wasmtime 0.4.0 → 5.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/bumpalo-3.11.1/src/collections/string.rs

@@ -1,2123 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
-// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
-// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
-//! A UTF-8 encoded, growable string.
-//!
-//! This module contains the [`String`] type and several error types that may
-//! result from working with [`String`]s.
-//!
-//! This module is a fork of the [`std::string`] module, that uses a bump allocator.
-//!
-//! [`std::string`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/index.html
-//!
-//! # Examples
-//!
-//! You can create a new [`String`] from a string literal with [`String::from_str_in`]:
-//!
-//! ```
-//! use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-//!
-//! let b = Bump::new();
-//!
-//! let s = String::from_str_in("world", &b);
-//! ```
-//!
-//! [`String`]: struct.String.html
-//! [`String::from_str_in`]: struct.String.html#method.from_str_in
-//!
-//! If you have a vector of valid UTF-8 bytes, you can make a [`String`] out of
-//! it. You can do the reverse too.
-//!
-//! ```
-//! use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-//!
-//! let b = Bump::new();
-//!
-//! let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150];
-//!
-//! // We know these bytes are valid, so we'll use `unwrap()`.
-//! let sparkle_heart = String::from_utf8(sparkle_heart).unwrap();
-//!
-//! assert_eq!("💖", sparkle_heart);
-//!
-//! let bytes = sparkle_heart.into_bytes();
-//!
-//! assert_eq!(bytes, [240, 159, 146, 150]);
-//! ```
-
-use crate::collections::str::lossy;
-use crate::collections::vec::Vec;
-use crate::Bump;
-use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
-use core::char::decode_utf16;
-use core::fmt;
-use core::hash;
-use core::iter::FusedIterator;
-use core::mem;
-use core::ops::Bound::{Excluded, Included, Unbounded};
-use core::ops::{self, Add, AddAssign, Index, IndexMut, RangeBounds};
-use core::ptr;
-use core::str::{self, Chars, Utf8Error};
-use core_alloc::borrow::Cow;
-
-/// Like the [`format!`] macro, but for creating [`bumpalo::collections::String`]s.
-///
-/// [`format!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.format.html
-/// [`bumpalo::collections::String`]: collections/string/struct.String.html
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::Bump;
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// let who = "World";
-/// let s = bumpalo::format!(in &b, "Hello, {}!", who);
-/// assert_eq!(s, "Hello, World!")
-/// ```
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! format {
-    ( in $bump:expr, $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),* ) => {{
-        use $crate::core_alloc::fmt::Write;
-        let bump = $bump;
-        let mut s = $crate::collections::String::new_in(bump);
-        let _ = write!(&mut s, $fmt, $($args),*);
-        s
-    }};
-
-    ( in $bump:expr, $fmt:expr, $($args:expr,)* ) => {
-        $crate::format!(in $bump, $fmt, $($args),*)
-    };
-}
-
-/// A UTF-8 encoded, growable string.
-///
-/// The `String` type is the most common string type that has ownership over the
-/// contents of the string. It has a close relationship with its borrowed
-/// counterpart, the primitive [`str`].
-///
-/// [`str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// You can create a `String` from a literal string with [`String::from_str_in`]:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// let hello = String::from_str_in("Hello, world!", &b);
-/// ```
-///
-/// You can append a [`char`] to a `String` with the [`push`] method, and
-/// append a [`&str`] with the [`push_str`] method:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// let mut hello = String::from_str_in("Hello, ", &b);
-///
-/// hello.push('w');
-/// hello.push_str("orld!");
-/// ```
-///
-/// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html
-/// [`push`]: #method.push
-/// [`push_str`]: #method.push_str
-///
-/// If you have a vector of UTF-8 bytes, you can create a `String` from it with
-/// the [`from_utf8`] method:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// // some bytes, in a vector
-/// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150];
-///
-/// // We know these bytes are valid, so we'll use `unwrap()`.
-/// let sparkle_heart = String::from_utf8(sparkle_heart).unwrap();
-///
-/// assert_eq!("💖", sparkle_heart);
-/// ```
-///
-/// [`from_utf8`]: #method.from_utf8
-///
-/// # Deref
-///
-/// `String`s implement <code>[`Deref`]<Target = [`str`]></code>, and so inherit all of [`str`]'s
-/// methods. In addition, this means that you can pass a `String` to a
-/// function which takes a [`&str`] by using an ampersand (`&`):
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// fn takes_str(s: &str) { }
-///
-/// let s = String::from_str_in("Hello", &b);
-///
-/// takes_str(&s);
-/// ```
-///
-/// This will create a [`&str`] from the `String` and pass it in. This
-/// conversion is very inexpensive, and so generally, functions will accept
-/// [`&str`]s as arguments unless they need a `String` for some specific
-/// reason.
-///
-/// In certain cases Rust doesn't have enough information to make this
-/// conversion, known as [`Deref`] coercion. In the following example a string
-/// slice [`&'a str`][`&str`] implements the trait `TraitExample`, and the function
-/// `example_func` takes anything that implements the trait. In this case Rust
-/// would need to make two implicit conversions, which Rust doesn't have the
-/// means to do. For that reason, the following example will not compile.
-///
-/// ```compile_fail,E0277
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// trait TraitExample {}
-///
-/// impl<'a> TraitExample for &'a str {}
-///
-/// fn example_func<A: TraitExample>(example_arg: A) {}
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-/// let example_string = String::from_str_in("example_string", &b);
-/// example_func(&example_string);
-/// ```
-///
-/// There are two options that would work instead. The first would be to
-/// change the line `example_func(&example_string);` to
-/// `example_func(example_string.as_str());`, using the method [`as_str()`]
-/// to explicitly extract the string slice containing the string. The second
-/// way changes `example_func(&example_string);` to
-/// `example_func(&*example_string);`. In this case we are dereferencing a
-/// `String` to a [`str`][`&str`], then referencing the [`str`][`&str`] back to
-/// [`&str`]. The second way is more idiomatic, however both work to do the
-/// conversion explicitly rather than relying on the implicit conversion.
-///
-/// # Representation
-///
-/// A `String` is made up of three components: a pointer to some bytes, a
-/// length, and a capacity. The pointer points to an internal buffer `String`
-/// uses to store its data. The length is the number of bytes currently stored
-/// in the buffer, and the capacity is the size of the buffer in bytes. As such,
-/// the length will always be less than or equal to the capacity.
-///
-/// This buffer is always stored on the heap.
-///
-/// You can look at these with the [`as_ptr`], [`len`], and [`capacity`]
-/// methods:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-/// use std::mem;
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// let mut story = String::from_str_in("Once upon a time...", &b);
-///
-/// let ptr = story.as_mut_ptr();
-/// let len = story.len();
-/// let capacity = story.capacity();
-///
-/// // story has nineteen bytes
-/// assert_eq!(19, len);
-///
-/// // Now that we have our parts, we throw the story away.
-/// mem::forget(story);
-///
-/// // We can re-build a String out of ptr, len, and capacity. This is all
-/// // unsafe because we are responsible for making sure the components are
-/// // valid:
-/// let s = unsafe { String::from_raw_parts_in(ptr, len, capacity, &b) } ;
-///
-/// assert_eq!(String::from_str_in("Once upon a time...", &b), s);
-/// ```
-///
-/// [`as_ptr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.as_ptr
-/// [`len`]: #method.len
-/// [`capacity`]: #method.capacity
-///
-/// If a `String` has enough capacity, adding elements to it will not
-/// re-allocate. For example, consider this program:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// let mut s = String::new_in(&b);
-///
-/// println!("{}", s.capacity());
-///
-/// for _ in 0..5 {
-///     s.push_str("hello");
-///     println!("{}", s.capacity());
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// This will output the following:
-///
-/// ```text
-/// 0
-/// 5
-/// 10
-/// 20
-/// 20
-/// 40
-/// ```
-///
-/// At first, we have no memory allocated at all, but as we append to the
-/// string, it increases its capacity appropriately. If we instead use the
-/// [`with_capacity_in`] method to allocate the correct capacity initially:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(25, &b);
-///
-/// println!("{}", s.capacity());
-///
-/// for _ in 0..5 {
-///     s.push_str("hello");
-///     println!("{}", s.capacity());
-/// }
-/// ```
-///
-/// [`with_capacity_in`]: #method.with_capacity_in
-///
-/// We end up with a different output:
-///
-/// ```text
-/// 25
-/// 25
-/// 25
-/// 25
-/// 25
-/// 25
-/// ```
-///
-/// Here, there's no need to allocate more memory inside the loop.
-///
-/// [`&str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html
-/// [`Deref`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html
-/// [`as_str()`]: struct.String.html#method.as_str
-#[derive(PartialOrd, Eq, Ord)]
-pub struct String<'bump> {
-    vec: Vec<'bump, u8>,
-}
-
-/// A possible error value when converting a `String` from a UTF-8 byte vector.
-///
-/// This type is the error type for the [`from_utf8`] method on [`String`]. It
-/// is designed in such a way to carefully avoid reallocations: the
-/// [`into_bytes`] method will give back the byte vector that was used in the
-/// conversion attempt.
-///
-/// [`from_utf8`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf8
-/// [`String`]: struct.String.html
-/// [`into_bytes`]: struct.FromUtf8Error.html#method.into_bytes
-///
-/// The [`Utf8Error`] type provided by [`std::str`] represents an error that may
-/// occur when converting a slice of [`u8`]s to a [`&str`]. In this sense, it's
-/// an analogue to `FromUtf8Error`, and you can get one from a `FromUtf8Error`
-/// through the [`utf8_error`] method.
-///
-/// [`Utf8Error`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html
-/// [`std::str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/index.html
-/// [`u8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u8.html
-/// [`&str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html
-/// [`utf8_error`]: #method.utf8_error
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// Basic usage:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// // some invalid bytes, in a vector
-/// let bytes = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159];
-///
-/// let value = String::from_utf8(bytes);
-///
-/// assert!(value.is_err());
-/// assert_eq!(bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159], value.unwrap_err().into_bytes());
-/// ```
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct FromUtf8Error<'bump> {
-    bytes: Vec<'bump, u8>,
-    error: Utf8Error,
-}
-
-/// A possible error value when converting a `String` from a UTF-16 byte slice.
-///
-/// This type is the error type for the [`from_utf16_in`] method on [`String`].
-///
-/// [`from_utf16_in`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf16_in
-/// [`String`]: struct.String.html
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// Basic usage:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let b = Bump::new();
-///
-/// // 𝄞mu<invalid>ic
-/// let v = &[0xD834, 0xDD1E, 0x006d, 0x0075, 0xD800, 0x0069, 0x0063];
-///
-/// assert!(String::from_utf16_in(v, &b).is_err());
-/// ```
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct FromUtf16Error(());
-
-impl<'bump> String<'bump> {
-    /// Creates a new empty `String`.
-    ///
-    /// Given that the `String` is empty, this will not allocate any initial
-    /// buffer. While that means that this initial operation is very
-    /// inexpensive, it may cause excessive allocation later when you add
-    /// data. If you have an idea of how much data the `String` will hold,
-    /// consider the [`with_capacity_in`] method to prevent excessive
-    /// re-allocation.
-    ///
-    /// [`with_capacity_in`]: #method.with_capacity_in
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let s = String::new_in(&b);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn new_in(bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> {
-        String {
-            vec: Vec::new_in(bump),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new empty `String` with a particular capacity.
-    ///
-    /// `String`s have an internal buffer to hold their data. The capacity is
-    /// the length of that buffer, and can be queried with the [`capacity`]
-    /// method. This method creates an empty `String`, but one with an initial
-    /// buffer that can hold `capacity` bytes. This is useful when you may be
-    /// appending a bunch of data to the `String`, reducing the number of
-    /// reallocations it needs to do.
-    ///
-    /// [`capacity`]: #method.capacity
-    ///
-    /// If the given capacity is `0`, no allocation will occur, and this method
-    /// is identical to the [`new_in`] method.
-    ///
-    /// [`new_in`]: #method.new
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(10, &b);
-    ///
-    /// // The String contains no chars, even though it has capacity for more
-    /// assert_eq!(s.len(), 0);
-    ///
-    /// // These are all done without reallocating...
-    /// let cap = s.capacity();
-    /// for _ in 0..10 {
-    ///     s.push('a');
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(s.capacity(), cap);
-    ///
-    /// // ...but this may make the vector reallocate
-    /// s.push('a');
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_capacity_in(capacity: usize, bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> {
-        String {
-            vec: Vec::with_capacity_in(capacity, bump),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Converts a vector of bytes to a `String`.
-    ///
-    /// A string (`String`) is made of bytes ([`u8`]), and a vector of bytes
-    /// ([`Vec<u8>`]) is made of bytes, so this function converts between the
-    /// two. Not all byte slices are valid `String`s, however: `String`
-    /// requires that it is valid UTF-8. `from_utf8()` checks to ensure that
-    /// the bytes are valid UTF-8, and then does the conversion.
-    ///
-    /// If you are sure that the byte slice is valid UTF-8, and you don't want
-    /// to incur the overhead of the validity check, there is an unsafe version
-    /// of this function, [`from_utf8_unchecked`], which has the same behavior
-    /// but skips the check.
-    ///
-    /// This method will take care to not copy the vector, for efficiency's
-    /// sake.
-    ///
-    /// If you need a [`&str`] instead of a `String`, consider
-    /// [`str::from_utf8`].
-    ///
-    /// The inverse of this method is [`into_bytes`].
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// Returns [`Err`] if the slice is not UTF-8 with a description as to why the
-    /// provided bytes are not UTF-8. The vector you moved in is also included.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// // some bytes, in a vector
-    /// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150];
-    ///
-    /// // We know these bytes are valid, so we'll use `unwrap()`.
-    /// let sparkle_heart = String::from_utf8(sparkle_heart).unwrap();
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("💖", sparkle_heart);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Incorrect bytes:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// // some invalid bytes, in a vector
-    /// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159, 146, 150];
-    ///
-    /// assert!(String::from_utf8(sparkle_heart).is_err());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// See the docs for [`FromUtf8Error`] for more details on what you can do
-    /// with this error.
-    ///
-    /// [`from_utf8_unchecked`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf8_unchecked
-    /// [`&str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html
-    /// [`u8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u8.html
-    /// [`Vec<u8>`]: ../vec/struct.Vec.html
-    /// [`str::from_utf8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/fn.from_utf8.html
-    /// [`into_bytes`]: struct.String.html#method.into_bytes
-    /// [`FromUtf8Error`]: struct.FromUtf8Error.html
-    /// [`Err`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn from_utf8(vec: Vec<'bump, u8>) -> Result<String<'bump>, FromUtf8Error<'bump>> {
-        match str::from_utf8(&vec) {
-            Ok(..) => Ok(String { vec }),
-            Err(e) => Err(FromUtf8Error {
-                bytes: vec,
-                error: e,
-            }),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Converts a slice of bytes to a string, including invalid characters.
-    ///
-    /// Strings are made of bytes ([`u8`]), and a slice of bytes
-    /// ([`&[u8]`][slice]) is made of bytes, so this function converts
-    /// between the two. Not all byte slices are valid strings, however: strings
-    /// are required to be valid UTF-8. During this conversion,
-    /// `from_utf8_lossy_in()` will replace any invalid UTF-8 sequences with
-    /// [`U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER`][U+FFFD], which looks like this: �
-    ///
-    /// [`u8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u8.html
-    /// [slice]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.slice.html
-    /// [U+FFFD]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/char/constant.REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER.html
-    ///
-    /// If you are sure that the byte slice is valid UTF-8, and you don't want
-    /// to incur the overhead of the conversion, there is an unsafe version
-    /// of this function, [`from_utf8_unchecked`], which has the same behavior
-    /// but skips the checks.
-    ///
-    /// [`from_utf8_unchecked`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf8_unchecked
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{collections::String, Bump, vec};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// // some bytes, in a vector
-    /// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150];
-    ///
-    /// let sparkle_heart = String::from_utf8_lossy_in(&sparkle_heart, &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("💖", sparkle_heart);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// Incorrect bytes:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{collections::String, Bump, vec};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// // some invalid bytes
-    /// let input = b"Hello \xF0\x90\x80World";
-    /// let output = String::from_utf8_lossy_in(input, &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("Hello �World", output);
-    /// ```
-    pub fn from_utf8_lossy_in(v: &[u8], bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> {
-        let mut iter = lossy::Utf8Lossy::from_bytes(v).chunks();
-
-        let (first_valid, first_broken) = if let Some(chunk) = iter.next() {
-            let lossy::Utf8LossyChunk { valid, broken } = chunk;
-            if valid.len() == v.len() {
-                debug_assert!(broken.is_empty());
-                unsafe {
-                    return String::from_utf8_unchecked(Vec::from_iter_in(v.iter().cloned(), bump));
-                }
-            }
-            (valid, broken)
-        } else {
-            return String::from_str_in("", bump);
-        };
-
-        const REPLACEMENT: &str = "\u{FFFD}";
-
-        let mut res = String::with_capacity_in(v.len(), bump);
-        res.push_str(first_valid);
-        if !first_broken.is_empty() {
-            res.push_str(REPLACEMENT);
-        }
-
-        for lossy::Utf8LossyChunk { valid, broken } in iter {
-            res.push_str(valid);
-            if !broken.is_empty() {
-                res.push_str(REPLACEMENT);
-            }
-        }
-
-        res
-    }
-
-    /// Decode a UTF-16 encoded slice `v` into a `String`, returning [`Err`]
-    /// if `v` contains any invalid data.
-    ///
-    /// [`Err`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// // 𝄞music
-    /// let v = &[0xD834, 0xDD1E, 0x006d, 0x0075, 0x0073, 0x0069, 0x0063];
-    /// assert_eq!(String::from_str_in("𝄞music", &b), String::from_utf16_in(v, &b).unwrap());
-    ///
-    /// // 𝄞mu<invalid>ic
-    /// let v = &[0xD834, 0xDD1E, 0x006d, 0x0075, 0xD800, 0x0069, 0x0063];
-    /// assert!(String::from_utf16_in(v, &b).is_err());
-    /// ```
-    pub fn from_utf16_in(v: &[u16], bump: &'bump Bump) -> Result<String<'bump>, FromUtf16Error> {
-        let mut ret = String::with_capacity_in(v.len(), bump);
-        for c in decode_utf16(v.iter().cloned()) {
-            if let Ok(c) = c {
-                ret.push(c);
-            } else {
-                return Err(FromUtf16Error(()));
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(ret)
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a new `String<'bump>` from a string slice.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b);
-    /// assert_eq!(s, "hello");
-    /// ```
-    pub fn from_str_in(s: &str, bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> {
-        let mut t = String::with_capacity_in(s.len(), bump);
-        t.push_str(s);
-        t
-    }
-
-    /// Construct a new `String<'bump>` from an iterator of `char`s.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let s = String::from_iter_in(['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'].iter().cloned(), &b);
-    /// assert_eq!(s, "hello");
-    /// ```
-    pub fn from_iter_in<I: IntoIterator<Item = char>>(iter: I, bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> {
-        let mut s = String::new_in(bump);
-        for c in iter {
-            s.push(c);
-        }
-        s
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a new `String` from a length, capacity, and pointer.
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// This is highly unsafe, due to the number of invariants that aren't
-    /// checked:
-    ///
-    /// * The memory at `ptr` needs to have been previously allocated by the
-    ///   same allocator the standard library uses.
-    /// * `length` needs to be less than or equal to `capacity`.
-    /// * `capacity` needs to be the correct value.
-    ///
-    /// Violating these may cause problems like corrupting the allocator's
-    /// internal data structures.
-    ///
-    /// The ownership of `ptr` is effectively transferred to the
-    /// `String` which may then deallocate, reallocate or change the
-    /// contents of memory pointed to by the pointer at will. Ensure
-    /// that nothing else uses the pointer after calling this
-    /// function.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    /// use std::mem;
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// unsafe {
-    ///     let mut s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b);
-    ///     let ptr = s.as_mut_ptr();
-    ///     let len = s.len();
-    ///     let capacity = s.capacity();
-    ///
-    ///     mem::forget(s);
-    ///
-    ///     let s = String::from_raw_parts_in(ptr, len, capacity, &b);
-    ///
-    ///     assert_eq!(s, "hello");
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_raw_parts_in(
-        buf: *mut u8,
-        length: usize,
-        capacity: usize,
-        bump: &'bump Bump,
-    ) -> String<'bump> {
-        String {
-            vec: Vec::from_raw_parts_in(buf, length, capacity, bump),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Converts a vector of bytes to a `String` without checking that the
-    /// string contains valid UTF-8.
-    ///
-    /// See the safe version, [`from_utf8`], for more details.
-    ///
-    /// [`from_utf8`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf8
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// This function is unsafe because it does not check that the bytes passed
-    /// to it are valid UTF-8. If this constraint is violated, it may cause
-    /// memory unsafety issues with future users of the `String`,
-    /// as it is assumed that `String`s are valid UTF-8.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// // some bytes, in a vector
-    /// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150];
-    ///
-    /// let sparkle_heart = unsafe {
-    ///     String::from_utf8_unchecked(sparkle_heart)
-    /// };
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("💖", sparkle_heart);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_utf8_unchecked(bytes: Vec<'bump, u8>) -> String<'bump> {
-        String { vec: bytes }
-    }
-
-    /// Converts a `String` into a byte vector.
-    ///
-    /// This consumes the `String`, so we do not need to copy its contents.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(s.into_bytes(), [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<'bump, u8> {
-        self.vec
-    }
-
-    /// Convert this `String<'bump>` into a `&'bump str`. This is analogous to
-    /// [`std::string::String::into_boxed_str`][into_boxed_str].
-    ///
-    /// [into_boxed_str]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html#method.into_boxed_str
-    ///
-    /// # Example
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(s.into_bump_str(), "foo");
-    /// ```
-    pub fn into_bump_str(self) -> &'bump str {
-        let s = unsafe {
-            let s = self.as_str();
-            mem::transmute(s)
-        };
-        mem::forget(self);
-        s
-    }
-
-    /// Extracts a string slice containing the entire `String`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("foo", s.as_str());
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Converts a `String` into a mutable string slice.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foobar", &b);
-    /// let s_mut_str = s.as_mut_str();
-    ///
-    /// s_mut_str.make_ascii_uppercase();
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("FOOBAR", s_mut_str);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_mut_str(&mut self) -> &mut str {
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Appends a given string slice onto the end of this `String`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b);
-    ///
-    /// s.push_str("bar");
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("foobar", s);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn push_str(&mut self, string: &str) {
-        self.vec.extend_from_slice(string.as_bytes())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns this `String`'s capacity, in bytes.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let s = String::with_capacity_in(10, &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 10);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
-        self.vec.capacity()
-    }
-
-    /// Ensures that this `String`'s capacity is at least `additional` bytes
-    /// larger than its length.
-    ///
-    /// The capacity may be increased by more than `additional` bytes if it
-    /// chooses, to prevent frequent reallocations.
-    ///
-    /// If you do not want this "at least" behavior, see the [`reserve_exact`]
-    /// method.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the new capacity overflows [`usize`].
-    ///
-    /// [`reserve_exact`]: struct.String.html#method.reserve_exact
-    /// [`usize`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.usize.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::new_in(&b);
-    ///
-    /// s.reserve(10);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 10);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This may not actually increase the capacity:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(10, &b);
-    /// s.push('a');
-    /// s.push('b');
-    ///
-    /// // s now has a length of 2 and a capacity of 10
-    /// assert_eq!(2, s.len());
-    /// assert_eq!(10, s.capacity());
-    ///
-    /// // Since we already have an extra 8 capacity, calling this...
-    /// s.reserve(8);
-    ///
-    /// // ... doesn't actually increase.
-    /// assert_eq!(10, s.capacity());
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
-        self.vec.reserve(additional)
-    }
-
-    /// Ensures that this `String`'s capacity is `additional` bytes
-    /// larger than its length.
-    ///
-    /// Consider using the [`reserve`] method unless you absolutely know
-    /// better than the allocator.
-    ///
-    /// [`reserve`]: #method.reserve
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the new capacity overflows `usize`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::new_in(&b);
-    ///
-    /// s.reserve_exact(10);
-    ///
-    /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 10);
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// This may not actually increase the capacity:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(10, &b);
-    /// s.push('a');
-    /// s.push('b');
-    ///
-    /// // s now has a length of 2 and a capacity of 10
-    /// assert_eq!(2, s.len());
-    /// assert_eq!(10, s.capacity());
-    ///
-    /// // Since we already have an extra 8 capacity, calling this...
-    /// s.reserve_exact(8);
-    ///
-    /// // ... doesn't actually increase.
-    /// assert_eq!(10, s.capacity());
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize) {
-        self.vec.reserve_exact(additional)
-    }
-
-    /// Shrinks the capacity of this `String` to match its length.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b);
-    ///
-    /// s.reserve(100);
-    /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 100);
-    ///
-    /// s.shrink_to_fit();
-    /// assert_eq!(3, s.capacity());
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self) {
-        self.vec.shrink_to_fit()
-    }
-
-    /// Appends the given [`char`] to the end of this `String`.
-    ///
-    /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("abc", &b);
-    ///
-    /// s.push('1');
-    /// s.push('2');
-    /// s.push('3');
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("abc123", s);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn push(&mut self, ch: char) {
-        match ch.len_utf8() {
-            1 => self.vec.push(ch as u8),
-            _ => self
-                .vec
-                .extend_from_slice(ch.encode_utf8(&mut [0; 4]).as_bytes()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a byte slice of this `String`'s contents.
-    ///
-    /// The inverse of this method is [`from_utf8`].
-    ///
-    /// [`from_utf8`]: #method.from_utf8
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(&[104, 101, 108, 108, 111], s.as_bytes());
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        &self.vec
-    }
-
-    /// Shortens this `String` to the specified length.
-    ///
-    /// If `new_len` is greater than the string's current length, this has no
-    /// effect.
-    ///
-    /// Note that this method has no effect on the allocated capacity
-    /// of the string.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if `new_len` does not lie on a [`char`] boundary.
-    ///
-    /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b);
-    ///
-    /// s.truncate(2);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("he", s);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn truncate(&mut self, new_len: usize) {
-        if new_len <= self.len() {
-            assert!(self.is_char_boundary(new_len));
-            self.vec.truncate(new_len)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Removes the last character from the string buffer and returns it.
-    ///
-    /// Returns [`None`] if this `String` is empty.
-    ///
-    /// [`None`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html#variant.None
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(s.pop(), Some('o'));
-    /// assert_eq!(s.pop(), Some('o'));
-    /// assert_eq!(s.pop(), Some('f'));
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(s.pop(), None);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
-        let ch = self.chars().rev().next()?;
-        let newlen = self.len() - ch.len_utf8();
-        unsafe {
-            self.vec.set_len(newlen);
-        }
-        Some(ch)
-    }
-
-    /// Removes a [`char`] from this `String` at a byte position and returns it.
-    ///
-    /// This is an `O(n)` operation, as it requires copying every element in the
-    /// buffer.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if `idx` is larger than or equal to the `String`'s length,
-    /// or if it does not lie on a [`char`] boundary.
-    ///
-    /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(s.remove(0), 'f');
-    /// assert_eq!(s.remove(1), 'o');
-    /// assert_eq!(s.remove(0), 'o');
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, idx: usize) -> char {
-        let ch = match self[idx..].chars().next() {
-            Some(ch) => ch,
-            None => panic!("cannot remove a char from the end of a string"),
-        };
-
-        let next = idx + ch.len_utf8();
-        let len = self.len();
-        unsafe {
-            ptr::copy(
-                self.vec.as_ptr().add(next),
-                self.vec.as_mut_ptr().add(idx),
-                len - next,
-            );
-            self.vec.set_len(len - (next - idx));
-        }
-        ch
-    }
-
-    /// Retains only the characters specified by the predicate.
-    ///
-    /// In other words, remove all characters `c` such that `f(c)` returns `false`.
-    /// This method operates in place and preserves the order of the retained
-    /// characters.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("f_o_ob_ar", &b);
-    ///
-    /// s.retain(|c| c != '_');
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(s, "foobar");
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn retain<F>(&mut self, mut f: F)
-    where
-        F: FnMut(char) -> bool,
-    {
-        let len = self.len();
-        let mut del_bytes = 0;
-        let mut idx = 0;
-
-        while idx < len {
-            let ch = unsafe { self.get_unchecked(idx..len).chars().next().unwrap() };
-            let ch_len = ch.len_utf8();
-
-            if !f(ch) {
-                del_bytes += ch_len;
-            } else if del_bytes > 0 {
-                unsafe {
-                    ptr::copy(
-                        self.vec.as_ptr().add(idx),
-                        self.vec.as_mut_ptr().add(idx - del_bytes),
-                        ch_len,
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Point idx to the next char
-            idx += ch_len;
-        }
-
-        if del_bytes > 0 {
-            unsafe {
-                self.vec.set_len(len - del_bytes);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Inserts a character into this `String` at a byte position.
-    ///
-    /// This is an `O(n)` operation as it requires copying every element in the
-    /// buffer.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if `idx` is larger than the `String`'s length, or if it does not
-    /// lie on a [`char`] boundary.
-    ///
-    /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(3, &b);
-    ///
-    /// s.insert(0, 'f');
-    /// s.insert(1, 'o');
-    /// s.insert(2, 'o');
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("foo", s);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, idx: usize, ch: char) {
-        assert!(self.is_char_boundary(idx));
-        let mut bits = [0; 4];
-        let bits = ch.encode_utf8(&mut bits).as_bytes();
-
-        unsafe {
-            self.insert_bytes(idx, bits);
-        }
-    }
-
-    unsafe fn insert_bytes(&mut self, idx: usize, bytes: &[u8]) {
-        let len = self.len();
-        let amt = bytes.len();
-        self.vec.reserve(amt);
-
-        ptr::copy(
-            self.vec.as_ptr().add(idx),
-            self.vec.as_mut_ptr().add(idx + amt),
-            len - idx,
-        );
-        ptr::copy(bytes.as_ptr(), self.vec.as_mut_ptr().add(idx), amt);
-        self.vec.set_len(len + amt);
-    }
-
-    /// Inserts a string slice into this `String` at a byte position.
-    ///
-    /// This is an `O(n)` operation as it requires copying every element in the
-    /// buffer.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if `idx` is larger than the `String`'s length, or if it does not
-    /// lie on a [`char`] boundary.
-    ///
-    /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("bar", &b);
-    ///
-    /// s.insert_str(0, "foo");
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("foobar", s);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn insert_str(&mut self, idx: usize, string: &str) {
-        assert!(self.is_char_boundary(idx));
-
-        unsafe {
-            self.insert_bytes(idx, string.as_bytes());
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a mutable reference to the contents of this `String`.
-    ///
-    /// # Safety
-    ///
-    /// This function is unsafe because the returned `&mut Vec` allows writing
-    /// bytes which are not valid UTF-8. If this constraint is violated, using
-    /// the original `String` after dropping the `&mut Vec` may violate memory
-    /// safety, as it is assumed that `String`s are valid UTF-8.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b);
-    ///
-    /// unsafe {
-    ///     let vec = s.as_mut_vec();
-    ///     assert_eq!(vec, &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111]);
-    ///
-    ///     vec.reverse();
-    /// }
-    /// assert_eq!(s, "olleh");
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn as_mut_vec(&mut self) -> &mut Vec<'bump, u8> {
-        &mut self.vec
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the length of this `String`, in bytes.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let a = String::from_str_in("foo", &b);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(a.len(), 3);
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.vec.len()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns `true` if this `String` has a length of zero.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `false` otherwise.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut v = String::new_in(&b);
-    /// assert!(v.is_empty());
-    ///
-    /// v.push('a');
-    /// assert!(!v.is_empty());
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.len() == 0
-    }
-
-    /// Splits the string into two at the given index.
-    ///
-    /// Returns a newly allocated `String`. `self` contains bytes `[0, at)`, and
-    /// the returned `String` contains bytes `[at, len)`. `at` must be on the
-    /// boundary of a UTF-8 code point.
-    ///
-    /// Note that the capacity of `self` does not change.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if `at` is not on a UTF-8 code point boundary, or if it is beyond the last
-    /// code point of the string.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut hello = String::from_str_in("Hello, World!", &b);
-    /// let world = hello.split_off(7);
-    /// assert_eq!(hello, "Hello, ");
-    /// assert_eq!(world, "World!");
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn split_off(&mut self, at: usize) -> String<'bump> {
-        assert!(self.is_char_boundary(at));
-        let other = self.vec.split_off(at);
-        unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(other) }
-    }
-
-    /// Truncates this `String`, removing all contents.
-    ///
-    /// While this means the `String` will have a length of zero, it does not
-    /// touch its capacity.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b);
-    ///
-    /// s.clear();
-    ///
-    /// assert!(s.is_empty());
-    /// assert_eq!(0, s.len());
-    /// assert_eq!(3, s.capacity());
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.vec.clear()
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a draining iterator that removes the specified range in the `String`
-    /// and yields the removed `chars`.
-    ///
-    /// Note: The element range is removed even if the iterator is not
-    /// consumed until the end.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the starting point or end point do not lie on a [`char`]
-    /// boundary, or if they're out of bounds.
-    ///
-    /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("α is alpha, β is beta", &b);
-    /// let beta_offset = s.find('β').unwrap_or(s.len());
-    ///
-    /// // Remove the range up until the β from the string
-    /// let t = String::from_iter_in(s.drain(..beta_offset), &b);
-    /// assert_eq!(t, "α is alpha, ");
-    /// assert_eq!(s, "β is beta");
-    ///
-    /// // A full range clears the string
-    /// drop(s.drain(..));
-    /// assert_eq!(s, "");
-    /// ```
-    pub fn drain<'a, R>(&'a mut self, range: R) -> Drain<'a, 'bump>
-    where
-        R: RangeBounds<usize>,
-    {
-        // Memory safety
-        //
-        // The String version of Drain does not have the memory safety issues
-        // of the vector version. The data is just plain bytes.
-        // Because the range removal happens in Drop, if the Drain iterator is leaked,
-        // the removal will not happen.
-        let len = self.len();
-        let start = match range.start_bound() {
-            Included(&n) => n,
-            Excluded(&n) => n + 1,
-            Unbounded => 0,
-        };
-        let end = match range.end_bound() {
-            Included(&n) => n + 1,
-            Excluded(&n) => n,
-            Unbounded => len,
-        };
-
-        // Take out two simultaneous borrows. The &mut String won't be accessed
-        // until iteration is over, in Drop.
-        let self_ptr = self as *mut _;
-        // slicing does the appropriate bounds checks
-        let chars_iter = self[start..end].chars();
-
-        Drain {
-            start,
-            end,
-            iter: chars_iter,
-            string: self_ptr,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Removes the specified range in the string,
-    /// and replaces it with the given string.
-    /// The given string doesn't need to be the same length as the range.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the starting point or end point do not lie on a [`char`]
-    /// boundary, or if they're out of bounds.
-    ///
-    /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html
-    /// [`Vec::splice`]: ../vec/struct.Vec.html#method.splice
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("α is alpha, β is beta", &b);
-    /// let beta_offset = s.find('β').unwrap_or(s.len());
-    ///
-    /// // Replace the range up until the β from the string
-    /// s.replace_range(..beta_offset, "Α is capital alpha; ");
-    /// assert_eq!(s, "Α is capital alpha; β is beta");
-    /// ```
-    pub fn replace_range<R>(&mut self, range: R, replace_with: &str)
-    where
-        R: RangeBounds<usize>,
-    {
-        // Memory safety
-        //
-        // Replace_range does not have the memory safety issues of a vector Splice.
-        // of the vector version. The data is just plain bytes.
-
-        match range.start_bound() {
-            Included(&n) => assert!(self.is_char_boundary(n)),
-            Excluded(&n) => assert!(self.is_char_boundary(n + 1)),
-            Unbounded => {}
-        };
-        match range.end_bound() {
-            Included(&n) => assert!(self.is_char_boundary(n + 1)),
-            Excluded(&n) => assert!(self.is_char_boundary(n)),
-            Unbounded => {}
-        };
-
-        unsafe { self.as_mut_vec() }.splice(range, replace_with.bytes());
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> FromUtf8Error<'bump> {
-    /// Returns a slice of bytes that were attempted to convert to a `String`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// // some invalid bytes, in a vector
-    /// let bytes = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159];
-    ///
-    /// let value = String::from_utf8(bytes);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(&[0, 159], value.unwrap_err().as_bytes());
-    /// ```
-    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        &self.bytes[..]
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the bytes that were attempted to convert to a `String`.
-    ///
-    /// This method is carefully constructed to avoid allocation. It will
-    /// consume the error, moving out the bytes, so that a copy of the bytes
-    /// does not need to be made.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// // some invalid bytes, in a vector
-    /// let bytes = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159];
-    ///
-    /// let value = String::from_utf8(bytes);
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!(bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159], value.unwrap_err().into_bytes());
-    /// ```
-    pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<'bump, u8> {
-        self.bytes
-    }
-
-    /// Fetch a `Utf8Error` to get more details about the conversion failure.
-    ///
-    /// The [`Utf8Error`] type provided by [`std::str`] represents an error that may
-    /// occur when converting a slice of [`u8`]s to a [`&str`]. In this sense, it's
-    /// an analogue to `FromUtf8Error`. See its documentation for more details
-    /// on using it.
-    ///
-    /// [`Utf8Error`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html
-    /// [`std::str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/index.html
-    /// [`u8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u8.html
-    /// [`&str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// Basic usage:
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-    ///
-    /// let b = Bump::new();
-    ///
-    /// // some invalid bytes, in a vector
-    /// let bytes = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159];
-    ///
-    /// let error = String::from_utf8(bytes).unwrap_err().utf8_error();
-    ///
-    /// // the first byte is invalid here
-    /// assert_eq!(1, error.valid_up_to());
-    /// ```
-    pub fn utf8_error(&self) -> Utf8Error {
-        self.error
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> fmt::Display for FromUtf8Error<'bump> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.error, f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for FromUtf16Error {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt::Display::fmt("invalid utf-16: lone surrogate found", f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> Clone for String<'bump> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        String {
-            vec: self.vec.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
-        self.vec.clone_from(&source.vec);
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> Extend<char> for String<'bump> {
-    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = char>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
-        let iterator = iter.into_iter();
-        let (lower_bound, _) = iterator.size_hint();
-        self.reserve(lower_bound);
-        for ch in iterator {
-            self.push(ch)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'bump> Extend<&'a char> for String<'bump> {
-    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a char>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
-        self.extend(iter.into_iter().cloned());
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'bump> Extend<&'a str> for String<'bump> {
-    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
-        for s in iter {
-            self.push_str(s)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> Extend<String<'bump>> for String<'bump> {
-    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = String<'bump>>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
-        for s in iter {
-            self.push_str(&s)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> Extend<core_alloc::string::String> for String<'bump> {
-    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = core_alloc::string::String>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
-        for s in iter {
-            self.push_str(&s)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'bump> Extend<Cow<'a, str>> for String<'bump> {
-    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = Cow<'a, str>>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
-        for s in iter {
-            self.push_str(&s)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> PartialEq for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn eq(&self, other: &String) -> bool {
-        PartialEq::eq(&self[..], &other[..])
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! impl_eq {
-    ($lhs:ty, $rhs: ty) => {
-        impl<'a, 'bump> PartialEq<$rhs> for $lhs {
-            #[inline]
-            fn eq(&self, other: &$rhs) -> bool {
-                PartialEq::eq(&self[..], &other[..])
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl<'a, 'b, 'bump> PartialEq<$lhs> for $rhs {
-            #[inline]
-            fn eq(&self, other: &$lhs) -> bool {
-                PartialEq::eq(&self[..], &other[..])
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-impl_eq! { String<'bump>, str }
-impl_eq! { String<'bump>, &'a str }
-impl_eq! { Cow<'a, str>, String<'bump> }
-impl_eq! { core_alloc::string::String, String<'bump> }
-
-impl<'bump> fmt::Display for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> fmt::Debug for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> hash::Hash for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, hasher: &mut H) {
-        (**self).hash(hasher)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implements the `+` operator for concatenating two strings.
-///
-/// This consumes the `String<'bump>` on the left-hand side and re-uses its buffer (growing it if
-/// necessary). This is done to avoid allocating a new `String<'bump>` and copying the entire contents on
-/// every operation, which would lead to `O(n^2)` running time when building an `n`-byte string by
-/// repeated concatenation.
-///
-/// The string on the right-hand side is only borrowed; its contents are copied into the returned
-/// `String<'bump>`.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// Concatenating two `String<'bump>`s takes the first by value and borrows the second:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let bump = Bump::new();
-///
-/// let a = String::from_str_in("hello", &bump);
-/// let b = String::from_str_in(" world", &bump);
-/// let c = a + &b;
-/// // `a` is moved and can no longer be used here.
-/// ```
-///
-/// If you want to keep using the first `String`, you can clone it and append to the clone instead:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let bump = Bump::new();
-///
-/// let a = String::from_str_in("hello", &bump);
-/// let b = String::from_str_in(" world", &bump);
-/// let c = a.clone() + &b;
-/// // `a` is still valid here.
-/// ```
-///
-/// Concatenating `&str` slices can be done by converting the first to a `String`:
-///
-/// ```
-/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String};
-///
-/// let bump = Bump::new();
-///
-/// let a = "hello";
-/// let b = " world";
-/// let c = String::from_str_in(a, &bump) + b;
-/// ```
-impl<'a, 'bump> Add<&'a str> for String<'bump> {
-    type Output = String<'bump>;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn add(mut self, other: &str) -> String<'bump> {
-        self.push_str(other);
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implements the `+=` operator for appending to a `String<'bump>`.
-///
-/// This has the same behavior as the [`push_str`][String::push_str] method.
-impl<'a, 'bump> AddAssign<&'a str> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn add_assign(&mut self, other: &str) {
-        self.push_str(other);
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::Range<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    type Output = str;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn index(&self, index: ops::Range<usize>) -> &str {
-        &self[..][index]
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::RangeTo<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    type Output = str;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn index(&self, index: ops::RangeTo<usize>) -> &str {
-        &self[..][index]
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    type Output = str;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn index(&self, index: ops::RangeFrom<usize>) -> &str {
-        &self[..][index]
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::RangeFull> for String<'bump> {
-    type Output = str;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn index(&self, _index: ops::RangeFull) -> &str {
-        unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.vec) }
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::RangeInclusive<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    type Output = str;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn index(&self, index: ops::RangeInclusive<usize>) -> &str {
-        Index::index(&**self, index)
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    type Output = str;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn index(&self, index: ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>) -> &str {
-        Index::index(&**self, index)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> ops::IndexMut<ops::Range<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: ops::Range<usize>) -> &mut str {
-        &mut self[..][index]
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::IndexMut<ops::RangeTo<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: ops::RangeTo<usize>) -> &mut str {
-        &mut self[..][index]
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::IndexMut<ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: ops::RangeFrom<usize>) -> &mut str {
-        &mut self[..][index]
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::IndexMut<ops::RangeFull> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, _index: ops::RangeFull) -> &mut str {
-        unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked_mut(&mut *self.vec) }
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::IndexMut<ops::RangeInclusive<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: ops::RangeInclusive<usize>) -> &mut str {
-        IndexMut::index_mut(&mut **self, index)
-    }
-}
-impl<'bump> ops::IndexMut<ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: ops::RangeToInclusive<usize>) -> &mut str {
-        IndexMut::index_mut(&mut **self, index)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> ops::Deref for String<'bump> {
-    type Target = str;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn deref(&self) -> &str {
-        unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.vec) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> ops::DerefMut for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut str {
-        unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked_mut(&mut *self.vec) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> AsRef<str> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> AsRef<[u8]> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        self.as_bytes()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> fmt::Write for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.push_str(s);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn write_char(&mut self, c: char) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.push(c);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> Borrow<str> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
-        &self[..]
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'bump> BorrowMut<str> for String<'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut str {
-        &mut self[..]
-    }
-}
-
-/// A draining iterator for `String`.
-///
-/// This struct is created by the [`String::drain`] method. See its
-/// documentation for more information.
-pub struct Drain<'a, 'bump> {
-    /// Will be used as &'a mut String in the destructor
-    string: *mut String<'bump>,
-    /// Start of part to remove
-    start: usize,
-    /// End of part to remove
-    end: usize,
-    /// Current remaining range to remove
-    iter: Chars<'a>,
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'bump> fmt::Debug for Drain<'a, 'bump> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad("Drain { .. }")
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<'a, 'bump> Sync for Drain<'a, 'bump> {}
-unsafe impl<'a, 'bump> Send for Drain<'a, 'bump> {}
-
-impl<'a, 'bump> Drop for Drain<'a, 'bump> {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        unsafe {
-            // Use Vec::drain. "Reaffirm" the bounds checks to avoid
-            // panic code being inserted again.
-            let self_vec = (*self.string).as_mut_vec();
-            if self.start <= self.end && self.end <= self_vec.len() {
-                self_vec.drain(self.start..self.end);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// TODO: implement `AsRef<str/[u8]>` and `as_str`
-
-impl<'a, 'bump> Iterator for Drain<'a, 'bump> {
-    type Item = char;
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
-        self.iter.next()
-    }
-
-    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        self.iter.size_hint()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'bump> DoubleEndedIterator for Drain<'a, 'bump> {
-    #[inline]
-    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
-        self.iter.next_back()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'bump> FusedIterator for Drain<'a, 'bump> {}