RubyGems - wayfarer - Versions diffs - 0.4.0 → 0.4.4 - Mend

wayfarer 0.4.0 → 0.4.4

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+  <a href="https://git-scm.com/book/en">English</a>.
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+<p>
+  Full translation available in
+  <table>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/az">azərbaycan dili</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/bg">български език</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/de">Deutsch</a>,</td></tr>
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+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/fr">Français</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/gr">Ελληνικά</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/ja">日本語</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/ko">한국어</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/nl">Nederlands</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/ru">Русский</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/sl">Slovenščina</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/tl">Tagalog</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/uk">Українська</a></td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/zh">简体中文</a>,</td></tr>
+  </table>
+</p>
+<p>
+  Partial translations available in
+  <table>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/cs">Čeština</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/mk">Македонски</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/pl">Polski</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/sr">Српски</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/uz">Ўзбекча</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/zh-tw">繁體中文</a>,</td></tr>
+  </table>
+</p>
+<p>
+  Translations started for
+  <table>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/be">Беларуская</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/fa" dir="rtl">فارسی</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/id">Indonesian</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/it">Italiano</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/ms">Bahasa Melayu</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/pt-br">Português (Brasil)</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/pt-pt">Português (Portugal)</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/sv">Svenska</a>,</td></tr>
+    <tr><td><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/tr">Türkçe</a>.</td></tr>
+  </table>
+</p>
+<hr class="sidebar"/>
+<p>
+The source of this book is <a href="https://github.com/progit/progit2">hosted on GitHub.</a></br>
+Patches, suggestions and comments are welcome.
+</p>
+  </nav>
+</aside>
+        <div id="content">
+<div id='book-chapters'>
+  <a class="dropdown-trigger" id="book-chapters-trigger" data-panel-id="chapters-dropdown" href="_credential_caching.html#">Chapters ▾</a>
+<div class='dropdown-panel' id='chapters-dropdown'>
+  <div class="three-column">
+    <div class='column-left'>
+      <ol class='book-toc'>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>1. <a href="ch01-getting-started.html">Getting Started</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          1.1
+          <a href="ch01-getting-started.html" >About Version Control </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.2
+          <a href="../Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git.html" >A Short History of Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.3
+          <a href="what_is_git_section.html" >What is Git? </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.4
+          <a href="../Getting-Started-The-Command-Line.html" >The Command Line </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.5
+          <a href="../Getting-Started-Installing-Git.html" >Installing Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.6
+          <a href="_editor.html" >First-Time Git Setup </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.7
+          <a href="_git_help.html" >Getting Help </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          1.8
+          <a href="../Getting-Started-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>2. <a href="_git_cloning.html">Git Basics</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          2.1
+          <a href="_git_cloning.html" >Getting a Git Repository </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.2
+          <a href="_git_mv.html" >Recording Changes to the Repository </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.3
+          <a href="_viewing_history.html" >Viewing the Commit History </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.4
+          <a href="_unstaging.html" >Undoing Things </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.5
+          <a href="_remote_repos.html" >Working with Remotes </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.6
+          <a href="_annotated_tags.html" >Tagging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.7
+          <a href="_git_aliases.html" >Git Aliases </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          2.8
+          <a href="../Git-Basics-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>3. <a href="_switching_branches.html">Git Branching</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          3.1
+          <a href="_switching_branches.html" >Branches in a Nutshell </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.2
+          <a href="_basic_branching.html" >Basic Branching and Merging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.3
+          <a href="_branch_management.html" >Branch Management </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.4
+          <a href="_topic_branch.html" >Branching Workflows </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.5
+          <a href="_delete_branches.html" >Remote Branches </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.6
+          <a href="_rebase_rebase.html" >Rebasing </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          3.7
+          <a href="../Git-Branching-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>4. <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-The-Protocols.html">Git on the Server</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          4.1
+          <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-The-Protocols.html" >The Protocols </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.2
+          <a href="_bare_repo.html" >Getting Git on a Server </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.3
+          <a href="_generate_ssh_key.html" >Generating Your SSH Public Key </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.4
+          <a href="_setting_up_server.html" >Setting Up the Server </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.5
+          <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-Git-Daemon.html" >Git Daemon </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.6
+          <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-Smart-HTTP.html" >Smart HTTP </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.7
+          <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-GitWeb.html" >GitWeb </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.8
+          <a href="_gitlab_groups_section.html" >GitLab </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.9
+          <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-Third-Party-Hosted-Options.html" >Third Party Hosted Options </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          4.10
+          <a href="../Git-on-the-Server-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>5. <a href="_integration_manager.html">Distributed Git</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          5.1
+          <a href="_integration_manager.html" >Distributed Workflows </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          5.2
+          <a href="_project_over_email.html" >Contributing to a Project </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          5.3
+          <a href="_git_am.html" >Maintaining a Project </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          5.4
+          <a href="../Distributed-Git-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+    </div>
+    <div class='column-middle'>
+      <ol class='book-toc'>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>6. <a href="_personal_avatar.html">GitHub</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          6.1
+          <a href="_personal_avatar.html" >Account Setup and Configuration </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.2
+          <a href="_fetch_and_push_on_different_repositories.html" >Contributing to a Project </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.3
+          <a href="_email_notifications.html" >Maintaining a Project </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.4
+          <a href="_team_page.html" >Managing an organization </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.5
+          <a href="_commit_status.html" >Scripting GitHub </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          6.6
+          <a href="../GitHub-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>7. <a href="_git_reflog.html">Git Tools</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          7.1
+          <a href="_git_reflog.html" >Revision Selection </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.2
+          <a href="_interactive_staging.html" >Interactive Staging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.3
+          <a href="_git_clean.html" >Stashing and Cleaning </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.4
+          <a href="_signing_commits.html" >Signing Your Work </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.5
+          <a href="_git_grep.html" >Searching </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.6
+          <a href="_removing_file_every_commit.html" >Rewriting History </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.7
+          <a href="_the_index.html" >Reset Demystified </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.8
+          <a href="_reverse_commit.html" >Advanced Merging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.9
+          <a href="ref_rerere.html" >Rerere </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.10
+          <a href="_file_annotation.html" >Debugging with Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.11
+          <a href="_publishing_submodules.html" >Submodules </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.12
+          <a href="_bundling.html" >Bundling </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.13
+          <a href="_replace.html" >Replace </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.14
+          <a href="_credential_caching.html" class=active>Credential Storage </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          7.15
+          <a href="../Git-Tools-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>8. <a href="_external_merge_tools.html">Customizing Git</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          8.1
+          <a href="_external_merge_tools.html" >Git Configuration </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          8.2
+          <a href="_keyword_expansion.html" >Git Attributes </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          8.3
+          <a href="_email_hooks.html" >Git Hooks </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          8.4
+          <a href="_enforcing_commit_message_format.html" >An Example Git-Enforced Policy </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          8.5
+          <a href="../Customizing-Git-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>9. <a href="_git_svn.html">Git and Other Systems</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          9.1
+          <a href="_git_svn.html" >Git as a Client </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          9.2
+          <a href="_git_p4.html" >Migrating to Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          9.3
+          <a href="../Git-and-Other-Systems-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>10. <a href="_plumbing_porcelain.html">Git Internals</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          10.1
+          <a href="_plumbing_porcelain.html" >Plumbing and Porcelain </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.2
+          <a href="_git_commit_objects.html" >Git Objects </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.3
+          <a href="ref_the_ref.html" >Git References </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.4
+          <a href="../Git-Internals-Packfiles.html" >Packfiles </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.5
+          <a href="_pushing_refspecs.html" >The Refspec </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.6
+          <a href="../Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols.html" >Transfer Protocols </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.7
+          <a href="_git_gc.html" >Maintenance and Data Recovery </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.8
+          <a href="../Git-Internals-Environment-Variables.html" >Environment Variables </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          10.9
+          <a href="../Git-Internals-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+    </div>
+    <div class='column-right'>
+      <ol class='book-toc'>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>A1. <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html">Appendix A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          A1.1
+          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html" >Graphical Interfaces </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.2
+          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio.html" >Git in Visual Studio </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.3
+          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio-Code.html" >Git in Visual Studio Code </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.4
+          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-IntelliJ-%252F-PyCharm-%252F-WebStorm-%252F-PhpStorm-%252F-RubyMine.html" >Git in IntelliJ / PyCharm / WebStorm / PhpStorm / RubyMine </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.5
+          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Sublime-Text.html" >Git in Sublime Text </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.6
+          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Bash.html" >Git in Bash </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.7
+          <a href="oh_my_zsh_git.html" >Git in Zsh </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.8
+          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-PowerShell.html" >Git in PowerShell </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A1.9
+          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>A2. <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html">Appendix B: Embedding Git in your Applications</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          A2.1
+          <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html" >Command-line Git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A2.2
+          <a href="_libgit2_bindings.html" >Libgit2 </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A2.3
+          <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit.html" >JGit </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A2.4
+          <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html" >go-git </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A2.5
+          <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html" >Dulwich </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+  <li class='chapter'>
+  <h2>A3. <a href="ch_core_editor.html">Appendix C: Git Commands</a></h2>
+    <ol>
+        <li>
+          A3.1
+          <a href="ch_core_editor.html" >Setup and Config </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.2
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html" >Getting and Creating Projects </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.3
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html" >Basic Snapshotting </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.4
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html" >Branching and Merging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.5
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html" >Sharing and Updating Projects </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.6
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html" >Inspection and Comparison </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.7
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html" >Debugging </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.8
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html" >Patching </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.9
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html" >Email </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.10
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html" >External Systems </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.11
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html" >Administration </a>
+        </li>
+        <li>
+          A3.12
+          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html" >Plumbing Commands </a>
+        </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+ </div>
+    <span class="light" id="edition">
+      2nd Edition
+    </span>
+</div>
+<div id='main' class="book edition2">
+    <h1>7.14 Git Tools - Credential Storage</h1>
+  <div>
+<h2 id="_credential_caching">Credential Storage</h2>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>
+If you use the SSH transport for connecting to remotes, it’s possible for you to have a key without a passphrase, which allows you to securely transfer data without typing in your username and password.
+However, this isn’t possible with the HTTP protocols – every connection needs a username and password.
+This gets even harder for systems with two-factor authentication, where the token you use for a password is randomly generated and unpronounceable.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Fortunately, Git has a credentials system that can help with this.
+Git has a few options provided in the box:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>The default is not to cache at all.
+Every connection will prompt you for your username and password.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The “cache” mode keeps credentials in memory for a certain period of time.
+None of the passwords are ever stored on disk, and they are purged from the cache after 15 minutes.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The “store” mode saves the credentials to a plain-text file on disk, and they never expire.
+This means that until you change your password for the Git host, you won’t ever have to type in your credentials again.
+The downside of this approach is that your passwords are stored in cleartext in a plain file in your home directory.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If you’re using a Mac, Git comes with an “osxkeychain” mode, which caches credentials in the secure keychain that’s attached to your system account.
+This method stores the credentials on disk, and they never expire, but they’re encrypted with the same system that stores HTTPS certificates and Safari auto-fills.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If you’re using Windows, you can install a helper called “Git Credential Manager for Windows.”
+This is similar to the “osxkeychain” helper described above, but uses the Windows Credential Store to control sensitive information.
+It can be found at <a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/Git-Credential-Manager-for-Windows" class="bare">https://github.com/Microsoft/Git-Credential-Manager-for-Windows</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>You can choose one of these methods by setting a Git configuration value:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git config --global credential.helper cache</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Some of these helpers have options.
+The “store” helper can take a <code>--file &lt;path&gt;</code> argument, which customizes where the plain-text file is saved (the default is <code>~/.git-credentials</code>).
+The “cache” helper accepts the <code>--timeout &lt;seconds&gt;</code> option, which changes the amount of time its daemon is kept running (the default is “900”, or 15 minutes).
+Here’s an example of how you’d configure the “store” helper with a custom file name:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git config --global credential.helper 'store --file ~/.my-credentials'</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Git even allows you to configure several helpers.
+When looking for credentials for a particular host, Git will query them in order, and stop after the first answer is provided.
+When saving credentials, Git will send the username and password to <strong>all</strong> of the helpers in the list, and they can choose what to do with them.
+Here’s what a <code>.gitconfig</code> would look like if you had a credentials file on a thumb drive, but wanted to use the in-memory cache to save some typing if the drive isn’t plugged in:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini">[credential]
+    helper = store --file /mnt/thumbdrive/.git-credentials
+    helper = cache --timeout 30000</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_under_the_hood">Under the Hood</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>How does this all work?
+Git’s root command for the credential-helper system is <code>git credential</code>, which takes a command as an argument, and then more input through stdin.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This might be easier to understand with an example.
+Let’s say that a credential helper has been configured, and the helper has stored credentials for <code>mygithost</code>.
+Here’s a session that uses the “fill” command, which is invoked when Git is trying to find credentials for a host:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git credential fill <b class="conum">(1)</b>
+protocol=https <b class="conum">(2)</b>
+host=mygithost
+<b class="conum">(3)</b>
+protocol=https <b class="conum">(4)</b>
+host=mygithost
+username=bob
+password=s3cre7
+$ git credential fill <b class="conum">(5)</b>
+protocol=https
+host=unknownhost
+Username for 'https://unknownhost': bob
+Password for 'https://bob@unknownhost':
+protocol=https
+host=unknownhost
+username=bob
+password=s3cre7</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="colist arabic">
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>This is the command line that initiates the interaction.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Git-credential is then waiting for input on stdin.
+We provide it with the things we know: the protocol and hostname.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>A blank line indicates that the input is complete, and the credential system should answer with what it knows.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Git-credential then takes over, and writes to stdout with the bits of information it found.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>If credentials are not found, Git asks the user for the username and password, and provides them back to the invoking stdout (here they’re attached to the same console).</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The credential system is actually invoking a program that’s separate from Git itself; which one and how depends on the <code>credential.helper</code> configuration value.
+There are several forms it can take:</p>
+</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Configuration Value</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Behavior</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>foo</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Runs <code>git-credential-foo</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>foo -a --opt=bcd</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Runs <code>git-credential-foo -a --opt=bcd</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>/absolute/path/foo -xyz</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Runs <code>/absolute/path/foo -xyz</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>!f() { echo "password=s3cre7"; }; f</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Code after <code>!</code> evaluated in shell</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>So the helpers described above are actually named <code>git-credential-cache</code>, <code>git-credential-store</code>, and so on, and we can configure them to take command-line arguments.
+The general form for this is “git-credential-foo [args] &lt;action&gt;.”
+The stdin/stdout protocol is the same as git-credential, but they use a slightly different set of actions:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>get</code> is a request for a username/password pair.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>store</code> is a request to save a set of credentials in this helper’s memory.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>erase</code> purge the credentials for the given properties from this helper’s memory.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>For the <code>store</code> and <code>erase</code> actions, no response is required (Git ignores it anyway).
+For the <code>get</code> action, however, Git is very interested in what the helper has to say.
+If the helper doesn’t know anything useful, it can simply exit with no output, but if it does know, it should augment the provided information with the information it has stored.
+The output is treated like a series of assignment statements; anything provided will replace what Git already knows.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Here’s the same example from above, but skipping git-credential and going straight for git-credential-store:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git credential-store --file ~/git.store store <b class="conum">(1)</b>
+protocol=https
+host=mygithost
+username=bob
+password=s3cre7
+$ git credential-store --file ~/git.store get <b class="conum">(2)</b>
+protocol=https
+host=mygithost
+username=bob <b class="conum">(3)</b>
+password=s3cre7</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="colist arabic">
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>Here we tell <code>git-credential-store</code> to save some credentials: the username “bob” and the password “s3cre7” are to be used when <code><a href="https://mygithost" class="bare">https://mygithost</a></code> is accessed.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Now we’ll retrieve those credentials.
+We provide the parts of the connection we already know (<code><a href="https://mygithost" class="bare">https://mygithost</a></code>), and an empty line.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>git-credential-store</code> replies with the username and password we stored above.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Here’s what the <code>~/git.store</code> file looks like:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini">https://bob:s3cre7@mygithost</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>It’s just a series of lines, each of which contains a credential-decorated URL.
+The <code>osxkeychain</code> and <code>wincred</code> helpers use the native format of their backing stores, while <code>cache</code> uses its own in-memory format (which no other process can read).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect3">
+<h3 id="_a_custom_credential_cache">A Custom Credential Cache</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Given that <code>git-credential-store</code> and friends are separate programs from Git, it’s not much of a leap to realize that <em>any</em> program can be a Git credential helper.
+The helpers provided by Git cover many common use cases, but not all.
+For example, let’s say your team has some credentials that are shared with the entire team, perhaps for deployment.
+These are stored in a shared directory, but you don’t want to copy them to your own credential store, because they change often.
+None of the existing helpers cover this case; let’s see what it would take to write our own.
+There are several key features this program needs to have:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="olist arabic">
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>The only action we need to pay attention to is <code>get</code>; <code>store</code> and <code>erase</code> are write operations, so we’ll just exit cleanly when they’re received.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The file format of the shared-credential file is the same as that used by <code>git-credential-store</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The location of that file is fairly standard, but we should allow the user to pass a custom path just in case.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Once again, we’ll write this extension in Ruby, but any language will work so long as Git can execute the finished product.
+Here’s the full source code of our new credential helper:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ruby" data-lang="ruby">#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+require 'optparse'
+path = File.expand_path '~/.git-credentials' # <b class="conum">(1)</b>
+OptionParser.new do |opts|
+    opts.banner = 'USAGE: git-credential-read-only [options] &lt;action&gt;'
+    opts.on('-f', '--file PATH', 'Specify path for backing store') do |argpath|
+        path = File.expand_path argpath
+    end
+end.parse!
+exit(0) unless ARGV[0].downcase == 'get' # <b class="conum">(2)</b>
+exit(0) unless File.exists? path
+known = {} # <b class="conum">(3)</b>
+while line = STDIN.gets
+    break if line.strip == ''
+    k,v = line.strip.split '=', 2
+    known[k] = v
+end
+File.readlines(path).each do |fileline| # <b class="conum">(4)</b>
+    prot,user,pass,host = fileline.scan(/^(.*?):\/\/(.*?):(.*?)@(.*)$/).first
+    if prot == known['protocol'] and host == known['host'] and user == known['username'] then
+        puts "protocol=#{prot}"
+        puts "host=#{host}"
+        puts "username=#{user}"
+        puts "password=#{pass}"
+        exit(0)
+    end
+end</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="colist arabic">
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>Here we parse the command-line options, allowing the user to specify the input file.
+The default is <code>~/.git-credentials</code>.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>This program only responds if the action is <code>get</code> and the backing-store file exists.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>This loop reads from stdin until the first blank line is reached.
+The inputs are stored in the <code>known</code> hash for later reference.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>This loop reads the contents of the storage file, looking for matches.
+If the protocol, host, and username from <code>known</code> match this line, the program prints the results to stdout and exits.</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>We’ll save our helper as <code>git-credential-read-only</code>, put it somewhere in our <code>PATH</code> and mark it executable.
+Here’s what an interactive session looks like:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git credential-read-only --file=/mnt/shared/creds get
+protocol=https
+host=mygithost
+username=bob
+protocol=https
+host=mygithost
+username=bob
+password=s3cre7</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Since its name starts with “git-”, we can use the simple syntax for the configuration value:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git config --global credential.helper 'read-only --file /mnt/shared/creds'</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>As you can see, extending this system is pretty straightforward, and can solve some common problems for you and your team.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="nav"><a href="_replace.html">prev</a> | <a href="../Git-Tools-Summary.html">next</a></div></div>
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