watches, and hand-bags, which are largely purchased by tourists and non-Chinese. This section of Canal Street was previously the home of warehouse stores selling surplus/salvage electronics and hardware.
+Besides the more than 200 Chinese restaurants in the area for employment, there are still some factories. The proximity of the fashion industry has kept some garment work in the local area though most of the garment industry has moved to China. {{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} The local garment industry now concentrates on quick production in small volumes and piece-work (paid by the piece) which is generally done at the worker's home.  Much of the population growth is due to immigration. As previous generations of immigrants gain language and education skills, they tend to move to better housing and job prospects that are available in the suburbs and outer boroughs of New York.
+{{See also|Chinatown bus lines}}
+==Demographics==
+[[Image:Nycctown.jpg|thumb|Another view of Chinatown]]
+[[File:chinatown manhattan 2009.JPG|thumb|Bayard and Mott]]
+Unlike most other urban Chinatowns, Manhattan's Chinatown is both a residential area as well as commercial area. Most population estimates{{Or|date=September 2009}} are in the range of 90,000 to 100,000 residents.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} It is difficult to get an exact count, as neighborhood participation in the [[U.S. Census]] is thought to be low due to language barriers, as well as large-scale illegal immigration.
+Until the 1960s, the majority of the Chinese population in Chinatown emigrated from [[Guangdong]] province and [[Hong Kong]], thus they were native speakers of [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]], especially the [[Standard Cantonese|Canton]] and [[Taishan dialect]]s. A minority of [[Hakka people|Hakka]] was also represented. [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] was rarely spoken by residents even well into the 1980s. Most recent immigrants are from [[Mainland China]], and hence speak Mandarin, the official spoken language of [[People's Republic of China|China]]. Immigration reform in 1965 opened the door to a huge influx of Cantonese speakers from Hong Kong, and Cantonese became the dominant tongue. But since the 1990s, the vast majority of new Chinese immigrants have come from mainland China, especially Fujian Province, and tend to speak Mandarin along with their regional dialects. A significant portion are from [[Fuzhou]], [[Fujian]] province, so they are native speakers of the [[Fuzhou dialect]] of [[Min Chinese|Min]]. Most Fuzhou immigrants are illegal immigrants while most of the Cantonese immigrants are legal immigrants in Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rousmaniere |first=Peter |url=http://www.workingimmigrants.com/2006/03/smuggling_of_chinese_workers_i_1.html |title=Smuggling of Chinese workers into the United States |publisher=workingimmigrants.com |date=2006-03-17 |accessdate=2009-11-15}}</ref> With the coming of illegal Fuzhou immigrants during the 1990s, there is now a Fuzhou Community in the eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown which started on the East Broadway portion and later emerged north onto the Eldridge Street portion of Manhattan's Chinatown. Although the Fuzhou community and its population, which is now hardly growing have emerged within Manhattan's Chinatown, the Cantonese population still remains large and continues to retain the large Cantonese community identity where the Cantonese residents still have a place of gathering that was established decades ago in the western portion/main section of Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nychinatown.org/ebway.html |title=A journey through China town |publisher=Nychinatown.org |date= |accessdate=2009-11-15}}</ref> 
+
+Now the Fuzhou influx has shifted into Brooklyn's Chinatown in the [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] section of Brooklyn.  Since Brooklyn's Chinatown is smaller than Manhattan's Chinatown, and given its rapidly increasing Fuzhou population, Brooklyn's Chinatown is quickly becoming the new ''Little Fuzhou'' in NYC and is on the way of surpassing the ''Little Fuzhou'' already established within Manhattan's Chinatown as the largest Fuzhou population/community in NYC. Even though Brooklyn's Chinatown has fewer Cantonese people than Manhattan's Chinatown, there are still many Cantonese shops between 50th-62nd streets on 8th Avenue. Traditionally, Fuzhou immigrant community/population would always be mixed with a large Cantonese population and other Chinese populations in Chinese communities, however, as Brooklyn's Chinatown is becoming the New Little Fuzhou and with the continuing rapid decline in the Cantonese population in Brooklyn's Chinatown, it is on its way to become the first Fuzhou population/community to not be traditionally surrounded/neighbored and/or mixed with large Cantonese populations and/or other Chinese populations like currently in Manhattan's Chinatown and Flushing's Chinatown.<ref name="worldjournal.com">[http://www.worldjournal.com/english/wj-eng_news.php?nt_seq_id=1341407&sc_seq_id=1930 ]{{dead link|date=November 2009}}</ref>
+
+Although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only ten percent of Chinese speakers in NYC's Chinatown, it is used as a secondary dialect among the greatest number of them and is on its way to replace Cantonese as their [[lingua franca]].<ref name="Garcia">{{cite book | last = García | first = Ofelia | coauthors = Fishman, Joshua A. | title = The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | year = 2002 | isbn = 311017281X}}</ref>  Although Min Chinese is spoken natively by a third of the Chinese population in the city, it is not used as a lingua franca because speakers of other dialect groups do not learn Min.<ref name="Garcia"/>
+
+==Buildings==
+{{Citations missing|date=November 2008}}
+[[Image:Confucious Tower.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''Confucius Plaza'' 44-story [[subsidized housing|subsidized]] [[housing cooperative]], above typical Chinatown housing stock]]
+===Housing===
+The housing stock of Chinatown is still mostly composed of cramped [[tenement]] buildings, some of which are over 100 years old. It is still common in such buildings to have bathrooms in the hallways, to be shared among multiple apartments.
+A federally [[subsidized housing]] project, named [[Confucius Plaza]], was completed on the corner of [[Bowery (Manhattan)|Bowery]] and Division streets in 1976. This 44-story residential [[tower block]] gave much needed new housing stock to thousands of residents. The building also housed a new public grade school, [http://schools.nyc.gov/OurSchools/Region9/M124/default.htm?searchType=school P.S. 124] (or Yung Wing Elementary). Since new housing is normally non-existent in Chinatown, many apartments in the building were acquired by wealthy individuals through under-the-table dealings, even though the building was built as [[affordable housing]].
+===Landmarks===
+For much of Chinatown's history, there were few unique architectural features to announce to visitors that they had arrived in the neighborhood (other than the language of the shop signs). In 1962, at [[Chatham Square, Manhattan|Chatham Square]] the Lt. Benjamin Ralph Kimlau Memorial archway was erected in memorial of the Chinese-Americans who died in [[World War II]]. This memorial, which bears calligraphy by the great [[Yu Youren]] 于右任 (1879&mdash;1964), is mostly ignored by the residents due to its poor location on a busy car thoroughfare with little pedestrian traffic. A statue of [[Lin Zexu]], also known as Commissioner Lin, a Fuzhou-based Chinese official who opposed the opium trade, is also located at the square; it faces uptown along East Broadway, now home to the bustling Fuzhou neighborhood and known locally as Fuzhou Street (Fúzhóu jiē 福州街). In the 1970s, [[New York Telephone]], then the local phone company started capping the street phone
+booths with [[pagoda]]-like decorations. In 1976, the statue of [[Confucius]] in front of ''Confucius Plaza'' became a common meeting place. In the 1980s, banks which opened new branches and others which were renovating started to use Chinese traditional styles for their building facades. The [[Church of the Transfiguration (Mott Street, New York, New York)|Church of the Transfiguration]], a national historic site built in 1815, stands off Mott Street.
+
+==Street names in Chinese==
+[[Image:BaxterStreet.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Baxter Street - 巴士特街]]
+{|
+|- valign="top"
+|
+* [[Allen Street (Manhattan)|Allen Street]] - 亞倫街
+* [[Baxter Street (Manhattan)|Baxter Street]] - 巴士特街 
+* [[Bayard Street (Manhattan)|Bayard Street]] - 擺也街 
+* [[The Bowery|Bowery]] - 包厘
+* [[Broadway (New York City)|Broadway]] - 百老匯
+* [[Broome Street]] - 布隆街
+* [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]] - 堅尼街
+* [[Catherine Street (Manhattan)|Catherine Street]] - 加薩林街
+* [[Centre Street (Manhattan)|Centre Street]] - 中央街
+* [[Chambers Street (Manhattan)|Chambers Street]] - 錢伯斯街  
+* [[Chatham Square, Manhattan|Chatham Square]] - 且林士果
+* [[Chrystie Street]] - 企李士提街
+* [[Delancey Street, Manhattan|Delancey Street]] - 地蘭西街
+* [[Division Street, Manhattan|Division Street]] - 地葳臣街
+* [[Doyers Street]] - 宰也街
+* [[East Broadway (Manhattan)|East Broadway]] (Little Fuzhou) - 東百老匯 (小福州)
+|
+* [[Eldridge Street]] - 愛烈治街
+* [[Elizabeth Street, Manhattan|Elizabeth Street]] - 伊利沙白街
+* [[Forsyth Street (Manhattan)|Forsyth Street]] - 科西街
+* [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand Street]] - 格蘭街
+* [[Henry Street (Manhattan)|Henry Street]] - 軒利街
+* [[Hester Street (Manhattan)|Hester Street]] - 喜士打街
+* [[Madison Street (Manhattan)|Madison Street]] - 麥地遜街
+* [[Market Street (Manhattan)|Market Street]] - 市場街
+* [[Mosco Street]] - 莫斯科街
+* [[Mott Street (Manhattan)|Mott Street]] - 勿街
+* [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]] - 茂比利街
+* [[Orchard Street (Manhattan)|Orchard Street]] - 柯察街
+* [[Park Row (Manhattan)|Park Row]] - 柏路
+* [[Pell Street (Manhattan)|Pell Street]] - 披露街
+* [[Pike Street]] - 派克街
+* [[Worth Street (Manhattan)|Worth Street]] - 窩夫街<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccbanyc.org/historyfile/photo/history.html |title=Historic Pictures of Chinatown |publisher=Ccbanyc.org |date= |accessdate=2009-11-15}}</ref>
+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nychinatown.org/manhattan.html |title=A Journey Through Chinatown |publisher=Nychinatown.org |date= |accessdate=2009-11-15}}</ref>
+|}
+==Satellite Chinatowns==
+{{Citations missing|date=November 2008}}
+{{Main|Flushing, Queens|Sunset Park, Brooklyn}}
+Other New York City area Chinese communities have been settled over the years, including that of [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] in [[Queens]].  Another community is located in [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] in [[Brooklyn]], particularly along 8th Avenue from 40th to 65th Streets.  New York's newest Chinatown has recently sprung up on Avenue U in the [[Homecrest, Brooklyn|Homecrest]] section of Brooklyn. Outside of New York City proper, a growing suburban Chinatown is developing in [[Edison, New Jersey]], which lies {{convert|30|mi|km}} to the southwest.
+While the composition of these satellite Chinatowns is as varied as the original, the political turmoils in the Manhattan Chinatown ([[Tong (organization)|Tongs]] vs. [[Republic of China]] loyalists vs. [[People's Republic of China]] loyalists vs. Americanized) has led to some factionalization in the other satellites.  The [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] Chinatown, for example, was spearheaded by many Chinese fleeing the Communist retaking of [[Hong Kong]] in 1997 as well as Taiwanese who used their considerable capital to buy out land from the former  residents.  The [[Brooklyn]] Chinatown located in [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] however, is mostly immigrant and populated by both [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] and [[Fujian|Fukienese]] newcomers to America, however the [[Fujian|Fukienese]] is on its way of turning the Chinese Community into the new, more established, and bigger Fuzhou community than the one in the eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown.<ref name="worldjournal.com"/>  More culturally
+assimilated Chinese have moved outside these neighborhoods into more white or Hispanic neighborhoods in the city while others move to the suburbs outright.
+
+==See also==
+*[[Shuang Wen School]] - a dual-language elementary school on the Lower East Side.
+*[[Chinatown]]
+*[[Chinatowns in North America]]
+*[[Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance]]
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo_Hop
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+*"New York's First Chinaman". ''Atlanta Constitution''. 22 Sep 1896
+*Crouse, Russel. ''Murder Won't Out''. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1932.
+*Dunshee, Kenneth Holcomb. ''As You Pass By''. New York: Hastings House, 1952.
+*Ramati, Raquel. ''How to Save Your Own Street''. Garden City, Doubleday and Co., 1981. ISBN 0-385-14814-3
+==External links==
+*[http://www.chinatownnewyorkcity.blogspot.com Chinatown New York City Blog]
+*[http://www.ccbanyc.org Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of New York]
+*[http://www.explorechinatown.com/ Explore Chinatown-official tourism site]
+*[http://www.moca-nyc.org Museum of Chinese in the Americas]
+*[http://www.nychinatown.org/manhattan.html A Photo Journey through Chinatown]
+*[http://www.arch.columbia.edu/Studio/Spring2003/UP/Chinatown/team.htm Chinatown: A Neighborhood Plan]
+{{Chinese American|state=collapsed}}
+{{Chinatowns}}
+{{Manhattan}}
+{{Coord|40|43|06|N|74|00|09|W|region:US-NY_type:city(300000)_source:dewiki|display=title}}
+
+[[Category:Neighborhoods in Manhattan]]
+[[Category:United States communities with Asian American majority populations]]
+[[Category:Chinatowns in the United States|Manhattan]]
+
+[[ca:Chinatown (Manhattan)]]
+[[da:Chinatown (New York)]]
+[[de:Chinatown (New York City)]]
+[[es:Chinatown (Manhattan)]]
+[[fr:Chinatown (Manhattan)]]
+[[it:Chinatown (Manhattan)]]
+[[he:צ'יינהטאון (מנהטן)]]
+[[nl:Chinatown (New York City)]]
+[[ja:チャイナタウン (マンハッタン)]]
+[[ro:Chinatown, Manhattan]]
+[[ru:Чайнатаун (Манхэттен)]]
+[[sk:Chinatown]]
+[[sv:Chinatown, Manhattan]]
+[[yi:טשיינעטאון]]
+[[zh:華埠 (曼哈頓)]]
+

data/spec/resources/corpora/test/revisions/part-2/307084144.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+{{Infobox Album | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums -->
+| Name        = The Soundstage Sessions 
+| Type        = live
+| Longtype    = / <font style="background: {{Infobox Album/color|studio}}">[[Studio album]]</font>
+| Artist      = [[Stevie Nicks]]
+| Cover       = SS1.jpg
+| Released    = March 31, 2009
+| Recorded    = Oct. 2007–2008<br>Grainger Studio<br><small>([[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]])</small> <br>[[Ocean Way Recording]]<br><small>([[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]])</small> <br>[[Chicago Recording Company]]<br><small>([[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]])</small> 
+| Genre       = [[Rock music|Rock]]
+| Length      = 54:25
+| Label       = [[Reprise Records]]
+| Producer    = [[Joe Thomas (producer/director)|Joe Thomas]] <br> Stevie Nicks <br> [[Waddy Watchel]] 
+|Reviews = 
+* [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|3|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:3xftxzrkldhe link]
+| Last album  = ''[[Crystal Visions - The Very Best of Stevie Nicks]]'' <br /> (2007)
+| This album  = '''''The Soundstage Sessions''''' <br /> (2009)
+| Next album  = 
+| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
+| Upper caption = ''The Soundstage Sessions: Live in Chicago'' 
+| Type          =
+| Cover         = The_Soundstage_Sessions_-_Live_in_Chicago.jpg
+| Lower caption        = CD/DVD Deluxe Edition 
+}}
+}}
+
+'''''The Soundstage Sessions''''' is the tenth album released by the American singer-songwriter and [[Fleetwood Mac]] vocalist [[Stevie Nicks]]. Although it is the first live album of Nicks' solo career, it was produced to sound like a studio album.
+
+
+==Album Information==
+''The Soundstage Sessions'' was recorded in October 2007 before an intimate audience at [[WTTW]]'s Grainger Studio in [[Chicago]], with the [[set list]] containing 18 songs. In early 2008, Nicks went to [[Nashville]] and entered the studio with director/producer [[Joe Thomas (producer/director)|Joe Thomas]]. In the studio, they added "Nashville strings" and additional vocals to the songs that were to go on the CD. Nicks wanted the CD to sound perfect, and when asked about the project has said "I am as proud of this as anything I’ve ever done in my entire career."  <ref>http://popculturezoo.com/archives/2255</ref>
+
+==Track listing==
+===Standard Edition===
+# "[[Stand Back (song)|Stand Back]]" <small>(Stevie Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 4:40
+# "[[Crash Into Me#Stevie Nicks version|Crash Into Me]]" <small>([[Dave Matthews]])</small>&nbsp;– 5:33
+# "Sara" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 6:56
+# "If Anyone Falls in Love" <small>(Nicks, [[Sandy Stewart (musician)|Sandy Stewart]])</small>&nbsp;– 4:11
+# "[[Landslide (song)|Landslide]]" (Orchestra version) <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 4:20
+# "How Still My Love" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 7:34
+# "Circle Dance" <small>(Duet with [[Vanessa Carlton]])</small> <small>([[Bonnie Raitt]])</small>&nbsp;– 4:14
+# "Fall From Grace" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 4:35
+# "Sorcerer" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 5:00
+# "[[Beauty and the Beast (Stevie Nicks song)|Beauty and the Beast]]" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 7:14
+
+===Amazon Mp3 Edition===
+#<li value=11>"Enchanted" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 3:14
+
+===[[iTunes]] Edition===
+#<li value=11>"Gold Dust Woman" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 10:07
+#<li value=12>"Edge of Seventeen" <small>(Nicks)</small>&nbsp;– 12:33
+
+==Deluxe Edition==
+Reprise Records released a Deluxe Edition exclusively through the Warner Bros. Records Store, which is called '''''The Soundstage Sessions: Live in Chicago'''''. The Deluxe Edition is a CD/DVD set, and includes new cover art, a [[lithograph]] of Nicks, and free [[mp3]] downloads of "Rhiannon" and "The One". <ref>http://www.jammfactory.net/wbr/stevienicks/pre-order.html</ref>
+
+==Standard and Blu-Ray DVD==
+The [[Blu-Ray]] DVD of this performance has been available exclusively at Sears since December 1st, 2008 and features a total of 16 tracks in high-definition. The standard edition DVD of this performance was released by Reprise Records as ''[[Live in Chicago (Stevie Nicks DVD)|Live In Chicago]]''. 
+
+==Personnel==
+'''Main Performers'''
+
+*Stevie Nicks - vocals, producer
+*[[Vanessa Carlton]] - guest performer 
+*Sharon Celani - backup vocals 
+*Lori Nicks - backup vocals 
+*Jana Anderson - backup vocals 
+
+'''Production'''
+
+*[[Joe Thomas (producer/director)|Joe Thomas]] - producer
+*Waddy Wachtel - producer
+*Frank Pappalardo - engineering 
+*Michael Czaszwicz - assistant engineering
+*Patrick DeWitte - assistant engineering 
+*Mixed at HD Ready, St. Charles 
+
+'''Musicians'''
+
+*Waddy Wachtel - musical director/guitar
+*Lenny Castro - percussion
+*Al Ortiz - bass
+*Jimmy Paxson - drums 
+*Ricky Peterson - keyboards
+*Carlos Rios - guitar 
+*Darrell Smith - keyboards  
+
+'''String Section'''
+
+*Eric Roth - conductor
+*Janice MacDonald - flute
+*Deb Stevenson - oboe
+*Greg Flint - horn
+*Christine Worthing - horn 
+*Guillaume Combet - violin 
+*Jennifer Cappelli - violin
+*Carmen Llop-Kassinger - violin
+*Christine Keiko Abe - violin
+*Carol Cook - viola 
+*Jocelyn Davis-Beck - cello
+*Eddie Bayers - drums 
+*Michael Rhodes - bass 
+*[[Joe Thomas (producer/director)|Joe Thomas]] - keyboards
+
+==Charts==
+{|class="wikitable"
+!Chart (2009)
+!Peak<br>position
+|-
+|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
+|align="center"|47
+|-
+|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Current Rock Albums
+|align="center"|15
+|-
+|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Digital Albums
+|align="center"|55
+|-
+|U.S. ''Billboard'' Top Internet Albums
+|align="center"|5
+|-
+|}
+
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+
+==External links==
+*http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001AW9DKU
+*http://www.pauseandplay.com/31march2009.htm
+*http://www.sears.com/shc/s/p_10153_12605_05801528000P?mv=rr
+*http://nickslive.blogspot.com/2009/04/live-in-chicago-first-week-sales.html
+
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Soundstage Sessions, The}}
+[[Category:2009 albums]]
+[[Category:Live albums]]
+[[Category:Reprise Records albums]]
+[[Category:Stevie Nicks albums]]
+[[Category:Albums produced by Waddy Wachtel]]
+

data/spec/resources/corpora/test/revisions/part-2/326978767.txt

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+[[Image:1876 Bell Speaking into Telephone.jpg|thumb|Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone]]
+The modern telephone is the culmination of work done by many individuals, all worthy of recognition for their contributions to the field. [[Alexander Graham Bell]] was the first to patent the telephone, an "apparatus for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically", after experimenting with many primitive sound transmitters and receivers. However, the history of the invention of the [[telephone]] is a confusing collection of claims and counterclaims, made no less confusing by the many lawsuits which attempted to resolve the patent claims of several individuals.
+
+==Non-electric "telephones"==
+
+According to a letter in the [[Peking Gazette]], a Chinese inventor created a speech transmitting device in 968<!-- 968 is not a typo. -->, which probably transported sound through ''speaking tubes'', or pipes.<!--Fact|vague and unreliable; "Kung-Foo-Whing" sounds made up, and probably is|date=October 2008; Note: uncited, possibly fictitious name removed from the article on 2009-06-04 --> [[Speaking tube]]s remained common and can still be found today in a variety of locations, including ships.
+
+The string or "lover's" telephone has also been known for centuries. Comprising two [[diaphragm]]s connected by a taut string or wire,sound waves are carried as vibrations along the string or wire from one diaphragm to the other. The classic example is the [[tin can telephone]], a children's toy made by connecting the two ends of a string to the bottoms of two metal cans, paper cups or similar items.
+
+==Make and break transmitters and electro-magnetic receivers==
+===Innocenzo Manzetti===
+[[Innocenzo Manzetti]] mooted the idea of a telephone as early as 1844, and may have made one in 1864, as an enhancement to an automaton built by him in 1849.
+
+===Charles Bourseul===
+{{main|Charles Bourseul}}
+In 1854 in the magazine [[L'Illustration]] (Paris) [[Charles Bourseul]], a French telegraphist, published a plan for conveying sounds and even speech by electricity.<ref>Coe, page 21.</ref>  Bourseul's ideas were also published in ''Didaskalia'' (Frankfurt am Main) on [[September 28]] [[1854]].
+"Suppose", he explained, “that a man speaks near a movable disc sufficiently flexible to lose none of the vibrations of the voice; that this disc alternately makes and breaks the currents from a battery: you may have at a distance another disc which will simultaneously execute the same vibrations.... It is certain that, in a more or less distant future, speech will be transmitted by electricity. I have made experiments in this direction; they are delicate and demand time and patience, but the approximations obtained promise a favourable result.”
+
+===Johann Philipp Reis===
+{{main|Johann Philipp Reis}}
+In 1860 [[Johann Philipp Reis]] produced a device which could transmit musical notes, and even a lisping sentence or two. The first sentence spoken on it was "Das Pferd frisst keinen Gurkensalat" (the horse doesn't eat cucumber salad).  See [[Reis' telephone]] for a detailed description. The Reis transmitter was a make-break transmitter. That is, a needle attached to a diaphragm was alternately pressed against, and released from a contact as the sound moved the diaphragm. This make-or-break signaling was able to transmit tones, and some vowels, but since it did not follow the analog shape of the sound wave (the contact was pure digital, on or off) it could not transmit consonants, or complex sounds. The Reis transmitter was very difficult to operate, since the relative position of the needle and the contact were critical to the device's operation at all. This can be called a "telephone", since it did transmit sounds over distance, but is hardly a telephone in the modern sense, as it failed to transmit a good copy of any supplied sound. Reis' invention is best known then as the "musical telephone". Prior to 1947, the Reis device was tested by the British company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC). The results also confirmed it could faintly transmit and receive speech. At the time STC was bidding for a contract with Alexander Graham Bell's American Telephone and Telegraph Company, and the results were covered up by STC's chairman Sir Frank Gill to maintain Bell's reputation. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3253174.stm BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Bell 'did not invent telephone']</ref>
+
+=== Antonio Meucci ===
+{{main|Antonio Meucci}}
+
+An early version of a voice communicating device was invented around 1854 by [[Antonio Meucci]], who called it a ''teletrofono'' (''telectrophone''). Pre-1875 evidence is lacking that it was an electromagnetic telephone.
+
+The first American demonstration of Meucci's invention took place in [[Staten Island]], [[New York]] in 1854. In 1860, a description of it was reportedly published in an Italian-language New York newspaper, although no known copy of that newspaper issue or article survived to the present day.  Meucci claimed to have invented a paired electro-magnetic transmitter and receiver, where the motion of a diaphragm modulated a signal in a coil by moving an electromagnet, although this was not mentioned in his [[Antonio Meucci#The_caveat|1871 U.S. patent caveat]].  A further discrepancy observed was that the device described in the 1871 caveat employed only a single conduction wire, with the telephone's transmitter-receivers being insulated from a 'ground return' path. 
+
+Meucci was also later credited with the early invention of inductive loading of telephone wires to increase long-distance signals. Unfortunately, serious burns from an accident, a lack of English, and poor business abilities resulted in Meucci failing to develop his inventions commercially in America. Meucci demonstrated some sort of instrument in 1849 in [[Havana, Cuba]], but the evidence is unclear if this was an electric telephone or a variant of a [[Tin can telephone|string telephone]] that used wire. Meucci has been further credited with invention of an anti-[[sidetone]] circuit.  However, examination showed that his solution to sidetone was to maintain two separate telephone circuits, and thus use twice as many transmission wires.  The anti-sidetone circuit later introduced by Bell Telephone instead cancelled sidetone through a feedback process.
+
+An [[ADT Security Services|American District Telegraph]] (ADT) laboratory reportedly lost some of Meucci's working models, his wife reportedly disposed of others and Meucci, who sometimes lived on public assistance, chose not to renew his 1871 ''teletrofono'' [[patent caveat]] after 1874.
+
+Meucci was recognized for his pioneering work on the telephone by the [[United States House of Representatives]] in [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:H.RES.269 House Resolution 269], dated June 11, 2002.  The resolution stated that ''"if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell."''  However, the resolution was a symbolic, non-binding statement without legal effect, and was promptly followed by a legislative motion mooting it, passed unanimously by [[37th Canadian Parliament|Canada's 37th Parliament]], which declared that [[Alexander Graham Bell]] was the inventor of the telephone. Additionally, many others disagreed with the Congressional resolution, some of whom provided [[Canadian_Parliamentary_Motion_on_Alexander_Graham_Bell#Critical_views_of_both_the_Bell_Parliamentary_Motion_and_Resolution_HRes_269|criticisms of both its accuracy and intent]].
+
+{{further|[[Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell]]}}
+
+==== Chronology of Meucci's invention ====
+
+An Italian researcher in telecommunications, [http://www.esanet.it/chez_basilio/index.html Basilio Catania], and the [http://www.aei.it/ita/ Italian Society of Electrotechnics, "Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica"], have devoted a Museum to Antonio Meucci, constructing a [http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_intel.htm chronology of his invention of the telephone] and tracing the history of the two legal trials involving Meucci and Alexander Graham Bell<ref>http://www.esanet.it/chez_basilio/meucci.htm</ref><ref>http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_hpg1.htm</ref>. Both claim that Meucci was the real inventor of the telephone, but base their argument on the reconstructed, rather than contemporary, evidence. What follows, if not otherwise stated, is a résumé of their historic reconstruction.<ref>[http://www.esanet.it/chez_basilio/meucci_faq.htm#6 Basilio Catania's reconstruction, in English]</ref><br />
+* In 1834 Meucci constructed a kind of acoustic telephone as a way to communicate between the stage and control room at the theatre "Teatro della Pergola" in Florence. This telephone is constructed on the model of pipe-telephones on ships and is still working.<ref>[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_tela.htm Picture of the acoustic telephone, page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics]</ref>
+* In 1848 Meucci developed a popular method of using electric shocks to treat [[rheumatism]]. He used to give his patients two conductors linked to 60 Bunsen batteries and ending with a cork. He also kept two conductors linked to the same Bunsen batteries. He used to sit in his laboratory, while the Bunsen batteries were placed in a second room and his patients in a third room. In 1849 while providing a treatment to a patient with a 114V electrical discharge, in his laboratory Meucci heard his patient's scream through the piece of copper wire that was between them, from the conductors he was keeping near his ear. His intuition was that the "tongue" of copper wire was vibrating just like a leave of an electroscope; which means that there was an electrostatic effect. In order to continue the experiment without hurting his patient, Meucci covered the copper wire with a piece of paper. Through this device he heard inarticulated human voice. He called this device "telegrafo parlante" (litt. "talking telegraph").<ref>[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_voce.htm Meucci's original drawings. Page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics]</ref>
+* On the basis of this prototype, Meucci worked on more than 30 kinds of sound transmitting devices inspired by the telegraph model as did other pioneers of the telephone, such as [[Charles Bourseul]], [[Philipp Reis]], [[Innocenzo Manzetti]] and others.  Meucci later claimed that he did not think about transmitting voice by using the principle of the telegraph "make-and-break" method, but he looked for a "continuous" solution that did not interrupt the electric current. 
+* In 1856 Meucci later claimed that he constructed the first electromagnetic telephone, made of an electromagnet with a nucleus in the shape of a horseshoe bat, a diaphragm of animal skin, stiffened with potassium dichromate and keeping a metal disk stuck in the middle. The instrument was hosted in a cylindrical carton box.<ref>[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_t1em.htm Meucci's original drawings. Page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics]</ref> He said he constructed this as a way to connect his second-floor bedroom to his basement laboratory, and thus communicate with his wife who was an [[Patient|invalid]]. 
+* Meucci separated the two directions of transmission in order to eliminate the so-called "local effect", adopting what we would call today a 4-wire-circuit. He constructed a simple calling system with a telegraphic manipulator which short-circuited the instrument of the calling person, producing in the instrument of the called person a succession of impulses (clicks), much more intense than those of normal conversation. As he was aware that his device required a bigger band than a telegraph, he found some means to avoid the so-called "skin effect" through superficial treatment of the conductor or by acting on the material (copper instead of iron). He successfully used an insulated copper plait, thus anticipating the litz wire used by [[Nikola Tesla]] in RF coils. <br />
+* In 1864 Meucci later claimed that he realized his "best device", using an iron diaphragm with optimized thickness and tightly clamped along its rim. The instrument was housed in a shaving-soap box, whose cover clamped the diaphragm.
+* In August 1870, Meucci later claimed that he obtained transmission of articulate human voice at a mile distance by using as a conductor a copper plait insulated by cotton. He called his device "teletrofono". According to an [http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_cain.htm Affidavit of lawyer Michael Lemmi] drawings and notes by Antonio Meucci dated September 27 1870 show coils of wire on long distance telephone lines. The painting made by Nestore Corradi [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestore_Corradi] in 1858 mentions the sentence "Electric current from the inductor pipe"
+
+The above information was published in the [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/4/0/13401/13401-h/13401-h.htm#13 Scientific American Supplement No. 520, December 19, 1885], based on reconstructions produced in 1885, for which there was no contemporary pre-1875 evidence.  Meucci's 1871 [[Patent caveat|caveat]] did not mention any of the telephone features later credited to him by his lawyer, and which were published in that Scientific American Supplement, a major reason for the loss of the 'Bell v. Globe and Meucci' patent infringement court case, which was decided against him.<ref>[http://files.meetup.com/1004848/MeucciMarch07.pdf Meucci's 1871 patent caveat, pages 16-18]</ref>  See [[Meucci#The caveat|Antonio Meucci –The caveat]], for the full printed text of his 1871 teletrofono patent caveat.
+
+===Cromwell Varley===
+Around 1870 Mr. [[C. F. Varley]], F.R.S., a well-known English electrician, patented a number of variations on the audio telegraph based on Reis' work. He never claimed or produced a device capable of transmitting speech, only pure tones.
+
+=== Poul la Cour ===
+
+Around 1874 [[Poul la Cour]], a [[Denmark|Danish]] inventor, experimented with audio telegraphs on a telegraph line between [[Copenhagen]] and [[Fredericia]] in [[Jutland]].  His experiment used a vibrating tuning-fork to interrupt the line current, which, after traversing the line passed through an [[electromagnet]] that acted upon the tines of another tuning-fork, making it resonate at the same pitch of the transmitting fork. Moreover, the hums were also recorded on paper by turning the electromagnetic receiver into a [[relay]], which actuated a [[Morse code]] printer by means of a local [[battery (electricity)|battery]].  Again, la Cour made no claims of transmitting voice, only pure tones.
+
+==Electro-magnetic transmitters and receivers==
+===Elisha Gray===
+: ''Main article: [[Elisha Gray]], See also: [[Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy]]''
+
+[[Elisha Gray]], of [[Chicago]] also devised a tone telegraph of this kind about the same time as La Cour. In Gray's tone telegraph, several vibrating steel reeds tuned to different frequencies interrupted the current, which at the other end of the line passed through electromagnets and vibrated matching tuned steel reeds near the electromagnet poles.  Gray's 'harmonic telegraph,' with vibrating reeds, was used by the Western Union Telegraph Company.  Since more than one set of vibration frequencies &mdash; that is to say, more than one musical tone &mdash; can be sent over the same wire simultaneously, the harmonic telegraph can be utilised as a 'multiplex' or many-ply telegraph, conveying several messages through the same wire at the same time; and these can either be read by the operator by the sound, or a permanent record can be made by the marks drawn on a ribbon of travelling paper by a Morse recorder.  On 27 July 1875, Gray was granted U.S. patent 166,096 for "Electric Telegraph for Transmitting Musical Tones" (the harmonic telegraph). 
+
+On 14 February 1876, Gray filed a [[patent caveat]] for a telephone on the very same day in 1876 as did Bell's lawyer.  The [[water microphone|water transmitter]] described in Gray's caveat was strikingly similar to the experimental telephone transmitter tested by Bell on March 10, 1876, a fact which raised questions about whether Bell (who knew of Gray) was inspired by Gray's design or vice versa. Although Bell did not use Gray's water transmitter in later telephones, evidence suggests that Bell's lawyers may have obtained an unfair advantage over Gray.<ref name="see">[[Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell Controversy]]</ref><ref>Inventor's Digest, July/August 1998, p. 26-28</ref>
+
+===Alexander Graham Bell===
+{{main|Alexander Graham Bell}}
+[[Image:AGBell Notebook.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Bell's [[March 10]] [[1876]] laboratory notebook entry describing his first successful experiment with the telephone.]]
+
+[[Alexander Graham Bell]] of [[Scotland]] is commonly credited as the inventor of the first practical telephone.  The classic story of his crying out "Watson, come here! I want to see you!" is a well known part of American history<ref>American Treasures of the Library of Congress ... Bell - Lab notebook</ref>. But Alexander Graham Bell was also an astute and articulate business man with influential and wealthy friends. 
+
+As Professor of Vocal Physiology at [[Boston University]], Bell was engaged in training teachers in the art of instructing deaf mutes how to speak, and experimented with the [[Leon Scott]] [[phonautograph]] in recording the vibrations of speech. This apparatus consists essentially of a thin membrane vibrated by the voice and carrying a light stylus, which traces an undulatory line on a plate of [[smoked glass]]. The line is a graphic representation of the vibrations of the membrane and the waves of sound in the air.<ref>Robert Bruce (1990), pages 102-103, 110-113, 120-121</ref>
+
+This background prepared Bell for work with spoken sound waves and electricity. He began his experiments in 1873-1874 with a harmonic telegraph, following the examples of Bourseul, Reis, Meucci, and Gray.  Bell's designs employed various on-off-on-off make-break current-interrupters driven by vibrating steel reeds which sent interrupted current to a distant receiver electro-magnet that caused a second steel reed or tuning fork to vibrate.<ref>Robert Bruce (1990), pages 104-109</ref> 
+
+During a June 2, 1875 experiment by Bell and his assistant Watson, a receiver reed failed to respond to the intermittent current supplied by an electric battery. Bell told Watson, who was at the other end of the line, to pluck the reed, thinking it had stuck to the pole of the magnet. Mr. Watson complied, and to his astonishment Bell heard a reed at his end of the line vibrate and emit the same timbre of a plucked reed, although there was no interrupted on-off-on-off current from a transmitter to make it vibrate.<ref>Robert Bruce (1990), pages 146-148</ref> A few more experiments soon showed that his receiver reed had been set in vibration by the magneto-electric currents induced in the line by the motion of the distant receiver reed in the neighbourhood of its magnet. The battery current was not causing the vibration but was needed only to supply the magnetic field in which the reeds vibrated.  Moreover, when Bell heard the rich overtones of the plucked reed, it occurred to him that since the circuit was never broken, all the complex vibrations of speech might be converted into undulating (alternating) currents, which in turn would reproduce the complex timbre, amplitude, and frequencies of speech at a distance.
+
+After Bell and Watson discovered on June 2, 1875 that movements of the reed alone in a magnetic field could reproduce the frequencies and timbre of spoken sound waves, Bell reasoned by analogy with the mechanical phonautograph that a skin diaphragm would reproduce sounds like the human ear when connected to a steel or iron reed or hinged armature. On July 1, 1875, he instructed Watson to build a receiver consisting of a stretched diaphragm or drum of [[goldbeater's skin]] with an armature of magnetized iron attached to its middle, and free to vibrate in front of the pole of an electromagnet in circuit with the line. A second membrane-device was built for use as a transmitter.<ref name="Robert Bruce 1990, page 149">Robert Bruce (1990), page 149</ref> This was the "gallows" phone. A few days later they were tried together, one at each end of the line, which ran from a room in the inventor's house in Boston to the cellar underneath.  Bell, in the work room, held one instrument in his hands, while Watson in the cellar listened at the other. Bell spoke into his instrument, “Do you understand what I say?” and Mr. Watson answered “Yes”. However, the voice sounds were not distinct and the armature tended to stick to the electromagnet pole and tear the membrane.
+
+Because of illness and other commitments, Bell made little or no telephone improvements or experiments for eight months until after his U.S. patent 174,465 was published.<ref name="Robert Bruce 1990, page 149"/>  On March 10, 1876, Bell tested Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent was granted and only as a [[proof of concept]] scientific experiment<ref>Evenson, page 99.</ref> to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted.<ref>Evenson, page 98.</ref> After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.<ref>Evenson, page 100.</ref>
+
+==Variable resistance transmitters==
+===Elisha Gray===
+
+Gray's harmonic telegraph apparatus followed in the track of Reis and Bourseul &mdash; that is to say, the interruption of the current by a vibrating contact.  But Gray recognized the lack of fidelity of the make-break transmitter, and reasoned by analogy with the lovers telegraph, that if the current could be made to more closely model the movements of the diaphragm, rather than simply opening and closing the circuit, greater fidelity might be achieved. Gray filed a [[patent caveat]] with the US patent office on [[February 14]] [[1876]] for a [[water microphone|liquid microphone]]. The device used a metal needle or rod that was placed &mdash; just barely &mdash; into a liquid conductor, such as a water/acid mixture. In response to the diaphragm's vibrations, the needle dipped more or less into the liquid, varying the electrical resistance and thus the current passing through the device and on to the receiver. Gray did not convert his caveat into a patent until after the caveat had expired and hence left the field open to Bell.
+
+===Bell's success===
+
+[[Image:TelephonePatentDrawingBell.jpg|thumb|right|Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent<ref>{{Patent|US|174465|Alexander Graham Bell: „Improvement in Telegraphy“ filed on February 14, 1876, granted on March 7, 1876.}}</ref> drawing, [[7 March]] [[1876]].]]
+
+The first successful bi-directional transmission of clear speech by Bell and Watson was made on March 10, 1876 when Bell spoke into his device, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.” and Watson answered. Bell used Gray's liquid transmitter design<ref>Shulman, pages 36-37. Bell's lab notes dated March 9, 1876 show a drawing of a person speaking face down into a liquid transmitter very similar to the liquid transmitter depicted as Fig. 3 in Gray's caveat.</ref> in his famous March 10, 1876 experiment, but Bell did not use a liquid transmitter again, because it was not practical for commercial products.
+
+The first long distance telephone call was made on [[10 August]] [[1876]] by Bell from the family homestead in [[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]], [[Ontario]], to his assistant located in [[Paris, Ontario|Paris]], [[Ontario]], some 10 miles (16&nbsp;km) distant.
+
+A finished instrument was then made, having a transmitter formed of a double electromagnet, in front of which a membrane, stretched on a ring, carried an oblong piece of soft iron cemented to its middle.  A mouthpiece before the diaphragm directed the sounds upon it, and as it vibrated with them, the soft iron “armature” induced corresponding currents in the coils of the electromagnet.  These currents after traversing the line were passed through the receiver, which consisted of a tubular electromagnet, having one end partially closed by a thin circular disc of soft iron fixed at one point to the end of the tube.  This receiver bore a resemblance to a cylindrical metal box with thick sides, having a thin iron lid fastened to its mouth by a single screw.  When the undulatory current passed through the coil of this magnet, the disc, or armature-lid, was put into vibration and sounds were emitted from it.
+
+This primitive telephone was rapidly improved, the double electromagnet being replaced by a single bar magnet having a small coil or bobbin of fine wire surrounding one pole, in front of which a thin disc of ferrotype was fixed in a circular mouthpiece, and served as a combined membrane and armature.  On speaking into the mouthpiece, the iron diaphragm vibrated with the voice in the [[magnetic field]] of the pole, and thereby caused undulatory currents in the coil, which, after traveling through the wire to the distant receiver, were received in an identical apparatus.  This form was patented January 30, 1877.  The sounds were weak and could only be heard when the ear was close to the earphone/mouthpiece, but they were distinct.
+
+====Public demonstrations====
+=====Earliest public demonstration of Bell's telephone=====
+In June 1876, Bell exhibited a telephone prototype at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, where it attracted the attention of Brazilian emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] and scientist Sir William Thomson.  In August 1876 at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Thomson revealed the telephone to the European public.  In describing his visit to the Philadelphia Exhibition, Thomson said, 'I heard [through the telephone] passages taken at random from the New York newspapers: "s.s. Cox has arrived" (I failed to make out the s.s. Cox); "The City of New York", "Senator Morton", "The Senate has resolved to print a thousand extra copies", "The Americans in London have resolved to celebrate the coming Fourth of July!" All this my own ears heard spoken to me with unmistakable distinctness by the then circular disc armature of just such another little electro-magnet as this I hold in my hand.'
+<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:AGBellPhoneDemo1877.jpg|thumb|left|Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates the telephone, 1877. ]] -->
+
+=====Later public demonstrations=====
+
+The later telephone design was publicly exhibited on May 4 1877 at a lecture given by Professor Bell in the Boston Music Hall.  According to a report: Going to the small telephone box with its slender wire attachments, Mr. Bell coolly asked, as though addressing some one in an adjoining room, “Mr. Watson, are you ready!”  Mr. Watson, five miles away in Somerville, promptly answered in the affirmative, and soon was heard a voice singing “America”. [...] Going to another instrument, connected by wire with Providence, forty-three miles distant, Mr. Bell listened a moment, and said, “Signor Brignolli, who is assisting at a concert in Providence Music Hall, will now sing for us.” In a moment the cadence of the tenor's voice rose and fell, the sound being faint, sometimes lost, and then again audible.  Later, a cornet solo played in  Somerville was very distinctly heard.  Still later, a three-part song came over the wire from Somerville, and Mr. Bell told his audience “I will switch off the song from one part of the room to another, so that all can hear.” At a subsequent lecture in [[Salem, Massachusetts]], communication was established with Boston, eighteen miles distant, and Mr. Watson at the latter place sang “Auld Lang Syne”, “The Star-Spangled Banner”, and “Hail Columbia”, while the audience at Salem joined in the chorus.
+
+====Summary of Bell's achievements====
+Bell did for the telephone what Henry Ford did for the automobile.  Although not the first to experiment with telephonic devices, Bell and the companies founded in his name were the first to develop commercially practical telephones around which a successful business could be built and grow.  Bell adopted carbon transmitters similar to Edison's transmitters and adapted telephone exchanges and switching plug boards developed for telegraphy.  Watson and other Bell engineers invented numerous other improvements to telephony.  Bell succeeded where others failed to assemble a commercially viable telephone '''system'''. It can be argued that Bell invented the telephone industry.
+
+=== Carbon microphone - Thomas Edison ===
+[[Thomas Alva Edison]] took the next step in improving the telephone with his invention in 1878 of the [[Carbon microphone|carbon grain transmitter]] that provided a strong voice signal on the transmitting circuit that made long-distance calls practical. Edison discovered that carbon grains, squeezed between two metal plates, had a resistance that was related to the pressure.  Thus, the grains could vary their resistance as the plates moved in response to sound waves, and reproduce sound with good fidelity, without the weak signals associated with electro-magnetic transmitters. 
+
+The carbon microphone was further improved by [[Emile Berliner]], [[Francis Blake (telephone)|Francis Blake]], [[David E. Hughes]], [[Henry Hunnings]], and [[Anthony C. White|Anthony White]].  The carbon transmitter remained standard in telephony until the 1980s, and is still being produced.  
+
+==Improvements to the early telephone==
+Additional inventions such as the call bell, central telephone exchange, common battery, ring tone, amplification, trunk lines, wireless phones, etc. were made by various engineers who made the telephone the useful and widespread apparatus it is now.
+
+=== Telephone exchange - Tivadar Puskás ===
+[[Tivadar Puskás]] was working on his idea for a [[telegraph]] exchange when [[Alexander Graham Bell]] received the first patent for the [[telephone]]. This caused Puskás to take a fresh look at his own work and he refocused on perfecting a design for a [[telephone exchange]].  Puskás got in touch with the American inventor [[Thomas Edison]] who liked the design. According to Edison, "Tivadar Puskas was the first person to suggest the idea of a telephone exchange". Puskás's idea finally became a reality in 1877 in Boston. <ref>http://www.hungarian-history.hu/mszh/epuskas.htm</ref><ref>http://www.mszh.hu/English/feltalalok/puskas.html</ref><ref>http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/puskas.html</ref><ref>http://www.omikk.bme.hu/archivum/angol/htm/puskas_t.htm</ref><ref>http://www.hunreal.com/hungarian-things/known-hungarians/tivadar-puskas/</ref>  It was then that the Hungarian word "hallom" "I hear you" was used for the first time in a telephone conversation when, on hearing the voice of the person at the other end of the line, Puskás shouted "hallom".  This cannot be confirmed by any original documents, however it has passed into Hungarian modern folklore.  Hallom was shortened to [[Hello]], an older greeting that can be traced back to the Old English verb hǽlan.kiss my butt
+
+==Controversy==
+{{See also|Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell}}
+
+Bell has been widely recognized as the "inventor" of the telephone outside of Italy, where Meucci was championed as its inventor.  In the United States, there are numerous reflections of Bell as a North American icon for inventing the telephone, and the matter was for a long time non-controversial.  In June 2002, however, the [[United States House of Representatives]] passed a symbolic bill recognizing the contributions of Antonio Meucci ''"<u>in</u> the invention of the telephone"'' (not ''"<u>for</u> the invention of the telephone"''), throwing the matter into some controversy.  Ten days later the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian parliament]] countered with a symbolic motion conferring official recognition for the invention of the telephone to Bell.
+
+Champions of Meucci, of Manzetti, and of Gray have each offered fairly precise tales of a contrivance whereby Bell actively stole the invention of the telephone from their specific inventor. In the 2002 congressional resolution, it was inaccurately noted that Bell worked in a laboratory in which Meucci's materials had been stored, and claimed that Bell must thus have had access to those materials.  Manzetti claimed that Bell visited him and examined his device in 1865.  And it is alleged that Bell bribed a patent examiner, Zenas Wilber, not only into processing his application before Gray's, but allowing a look at his rival's designs before final submission.
+ 
+One of the valuable claims in Bell's 1876 patent US 174,465 was claim 4, a method of producing variable electrical current in a circuit by varying the resistance in the circuit.  That feature was not shown in any of Bell's [[patent drawing]]s, but was shown in Elisha Gray's drawings in his [[Patent caveat|caveat]] filed the same day 14 February 1876.  A description of the variable resistance feature, consisting of 7 sentences, was inserted into Bell's application.  That it was inserted is not disputed.  But when it was inserted is a controversial issue.  Bell testified that he wrote the sentences containing the variable resistance feature before 18 January 1876 "almost at the last moment" before sending his draft application to his lawyers.  A book by Evenson<ref>Evenson, pages 64-69, 86-87, 110, 194-196</ref> argues that the 7 sentences and claim 4 were inserted, without Bell's knowledge, just before Bell's application was hand carried to the Patent Office by one of Bell's lawyers on 14 February 1876.
+
+Contrary to the popular story, Gray's caveat was taken to the US Patent Office a few hours before Bell's application.  Gray's caveat was taken to the Patent Office in the morning of 14 February 1876 shortly after the Patent Office opened and remained near the bottom of the in-basket until that afternoon. Bell's application was filed shortly before noon on 14 February by Bell's lawyer who requested that the filing fee be entered immediately onto the cash receipts blotter and Bell's application was taken to the Examiner immediately.  Late in the afternoon, Gray's caveat was entered on the cash blotter and was not taken to the Examiner until the following day. The fact that Bell's filing fee was recorded earlier than Gray's led to the myth that Bell had arrived at the Patent Office earlier.<ref>Evenson, pages 68-69</ref> Bell was in Boston on 14 February and did not know this happened until later.  Gray later abandoned his caveat and that opened the door to Bell being granted US patent 174,465 for the telephone on 7 March 1876.
+
+{{see|Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy}}
+
+==Patents==
+* {{Patent|US|161739|''Transmitter and Receiver for Electric Telegraphs'' (tuned steel reeds) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[April 6]] [[1875]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|174465|''Telegraphy'' (Bell's first telephone patent) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[March 7]] [[1876]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|178399|''Telephonic Telegraphic Receiver'' (vibrating reed) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[June 6]] [[1876]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|181553|''Generating Electric Currents'' (magneto) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[August 29]] [[1876]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|186787|''Electric Telegraphy'' (permanent magnet receiver) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[January 15]] [[1877]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|201488|''Speaking Telephone'' (receiver designs) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[March 19]] [[1878]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|213090|''Electric Speaking Telephone'' (frictional transmitter) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[March 11]] [[1879]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|220791|''Telephone Circuit'' (twisted pairs of wire) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[October 21]] [[1879]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|228507|''Electric Telephone Transmitter'' (hollow ball transmitter) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[June 8]] [[1880]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|230168|''Circuit for Telephone'' by Alexander Graham Bell ([[July 20]] [[1880]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|238833|''Electric Call-Bell'' by Alexander Graham Bell ([[March 15]] [[1881]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|241184|''Telephonic Receiver'' (local battery circuit with coil) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[May 10]] [[1881]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|244426|''Telephone Circuit'' (cable of twisted pairs) by Alexander Graham Bell ([[July 19]] [[1881]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|252576|''Multiple Switch Board for Telephone Exchanges'' by Leroy Firman (Western Electric) ([[January 17]] [[1882]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|474230|''Speaking Telegraph'' (graphite transmitter) by Thomas Edison}}
+* {{Patent|US|203016|''Speaking Telephone'' (carbon button transmitter) by Thomas Edison}}
+* {{Patent|US|222390|''Carbon Telephone'' (carbon granules transmitter) by Thomas Edison}}
+* {{Patent|US|485311|''Telephone'' (solid back carbon transmitter) by Anthony C. White (Bell engineer)}}
+* {{Patent|US|597062|''Calling Device for Telephone Exchange'' (dial) by A. E. Keith ([[11 January]] [[1898]])}}
+* {{Patent|US|3449750|''Duplex Radio Communication and Signalling Appartus'' by G. H. Sweigert}}
+* {{Patent|US|3663762|''Cellular Mobile Communication System'' by Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs)}}
+* {{Patent|US|3906166|''Radio Telephone System'' (DynaTAC cell phone) by Martin Cooper et al. (Motorola)}}
+
+==See also==
+* [[Timeline of the telephone]]
+* [[History of the telephone]]
+
+==References==
+</div>
+<references/>
+
+==Bibliography==
+* Baker, Burton H. (2000), ''The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone'', Telepress, St. Joseph, MI, 2000. ISBN 0-615-11329-X
+* (fr)  Bourseul, Charles,  ''Transmission électrique de la parole'', [[L'Illustration]] (Paris), 26.08.1854
+* Bruce, Robert V. (1990), ''Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude'', Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-80149691-8
+* Coe, Lewis (1995), ''The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History'', McFarland, North Carolina, 1995. ISBN 0-7864-0138-9
+* Evenson, A. Edward (2000), ''The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy'', McFarland, North Carolina, 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0883-9
+* Gray, Charlotte, (2006) ''"Reluctant Genius: The Passionate Life and Inventive Mind of Alexander Graham Bell"'', HarperCollins, Toronto, 2006, ISBN 0002006766, ISBN 9780002006767 IBO: 621.385092;
+* Josephson, Matthew (1992), ''Edison: A Biography'', Wiley, ISBN 0-471-54806-5
+*{{Gutenberg | no=979 | name=Heroes of the Telegraph by John Munro}}
+* Shulman, Seth (2008), ''[[The Telephone Gambit]]'', Norton & Company, New York, 2008.  ISBN 978-0-393-06206-9
+* Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1883), ''Philipp Reis, Inventor of the Telephone'', London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1883.
+*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr002.html ''American Treasures of the Library of Congress'', Alexander Graham Bell - Lab notebook I, pages 40-41 (image 22)]
+*[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/4/0/13401/13401-h/13401-h.htm#13 Scientific American Supplement No. 520, [[December 19]] [[1885]]]
+*[http://www.pacificsites.com/~brooke/TelPat.shtml Telephone Patents]
+*[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c107:1:./temp/~c107LSJRsg:: HRes 269, text of 17 October 2001]
+*[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c107:2:./temp/~c107LSJRsg:: HRes 269, text of 11 June 2002]
+
+==Further reading==
+* Bethure, Brian, (2008) ''[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0013201 Did Bell Steal the Idea for the Phone?'' (Book Review)], Maclean's Magazine, February 4, 2008;
+* Shulman, Seth, (2007) [http://books.google.com/books?id=AZB6E-75K-gC&dq=Telephone+Gambit+sHULMAN&ei=E63bScKoOojUNKqLqfsC Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Graham Bell's Secret], W.W. Norton & Comp.; 1 edition, December 25, 2007), ISBN 0393062066, ISBN 978-0393062069
+
+==External links==
+* [http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/telephoneexperiments.html Alexander Bell's Experiments] - the tuning fork and liquid transmitter.
+
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Invention Of The Telephone}}
+[[Category:Telecommunications history]]
+[[Category:Telephony]]
+[[Category:Telecommunications]]
+[[Category:Technology in society]]
+[[Category:Discovery and invention controversies]]
+
+[[de:Erfindung des Telefons]]
+