whispercpp 1.3.1 → 1.3.2

data/ext/sources/examples/talk-llama/llama-context.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,2676 @@
+#include "llama-context.h"
+
+#include "llama-impl.h"
+#include "llama-io.h"
+#include "llama-mmap.h"
+#include "llama-model.h"
+#include "llama-kv-cache.h"
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <cinttypes>
+
+//
+// llama_context
+//
+
+llama_context::llama_context(
+        const llama_model & model,
+              llama_context_params params) :
+    model(model) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: constructing llama_context\n", __func__);
+
+    t_start_us = model.t_start_us;
+    t_load_us  = model.t_load_us;
+
+    const auto & hparams = model.hparams;
+
+    cparams.n_seq_max = std::max(1u, params.n_seq_max);
+    if (cparams.n_seq_max > LLAMA_MAX_PARALLEL_SEQUENCES) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("n_seq_max must be <= " + std::to_string(LLAMA_MAX_PARALLEL_SEQUENCES));
+    }
+
+    cparams.n_threads        = params.n_threads;
+    cparams.n_threads_batch  = params.n_threads_batch;
+    cparams.yarn_ext_factor  = params.yarn_ext_factor;
+    cparams.yarn_attn_factor = params.yarn_attn_factor;
+    cparams.yarn_beta_fast   = params.yarn_beta_fast;
+    cparams.yarn_beta_slow   = params.yarn_beta_slow;
+    cparams.defrag_thold     = params.defrag_thold;
+    cparams.embeddings       = params.embeddings;
+    cparams.offload_kqv      = params.offload_kqv;
+    cparams.flash_attn       = params.flash_attn;
+    cparams.no_perf          = params.no_perf;
+    cparams.pooling_type     = params.pooling_type;
+    cparams.warmup           = false;
+
+    cparams.n_ctx            = params.n_ctx           == 0    ? hparams.n_ctx_train           : params.n_ctx;
+    cparams.rope_freq_base   = params.rope_freq_base  == 0.0f ? hparams.rope_freq_base_train  : params.rope_freq_base;
+    cparams.rope_freq_scale  = params.rope_freq_scale == 0.0f ? hparams.rope_freq_scale_train : params.rope_freq_scale;
+
+    cparams.n_ctx_orig_yarn  = params.yarn_orig_ctx    != 0 ? params.yarn_orig_ctx    :
+                               hparams.n_ctx_orig_yarn != 0 ? hparams.n_ctx_orig_yarn :
+                                                              hparams.n_ctx_train;
+
+    cparams.cb_eval           = params.cb_eval;
+    cparams.cb_eval_user_data = params.cb_eval_user_data;
+
+    auto rope_scaling_type = params.rope_scaling_type;
+    if (rope_scaling_type == LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED) {
+        rope_scaling_type = hparams.rope_scaling_type_train;
+    }
+
+    if (rope_scaling_type == LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_NONE) {
+        cparams.rope_freq_scale = 1.0f; // never scale if scaling type is none
+    }
+
+    if (cparams.yarn_ext_factor < 0.0f) { // negative indicates 'not set'
+        cparams.yarn_ext_factor = rope_scaling_type == LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_YARN ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    cparams.yarn_attn_factor *= hparams.rope_attn_factor;
+
+    if (cparams.pooling_type == LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED) {
+        if (hparams.pooling_type == LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED) {
+            cparams.pooling_type = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE;
+        } else {
+            cparams.pooling_type = hparams.pooling_type;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (params.attention_type == LLAMA_ATTENTION_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED) {
+        cparams.causal_attn = hparams.causal_attn;
+    } else {
+        cparams.causal_attn = params.attention_type == LLAMA_ATTENTION_TYPE_CAUSAL;
+    }
+
+    // with causal attention, the batch size is limited by the context size
+    cparams.n_batch = cparams.causal_attn ? std::min(cparams.n_ctx, params.n_batch) : params.n_batch;
+
+    // the batch has to be at least GGML_KQ_MASK_PAD because we will be padding the KQ_mask
+    // this is required by GPU kernels in order to avoid out-of-bounds accesses (e.g. ggml_flash_attn_ext)
+    // ref: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/5021
+    // TODO: this padding is not needed for the cache-less context so we should probably move it to llama_context_kv_self
+    if (cparams.n_batch < GGML_KQ_MASK_PAD) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: n_batch is less than GGML_KQ_MASK_PAD - increasing to %d\n", __func__, GGML_KQ_MASK_PAD);
+        cparams.n_batch = GGML_KQ_MASK_PAD;
+    }
+
+    cparams.n_ubatch = std::min(cparams.n_batch, params.n_ubatch == 0 ? params.n_batch : params.n_ubatch);
+
+    cparams.op_offload = params.op_offload;
+
+    const uint32_t n_ctx_per_seq = cparams.n_ctx / cparams.n_seq_max;
+
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_seq_max     = %u\n",   __func__, cparams.n_seq_max);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_ctx         = %u\n",   __func__, cparams.n_ctx);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_ctx_per_seq = %u\n",   __func__, n_ctx_per_seq);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_batch       = %u\n",   __func__, cparams.n_batch);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: n_ubatch      = %u\n",   __func__, cparams.n_ubatch);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: causal_attn   = %d\n",   __func__, cparams.causal_attn);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: flash_attn    = %d\n",   __func__, cparams.flash_attn);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: freq_base     = %.1f\n", __func__, cparams.rope_freq_base);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: freq_scale    = %g\n",   __func__, cparams.rope_freq_scale);
+
+    if (n_ctx_per_seq < hparams.n_ctx_train) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: n_ctx_per_seq (%u) < n_ctx_train (%u) -- the full capacity of the model will not be utilized\n",
+                __func__, n_ctx_per_seq, hparams.n_ctx_train);
+    }
+
+    if (n_ctx_per_seq > hparams.n_ctx_train) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: n_ctx_per_seq (%u) > n_ctx_train (%u) -- possible training context overflow\n",
+                __func__, n_ctx_per_seq, hparams.n_ctx_train);
+    }
+
+    if (!hparams.vocab_only) {
+        // GPU backends
+        for (auto * dev : model.devices) {
+            ggml_backend_t backend = ggml_backend_dev_init(dev, nullptr);
+            if (backend == nullptr) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("failed to initialize %s backend", ggml_backend_dev_name(dev)));
+            }
+            backends.emplace_back(backend);
+        }
+
+        // add ACCEL backends (such as BLAS)
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < ggml_backend_dev_count(); ++i) {
+            ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_dev_get(i);
+            if (ggml_backend_dev_type(dev) == GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_ACCEL) {
+                ggml_backend_t backend = ggml_backend_dev_init(dev, nullptr);
+                if (backend == nullptr) {
+                    throw std::runtime_error(format("failed to initialize %s backend", ggml_backend_dev_name(dev)));
+                }
+                backends.emplace_back(backend);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // add CPU backend
+        backend_cpu = ggml_backend_init_by_type(GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU, nullptr);
+        if (backend_cpu == nullptr) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("failed to initialize CPU backend");
+        }
+        backends.emplace_back(backend_cpu);
+
+        // create a list of the set_n_threads functions in the backends
+        for (auto & backend : backends) {
+            ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_get_device(backend.get());
+            ggml_backend_reg_t reg = dev ? ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(dev) : nullptr;
+            if (reg) {
+                auto ggml_backend_set_n_threads_fn = (ggml_backend_set_n_threads_t) ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, "ggml_backend_set_n_threads");
+                if (ggml_backend_set_n_threads_fn) {
+                    set_n_threads_fns.emplace_back(backend.get(), ggml_backend_set_n_threads_fn);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        llama_set_abort_callback(this, params.abort_callback, params.abort_callback_data);
+
+        // graph outputs buffer
+        {
+            // resized during inference when a batch uses more outputs
+            if ((uint32_t) output_reserve(params.n_seq_max) < params.n_seq_max) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("failed to reserve initial output buffer");
+            }
+
+            LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: %10s  output buffer size = %8.2f MiB\n", __func__,
+                    ggml_backend_buffer_name    (buf_output.get()),
+                    ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(buf_output.get()) / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // init the memory module
+    if (!hparams.vocab_only) {
+        llama_memory_params params_mem = {
+            /*.type_k   =*/ params.type_k,
+            /*.type_v   =*/ params.type_v,
+            /*.swa_full =*/ params.swa_full,
+        };
+
+        memory.reset(model.create_memory(params_mem, cparams));
+    }
+
+    // init backends
+    if (!hparams.vocab_only) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: enumerating backends\n", __func__);
+
+        backend_buft.clear();
+        backend_ptrs.clear();
+
+        for (auto & backend : backends) {
+            auto * buft = ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(backend.get());
+            auto backend_type = ggml_backend_dev_type(ggml_backend_get_device(backend.get()));
+
+            if (backend_type == GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU && !model.devices.empty()) {
+                // use the host buffer of the first device CPU for faster transfer of the intermediate state
+                auto * dev = model.devices[0];
+                auto * host_buft = ggml_backend_dev_host_buffer_type(dev);
+                if (host_buft) {
+                    buft = host_buft;
+                }
+            }
+
+            backend_buft.push_back(buft);
+            backend_ptrs.push_back(backend.get());
+        }
+
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: backend_ptrs.size() = %zu\n", __func__, backend_ptrs.size());
+
+        const size_t max_nodes = this->graph_max_nodes();
+
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: max_nodes = %zu\n", __func__, max_nodes);
+
+        // buffer used to store the computation graph and the tensor meta data
+        buf_compute_meta.resize(ggml_tensor_overhead()*max_nodes + ggml_graph_overhead_custom(max_nodes, false));
+
+        // TODO: move these checks to ggml_backend_sched
+        // enabling pipeline parallelism in the scheduler increases memory usage, so it is only done when necessary
+        bool pipeline_parallel =
+            model.n_devices() > 1 &&
+            model.params.n_gpu_layers > (int) model.hparams.n_layer &&
+            model.params.split_mode == LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER &&
+            cparams.offload_kqv &&
+            !model.has_tensor_overrides();
+
+        // pipeline parallelism requires support for async compute and events in all devices
+        if (pipeline_parallel) {
+            for (auto & backend : backends) {
+                auto dev_type = ggml_backend_dev_type(ggml_backend_get_device(backend.get()));
+                if (dev_type == GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU) {
+                    // ignore CPU backend
+                    continue;
+                }
+                auto * dev = ggml_backend_get_device(backend.get());
+                ggml_backend_dev_props props;
+                ggml_backend_dev_get_props(dev, &props);
+                if (!props.caps.async || !props.caps.events) {
+                    // device does not support async compute or events
+                    pipeline_parallel = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        sched.reset(ggml_backend_sched_new(backend_ptrs.data(), backend_buft.data(), backend_ptrs.size(), max_nodes, pipeline_parallel, cparams.op_offload));
+
+        if (pipeline_parallel) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: pipeline parallelism enabled (n_copies=%d)\n", __func__, ggml_backend_sched_get_n_copies(sched.get()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // reserve worst-case graph
+    if (!hparams.vocab_only && memory) {
+        const uint32_t n_seqs = 1; // TODO: worst-case number of sequences
+        const uint32_t n_tokens = std::min(cparams.n_ctx, cparams.n_ubatch);
+
+        llama_token token = model.vocab.token_bos(); // not actually used by llama_build_graph, but required to choose between token and embedding inputs graph
+
+        // restore later
+        // TODO: something cleaner
+        const auto n_outputs_save = n_outputs;
+
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: worst-case: n_tokens = %d, n_seqs = %d, n_outputs = %d\n", __func__, n_tokens, n_seqs, n_outputs);
+
+        int n_splits_pp = -1;
+        int n_nodes_pp  = -1;
+
+        int n_splits_tg = -1;
+        int n_nodes_tg  = -1;
+
+        // simulate full KV cache
+        llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+
+        kv_self->set_full();
+
+        cross.v_embd.clear();
+
+        // reserve pp graph first so that buffers are only allocated once
+        {
+            llama_ubatch ubatch_pp = { true, n_tokens, n_tokens / n_seqs, n_seqs, &token, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr};
+
+            // max number of outputs
+            n_outputs = ubatch_pp.n_tokens;
+
+            LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: reserving graph for n_tokens = %d, n_seqs = %d\n", __func__, ubatch_pp.n_tokens, ubatch_pp.n_seqs);
+
+            auto * gf = graph_init();
+            graph_build(ctx_compute.get(), gf, ubatch_pp, LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DEFAULT);
+
+            if (!ggml_backend_sched_reserve(sched.get(), gf)) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate compute pp buffers");
+            }
+
+            n_splits_pp = ggml_backend_sched_get_n_splits(sched.get());
+            n_nodes_pp  = ggml_graph_n_nodes(gf);
+        }
+
+        // reserve with tg graph to get the number of splits and nodes
+        {
+            llama_ubatch ubatch_tg = { true, 1, 1, n_seqs, &token, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr};
+
+            n_outputs = ubatch_tg.n_tokens;
+
+            LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: reserving graph for n_tokens = %d, n_seqs = %d\n", __func__, ubatch_tg.n_tokens, ubatch_tg.n_seqs);
+
+            auto * gf = graph_init();
+            graph_build(ctx_compute.get(), gf, ubatch_tg, LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DEFAULT);
+
+            if (!ggml_backend_sched_reserve(sched.get(), gf)) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate compute tg buffers");
+            }
+
+            n_splits_tg = ggml_backend_sched_get_n_splits(sched.get());
+            n_nodes_tg  = ggml_graph_n_nodes(gf);
+        }
+
+        // reserve again with pp graph to avoid ggml-alloc reallocations during inference
+        {
+            llama_ubatch ubatch_pp = { true, n_tokens, n_tokens / n_seqs, n_seqs, &token, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr};
+
+            n_outputs = ubatch_pp.n_tokens;
+
+            LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: reserving graph for n_tokens = %d, n_seqs = %d\n", __func__, ubatch_pp.n_tokens, ubatch_pp.n_seqs);
+
+            auto * gf = graph_init();
+            graph_build(ctx_compute.get(), gf, ubatch_pp, LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DEFAULT);
+
+            if (!ggml_backend_sched_reserve(sched.get(), gf)) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate compute pp buffers");
+            }
+        }
+
+        n_outputs = n_outputs_save;
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < backend_ptrs.size(); ++i) {
+            ggml_backend_t             backend = backend_ptrs[i];
+            ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft    = backend_buft[i];
+            size_t size = ggml_backend_sched_get_buffer_size(sched.get(), backend);
+            if (size > 1) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: %10s compute buffer size = %8.2f MiB\n", __func__,
+                        ggml_backend_buft_name(buft),
+                        size / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (n_nodes_pp == n_nodes_tg) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: graph nodes  = %d\n", __func__, n_nodes_pp);
+        } else {
+            LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: graph nodes  = %d (with bs=%d), %d (with bs=1)\n", __func__, n_nodes_pp, n_tokens, n_nodes_tg);
+        }
+
+        if (n_splits_pp == n_splits_tg) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: graph splits = %d\n", __func__, n_splits_pp);
+        } else {
+            LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: graph splits = %d (with bs=%d), %d (with bs=1)\n", __func__, n_splits_pp, n_tokens, n_splits_tg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+llama_context::~llama_context() {
+    ggml_opt_free(opt_ctx);
+}
+
+void llama_context::synchronize() {
+    ggml_backend_sched_synchronize(sched.get());
+
+    // FIXME: if multiple single tokens are evaluated without a synchronization,
+    // the stats will be added to the prompt evaluation stats
+    // this should only happen when using batch size 1 to evaluate a batch
+
+    // add the evaluation to the stats
+    if (n_queued_tokens == 1) {
+        if (!cparams.no_perf) {
+            t_eval_us += ggml_time_us() - t_compute_start_us;
+        }
+        n_eval++;
+    } else if (n_queued_tokens > 1) {
+        if (!cparams.no_perf) {
+            t_p_eval_us += ggml_time_us() - t_compute_start_us;
+        }
+        n_p_eval += n_queued_tokens;
+    }
+
+    // get a more accurate load time, upon first eval
+    if (n_queued_tokens > 0 && !has_evaluated_once) {
+        t_load_us = ggml_time_us() - t_start_us;
+        has_evaluated_once = true;
+    }
+
+    n_queued_tokens = 0;
+    t_compute_start_us = 0;
+}
+
+const llama_model & llama_context::get_model() const {
+    return model;
+}
+
+const llama_cparams & llama_context::get_cparams() const {
+    return cparams;
+}
+
+ggml_backend_sched_t llama_context::get_sched() const {
+    return sched.get();
+}
+
+ggml_context * llama_context::get_ctx_compute() const {
+    return ctx_compute.get();
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_context::n_ctx() const {
+    return cparams.n_ctx;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_context::n_ctx_per_seq() const {
+    return cparams.n_ctx / cparams.n_seq_max;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_context::n_batch() const {
+    return cparams.n_batch;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_context::n_ubatch() const {
+    return cparams.n_ubatch;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_context::n_seq_max() const {
+    return cparams.n_seq_max;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_context::n_threads() const {
+    return cparams.n_threads;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_context::n_threads_batch() const {
+    return cparams.n_threads_batch;
+}
+
+llama_kv_cache * llama_context::get_kv_self() {
+    llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+    return kv_self;
+}
+
+const llama_kv_cache * llama_context::get_kv_self() const {
+    llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+    return kv_self;
+}
+
+void llama_context::kv_self_update() {
+    bool need_reserve = false;
+
+    llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+
+    need_reserve = kv_self->update(*this);
+
+    // reserve a worst case graph if needed
+    if (need_reserve) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: reserving a worst case graph\n", __func__);
+
+        // build worst-case graph
+        uint32_t n_seqs = 1; // TODO: worst-case number of sequences
+        uint32_t n_tokens = std::min(cparams.n_ctx, cparams.n_ubatch);
+
+        // simulate full KV cache
+        kv_self->set_full();
+
+        llama_token token = model.vocab.token_bos(); // not actually used by llama_build_graph, but required to choose between token and embedding inputs graph
+        llama_ubatch ubatch = { true, n_tokens, n_tokens / n_seqs, n_seqs, &token, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr};
+
+        auto * gf = graph_init();
+        graph_build(ctx_compute.get(), gf, ubatch, LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DEFAULT);
+
+        // initialize scheduler with the worst-case graph
+        ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched.get());
+        if (!ggml_backend_sched_reserve(sched.get(), gf)) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to allocate compute buffers\n", __func__);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum llama_pooling_type llama_context::pooling_type() const {
+    return cparams.pooling_type;
+}
+
+float * llama_context::get_logits() {
+    return logits;
+}
+
+float * llama_context::get_logits_ith(int32_t i) {
+    int32_t j = -1;
+
+    try {
+        if (logits == nullptr) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("no logits");
+        }
+
+        if (i < 0) {
+            j = n_outputs + i;
+            if (j < 0) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("negative index out of range [0, %d)", n_outputs));
+            }
+        } else if ((size_t) i >= output_ids.size()) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(format("out of range [0, %zu)", output_ids.size()));
+        } else {
+            j = output_ids[i];
+        }
+
+        if (j < 0) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(format("batch.logits[%d] != true", i));
+        }
+        if (j >= n_outputs) {
+            // This should not happen
+            throw std::runtime_error(format("corrupt output buffer (j=%d, n_outputs=%d)", j, n_outputs));
+        }
+
+        return logits + j*model.vocab.n_tokens();
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid logits id %d, reason: %s\n", __func__, i, err.what());
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+#else
+        return nullptr;
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+float * llama_context::get_embeddings() {
+    return embd;
+}
+
+float * llama_context::get_embeddings_ith(int32_t i) {
+    int32_t j = -1;
+
+    try {
+        if (embd == nullptr) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("no embeddings");
+        }
+
+        if (i < 0) {
+            j = n_outputs + i;
+            if (j < 0) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format("negative index out of range [0, %d)", n_outputs));
+            }
+        } else if ((size_t) i >= output_ids.size()) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(format("out of range [0, %zu)", output_ids.size()));
+        } else {
+            j = output_ids[i];
+        }
+
+        if (j < 0) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(format("batch.logits[%d] != true", i));
+        }
+        if (j >= n_outputs) {
+            // This should not happen
+            throw std::runtime_error(format("corrupt output buffer (j=%d, n_outputs=%d)", j, n_outputs));
+        }
+
+        return embd + j*model.hparams.n_embd;
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid embeddings id %d, reason: %s\n", __func__, i, err.what());
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+#else
+        return nullptr;
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+float * llama_context::get_embeddings_seq(llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    auto it = embd_seq.find(seq_id);
+    if (it == embd_seq.end()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return it->second.data();
+}
+
+void llama_context::attach_threadpool(
+           ggml_threadpool_t threadpool,
+           ggml_threadpool_t threadpool_batch) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: call\n", __func__);
+
+    this->threadpool       = threadpool;
+    this->threadpool_batch = threadpool_batch ? threadpool_batch : threadpool;
+}
+
+void llama_context::detach_threadpool() {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: call\n", __func__);
+
+    this->threadpool       = nullptr;
+    this->threadpool_batch = nullptr;
+}
+
+void llama_context::set_n_threads(int32_t n_threads, int32_t n_threads_batch) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: n_threads = %d, n_threads_batch = %d\n", __func__, n_threads, n_threads_batch);
+
+    cparams.n_threads       = n_threads;
+    cparams.n_threads_batch = n_threads_batch;
+}
+
+void llama_context::set_abort_callback(bool (*abort_callback)(void * data), void * abort_callback_data) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: call\n", __func__);
+
+    this->abort_callback      = abort_callback;
+    this->abort_callback_data = abort_callback_data;
+
+    for (auto & backend : backends) {
+        auto * reg = ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(ggml_backend_get_device(backend.get()));
+        auto * set_abort_callback_fn = (ggml_backend_set_abort_callback_t) ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, "ggml_backend_set_abort_callback");
+        if (set_abort_callback_fn) {
+            set_abort_callback_fn(backend.get(), this->abort_callback, this->abort_callback_data);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_context::set_embeddings(bool value) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: value = %d\n", __func__, value);
+
+    cparams.embeddings = value;
+}
+
+void llama_context::set_causal_attn(bool value) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: value = %d\n", __func__, value);
+
+    cparams.causal_attn = value;
+}
+
+void llama_context::set_warmup(bool value) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: value = %d\n", __func__, value);
+
+    cparams.warmup = value;
+}
+
+void llama_context::set_adapter_lora(
+            llama_adapter_lora * adapter,
+            float scale) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: adapter = %p, scale = %f\n", __func__, (void *) adapter, scale);
+
+    loras[adapter] = scale;
+}
+
+bool llama_context::rm_adapter_lora(
+            llama_adapter_lora * adapter) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: adapter = %p\n", __func__, (void *) adapter);
+
+    auto pos = loras.find(adapter);
+    if (pos != loras.end()) {
+        loras.erase(pos);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+void llama_context::clear_adapter_lora() {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: call\n", __func__);
+
+    loras.clear();
+}
+
+bool llama_context::apply_adapter_cvec(
+            const float * data,
+                 size_t   len,
+                int32_t   n_embd,
+                int32_t   il_start,
+                int32_t   il_end) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: il_start = %d, il_end = %d\n", __func__, il_start, il_end);
+
+    return cvec.apply(model, data, len, n_embd, il_start, il_end);
+}
+
+int llama_context::encode(llama_batch & inp_batch) {
+    if (inp_batch.n_tokens == 0) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: n_tokens == 0\n", __func__);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // temporary allocate memory for the input batch if needed
+    // note: during encode, we always pass the full sequence starting from pos = 0
+    llama_batch_allocr batch_allocr(inp_batch, inp_batch.pos ? -1 : 0);
+
+    const llama_batch & batch = batch_allocr.batch;
+    const int32_t n_tokens = batch.n_tokens;
+
+    const auto & hparams = model.hparams;
+
+    GGML_ASSERT((!batch.token && batch.embd) || (batch.token && !batch.embd)); // NOLINT
+
+    // TODO: move the validation to the llama_batch_allocr
+    if (batch.token) {
+        for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
+            if (batch.token[i] < 0 || (uint32_t) batch.token[i] >= model.vocab.n_tokens()) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid token[%d] = %d\n", __func__, i, batch.token[i]);
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            if (batch.seq_id && (batch.seq_id[i][0] < 0 || batch.seq_id[i][0] >= LLAMA_MAX_PARALLEL_SEQUENCES)) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid seq_id[%d] = %d > %d\n", __func__, i, batch.seq_id[i][0], LLAMA_MAX_PARALLEL_SEQUENCES);
+                throw -1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // micro-batching is not possible for non-causal encoding, so we process the batch in a single shot
+    GGML_ASSERT(cparams.n_ubatch >= (uint32_t) n_tokens && "encoder requires n_ubatch >= n_tokens");
+
+    if (t_compute_start_us == 0) {
+        t_compute_start_us = ggml_time_us();
+    }
+
+    embd_seq.clear();
+
+    n_queued_tokens += n_tokens;
+
+    const int64_t n_embd = hparams.n_embd;
+
+    llama_sbatch sbatch = llama_sbatch(batch, n_embd, /* simple_split */ true, /* logits_all */ true);
+
+    const llama_ubatch ubatch = sbatch.split_simple(n_tokens);
+
+    // reserve output buffer
+    if (output_reserve(n_tokens) < n_tokens) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: could not reserve space for batch with %u outputs\n", __func__, n_tokens);
+        return -2;
+    };
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
+        output_ids[i] = i;
+    }
+
+    n_outputs = n_tokens;
+
+    //batch_manager->prepare(ubatch);
+
+    ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched.get());
+    ggml_backend_sched_set_eval_callback(sched.get(), cparams.cb_eval, cparams.cb_eval_user_data);
+
+    const auto causal_attn_org = cparams.causal_attn;
+
+    // always use non-causal attention for encoder graphs
+    // TODO: this is a tmp solution until we have a proper way to support enc-dec models
+    //       ref: https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/pull/12181#issuecomment-2730451223
+    cparams.causal_attn = false;
+
+    auto * gf = graph_init();
+    auto res = graph_build(ctx_compute.get(), gf, ubatch, LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_ENCODER);
+
+    ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(sched.get(), gf);
+
+    res->set_inputs(&ubatch);
+
+    cparams.causal_attn = causal_attn_org;
+
+    const auto compute_status = graph_compute(gf, n_tokens > 1);
+    switch (compute_status) {
+        case GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS:
+            break;
+        case GGML_STATUS_ABORTED:
+            return 2;
+        case GGML_STATUS_ALLOC_FAILED:
+            return -2;
+        case GGML_STATUS_FAILED:
+        default:
+            return -3;
+    }
+
+    auto * t_embd = res->get_embd_pooled() ? res->get_embd_pooled() : res->get_embd();
+
+    // extract embeddings
+    if (t_embd) {
+        ggml_backend_t backend_embd = ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(sched.get(), t_embd);
+        GGML_ASSERT(backend_embd != nullptr);
+
+        switch (cparams.pooling_type) {
+            case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE:
+                {
+                    // extract token embeddings
+                    GGML_ASSERT(embd != nullptr);
+
+                    GGML_ASSERT(n_tokens*n_embd <= (int64_t) embd_size);
+                    ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(backend_embd, t_embd, embd, 0, n_tokens*n_embd*sizeof(float));
+                } break;
+            case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_MEAN:
+            case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_CLS:
+            case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_LAST:
+                {
+                    // extract sequence embeddings
+                    auto & embd_seq_out = embd_seq;
+                    embd_seq_out.clear();
+
+                    GGML_ASSERT(!ubatch.equal_seqs); // TODO: handle equal splits
+
+                    for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; i++) {
+                        const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[i][0];
+                        if (embd_seq_out.find(seq_id) != embd_seq_out.end()) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        embd_seq_out[seq_id].resize(n_embd);
+                        ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(backend_embd, t_embd, embd_seq_out[seq_id].data(), (n_embd*seq_id)*sizeof(float), n_embd*sizeof(float));
+                    }
+                } break;
+            case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK:
+                {
+                    // extract the rerank score - a single float per sequence
+                    auto & embd_seq_out = embd_seq;
+
+                    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < ubatch.n_seqs; ++s) {
+                        const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[s][0];
+                        if (embd_seq_out.find(seq_id) != embd_seq_out.end()) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        embd_seq_out[seq_id].resize(1);
+                        ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(backend_embd, t_embd, embd_seq_out[seq_id].data(), (seq_id)*sizeof(float), sizeof(float));
+                    }
+                } break;
+            case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED:
+                {
+                    GGML_ABORT("unknown pooling type");
+                }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Reset state for the next token before backend sync, to allow the CPU activities in the reset to
+    // overlap with device computation.
+    ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched.get());
+
+    // TODO: hacky solution
+    if (model.arch == LLM_ARCH_T5 && t_embd) {
+        //cross.t_embd = t_embd;
+
+        synchronize();
+
+        cross.n_embd = t_embd->ne[0];
+        cross.n_enc  = t_embd->ne[1];
+        cross.v_embd.resize(cross.n_embd*cross.n_enc);
+        memcpy(cross.v_embd.data(), embd, ggml_nbytes(t_embd));
+
+        // remember the sequence ids used during the encoding - needed for cross attention later
+        cross.seq_ids_enc.resize(n_tokens);
+        for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; i++) {
+            cross.seq_ids_enc[i].clear();
+            for (int s = 0; s < ubatch.n_seq_id[i]; s++) {
+                llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[i][s];
+                cross.seq_ids_enc[i].insert(seq_id);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int llama_context::decode(llama_batch & inp_batch) {
+    if (!memory) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: cannot decode batches with this context (calling encode() instead)\n", __func__);
+        return encode(inp_batch);
+    }
+
+    if (inp_batch.n_tokens == 0) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: n_tokens == 0\n", __func__);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (!inp_batch.pos) {
+        if (inp_batch.seq_id) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: pos == NULL, but seq_id != NULL\n", __func__);
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+
+    // temporary allocate memory for the input batch if needed
+    llama_batch_allocr batch_allocr(inp_batch, inp_batch.pos ? -1 : kv_self->seq_pos_max(0) + 1);
+
+    const llama_batch & batch = batch_allocr.batch;
+
+    const auto & vocab   = model.vocab;
+    const auto & hparams = model.hparams;
+
+    const int32_t n_vocab = vocab.n_tokens();
+
+    const int64_t n_tokens_all = batch.n_tokens;
+    const int64_t n_embd       = hparams.n_embd;
+
+    llama_kv_cache_guard kv_guard(kv_self);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT((!batch.token && batch.embd) || (batch.token && !batch.embd)); // NOLINT
+
+    // TODO: move the validation to the llama_batch_allocr
+    if (batch.token) {
+        for (int64_t i = 0; i < n_tokens_all; ++i) {
+            if (batch.token[i] < 0 || (uint32_t) batch.token[i] >= model.vocab.n_tokens()) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid token[%" PRId64 "] = %d\n", __func__, i, batch.token[i]);
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            if (batch.seq_id && (batch.seq_id[i][0] < 0 || batch.seq_id[i][0] >= LLAMA_MAX_PARALLEL_SEQUENCES)) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: invalid seq_id[%" PRId64 "] = %d >= %d\n", __func__, i, batch.seq_id[i][0], LLAMA_MAX_PARALLEL_SEQUENCES);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(n_tokens_all <= cparams.n_batch);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT((cparams.causal_attn || cparams.n_ubatch >= n_tokens_all) && "non-causal attention requires n_ubatch >= n_tokens");
+
+    if (t_compute_start_us == 0) {
+        t_compute_start_us = ggml_time_us();
+    }
+    n_queued_tokens += n_tokens_all;
+
+    // this indicates we are doing pooled embedding, so we ignore batch.logits and output all tokens
+    const bool embd_pooled = cparams.embeddings && cparams.pooling_type != LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE;
+
+    embd_seq.clear();
+
+    int64_t n_outputs_all = 0;
+
+    // count outputs
+    if (batch.logits && !embd_pooled) {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n_tokens_all; ++i) {
+            n_outputs_all += batch.logits[i] != 0;
+        }
+    } else if (embd_pooled) {
+        n_outputs_all = n_tokens_all;
+    } else {
+        // keep last output only
+        n_outputs_all = 1;
+    }
+
+    llama_sbatch sbatch = kv_self->sbatch_init(batch, /* logits_all */ n_outputs_all == n_tokens_all);
+
+    // reserve output buffer
+    if (output_reserve(n_outputs_all) < n_outputs_all) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: could not reserve space for batch with %" PRId64 " outputs\n", __func__, n_outputs_all);
+        return -2;
+    };
+
+    // handle any pending defrags/shifts
+    kv_self_update();
+
+    int64_t n_outputs_prev = 0;
+
+    while (sbatch.n_tokens > 0) {
+        llama_ubatch ubatch = kv_self->ubatch_next(sbatch, cparams.n_ubatch, embd_pooled);
+
+        // count the outputs in this u_batch
+        {
+            int32_t n_outputs_new = 0;
+
+            if (n_outputs_all == n_tokens_all) {
+                n_outputs_new = ubatch.n_tokens;
+            } else {
+                GGML_ASSERT(ubatch.output);
+                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ubatch.n_tokens; i++) {
+                    n_outputs_new += (int32_t) (ubatch.output[i] != 0);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // needs to happen before the graph is built
+            n_outputs = n_outputs_new;
+        }
+
+        // find KV slot
+        if (!kv_self->find_slot(ubatch)) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched.get());
+        ggml_backend_sched_set_eval_callback(sched.get(), cparams.cb_eval, cparams.cb_eval_user_data);
+
+        auto * gf = graph_init();
+        auto res = graph_build(ctx_compute.get(), gf, ubatch, LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DECODER);
+
+        // LLAMA_LOG_INFO("graph build time: %.3f ms (%d nodes, %d leafs)\n", (ggml_time_us() - t_start_us)/1000.0, gf->n_nodes, gf->n_leafs);
+
+        ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(sched.get(), gf);
+
+        res->set_inputs(&ubatch);
+
+        const auto compute_status = graph_compute(gf, ubatch.n_tokens > 1);
+        if (compute_status != GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+            switch (compute_status) {
+                case GGML_STATUS_ABORTED:
+                    return 2;
+                case GGML_STATUS_ALLOC_FAILED:
+                    return -2;
+                case GGML_STATUS_FAILED:
+                default:
+                    return -3;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // plot the computation graph in dot format (for debugging purposes)
+        //if (n_past%100 == 0) {
+        //    ggml_graph_dump_dot(gf, NULL, "llama.dot");
+        //}
+
+        auto * t_logits = cparams.embeddings ? nullptr         : res->get_logits();
+        auto * t_embd   = cparams.embeddings ? res->get_embd() : nullptr;
+
+        if (t_embd && res->get_embd_pooled()) {
+            t_embd = res->get_embd_pooled();
+        }
+
+        // extract logits
+        if (t_logits && n_outputs > 0) {
+            ggml_backend_t backend_res = ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(sched.get(), t_logits);
+            GGML_ASSERT(backend_res != nullptr);
+            GGML_ASSERT(logits != nullptr);
+
+            float * logits_out = logits + n_outputs_prev*n_vocab;
+
+            if (n_outputs) {
+                GGML_ASSERT( n_outputs_prev + n_outputs <= n_outputs_all);
+                GGML_ASSERT((n_outputs_prev + n_outputs)*n_vocab <= (int64_t) logits_size);
+                ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(backend_res, t_logits, logits_out, 0, n_outputs*n_vocab*sizeof(float));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // extract embeddings
+        if (t_embd && n_outputs > 0) {
+            ggml_backend_t backend_embd = ggml_backend_sched_get_tensor_backend(sched.get(), t_embd);
+            GGML_ASSERT(backend_embd != nullptr);
+
+            switch (cparams.pooling_type) {
+                case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE:
+                    {
+                        // extract token embeddings
+                        GGML_ASSERT(embd != nullptr);
+                        float * embd_out = embd + n_outputs_prev*n_embd;
+
+                        if (n_outputs) {
+                            GGML_ASSERT( n_outputs_prev + n_outputs <= n_outputs_all);
+                            GGML_ASSERT((n_outputs_prev + n_outputs)*n_embd <= (int64_t) embd_size);
+                            ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(backend_embd, t_embd, embd_out, 0, n_outputs*n_embd*sizeof(float));
+                        }
+                    } break;
+                case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_MEAN:
+                case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_CLS:
+                case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_LAST:
+                    {
+                        // extract sequence embeddings (cleared before processing each batch)
+                        auto & embd_seq_out = embd_seq;
+
+                        for (uint32_t s = 0; s < ubatch.n_seqs; ++s) {
+                            const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[s][0];
+                            if (embd_seq_out.find(seq_id) != embd_seq_out.end()) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            embd_seq_out[seq_id].resize(n_embd);
+                            ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(backend_embd, t_embd, embd_seq_out[seq_id].data(), (n_embd*seq_id)*sizeof(float), n_embd*sizeof(float));
+                        }
+                    } break;
+                case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_RANK:
+                    {
+                        // extract the rerank score - a single float per sequence
+                        auto & embd_seq_out = embd_seq;
+
+                        for (uint32_t s = 0; s < ubatch.n_seqs; ++s) {
+                            const llama_seq_id seq_id = ubatch.seq_id[s][0];
+                            if (embd_seq_out.find(seq_id) != embd_seq_out.end()) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            embd_seq_out[seq_id].resize(1);
+                            ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(backend_embd, t_embd, embd_seq_out[seq_id].data(), (seq_id)*sizeof(float), sizeof(float));
+                        }
+                    } break;
+                case LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED:
+                    {
+                        GGML_ABORT("unknown pooling type");
+                    }
+            }
+        }
+
+        n_outputs_prev += n_outputs;
+    }
+
+    // finalize the batch processing
+    kv_guard.commit();
+
+    // set to total number of outputs in the batch, for use in llama_get_logits_ith
+    n_outputs = n_outputs_all;
+
+    // set output mappings
+    {
+        bool sorted_output = true;
+
+        auto & out_ids = sbatch.out_ids;
+
+        GGML_ASSERT(out_ids.size() == (size_t) n_outputs_all);
+
+        for (int64_t i = 0; i < n_outputs_all; ++i) {
+            int64_t out_id = out_ids[i];
+            output_ids[out_id] = i;
+            if (out_id != i) {
+                sorted_output = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // make the outputs have the same order they had in the user-provided batch
+        // note: this is mostly relevant for recurrent models atm
+        if (!sorted_output) {
+            const uint32_t n_vocab = model.vocab.n_tokens();
+            const uint32_t n_embd  = model.hparams.n_embd;
+
+            GGML_ASSERT((size_t) n_outputs == out_ids.size());
+
+            // TODO: is there something more efficient which also minimizes swaps?
+            // selection sort, to minimize swaps (from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_sort)
+            for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_outputs - 1; ++i) {
+                int32_t j_min = i;
+                for (int32_t j = i + 1; j < n_outputs; ++j) {
+                    if (out_ids[j] < out_ids[j_min]) {
+                        j_min = j;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (j_min == i) { continue; }
+                std::swap(out_ids[i], out_ids[j_min]);
+                if (logits_size > 0) {
+                    for (uint32_t k = 0; k < n_vocab; k++) {
+                        std::swap(logits[i*n_vocab + k], logits[j_min*n_vocab + k]);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (embd_size > 0) {
+                    for (uint32_t k = 0; k < n_embd; k++) {
+                        std::swap(embd[i*n_embd + k], embd[j_min*n_embd + k]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            std::fill(output_ids.begin(), output_ids.end(), -1);
+            for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_outputs; ++i) {
+                output_ids[out_ids[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // wait for the computation to finish (automatically done when obtaining the model output)
+    //synchronize();
+
+    // decide if we need to defrag the kv cache
+    if (cparams.defrag_thold > 0.0f) {
+        kv_self->defrag_sched(cparams.defrag_thold);
+    }
+
+    // Reset state for the next token before backend sync, to allow the CPU activities in the reset to
+    // overlap with device computation.
+    ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched.get());
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+//
+// output
+//
+
+int32_t llama_context::output_reserve(int32_t n_outputs) {
+    const auto & hparams = model.hparams;
+    const auto & vocab   = model.vocab;
+
+    const int64_t n_outputs_max = std::max<int64_t>(n_outputs, n_seq_max());
+
+    const auto n_batch = cparams.n_batch;
+    const auto n_vocab = vocab.n_tokens();
+    const auto n_embd  = hparams.n_embd;
+
+    // TODO: use a per-batch flag for logits presence instead
+    bool has_logits = !cparams.embeddings;
+    bool has_embd   =  cparams.embeddings && (cparams.pooling_type == LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE);
+
+    // TODO: hacky enc-dec support
+    if (model.arch == LLM_ARCH_T5) {
+        has_logits = true;
+        has_embd   = true;
+    }
+
+    logits_size = has_logits ? n_vocab*n_outputs_max : 0;
+    embd_size   = has_embd   ?  n_embd*n_outputs_max : 0;
+
+    if (output_ids.empty()) {
+        // init, never resized afterwards
+        output_ids.resize(n_batch);
+    }
+
+    const size_t prev_size = buf_output ? ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(buf_output.get()) : 0;
+    const size_t new_size  = (logits_size + embd_size) * sizeof(float);
+
+    // alloc only when more than the current capacity is required
+    // TODO: also consider shrinking the buffer
+    if (!buf_output || prev_size < new_size) {
+        if (buf_output) {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+            // This doesn't happen often, but may be annoying in some cases (like the HellaSwag benchmark)
+            LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: reallocating output buffer from size %.02f MiB to %.02f MiB\n", __func__, prev_size / 1024.0 / 1024.0, new_size / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
+#endif
+            buf_output = nullptr;
+            logits = nullptr;
+            embd = nullptr;
+        }
+
+        auto * buft = ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type();
+        // try to use the host buffer of the device where the output tensor is allocated for faster transfer to system memory
+        auto * output_dev = model.dev_output();
+        auto * output_dev_host_buft = output_dev ? ggml_backend_dev_host_buffer_type(output_dev) : nullptr;
+        if (output_dev_host_buft) {
+            buft = output_dev_host_buft;
+        }
+        buf_output.reset(ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer(buft, new_size));
+        if (buf_output == nullptr) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to allocate output buffer of size %.2f MiB\n", __func__, new_size / (1024.0 * 1024.0));
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    float * output_base = (float *) ggml_backend_buffer_get_base(buf_output.get());
+
+    logits = has_logits ? output_base               : nullptr;
+    embd   = has_embd   ? output_base + logits_size : nullptr;
+
+    // set all ids as invalid (negative)
+    std::fill(output_ids.begin(), output_ids.end(), -1);
+
+    this->n_outputs     = 0;
+    this->n_outputs_max = n_outputs_max;
+
+    return n_outputs_max;
+}
+
+//
+// graph
+//
+
+int32_t llama_context::graph_max_nodes() const {
+    return std::max<int32_t>(65536, 5*model.n_tensors());
+}
+
+ggml_cgraph * llama_context::graph_init() {
+    ggml_init_params params = {
+        /*.mem_size   =*/ buf_compute_meta.size(),
+        /*.mem_buffer =*/ buf_compute_meta.data(),
+        /*.no_alloc   =*/ true,
+    };
+
+    ctx_compute.reset(ggml_init(params));
+
+    return ggml_new_graph_custom(ctx_compute.get(), graph_max_nodes(), false);
+}
+
+llm_graph_result_ptr llama_context::graph_build(
+            ggml_context * ctx,
+             ggml_cgraph * gf,
+      const llama_ubatch & ubatch,
+            llm_graph_type gtype) {
+    return model.build_graph(
+            {
+                /*.ctx         =*/ ctx,
+                /*.arch        =*/ model.arch,
+                /*.hparams     =*/ model.hparams,
+                /*.cparams     =*/ cparams,
+                /*.ubatch      =*/ ubatch,
+                /*.sched       =*/ sched.get(),
+                /*.backend_cpu =*/ backend_cpu,
+                /*.cvec        =*/ &cvec,
+                /*.loras       =*/ &loras,
+                /*.memory      =*/ memory.get(),
+                /*.cross       =*/ &cross,
+                /*.n_outputs   =*/ n_outputs,
+                /*.cb          =*/ graph_get_cb(),
+            }, gf, gtype);
+}
+
+ggml_status llama_context::graph_compute(
+            ggml_cgraph * gf,
+                   bool   batched) {
+    int n_threads        = batched ? cparams.n_threads_batch : cparams.n_threads;
+    ggml_threadpool_t tp = batched ? threadpool_batch        : threadpool;
+
+    if (backend_cpu != nullptr) {
+        auto * reg = ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(ggml_backend_get_device(backend_cpu));
+        auto * set_threadpool_fn = (decltype(ggml_backend_cpu_set_threadpool) *) ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, "ggml_backend_cpu_set_threadpool");
+        set_threadpool_fn(backend_cpu, tp);
+    }
+
+    // set the number of threads for all the backends
+    for (const auto & set_n_threads_fn : set_n_threads_fns) {
+        set_n_threads_fn.second(set_n_threads_fn.first, n_threads);
+    }
+
+    auto status = ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute_async(sched.get(), gf);
+    if (status != GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute_async failed with error %d\n", __func__, status);
+    }
+
+    // fprintf(stderr, "splits: %d\n", ggml_backend_sched_get_n_splits(sched));
+
+    return status;
+}
+
+llm_graph_cb llama_context::graph_get_cb() const {
+    return [&](const llama_ubatch & ubatch, ggml_tensor * cur, const char * name, int il) {
+        if (il >= 0) {
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "%s-%d", name, il);
+        } else {
+            ggml_set_name(cur, name);
+        }
+
+        if (!cparams.offload_kqv) {
+            if (strcmp(name, "kqv_merged_cont") == 0) {
+                // all nodes between the KV store and the attention output are run on the CPU
+                ggml_backend_sched_set_tensor_backend(sched.get(), cur, backend_cpu);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // norm may be automatically assigned to the backend of the previous layer, increasing data transfer between backends
+        // FIXME: fix in ggml_backend_sched
+        const bool full_offload = model.params.n_gpu_layers > (int) model.hparams.n_layer;
+        if (ubatch.n_tokens < 32 || full_offload) {
+            if (il != -1 && strcmp(name, "norm") == 0) {
+                const auto & dev_layer = model.dev_layer(il);
+                for (const auto & backend : backends) {
+                    if (ggml_backend_get_device(backend.get()) == dev_layer) {
+                        if (ggml_backend_supports_op(backend.get(), cur)) {
+                            ggml_backend_sched_set_tensor_backend(sched.get(), cur, backend.get());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+//
+// state save/load
+//
+
+class llama_io_write_dummy : public llama_io_write_i {
+public:
+    llama_io_write_dummy() = default;
+
+    void write(const void * /* src */, size_t size) override {
+        size_written += size;
+    }
+
+    void write_tensor(const ggml_tensor * /* tensor */, size_t /* offset */, size_t size) override {
+        size_written += size;
+    }
+
+    size_t n_bytes() override {
+        return size_written;
+    }
+
+private:
+    size_t size_written = 0;
+};
+
+class llama_io_write_buffer : public llama_io_write_i {
+public:
+    llama_io_write_buffer(
+            uint8_t * p, size_t len) : ptr(p), buf_size(len) {}
+
+    void write(const void * src, size_t size) override {
+        if (size > buf_size) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("unexpectedly reached end of buffer");
+        }
+        memcpy(ptr, src, size);
+        ptr += size;
+        size_written += size;
+        buf_size -= size;
+    }
+
+    void write_tensor(const ggml_tensor * tensor, size_t offset, size_t size) override {
+        if (size > buf_size) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("unexpectedly reached end of buffer");
+        }
+        ggml_backend_tensor_get(tensor, ptr, offset, size);
+        ptr += size;
+        size_written += size;
+        buf_size -= size;
+    }
+
+    size_t n_bytes() override {
+        return size_written;
+    }
+
+private:
+    uint8_t * ptr;
+    size_t buf_size = 0;
+    size_t size_written = 0;
+};
+
+class llama_io_read_buffer : public llama_io_read_i {
+public:
+    llama_io_read_buffer(const uint8_t * p, size_t len) : ptr(p), buf_size(len) {}
+
+    const uint8_t * read(size_t size) override {
+        const uint8_t * base_ptr = ptr;
+        if (size > buf_size) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("unexpectedly reached end of buffer");
+        }
+        ptr += size;
+        size_read += size;
+        buf_size -= size;
+        return base_ptr;
+    }
+
+    void read_to(void * dst, size_t size) override {
+        memcpy(dst, read(size), size);
+    }
+
+    size_t n_bytes() override {
+        return size_read;
+    }
+
+private:
+    const uint8_t * ptr;
+    size_t buf_size = 0;
+    size_t size_read = 0;
+};
+
+class llama_io_write_file : public llama_io_write_i {
+public:
+    llama_io_write_file(llama_file * f) : file(f) {}
+
+    void write(const void * src, size_t size) override {
+        file->write_raw(src, size);
+        size_written += size;
+    }
+
+    void write_tensor(const ggml_tensor * tensor, size_t offset, size_t size) override {
+        temp_buffer.resize(size);
+        ggml_backend_tensor_get(tensor, temp_buffer.data(), offset, size);
+        write(temp_buffer.data(), temp_buffer.size());
+    }
+
+    size_t n_bytes() override {
+        return size_written;
+    }
+
+private:
+    llama_file * file;
+    size_t size_written = 0;
+    std::vector<uint8_t> temp_buffer;
+};
+
+class llama_io_read_file : public llama_io_read_i {
+public:
+    llama_io_read_file(llama_file * f) : file(f) {}
+
+    void read_to(void * dst, size_t size) override {
+        file->read_raw(dst, size);
+        size_read += size;
+    }
+
+    const uint8_t * read(size_t size) override {
+        temp_buffer.resize(size);
+        read_to(temp_buffer.data(), size);
+        return temp_buffer.data();
+    }
+
+    size_t n_bytes() override {
+        return size_read;
+    }
+
+private:
+    llama_file * file;
+    size_t size_read = 0;
+    std::vector<uint8_t> temp_buffer;
+};
+
+size_t llama_context::state_get_size() {
+    llama_io_write_dummy io;
+    try {
+        return state_write_data(io);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error getting state size: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_get_data(uint8_t * dst, size_t size) {
+    llama_io_write_buffer io(dst, size);
+    try {
+        return state_write_data(io);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error saving state: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_set_data(const uint8_t * src, size_t size) {
+    llama_io_read_buffer io(src, size);
+    try {
+        return state_read_data(io);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error loading state: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_seq_get_size(llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    llama_io_write_dummy io;
+    try {
+        return state_seq_write_data(io, seq_id);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error getting state size: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_seq_get_data(llama_seq_id seq_id, uint8_t * dst, size_t size) {
+    llama_io_write_buffer io(dst, size);
+    try {
+        return state_seq_write_data(io, seq_id);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error saving state: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_seq_set_data(llama_seq_id seq_id, const uint8_t * src, size_t size) {
+    llama_io_read_buffer io(src, size);
+    try {
+        return state_seq_read_data(io, seq_id);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error loading state: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+bool llama_context::state_load_file(const char * filepath, llama_token * tokens_out, size_t n_token_capacity, size_t * n_token_count_out) {
+    llama_file file(filepath, "rb");
+
+    // sanity checks
+    {
+        const uint32_t magic   = file.read_u32();
+        const uint32_t version = file.read_u32();
+
+        if (magic != LLAMA_SESSION_MAGIC || version != LLAMA_SESSION_VERSION) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: unknown (magic, version) for session file: %08x, %08x\n", __func__, magic, version);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // load the prompt
+    {
+        const uint32_t n_token_count = file.read_u32();
+
+        if (n_token_count > n_token_capacity) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: token count in session file exceeded capacity! %u > %zu\n", __func__, n_token_count, n_token_capacity);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        file.read_raw(tokens_out, sizeof(llama_token) * n_token_count);
+        *n_token_count_out = n_token_count;
+    }
+
+    // restore the context state
+    {
+        const size_t n_state_size_cur = file.size() - file.tell();
+
+        llama_io_read_file io( &file);
+        const size_t n_read = state_read_data(io);
+
+        if (n_read != n_state_size_cur) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: did not read all of the session file data! size %zu, got %zu\n", __func__, n_state_size_cur, n_read);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool llama_context::state_save_file(const char * filepath, const llama_token * tokens, size_t n_token_count) {
+    llama_file file(filepath, "wb");
+
+    file.write_u32(LLAMA_SESSION_MAGIC);
+    file.write_u32(LLAMA_SESSION_VERSION);
+
+    // save the prompt
+    file.write_u32((uint32_t) n_token_count);
+    file.write_raw(tokens, sizeof(llama_token) * n_token_count);
+
+    // save the context state using stream saving
+    llama_io_write_file io(&file);
+    state_write_data(io);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_seq_load_file(llama_seq_id seq_id, const char * filepath, llama_token * tokens_out, size_t n_token_capacity, size_t * n_token_count_out) {
+    llama_file file(filepath, "rb");
+
+    // version checks
+    {
+        const uint32_t magic   = file.read_u32();
+        const uint32_t version = file.read_u32();
+
+        if (magic != LLAMA_STATE_SEQ_MAGIC || version != LLAMA_STATE_SEQ_VERSION) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: unknown (magic, version) for sequence state file: %08x, %08x\n", __func__, magic, version);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // load the prompt
+    {
+        const uint32_t n_token_count = file.read_u32();
+
+        if (n_token_count > n_token_capacity) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: token count in sequence state file exceeded capacity! %u > %zu\n", __func__, n_token_count, n_token_capacity);
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        file.read_raw(tokens_out, sizeof(llama_token) * n_token_count);
+        *n_token_count_out = n_token_count;
+    }
+
+    // restore the context state
+    {
+        const size_t state_size = file.size() - file.tell();
+        llama_io_read_file io(&file);
+        const size_t nread = state_seq_read_data(io, seq_id);
+        if (!nread) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to restore sequence state\n", __func__);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        GGML_ASSERT(nread <= state_size);
+        GGML_ASSERT(nread + sizeof(uint32_t) * 3 + sizeof(llama_token) * *n_token_count_out == file.tell());
+    }
+
+    return file.tell();
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_seq_save_file(llama_seq_id seq_id, const char * filepath, const llama_token * tokens, size_t n_token_count) {
+    llama_file file(filepath, "wb");
+
+    file.write_u32(LLAMA_STATE_SEQ_MAGIC);
+    file.write_u32(LLAMA_STATE_SEQ_VERSION);
+
+    // save the prompt
+    file.write_u32((uint32_t) n_token_count);
+    file.write_raw(tokens, sizeof(llama_token) * n_token_count);
+
+    // save the context state using stream saving
+    llama_io_write_file io(&file);
+    state_seq_write_data(io, seq_id);
+
+    const size_t res = file.tell();
+    GGML_ASSERT(res == sizeof(uint32_t) * 3 + sizeof(llama_token) * n_token_count + io.n_bytes());
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_write_data(llama_io_write_i & io) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: writing state\n", __func__);
+
+    // write model info
+    {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - writing model info\n", __func__);
+
+        const std::string arch_str = llm_arch_name(model.arch);
+        io.write_string(arch_str);
+        // TODO: add more model-specific info which should prevent loading the session file if not identical
+    }
+
+    // write output ids
+    {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - writing output ids\n", __func__);
+
+        const auto n_outputs    = this->n_outputs;
+        const auto & output_ids = this->output_ids;
+
+        std::vector<int32_t> w_output_pos;
+
+        GGML_ASSERT(n_outputs <= n_outputs_max);
+
+        w_output_pos.resize(n_outputs);
+
+        // build a more compact representation of the output ids
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < n_batch(); ++i) {
+            // map an output id to a position in the batch
+            int32_t pos = output_ids[i];
+            if (pos >= 0) {
+                GGML_ASSERT(pos < n_outputs);
+                w_output_pos[pos] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        io.write(&n_outputs, sizeof(n_outputs));
+
+        if (n_outputs) {
+            io.write(w_output_pos.data(), n_outputs * sizeof(int32_t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // write logits
+    {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - writing logits\n", __func__);
+
+        const uint64_t logits_size = std::min((uint64_t) this->logits_size, (uint64_t) n_outputs * model.vocab.n_tokens());
+
+        io.write(&logits_size, sizeof(logits_size));
+
+        if (logits_size) {
+            io.write(logits, logits_size * sizeof(float));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // write embeddings
+    {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - writing embeddings\n", __func__);
+
+        const uint64_t embd_size = std::min((uint64_t) this->embd_size, (uint64_t) n_outputs * model.hparams.n_embd);
+
+        io.write(&embd_size, sizeof(embd_size));
+
+        if (embd_size) {
+            io.write(embd, embd_size * sizeof(float));
+        }
+    }
+
+    llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+
+    if (kv_self != nullptr) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - writing KV self\n", __func__);
+        kv_self->state_write(io);
+    }
+
+    return io.n_bytes();
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_read_data(llama_io_read_i & io) {
+    LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: reading state\n", __func__);
+
+    // read model info
+    {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - reading model info\n", __func__);
+
+        const std::string cur_arch_str = llm_arch_name(model.arch);
+
+        std::string arch_str;
+        io.read_string(arch_str);
+        if (cur_arch_str != arch_str) {
+            throw std::runtime_error(format("wrong model arch: '%s' instead of '%s'", arch_str.c_str(), cur_arch_str.c_str()));
+        }
+        // TODO: add more info which needs to be identical but which is not verified otherwise
+    }
+
+    // read output ids
+    {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - reading output ids\n", __func__);
+
+        auto n_outputs = this->n_outputs;
+        io.read_to(&n_outputs, sizeof(n_outputs));
+
+        if (n_outputs > output_reserve(n_outputs)) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("could not reserve outputs");
+        }
+
+        std::vector<int32_t> output_pos;
+
+        if (n_outputs) {
+            output_pos.resize(n_outputs);
+            io.read_to(output_pos.data(), n_outputs * sizeof(int32_t));
+
+            for (int32_t i = 0; i < (int32_t) output_pos.size(); ++i) {
+                int32_t id = output_pos[i];
+                if ((uint32_t) id >= n_batch()) {
+                    throw std::runtime_error(format("invalid output id, %d does not fit in batch size of %u", id, n_batch()));
+                }
+                this->output_ids[id] = i;
+            }
+
+            this->n_outputs = n_outputs;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // read logits
+    {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - reading logits\n", __func__);
+
+        uint64_t logits_size;
+        io.read_to(&logits_size, sizeof(logits_size));
+
+        if (this->logits_size < logits_size) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("logits buffer too small");
+        }
+
+        if (logits_size) {
+            io.read_to(this->logits, logits_size * sizeof(float));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // read embeddings
+    {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - reading embeddings\n", __func__);
+
+        uint64_t embd_size;
+        io.read_to(&embd_size, sizeof(embd_size));
+
+        if (this->embd_size < embd_size) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("embeddings buffer too small");
+        }
+
+        if (embd_size) {
+            io.read_to(this->embd, embd_size * sizeof(float));
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (memory) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: - reading KV self\n", __func__);
+
+        llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+
+        kv_self->state_read(io);
+    }
+
+    return io.n_bytes();
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_seq_write_data(llama_io_write_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(seq_id);
+
+    if (memory) {
+        llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+
+        kv_self->state_write(io, seq_id);
+    }
+
+    return io.n_bytes();
+}
+
+size_t llama_context::state_seq_read_data(llama_io_read_i & io, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(seq_id);
+
+    if (memory) {
+        llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+
+        kv_self->state_read(io, seq_id);
+    }
+
+    return io.n_bytes();
+}
+
+//
+// perf
+//
+
+llama_perf_context_data llama_context::perf_get_data() const {
+    llama_perf_context_data data = {};
+
+    data.t_start_ms  = 1e-3 * t_start_us;
+    data.t_load_ms   = 1e-3 * t_load_us;
+    data.t_p_eval_ms = 1e-3 * t_p_eval_us;
+    data.t_eval_ms   = 1e-3 * t_eval_us;
+    data.n_p_eval    = std::max(1, n_p_eval);
+    data.n_eval      = std::max(1, n_eval);
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+void llama_context::perf_reset() {
+    t_start_us  = ggml_time_us();
+    t_eval_us   = n_eval = 0;
+    t_p_eval_us = n_p_eval = 0;
+}
+
+//
+// training
+//
+
+static void llama_set_param(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, llama_opt_param_filter param_filter, void * userdata) {
+    if (!tensor || tensor->type != GGML_TYPE_F32) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!param_filter(tensor, userdata)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (strcmp(tensor->name, "token_embd.weight") == 0) {
+        return; // FIXME
+    }
+    if (strcmp(tensor->name, "rope_freqs.weight") == 0) {
+        return; // FIXME
+    }
+    ggml_set_param(tensor);
+}
+
+void llama_context::opt_init(struct llama_model * model, struct llama_opt_params lopt_params) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(!opt_ctx);
+    model->hparams.n_ctx_train = lopt_params.n_ctx_train > 0 ? lopt_params.n_ctx_train : n_ctx();
+    const uint32_t n_batch     = std::min(this->n_batch(),  model->hparams.n_ctx_train);
+    const uint32_t n_ubatch    = std::min(this->n_ubatch(), n_batch);
+    GGML_ASSERT(model->hparams.n_ctx_train % n_batch  == 0);
+    GGML_ASSERT(n_batch                    % n_ubatch == 0);
+
+    ggml_opt_params opt_params = ggml_opt_default_params(sched.get(), GGML_OPT_LOSS_TYPE_CROSS_ENTROPY);
+    opt_params.opt_period      = n_batch / n_ubatch;
+    opt_params.get_opt_pars    = lopt_params.get_opt_pars;
+    opt_params.get_opt_pars_ud = lopt_params.get_opt_pars_ud;
+
+    opt_ctx = ggml_opt_init(opt_params);
+
+    llama_opt_param_filter param_filter = lopt_params.param_filter;
+    void * param_filter_ud              = lopt_params.param_filter_ud;
+
+  //llama_set_param(model->tok_embd,        param_filter, param_filter_ud); // FIXME
+    llama_set_param(model->type_embd,       param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->pos_embd,        param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->tok_norm,        param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->tok_norm_b,      param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->output_norm,     param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->output_norm_b,   param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->output,          param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->output_b,        param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->output_norm_enc, param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->cls,             param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->cls_b,           param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->cls_out,         param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+    llama_set_param(model->cls_out_b,       param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+
+    for (struct llama_layer & layer : model->layers) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(layer)/sizeof(struct ggml_tensor *); ++i) {
+            llama_set_param(reinterpret_cast<struct ggml_tensor **>(&layer)[i], param_filter, param_filter_ud);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void llama_context::opt_epoch_iter(
+        ggml_opt_dataset_t               dataset,
+        ggml_opt_result_t                result,
+        const std::vector<llama_token> & tokens,
+        const std::vector<llama_token> & labels_sparse,
+        llama_batch                    & batch,
+        ggml_opt_epoch_callback          callback,
+        bool                             train,
+        int64_t                          idata_in_loop,
+        int64_t                          ndata_in_loop,
+        int64_t                          t_loop_start) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(opt_ctx);
+    const uint32_t n_ctx    = llama_model_n_ctx_train(&model);
+    const uint32_t n_batch  = std::min(this->n_batch(),  n_ctx);
+    const uint32_t n_ubatch = std::min(this->n_ubatch(), n_batch);
+
+    llama_kv_cache * kv_self = static_cast<llama_kv_cache *>(memory.get());
+
+    kv_self->clear();
+    llama_kv_cache_guard kv_guard(kv_self);
+
+    for (uint32_t pos_ctx = 0; pos_ctx < n_ctx; pos_ctx += n_batch) {
+        batch.n_tokens = n_batch;
+        for (uint32_t pos_batch = 0; pos_batch < n_batch; ++pos_batch) {
+            batch.token   [pos_batch]    = tokens[pos_ctx + pos_batch];
+            batch.pos     [pos_batch]    = pos_ctx + pos_batch;
+            batch.n_seq_id[pos_batch]    = 1;
+            batch.seq_id  [pos_batch][0] = 0;
+            batch.logits  [pos_batch]    = true;
+        }
+
+        const auto n_tokens_all = batch.n_tokens;
+
+        n_queued_tokens += n_tokens_all;
+
+        // this indicates we are doing pooled embedding, so we ignore batch.logits and output all tokens
+        const bool embd_pooled = cparams.embeddings && cparams.pooling_type != LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE;
+
+        embd_seq.clear();
+
+        int64_t n_outputs_all = n_tokens_all;
+
+        llama_sbatch sbatch = kv_self->sbatch_init(batch, /*logits_all =*/ true);
+
+        // reserve output buffer
+        if (output_reserve(n_outputs_all) < n_outputs_all) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: could not reserve space for batch with %" PRId64 " outputs\n", __func__, n_outputs_all);
+            GGML_ABORT("TODO: handle this error");
+        };
+
+        for (uint32_t pos_batch = 0; pos_batch < n_batch; pos_batch += n_ubatch) {
+            llama_ubatch ubatch = kv_self->ubatch_next(sbatch, cparams.n_ubatch, embd_pooled);
+
+            n_outputs = ubatch.n_tokens;
+
+            // TODO: not sure if this is needed
+            if (!kv_self->find_slot(ubatch)) {
+                LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: failed to find KV cache slot for ubatch of size %d\n", __func__, ubatch.n_tokens);
+
+                GGML_ABORT("TODO: handle this error");
+            }
+
+            auto * gf = graph_init();
+            auto res = graph_build(ctx_compute.get(), gf, ubatch, LLM_GRAPH_TYPE_DEFAULT);
+
+            struct ggml_context * ctx_compute_opt;
+            {
+                const size_t size_gf = ggml_graph_size(gf);
+                const size_t size_meta = 4*size_gf*ggml_tensor_overhead() + 2*ggml_graph_overhead_custom(size_gf, /*grads = */ true);
+                struct ggml_init_params params = {
+                    /*.mem_size   =*/ size_meta,
+                    /*.mem_buffer =*/ nullptr,
+                    /*.no_alloc   =*/ true,
+                };
+                ctx_compute_opt = ggml_init(params);
+            }
+            ggml_opt_prepare_alloc(opt_ctx, ctx_compute_opt, gf, res->get_tokens(), res->get_logits());
+            ggml_opt_alloc(opt_ctx, train);
+            res->set_inputs(&ubatch);
+            {
+                struct ggml_tensor * labels = ggml_opt_labels(opt_ctx);
+                GGML_ASSERT(labels->ne[1] == n_ubatch);
+                ggml_set_zero(labels);
+                const float onef = 1.0f;
+                for (uint32_t pos_ubatch = 0; pos_ubatch < n_ubatch; ++pos_ubatch) {
+                    const uint32_t ilabel = pos_ctx + pos_batch + pos_ubatch;
+                    GGML_ASSERT(labels_sparse[ilabel] < labels->ne[0]);
+                    ggml_backend_tensor_set(labels, &onef, (pos_ubatch*labels->ne[0] + labels_sparse[ilabel])*sizeof(float), sizeof(float));
+                }
+            }
+            ggml_opt_eval(opt_ctx, result);
+            if (callback) {
+                callback(train, opt_ctx, dataset, result, idata_in_loop + (pos_ctx + pos_batch)/n_ubatch + 1, ndata_in_loop, t_loop_start);
+            }
+            ggml_free(ctx_compute_opt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    kv_guard.commit();
+}
+
+void llama_context::opt_epoch(
+        ggml_opt_dataset_t        dataset,
+        ggml_opt_result_t         result_train,
+        ggml_opt_result_t         result_eval,
+        int64_t                   idata_split,
+        ggml_opt_epoch_callback   callback_train,
+        ggml_opt_epoch_callback   callback_eval) {
+    const uint32_t n_ctx    = this->n_ctx();
+    const uint32_t n_batch  = std::min(cparams.n_batch,  n_ctx);
+    const uint32_t n_ubatch = std::min(cparams.n_ubatch, n_batch);
+    const  int64_t ndata    = ggml_opt_dataset_ndata(dataset);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(idata_split >= 0);
+    GGML_ASSERT(idata_split <= ndata);
+
+    const uint32_t ubatch_per_ctx = n_ctx / n_ubatch;
+
+    struct llama_batch batch = llama_batch_init(n_batch, 0, 1);
+    std::vector<llama_token>        tokens(n_ctx);
+    std::vector<llama_token> labels_sparse(n_ctx);
+
+    int64_t idata = 0;
+
+    int64_t t_loop_start = ggml_time_us();
+    int64_t ndata_in_loop = idata_split*ubatch_per_ctx;
+    for (; idata < idata_split; ++idata) {
+        constexpr bool train = true;
+        const int64_t idata_in_loop = idata*ubatch_per_ctx;
+
+        ggml_opt_dataset_get_batch_host(dataset, tokens.data(), n_ctx*sizeof(llama_token), labels_sparse.data(), idata);
+        opt_epoch_iter(dataset, result_train, tokens, labels_sparse, batch,
+            callback_train, train, idata_in_loop, ndata_in_loop, t_loop_start);
+    }
+
+    t_loop_start = ggml_time_us();
+    ndata_in_loop = (ndata - idata_split)*ubatch_per_ctx;
+    for (; idata < ndata; ++idata) {
+        constexpr bool train = false;
+        const int64_t idata_in_loop = (idata - idata_split)*ubatch_per_ctx;
+
+        ggml_opt_dataset_get_batch_host(dataset, tokens.data(), n_ctx*sizeof(llama_token), labels_sparse.data(), idata);
+        opt_epoch_iter(dataset, result_eval, tokens, labels_sparse, batch,
+            callback_eval, train, idata_in_loop, ndata_in_loop, t_loop_start);
+    }
+
+    llama_batch_free(batch);
+}
+
+//
+// interface implementation
+//
+
+llama_context_params llama_context_default_params() {
+    llama_context_params result = {
+        /*.n_ctx                       =*/ 512,
+        /*.n_batch                     =*/ 2048,
+        /*.n_ubatch                    =*/ 512,
+        /*.n_seq_max                   =*/ 1,
+        /*.n_threads                   =*/ GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS, // TODO: better default
+        /*.n_threads_batch             =*/ GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS,
+        /*.rope_scaling_type           =*/ LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED,
+        /*.pooling_type                =*/ LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED,
+        /*.attention_type              =*/ LLAMA_ATTENTION_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED,
+        /*.rope_freq_base              =*/ 0.0f,
+        /*.rope_freq_scale             =*/ 0.0f,
+        /*.yarn_ext_factor             =*/ -1.0f,
+        /*.yarn_attn_factor            =*/ 1.0f,
+        /*.yarn_beta_fast              =*/ 32.0f,
+        /*.yarn_beta_slow              =*/ 1.0f,
+        /*.yarn_orig_ctx               =*/ 0,
+        /*.defrag_thold                =*/ -1.0f,
+        /*.cb_eval                     =*/ nullptr,
+        /*.cb_eval_user_data           =*/ nullptr,
+        /*.type_k                      =*/ GGML_TYPE_F16,
+        /*.type_v                      =*/ GGML_TYPE_F16,
+        /*.abort_callback              =*/ nullptr,
+        /*.abort_callback_data         =*/ nullptr,
+        /*.embeddings                  =*/ false,
+        /*.offload_kqv                 =*/ true,
+        /*.flash_attn                  =*/ false,
+        /*.no_perf                     =*/ true,
+        /*.op_offload                  =*/ true,
+        /*.swa_full                    =*/ true,
+    };
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+llama_context * llama_init_from_model(
+                 llama_model * model,
+        llama_context_params   params) {
+    if (!model) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: model cannot be NULL\n", __func__);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    if (params.n_batch == 0 && params.n_ubatch == 0) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: n_batch and n_ubatch cannot both be zero\n", __func__);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    if (params.n_ctx == 0 && model->hparams.n_ctx_train == 0) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: n_ctx and model->hparams.n_ctx_train cannot both be zero\n", __func__);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    if (params.flash_attn && model->arch == LLM_ARCH_GROK) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: flash_attn is not compatible with Grok - forcing off\n", __func__);
+        params.flash_attn = false;
+    }
+
+    if (ggml_is_quantized(params.type_v) && !params.flash_attn) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: V cache quantization requires flash_attn\n", __func__);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    try {
+        auto * ctx = new llama_context(*model, params);
+        return ctx;
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to initialize the context: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+    }
+
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+// deprecated
+llama_context * llama_new_context_with_model(
+                 llama_model * model,
+        llama_context_params   params) {
+    return llama_init_from_model(model, params);
+}
+
+void llama_free(llama_context * ctx) {
+    delete ctx;
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_n_ctx(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->n_ctx();
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_n_batch(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->n_batch();
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_n_ubatch(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->n_ubatch();
+}
+
+uint32_t llama_n_seq_max(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->n_seq_max();
+}
+
+const llama_model * llama_get_model(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    return &ctx->get_model();
+}
+
+llama_kv_cache * llama_get_kv_self(llama_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->get_kv_self();
+}
+
+void llama_kv_self_update(llama_context * ctx) {
+    ctx->kv_self_update();
+}
+
+enum llama_pooling_type llama_pooling_type(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->pooling_type();
+}
+
+void llama_attach_threadpool(
+            llama_context * ctx,
+        ggml_threadpool_t   threadpool,
+        ggml_threadpool_t   threadpool_batch) {
+    ctx->attach_threadpool(threadpool, threadpool_batch);
+}
+
+void llama_detach_threadpool(llama_context * ctx) {
+    ctx->detach_threadpool();
+}
+
+void llama_set_n_threads(llama_context * ctx, int32_t n_threads, int32_t n_threads_batch) {
+    ctx->set_n_threads(n_threads, n_threads_batch);
+}
+
+int32_t llama_n_threads(llama_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->n_threads();
+}
+
+int32_t llama_n_threads_batch(llama_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->n_threads_batch();
+}
+
+void llama_set_abort_callback(llama_context * ctx, bool (*abort_callback)(void * data), void * abort_callback_data) {
+    ctx->set_abort_callback(abort_callback, abort_callback_data);
+}
+
+void llama_set_embeddings(llama_context * ctx, bool embeddings) {
+    ctx->set_embeddings(embeddings);
+}
+
+void llama_set_causal_attn(llama_context * ctx, bool causal_attn) {
+    ctx->set_causal_attn(causal_attn);
+}
+
+void llama_set_warmup(llama_context * ctx, bool warmup) {
+    ctx->set_warmup(warmup);
+}
+
+void llama_synchronize(llama_context * ctx) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+}
+
+float * llama_get_logits(llama_context * ctx) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    return ctx->get_logits();
+}
+
+float * llama_get_logits_ith(llama_context * ctx, int32_t i) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    return ctx->get_logits_ith(i);
+}
+
+float * llama_get_embeddings(llama_context * ctx) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    return ctx->get_embeddings();
+}
+
+float * llama_get_embeddings_ith(llama_context * ctx, int32_t i) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    return ctx->get_embeddings_ith(i);
+}
+
+float * llama_get_embeddings_seq(llama_context * ctx, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    return ctx->get_embeddings_seq(seq_id);
+}
+
+// llama adapter API
+
+int32_t llama_set_adapter_lora(
+            llama_context * ctx,
+            llama_adapter_lora * adapter,
+            float scale) {
+    ctx->set_adapter_lora(adapter, scale);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int32_t llama_rm_adapter_lora(
+            llama_context * ctx,
+            llama_adapter_lora * adapter) {
+    bool res = ctx->rm_adapter_lora(adapter);
+
+    return res ? 0 : -1;
+}
+
+void llama_clear_adapter_lora(llama_context * ctx) {
+    ctx->clear_adapter_lora();
+}
+
+int32_t llama_apply_adapter_cvec(
+        llama_context * ctx,
+                 const float * data,
+                      size_t   len,
+                     int32_t   n_embd,
+                     int32_t   il_start,
+                     int32_t   il_end) {
+    bool res = ctx->apply_adapter_cvec(data, len, n_embd, il_start, il_end);
+
+    return res ? 0 : -1;
+}
+
+//
+// kv cache
+//
+
+// deprecated
+int32_t llama_kv_self_n_tokens(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    const auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int32_t res = 0;
+
+    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < ctx->get_cparams().n_seq_max; s++) {
+        const llama_pos p0 = kv->seq_pos_min(s);
+        const llama_pos p1 = kv->seq_pos_max(s);
+
+        if (p0 >= 0) {
+            res += (p1 - p0) + 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// deprecated
+// note: this is the same as above - will be removed anyway, so it's ok
+int32_t llama_kv_self_used_cells(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    const auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int32_t res = 0;
+
+    for (uint32_t s = 0; s < ctx->get_cparams().n_seq_max; s++) {
+        const llama_pos p0 = kv->seq_pos_min(s);
+        const llama_pos p1 = kv->seq_pos_max(s);
+
+        if (p0 >= 0) {
+            res += (p1 - p0) + 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+void llama_kv_self_clear(llama_context * ctx) {
+    auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    kv->clear();
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_self_seq_rm(
+        llama_context * ctx,
+         llama_seq_id   seq_id,
+            llama_pos   p0,
+            llama_pos   p1) {
+    auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return kv->seq_rm(seq_id, p0, p1);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_self_seq_cp(
+        llama_context * ctx,
+         llama_seq_id   seq_id_src,
+         llama_seq_id   seq_id_dst,
+            llama_pos   p0,
+            llama_pos   p1) {
+    auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    kv->seq_cp(seq_id_src, seq_id_dst, p0, p1);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_self_seq_keep(llama_context * ctx, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    kv->seq_keep(seq_id);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_self_seq_add(
+        llama_context * ctx,
+         llama_seq_id   seq_id,
+            llama_pos   p0,
+            llama_pos   p1,
+            llama_pos   delta) {
+    auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    kv->seq_add(seq_id, p0, p1, delta);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_self_seq_div(
+        llama_context * ctx,
+         llama_seq_id   seq_id,
+            llama_pos   p0,
+            llama_pos   p1,
+                  int   d) {
+    auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    kv->seq_div(seq_id, p0, p1, d);
+}
+
+llama_pos llama_kv_self_seq_pos_min(llama_context * ctx, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    const auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return kv->seq_pos_min(seq_id);
+}
+
+llama_pos llama_kv_self_seq_pos_max(llama_context * ctx, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    const auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return kv->seq_pos_max(seq_id);
+}
+
+void llama_kv_self_defrag(llama_context * ctx) {
+    auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // force defrag
+    kv->defrag_sched(-1.0f);
+}
+
+bool llama_kv_self_can_shift(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    const auto * kv = ctx->get_kv_self();
+    if (!kv) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return kv->get_can_shift();
+}
+
+// llama state API
+
+// deprecated
+size_t llama_get_state_size(llama_context * ctx) {
+    return llama_state_get_size(ctx);
+}
+
+// deprecated
+size_t llama_copy_state_data(llama_context * ctx, uint8_t * dst) {
+    return llama_state_get_data(ctx, dst, -1);
+}
+
+// deprecated
+size_t llama_set_state_data(llama_context * ctx, const uint8_t * src) {
+    return llama_state_set_data(ctx, src, -1);
+}
+
+// deprecated
+bool llama_load_session_file(llama_context * ctx, const char * path_session, llama_token * tokens_out, size_t n_token_capacity, size_t * n_token_count_out) {
+    return llama_state_load_file(ctx, path_session, tokens_out, n_token_capacity, n_token_count_out);
+}
+
+// deprecated
+bool llama_save_session_file(llama_context * ctx, const char * path_session, const llama_token * tokens, size_t n_token_count) {
+    return llama_state_save_file(ctx, path_session, tokens, n_token_count);
+}
+
+// Returns the *actual* size of the state.
+// Intended to be used when saving to state to a buffer.
+size_t llama_state_get_size(llama_context * ctx) {
+    return ctx->state_get_size();
+}
+
+size_t llama_state_get_data(llama_context * ctx, uint8_t * dst, size_t size) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    return ctx->state_get_data(dst, size);
+}
+
+// Sets the state reading from the specified source address
+size_t llama_state_set_data(llama_context * ctx, const uint8_t * src, size_t size) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    return ctx->state_set_data(src, size);
+}
+
+bool llama_state_load_file(llama_context * ctx, const char * path_session, llama_token * tokens_out, size_t n_token_capacity, size_t * n_token_count_out) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    try {
+        return ctx->state_load_file(path_session, tokens_out, n_token_capacity, n_token_count_out);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error loading session file: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+bool llama_state_save_file(llama_context * ctx, const char * path_session, const llama_token * tokens, size_t n_token_count) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    try {
+        return ctx->state_save_file(path_session, tokens, n_token_count);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error saving session file: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+size_t llama_state_seq_get_size(llama_context * ctx, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    return ctx->state_seq_get_size(seq_id);
+}
+
+size_t llama_state_seq_get_data(llama_context * ctx, uint8_t * dst, size_t size, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    return ctx->state_seq_get_data(seq_id, dst, size);
+}
+
+size_t llama_state_seq_set_data(llama_context * ctx, const uint8_t * src, size_t size, llama_seq_id seq_id) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    return ctx->state_seq_set_data(seq_id, src, size);
+}
+
+size_t llama_state_seq_save_file(llama_context * ctx, const char * filepath, llama_seq_id seq_id, const llama_token * tokens, size_t n_token_count) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    try {
+        return ctx->state_seq_save_file(seq_id, filepath, tokens, n_token_count);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error saving sequence state file: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+size_t llama_state_seq_load_file(llama_context * ctx, const char * filepath, llama_seq_id dest_seq_id, llama_token * tokens_out, size_t n_token_capacity, size_t * n_token_count_out) {
+    ctx->synchronize();
+
+    try {
+        return ctx->state_seq_load_file(dest_seq_id, filepath, tokens_out, n_token_capacity, n_token_count_out);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error loading sequence state file: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+///
+
+int32_t llama_encode(
+        llama_context * ctx,
+          llama_batch   batch) {
+    const int ret = ctx->encode(batch);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to encode, ret = %d\n", __func__, ret);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int32_t llama_decode(
+        llama_context * ctx,
+          llama_batch   batch) {
+    int ret = ctx->decode(batch);
+
+    // defrag and try again
+    // TODO: distinguish return code when we are sure that even after defrag there is no space available
+    if (ret == 1) {
+        llama_kv_self_defrag(ctx);
+        ret = ctx->decode(batch);
+
+        if (ret == 1) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: failed to find KV cache slot for batch of size %d\n", __func__, batch.n_tokens);
+
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to decode, ret = %d\n", __func__, ret);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+//
+// perf
+//
+
+llama_perf_context_data llama_perf_context(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    llama_perf_context_data data = {};
+
+    if (ctx == nullptr) {
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    data = ctx->perf_get_data();
+
+    return data;
+}
+
+void llama_perf_context_print(const llama_context * ctx) {
+    const auto data = llama_perf_context(ctx);
+
+    const double t_end_ms = 1e-3 * ggml_time_us();
+
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s:        load time = %10.2f ms\n", __func__, data.t_load_ms);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: prompt eval time = %10.2f ms / %5d tokens (%8.2f ms per token, %8.2f tokens per second)\n",
+            __func__, data.t_p_eval_ms, data.n_p_eval, data.t_p_eval_ms / data.n_p_eval, 1e3 / data.t_p_eval_ms * data.n_p_eval);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s:        eval time = %10.2f ms / %5d runs   (%8.2f ms per token, %8.2f tokens per second)\n",
+            __func__, data.t_eval_ms, data.n_eval, data.t_eval_ms / data.n_eval, 1e3 / data.t_eval_ms * data.n_eval);
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s:       total time = %10.2f ms / %5d tokens\n", __func__, (t_end_ms - data.t_start_ms), (data.n_p_eval + data.n_eval));
+}
+
+void llama_perf_context_reset(llama_context * ctx) {
+    ctx->perf_reset();
+}
+
+//
+// training
+//
+
+bool llama_opt_param_filter_all(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, void * userdata) {
+    GGML_UNUSED(tensor);
+    GGML_UNUSED(userdata);
+    return true;
+}
+
+void llama_opt_init(struct llama_context * ctx, struct llama_model * model, struct llama_opt_params lopt_params) {
+    ctx->opt_init(model, lopt_params);
+}
+
+void llama_opt_epoch(
+        struct llama_context    * ctx,
+        ggml_opt_dataset_t        dataset,
+        ggml_opt_result_t         result_train,
+        ggml_opt_result_t         result_eval,
+        int64_t                   idata_split,
+        ggml_opt_epoch_callback   callback_train,
+        ggml_opt_epoch_callback   callback_eval) {
+    ctx->opt_epoch(
+        dataset,
+        result_train,
+        result_eval,
+        idata_split,
+        callback_train,
+        callback_eval);
+}