wasmtime 0.4.0 → 5.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/cranelift-isle-0.92.0/src/sema.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2488 @@
+//! Semantic analysis.
+//!
+//! This module primarily contains the type environment and term environment.
+//!
+//! The type environment is constructed by analyzing an input AST. The type
+//! environment records the types used in the input source and the types of our
+//! various rules and symbols. ISLE's type system is intentionally easy to
+//! check, only requires a single pass over the AST, and doesn't require any
+//! unification or anything like that.
+//!
+//! The term environment is constructed from both the AST and type
+//! envionment. It is sort of a typed and reorganized AST that more directly
+//! reflects ISLE semantics than the input ISLE source code (where as the AST is
+//! the opposite).
+
+use crate::ast;
+use crate::error::*;
+use crate::lexer::Pos;
+use crate::log;
+use crate::{StableMap, StableSet};
+use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+declare_id!(
+    /// The id of an interned symbol.
+    Sym
+);
+declare_id!(
+    /// The id of an interned type inside the `TypeEnv`.
+    TypeId
+);
+declare_id!(
+    /// The id of a variant inside an enum.
+    VariantId
+);
+declare_id!(
+    /// The id of a field inside a variant.
+    FieldId
+);
+declare_id!(
+    /// The id of an interned term inside the `TermEnv`.
+    TermId
+);
+declare_id!(
+    /// The id of an interned rule inside the `TermEnv`.
+    RuleId
+);
+declare_id!(
+    /// The id of a bound variable inside a `Bindings`.
+    VarId
+);
+
+/// The type environment.
+///
+/// Keeps track of which symbols and rules have which types.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TypeEnv {
+    /// Arena of input ISLE source filenames.
+    ///
+    /// We refer to these indirectly through the `Pos::file` indices.
+    pub filenames: Vec<Arc<str>>,
+
+    /// Arena of input ISLE source contents.
+    ///
+    /// We refer to these indirectly through the `Pos::file` indices.
+    pub file_texts: Vec<Arc<str>>,
+
+    /// Arena of interned symbol names.
+    ///
+    /// Referred to indirectly via `Sym` indices.
+    pub syms: Vec<String>,
+
+    /// Map of already-interned symbol names to their `Sym` ids.
+    pub sym_map: StableMap<String, Sym>,
+
+    /// Arena of type definitions.
+    ///
+    /// Referred to indirectly via `TypeId`s.
+    pub types: Vec<Type>,
+
+    /// A map from a type name symbol to its `TypeId`.
+    pub type_map: StableMap<Sym, TypeId>,
+
+    /// The types of constant symbols.
+    pub const_types: StableMap<Sym, TypeId>,
+
+    /// Type errors that we've found so far during type checking.
+    pub errors: Vec<Error>,
+}
+
+/// A type.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Type {
+    /// A primitive, `Copy` type.
+    ///
+    /// These are always defined externally, and we allow literals of these
+    /// types to pass through from ISLE source code to the emitted Rust code.
+    Primitive(TypeId, Sym, Pos),
+
+    /// A sum type.
+    ///
+    /// Note that enums with only one variant are equivalent to a "struct".
+    Enum {
+        /// The name of this enum.
+        name: Sym,
+        /// This `enum`'s type id.
+        id: TypeId,
+        /// Is this `enum` defined in external Rust code?
+        ///
+        /// If so, ISLE will not emit a definition for it. If not, then it will
+        /// emit a Rust definition for it.
+        is_extern: bool,
+        /// Whether this type should *not* derive `Debug`.
+        ///
+        /// Incompatible with `is_extern`.
+        is_nodebug: bool,
+        /// The different variants for this enum.
+        variants: Vec<Variant>,
+        /// The ISLE source position where this `enum` is defined.
+        pos: Pos,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Type {
+    /// Get the name of this `Type`.
+    pub fn name<'a>(&self, tyenv: &'a TypeEnv) -> &'a str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Primitive(_, name, _) | Self::Enum { name, .. } => &tyenv.syms[name.index()],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the position where this type was defined.
+    pub fn pos(&self) -> Pos {
+        match self {
+            Self::Primitive(_, _, pos) | Self::Enum { pos, .. } => *pos,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Is this a primitive type?
+    pub fn is_prim(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Type::Primitive(..))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A variant of an enum.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Variant {
+    /// The name of this variant.
+    pub name: Sym,
+
+    /// The full, prefixed-with-the-enum's-name name of this variant.
+    ///
+    /// E.g. if the enum is `Foo` and this variant is `Bar`, then the
+    /// `fullname` is `Foo.Bar`.
+    pub fullname: Sym,
+
+    /// The id of this variant, i.e. the index of this variant within its
+    /// enum's `Type::Enum::variants`.
+    pub id: VariantId,
+
+    /// The data fields of this enum variant.
+    pub fields: Vec<Field>,
+}
+
+/// A field of a `Variant`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Field {
+    /// The name of this field.
+    pub name: Sym,
+    /// This field's id.
+    pub id: FieldId,
+    /// The type of this field.
+    pub ty: TypeId,
+}
+
+/// The term environment.
+///
+/// This is sort of a typed and reorganized AST that more directly reflects ISLE
+/// semantics than the input ISLE source code (where as the AST is the
+/// opposite).
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TermEnv {
+    /// Arena of interned terms defined in this ISLE program.
+    ///
+    /// This is indexed by `TermId`.
+    pub terms: Vec<Term>,
+
+    /// A map from am interned `Term`'s name to its `TermId`.
+    pub term_map: StableMap<Sym, TermId>,
+
+    /// Arena of interned rules defined in this ISLE program.
+    ///
+    /// This is indexed by `RuleId`.
+    pub rules: Vec<Rule>,
+
+    /// Map from (inner_ty, outer_ty) pairs to term IDs, giving the
+    /// defined implicit type-converter terms we can try to use to fit
+    /// types together.
+    pub converters: StableMap<(TypeId, TypeId), TermId>,
+}
+
+/// A term.
+///
+/// Maps parameter types to result types if this is a constructor term, or
+/// result types to parameter types if this is an extractor term. Or both if
+/// this term can be either a constructor or an extractor.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Term {
+    /// This term's id.
+    pub id: TermId,
+    /// The source position where this term was declared.
+    pub decl_pos: Pos,
+    /// The name of this term.
+    pub name: Sym,
+    /// The parameter types to this term.
+    pub arg_tys: Vec<TypeId>,
+    /// The result types of this term.
+    pub ret_ty: TypeId,
+    /// The kind of this term.
+    pub kind: TermKind,
+}
+
+/// Flags from a term's declaration with `(decl ...)`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct TermFlags {
+    /// Whether the term is marked as `pure`.
+    pub pure: bool,
+    /// Whether the term is marked as `multi`.
+    pub multi: bool,
+    /// Whether the term is marked as `partial`.
+    pub partial: bool,
+}
+
+/// The kind of a term.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum TermKind {
+    /// An enum variant constructor or extractor.
+    EnumVariant {
+        /// Which variant of the enum: e.g. for enum type `A` if a term is
+        /// `(A.A1 ...)` then the variant ID corresponds to `A1`.
+        variant: VariantId,
+    },
+    /// A term declared via a `(decl ...)` form.
+    Decl {
+        /// Flags from the term's declaration.
+        flags: TermFlags,
+        /// The kind of this term's constructor, if any.
+        constructor_kind: Option<ConstructorKind>,
+        /// The kind of this term's extractor, if any.
+        extractor_kind: Option<ExtractorKind>,
+    },
+}
+
+/// The kind of a constructor for a term.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ConstructorKind {
+    /// A term with "internal" rules that work in the forward direction. Becomes
+    /// a compiled Rust function in the generated code.
+    InternalConstructor,
+    /// A term defined solely by an external constructor function.
+    ExternalConstructor {
+        /// The external name of the constructor function.
+        name: Sym,
+    },
+}
+
+/// The kind of an extractor for a term.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ExtractorKind {
+    /// A term that defines an "extractor macro" in the LHS of a pattern. Its
+    /// arguments take patterns and are simply substituted with the given
+    /// patterns when used.
+    InternalExtractor {
+        /// This extractor's pattern.
+        template: ast::Pattern,
+    },
+    /// A term defined solely by an external extractor function.
+    ExternalExtractor {
+        /// The external name of the extractor function.
+        name: Sym,
+        /// Is the external extractor infallible?
+        infallible: bool,
+        /// The position where this external extractor was declared.
+        pos: Pos,
+    },
+}
+
+/// How many values a function can return.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ReturnKind {
+    /// Exactly one return value.
+    Plain,
+    /// Zero or one return values.
+    Option,
+    /// Zero or more return values.
+    Iterator,
+}
+
+/// An external function signature.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ExternalSig {
+    /// The name of the external function.
+    pub func_name: String,
+    /// The name of the external function, prefixed with the context trait.
+    pub full_name: String,
+    /// The types of this function signature's parameters.
+    pub param_tys: Vec<TypeId>,
+    /// The types of this function signature's results.
+    pub ret_tys: Vec<TypeId>,
+    /// How many values can this function return?
+    pub ret_kind: ReturnKind,
+}
+
+impl Term {
+    /// Get this term's type.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> TypeId {
+        self.ret_ty
+    }
+
+    fn check_args_count<T>(&self, args: &[T], tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, pos: Pos, sym: &ast::Ident) {
+        if self.arg_tys.len() != args.len() {
+            tyenv.report_error(
+                pos,
+                format!(
+                    "Incorrect argument count for term '{}': got {}, expect {}",
+                    sym.0,
+                    args.len(),
+                    self.arg_tys.len()
+                ),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Is this term an enum variant?
+    pub fn is_enum_variant(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.kind, TermKind::EnumVariant { .. })
+    }
+
+    /// Does this term have a constructor?
+    pub fn has_constructor(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self.kind,
+            TermKind::EnumVariant { .. }
+                | TermKind::Decl {
+                    constructor_kind: Some(_),
+                    ..
+                }
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Does this term have an extractor?
+    pub fn has_extractor(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self.kind,
+            TermKind::EnumVariant { .. }
+                | TermKind::Decl {
+                    extractor_kind: Some(_),
+                    ..
+                }
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Is this term's extractor external?
+    pub fn has_external_extractor(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self.kind,
+            TermKind::Decl {
+                extractor_kind: Some(ExtractorKind::ExternalExtractor { .. }),
+                ..
+            }
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Is this term's constructor external?
+    pub fn has_external_constructor(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self.kind,
+            TermKind::Decl {
+                constructor_kind: Some(ConstructorKind::ExternalConstructor { .. }),
+                ..
+            }
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Get this term's extractor's external function signature, if any.
+    pub fn extractor_sig(&self, tyenv: &TypeEnv) -> Option<ExternalSig> {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TermKind::Decl {
+                flags,
+                extractor_kind:
+                    Some(ExtractorKind::ExternalExtractor {
+                        name, infallible, ..
+                    }),
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let ret_kind = if flags.multi {
+                    ReturnKind::Iterator
+                } else if *infallible {
+                    ReturnKind::Plain
+                } else {
+                    ReturnKind::Option
+                };
+                Some(ExternalSig {
+                    func_name: tyenv.syms[name.index()].clone(),
+                    full_name: format!("C::{}", tyenv.syms[name.index()]),
+                    param_tys: vec![self.ret_ty],
+                    ret_tys: self.arg_tys.clone(),
+                    ret_kind,
+                })
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get this term's constructor's external function signature, if any.
+    pub fn constructor_sig(&self, tyenv: &TypeEnv) -> Option<ExternalSig> {
+        match &self.kind {
+            TermKind::Decl {
+                constructor_kind: Some(kind),
+                flags,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let (func_name, full_name) = match kind {
+                    ConstructorKind::InternalConstructor => {
+                        let name = format!("constructor_{}", tyenv.syms[self.name.index()]);
+                        (name.clone(), name)
+                    }
+                    ConstructorKind::ExternalConstructor { name } => (
+                        tyenv.syms[name.index()].clone(),
+                        format!("C::{}", tyenv.syms[name.index()]),
+                    ),
+                };
+                let ret_kind = if flags.multi {
+                    ReturnKind::Iterator
+                } else if flags.partial {
+                    ReturnKind::Option
+                } else {
+                    ReturnKind::Plain
+                };
+                Some(ExternalSig {
+                    func_name,
+                    full_name,
+                    param_tys: self.arg_tys.clone(),
+                    ret_tys: vec![self.ret_ty],
+                    ret_kind,
+                })
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A term rewrite rule.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Rule {
+    /// This rule's id.
+    pub id: RuleId,
+    /// The left-hand side pattern that this rule matches.
+    pub root_term: TermId,
+    /// Patterns to test against the root term's arguments.
+    pub args: Vec<Pattern>,
+    /// Any subpattern "if-let" clauses.
+    pub iflets: Vec<IfLet>,
+    /// The right-hand side expression that this rule evaluates upon successful
+    /// match.
+    pub rhs: Expr,
+    /// Variable names used in this rule, indexed by [VarId].
+    pub vars: Vec<BoundVar>,
+    /// The priority of this rule, defaulted to 0 if it was missing in the source.
+    pub prio: i64,
+    /// The source position where this rule is defined.
+    pub pos: Pos,
+}
+
+/// A name bound in a pattern or let-expression.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct BoundVar {
+    /// The identifier used for this variable within the scope of the current [Rule].
+    pub id: VarId,
+    /// The variable's name.
+    pub name: Sym,
+    /// The type of the value this variable is bound to.
+    pub ty: TypeId,
+}
+
+/// An `if-let` clause with a subpattern match on an expr after the
+/// main LHS matches.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct IfLet {
+    /// The left-hand side pattern that this `if-let` clause matches
+    /// against the expression below.
+    pub lhs: Pattern,
+    /// The right-hand side expression that this pattern
+    /// evaluates. Must be pure.
+    pub rhs: Expr,
+}
+
+/// A left-hand side pattern of some rule.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Pattern {
+    /// Bind a variable of the given type from the current value.
+    ///
+    /// Keep matching on the value with the subpattern.
+    BindPattern(TypeId, VarId, Box<Pattern>),
+
+    /// Match the current value against an already bound variable with the given
+    /// type.
+    Var(TypeId, VarId),
+
+    /// Match the current value against a constant integer of the given integer
+    /// type.
+    ConstInt(TypeId, i128),
+
+    /// Match the current value against a constant primitive value of the given
+    /// primitive type.
+    ConstPrim(TypeId, Sym),
+
+    /// Match the current value against the given extractor term with the given
+    /// arguments.
+    Term(TypeId, TermId, Vec<Pattern>),
+
+    /// Match anything of the given type successfully.
+    Wildcard(TypeId),
+
+    /// Match all of the following patterns of the given type.
+    And(TypeId, Vec<Pattern>),
+}
+
+/// A right-hand side expression of some rule.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Expr {
+    /// Invoke this term constructor with the given arguments.
+    Term(TypeId, TermId, Vec<Expr>),
+    /// Get the value of a variable that was bound in the left-hand side.
+    Var(TypeId, VarId),
+    /// Get a constant integer.
+    ConstInt(TypeId, i128),
+    /// Get a constant primitive.
+    ConstPrim(TypeId, Sym),
+    /// Evaluate the nested expressions and bind their results to the given
+    /// variables, then evaluate the body expression.
+    Let {
+        /// The type of the result of this let expression.
+        ty: TypeId,
+        /// The expressions that are evaluated and bound to the given variables.
+        bindings: Vec<(VarId, TypeId, Box<Expr>)>,
+        /// The body expression that is evaluated after the bindings.
+        body: Box<Expr>,
+    },
+}
+
+/// Visitor interface for [Pattern]s. Visitors can assign an arbitrary identifier to each
+/// subpattern, which is threaded through to subsequent calls into the visitor.
+pub trait PatternVisitor {
+    /// The type of subpattern identifiers.
+    type PatternId: Copy;
+
+    /// Match if `a` and `b` have equal values.
+    fn add_match_equal(&mut self, a: Self::PatternId, b: Self::PatternId, ty: TypeId);
+    /// Match if `input` is the given integer constant.
+    fn add_match_int(&mut self, input: Self::PatternId, ty: TypeId, int_val: i128);
+    /// Match if `input` is the given primitive constant.
+    fn add_match_prim(&mut self, input: Self::PatternId, ty: TypeId, val: Sym);
+
+    /// Match if `input` is the given enum variant. Returns an identifier for each field within the
+    /// enum variant. The length of the return list must equal the length of `arg_tys`.
+    fn add_match_variant(
+        &mut self,
+        input: Self::PatternId,
+        input_ty: TypeId,
+        arg_tys: &[TypeId],
+        variant: VariantId,
+    ) -> Vec<Self::PatternId>;
+
+    /// Match if the given external extractor succeeds on `input`. Returns an identifier for each
+    /// return value from the external extractor. The length of the return list must equal the
+    /// length of `output_tys`.
+    fn add_extract(
+        &mut self,
+        input: Self::PatternId,
+        input_ty: TypeId,
+        output_tys: Vec<TypeId>,
+        term: TermId,
+        infallible: bool,
+        multi: bool,
+    ) -> Vec<Self::PatternId>;
+}
+
+impl Pattern {
+    /// Get this pattern's type.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> TypeId {
+        match self {
+            &Self::BindPattern(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::Var(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::ConstInt(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::ConstPrim(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::Term(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::Wildcard(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::And(t, ..) => t,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Recursively visit every sub-pattern.
+    pub fn visit<V: PatternVisitor>(
+        &self,
+        visitor: &mut V,
+        input: V::PatternId,
+        termenv: &TermEnv,
+        vars: &mut HashMap<VarId, V::PatternId>,
+    ) {
+        match self {
+            &Pattern::BindPattern(_ty, var, ref subpat) => {
+                // Bind the appropriate variable and recurse.
+                assert!(!vars.contains_key(&var));
+                vars.insert(var, input);
+                subpat.visit(visitor, input, termenv, vars);
+            }
+            &Pattern::Var(ty, var) => {
+                // Assert that the value matches the existing bound var.
+                let var_val = vars
+                    .get(&var)
+                    .copied()
+                    .expect("Variable should already be bound");
+                visitor.add_match_equal(input, var_val, ty);
+            }
+            &Pattern::ConstInt(ty, value) => visitor.add_match_int(input, ty, value),
+            &Pattern::ConstPrim(ty, value) => visitor.add_match_prim(input, ty, value),
+            &Pattern::Term(ty, term, ref args) => {
+                // Determine whether the term has an external extractor or not.
+                let termdata = &termenv.terms[term.index()];
+                let arg_values = match &termdata.kind {
+                    TermKind::EnumVariant { variant } => {
+                        visitor.add_match_variant(input, ty, &termdata.arg_tys, *variant)
+                    }
+                    TermKind::Decl {
+                        extractor_kind: None,
+                        ..
+                    } => {
+                        panic!("Pattern invocation of undefined term body")
+                    }
+                    TermKind::Decl {
+                        extractor_kind: Some(ExtractorKind::InternalExtractor { .. }),
+                        ..
+                    } => {
+                        panic!("Should have been expanded away")
+                    }
+                    TermKind::Decl {
+                        flags,
+                        extractor_kind: Some(ExtractorKind::ExternalExtractor { infallible, .. }),
+                        ..
+                    } => {
+                        // Evaluate all `input` args.
+                        let output_tys = args.iter().map(|arg| arg.ty()).collect();
+
+                        // Invoke the extractor.
+                        visitor.add_extract(
+                            input,
+                            termdata.ret_ty,
+                            output_tys,
+                            term,
+                            *infallible && !flags.multi,
+                            flags.multi,
+                        )
+                    }
+                };
+                for (pat, val) in args.iter().zip(arg_values) {
+                    pat.visit(visitor, val, termenv, vars);
+                }
+            }
+            &Pattern::And(_ty, ref children) => {
+                for child in children {
+                    child.visit(visitor, input, termenv, vars);
+                }
+            }
+            &Pattern::Wildcard(_ty) => {
+                // Nothing!
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Visitor interface for [Expr]s. Visitors can return an arbitrary identifier for each
+/// subexpression, which is threaded through to subsequent calls into the visitor.
+pub trait ExprVisitor {
+    /// The type of subexpression identifiers.
+    type ExprId: Copy;
+
+    /// Construct a constant integer.
+    fn add_const_int(&mut self, ty: TypeId, val: i128) -> Self::ExprId;
+    /// Construct a primitive constant.
+    fn add_const_prim(&mut self, ty: TypeId, val: Sym) -> Self::ExprId;
+
+    /// Construct an enum variant with the given `inputs` assigned to the variant's fields in order.
+    fn add_create_variant(
+        &mut self,
+        inputs: Vec<(Self::ExprId, TypeId)>,
+        ty: TypeId,
+        variant: VariantId,
+    ) -> Self::ExprId;
+
+    /// Call an external constructor with the given `inputs` as arguments.
+    fn add_construct(
+        &mut self,
+        inputs: Vec<(Self::ExprId, TypeId)>,
+        ty: TypeId,
+        term: TermId,
+        pure: bool,
+        infallible: bool,
+        multi: bool,
+    ) -> Self::ExprId;
+}
+
+impl Expr {
+    /// Get this expression's type.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> TypeId {
+        match self {
+            &Self::Term(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::Var(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::ConstInt(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::ConstPrim(t, ..) => t,
+            &Self::Let { ty: t, .. } => t,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Recursively visit every subexpression.
+    pub fn visit<V: ExprVisitor>(
+        &self,
+        visitor: &mut V,
+        termenv: &TermEnv,
+        vars: &HashMap<VarId, V::ExprId>,
+    ) -> V::ExprId {
+        log!("Expr::visit: expr {:?}", self);
+        match self {
+            &Expr::ConstInt(ty, val) => visitor.add_const_int(ty, val),
+            &Expr::ConstPrim(ty, val) => visitor.add_const_prim(ty, val),
+            &Expr::Let {
+                ty: _ty,
+                ref bindings,
+                ref body,
+            } => {
+                let mut vars = vars.clone();
+                for &(var, _var_ty, ref var_expr) in bindings {
+                    let var_value = var_expr.visit(visitor, termenv, &vars);
+                    vars.insert(var, var_value);
+                }
+                body.visit(visitor, termenv, &vars)
+            }
+            &Expr::Var(_ty, var_id) => *vars.get(&var_id).unwrap(),
+            &Expr::Term(ty, term, ref arg_exprs) => {
+                let termdata = &termenv.terms[term.index()];
+                let arg_values_tys = arg_exprs
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|arg_expr| arg_expr.visit(visitor, termenv, vars))
+                    .zip(termdata.arg_tys.iter().copied())
+                    .collect();
+                match &termdata.kind {
+                    TermKind::EnumVariant { variant } => {
+                        visitor.add_create_variant(arg_values_tys, ty, *variant)
+                    }
+                    TermKind::Decl {
+                        constructor_kind: Some(_),
+                        flags,
+                        ..
+                    } => {
+                        visitor.add_construct(
+                            arg_values_tys,
+                            ty,
+                            term,
+                            flags.pure,
+                            /* infallible = */ !flags.partial,
+                            flags.multi,
+                        )
+                    }
+                    TermKind::Decl {
+                        constructor_kind: None,
+                        ..
+                    } => panic!("Should have been caught by typechecking"),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn visit_in_rule<V: RuleVisitor>(
+        &self,
+        visitor: &mut V,
+        termenv: &TermEnv,
+        vars: &HashMap<VarId, <V::PatternVisitor as PatternVisitor>::PatternId>,
+    ) -> V::Expr {
+        let var_exprs = vars
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(&var, &val)| (var, visitor.pattern_as_expr(val)))
+            .collect();
+        visitor.add_expr(|visitor| VisitedExpr {
+            ty: self.ty(),
+            value: self.visit(visitor, termenv, &var_exprs),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Information about an expression after it has been fully visited in [RuleVisitor::add_expr].
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct VisitedExpr<V: ExprVisitor> {
+    /// The type of the top-level expression.
+    pub ty: TypeId,
+    /// The identifier returned by the visitor for the top-level expression.
+    pub value: V::ExprId,
+}
+
+/// Visitor interface for [Rule]s. Visitors must be able to visit patterns by implementing
+/// [PatternVisitor], and to visit expressions by providing a type that implements [ExprVisitor].
+pub trait RuleVisitor {
+    /// The type of pattern visitors constructed by [RuleVisitor::add_pattern].
+    type PatternVisitor: PatternVisitor;
+    /// The type of expression visitors constructed by [RuleVisitor::add_expr].
+    type ExprVisitor: ExprVisitor;
+    /// The type returned from [RuleVisitor::add_expr], which may be exchanged for a subpattern
+    /// identifier using [RuleVisitor::expr_as_pattern].
+    type Expr;
+
+    /// Visit one of the arguments to the top-level pattern.
+    fn add_arg(
+        &mut self,
+        index: usize,
+        ty: TypeId,
+    ) -> <Self::PatternVisitor as PatternVisitor>::PatternId;
+
+    /// Visit a pattern, used once for the rule's left-hand side and once for each if-let. You can
+    /// determine which part of the rule the pattern comes from based on whether the `PatternId`
+    /// passed to the first call to this visitor came from `add_arg` or `expr_as_pattern`.
+    fn add_pattern<F>(&mut self, visitor: F)
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self::PatternVisitor);
+
+    /// Visit an expression, used once for each if-let and once for the rule's right-hand side.
+    fn add_expr<F>(&mut self, visitor: F) -> Self::Expr
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self::ExprVisitor) -> VisitedExpr<Self::ExprVisitor>;
+
+    /// Given an expression from [RuleVisitor::add_expr], return an identifier that can be used with
+    /// a pattern visitor in [RuleVisitor::add_pattern].
+    fn expr_as_pattern(
+        &mut self,
+        expr: Self::Expr,
+    ) -> <Self::PatternVisitor as PatternVisitor>::PatternId;
+
+    /// Given an identifier from the pattern visitor, return an identifier that can be used with
+    /// the expression visitor.
+    fn pattern_as_expr(
+        &mut self,
+        pattern: <Self::PatternVisitor as PatternVisitor>::PatternId,
+    ) -> <Self::ExprVisitor as ExprVisitor>::ExprId;
+}
+
+impl Rule {
+    /// Recursively visit every pattern and expression in this rule. Returns the [RuleVisitor::Expr]
+    /// that was returned from [RuleVisitor::add_expr] when that function was called on the rule's
+    /// right-hand side.
+    pub fn visit<V: RuleVisitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V, termenv: &TermEnv) -> V::Expr {
+        let mut vars = HashMap::new();
+
+        // Visit the pattern, starting from the root input value.
+        let termdata = &termenv.terms[self.root_term.index()];
+        for (i, (subpat, &arg_ty)) in self.args.iter().zip(termdata.arg_tys.iter()).enumerate() {
+            let value = visitor.add_arg(i, arg_ty);
+            visitor.add_pattern(|visitor| subpat.visit(visitor, value, termenv, &mut vars));
+        }
+
+        // Visit the `if-let` clauses, using `V::ExprVisitor` for the sub-exprs (right-hand sides).
+        for iflet in self.iflets.iter() {
+            let subexpr = iflet.rhs.visit_in_rule(visitor, termenv, &vars);
+            let value = visitor.expr_as_pattern(subexpr);
+            visitor.add_pattern(|visitor| iflet.lhs.visit(visitor, value, termenv, &mut vars));
+        }
+
+        // Visit the rule's right-hand side, making use of the bound variables from the pattern.
+        self.rhs.visit_in_rule(visitor, termenv, &vars)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Given an `Option<T>`, unwrap the inner `T` value, or `continue` if it is
+/// `None`.
+///
+/// Useful for when we encountered an error earlier in our analysis but kept
+/// going to find more errors, and now we've run into some missing data that
+/// would have been filled in if we didn't hit that original error, but we want
+/// to keep going to find more errors.
+macro_rules! unwrap_or_continue {
+    ($e:expr) => {
+        match $e {
+            Some(x) => x,
+            None => continue,
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl TypeEnv {
+    /// Construct the type environment from the AST.
+    pub fn from_ast(defs: &ast::Defs) -> Result<TypeEnv, Errors> {
+        let mut tyenv = TypeEnv {
+            filenames: defs.filenames.clone(),
+            file_texts: defs.file_texts.clone(),
+            syms: vec![],
+            sym_map: StableMap::new(),
+            types: vec![],
+            type_map: StableMap::new(),
+            const_types: StableMap::new(),
+            errors: vec![],
+        };
+
+        // Traverse defs, assigning type IDs to type names. We'll fill
+        // in types on a second pass.
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            match def {
+                &ast::Def::Type(ref td) => {
+                    let tid = TypeId(tyenv.type_map.len());
+                    let name = tyenv.intern_mut(&td.name);
+
+                    if let Some(existing) = tyenv.type_map.get(&name).copied() {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            td.pos,
+                            format!("Type with name '{}' defined more than once", td.name.0),
+                        );
+                        let pos = unwrap_or_continue!(tyenv.types.get(existing.index())).pos();
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            format!("Type with name '{}' already defined here", td.name.0),
+                        );
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    tyenv.type_map.insert(name, tid);
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Now lower AST nodes to type definitions, raising errors
+        // where typenames of fields are undefined or field names are
+        // duplicated.
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            match def {
+                &ast::Def::Type(ref td) => {
+                    let tid = tyenv.types.len();
+                    if let Some(ty) = tyenv.type_from_ast(TypeId(tid), td) {
+                        tyenv.types.push(ty);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Now collect types for extern constants.
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            match def {
+                &ast::Def::Extern(ast::Extern::Const {
+                    ref name,
+                    ref ty,
+                    pos,
+                }) => {
+                    let ty = match tyenv.get_type_by_name(ty) {
+                        Some(ty) => ty,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(pos, "Unknown type for constant");
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let name = tyenv.intern_mut(name);
+                    tyenv.const_types.insert(name, ty);
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        tyenv.return_errors()?;
+
+        Ok(tyenv)
+    }
+
+    fn return_errors(&mut self) -> Result<(), Errors> {
+        if self.errors.is_empty() {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(Errors {
+                errors: std::mem::take(&mut self.errors),
+                filenames: self.filenames.clone(),
+                file_texts: self.file_texts.clone(),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn type_from_ast(&mut self, tid: TypeId, ty: &ast::Type) -> Option<Type> {
+        let name = self.intern(&ty.name).unwrap();
+        match &ty.ty {
+            &ast::TypeValue::Primitive(ref id, ..) => {
+                if ty.is_nodebug {
+                    self.report_error(ty.pos, "primitive types cannot be marked `nodebug`");
+                    return None;
+                }
+                if ty.is_extern {
+                    self.report_error(ty.pos, "primitive types cannot be marked `extern`");
+                    return None;
+                }
+                Some(Type::Primitive(tid, self.intern_mut(id), ty.pos))
+            }
+            &ast::TypeValue::Enum(ref ty_variants, ..) => {
+                if ty.is_extern && ty.is_nodebug {
+                    self.report_error(ty.pos, "external types cannot be marked `nodebug`");
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                let mut variants = vec![];
+                for variant in ty_variants {
+                    let combined_ident =
+                        ast::Ident(format!("{}.{}", ty.name.0, variant.name.0), variant.name.1);
+                    let fullname = self.intern_mut(&combined_ident);
+                    let name = self.intern_mut(&variant.name);
+                    let id = VariantId(variants.len());
+                    if variants.iter().any(|v: &Variant| v.name == name) {
+                        self.report_error(
+                            variant.pos,
+                            format!("Duplicate variant name in type: '{}'", variant.name.0),
+                        );
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                    let mut fields = vec![];
+                    for field in &variant.fields {
+                        let field_name = self.intern_mut(&field.name);
+                        if fields.iter().any(|f: &Field| f.name == field_name) {
+                            self.report_error(
+                                field.pos,
+                                format!(
+                                    "Duplicate field name '{}' in variant '{}' of type",
+                                    field.name.0, variant.name.0
+                                ),
+                            );
+                            return None;
+                        }
+                        let field_tid = match self.get_type_by_name(&field.ty) {
+                            Some(tid) => tid,
+                            None => {
+                                self.report_error(
+                                    field.ty.1,
+                                    format!(
+                                        "Unknown type '{}' for field '{}' in variant '{}'",
+                                        field.ty.0, field.name.0, variant.name.0
+                                    ),
+                                );
+                                return None;
+                            }
+                        };
+                        fields.push(Field {
+                            name: field_name,
+                            id: FieldId(fields.len()),
+                            ty: field_tid,
+                        });
+                    }
+                    variants.push(Variant {
+                        name,
+                        fullname,
+                        id,
+                        fields,
+                    });
+                }
+                Some(Type::Enum {
+                    name,
+                    id: tid,
+                    is_extern: ty.is_extern,
+                    is_nodebug: ty.is_nodebug,
+                    variants,
+                    pos: ty.pos,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn error(&self, pos: Pos, msg: impl Into<String>) -> Error {
+        Error::TypeError {
+            msg: msg.into(),
+            span: Span::new_single(pos),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn report_error(&mut self, pos: Pos, msg: impl Into<String>) {
+        let err = self.error(pos, msg);
+        self.errors.push(err);
+    }
+
+    fn intern_mut(&mut self, ident: &ast::Ident) -> Sym {
+        if let Some(s) = self.sym_map.get(&ident.0).copied() {
+            s
+        } else {
+            let s = Sym(self.syms.len());
+            self.syms.push(ident.0.clone());
+            self.sym_map.insert(ident.0.clone(), s);
+            s
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn intern(&self, ident: &ast::Ident) -> Option<Sym> {
+        self.sym_map.get(&ident.0).copied()
+    }
+
+    fn get_type_by_name(&self, sym: &ast::Ident) -> Option<TypeId> {
+        self.intern(sym)
+            .and_then(|sym| self.type_map.get(&sym))
+            .copied()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+struct Bindings {
+    seen: Vec<BoundVar>,
+}
+
+impl Bindings {
+    fn add_var(&mut self, name: Sym, ty: TypeId) -> VarId {
+        let id = VarId(self.seen.len());
+        log!("binding var {:?} as {:?} with type {:?}", name.0, id, ty);
+        self.seen.push(BoundVar { id, name, ty });
+        id
+    }
+
+    fn lookup(&self, name: Sym) -> Option<&BoundVar> {
+        self.seen.iter().rev().find(|binding| binding.name == name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TermEnv {
+    /// Construct the term environment from the AST and the type environment.
+    pub fn from_ast(tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, defs: &ast::Defs) -> Result<TermEnv, Errors> {
+        let mut env = TermEnv {
+            terms: vec![],
+            term_map: StableMap::new(),
+            rules: vec![],
+            converters: StableMap::new(),
+        };
+
+        env.collect_pragmas(defs);
+        env.collect_term_sigs(tyenv, defs);
+        env.collect_enum_variant_terms(tyenv);
+        tyenv.return_errors()?;
+        env.collect_constructors(tyenv, defs);
+        env.collect_extractor_templates(tyenv, defs);
+        tyenv.return_errors()?;
+        env.collect_converters(tyenv, defs);
+        tyenv.return_errors()?;
+        env.collect_externs(tyenv, defs);
+        tyenv.return_errors()?;
+        env.collect_rules(tyenv, defs);
+        env.check_for_undefined_decls(tyenv, defs);
+        env.check_for_expr_terms_without_constructors(tyenv, defs);
+        tyenv.return_errors()?;
+
+        Ok(env)
+    }
+
+    fn collect_pragmas(&mut self, _: &ast::Defs) {
+        // currently, no pragmas are defined, but the infrastructure is useful to keep around
+        return;
+    }
+
+    fn collect_term_sigs(&mut self, tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, defs: &ast::Defs) {
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            match def {
+                &ast::Def::Decl(ref decl) => {
+                    let name = tyenv.intern_mut(&decl.term);
+                    if let Some(tid) = self.term_map.get(&name) {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            decl.pos,
+                            format!("Duplicate decl for '{}'", decl.term.0),
+                        );
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            self.terms[tid.index()].decl_pos,
+                            format!("Duplicate decl for '{}'", decl.term.0),
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    if decl.multi && decl.partial {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            decl.pos,
+                            format!("Term '{}' can't be both multi and partial", decl.term.0),
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    let arg_tys = decl
+                        .arg_tys
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|id| {
+                            tyenv.get_type_by_name(id).ok_or_else(|| {
+                                tyenv.report_error(id.1, format!("Unknown arg type: '{}'", id.0));
+                                ()
+                            })
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>();
+                    let arg_tys = match arg_tys {
+                        Ok(a) => a,
+                        Err(_) => {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let ret_ty = match tyenv.get_type_by_name(&decl.ret_ty) {
+                        Some(t) => t,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                decl.ret_ty.1,
+                                format!("Unknown return type: '{}'", decl.ret_ty.0),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let tid = TermId(self.terms.len());
+                    self.term_map.insert(name, tid);
+                    let flags = TermFlags {
+                        pure: decl.pure,
+                        multi: decl.multi,
+                        partial: decl.partial,
+                    };
+                    self.terms.push(Term {
+                        id: tid,
+                        decl_pos: decl.pos,
+                        name,
+                        arg_tys,
+                        ret_ty,
+                        kind: TermKind::Decl {
+                            flags,
+                            constructor_kind: None,
+                            extractor_kind: None,
+                        },
+                    });
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_enum_variant_terms(&mut self, tyenv: &mut TypeEnv) {
+        'types: for i in 0..tyenv.types.len() {
+            let ty = &tyenv.types[i];
+            match ty {
+                &Type::Enum {
+                    pos,
+                    id,
+                    ref variants,
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    for variant in variants {
+                        if self.term_map.contains_key(&variant.fullname) {
+                            let variant_name = tyenv.syms[variant.fullname.index()].clone();
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!("Duplicate enum variant constructor: '{}'", variant_name,),
+                            );
+                            continue 'types;
+                        }
+                        let tid = TermId(self.terms.len());
+                        let arg_tys = variant.fields.iter().map(|fld| fld.ty).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                        let ret_ty = id;
+                        self.terms.push(Term {
+                            id: tid,
+                            decl_pos: pos,
+                            name: variant.fullname,
+                            arg_tys,
+                            ret_ty,
+                            kind: TermKind::EnumVariant {
+                                variant: variant.id,
+                            },
+                        });
+                        self.term_map.insert(variant.fullname, tid);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_constructors(&mut self, tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, defs: &ast::Defs) {
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            log!("collect_constructors from def: {:?}", def);
+            match def {
+                &ast::Def::Rule(ref rule) => {
+                    let pos = rule.pos;
+                    let term = match rule.pattern.root_term() {
+                        Some(t) => t,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                "Rule does not have a term at the LHS root".to_string(),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let term = match self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, &term) {
+                        Some(tid) => tid,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv
+                                .report_error(pos, "Rule LHS root term is not defined".to_string());
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let termdata = &mut self.terms[term.index()];
+                    match &mut termdata.kind {
+                        TermKind::Decl {
+                            constructor_kind, ..
+                        } => {
+                            match constructor_kind {
+                                None => {
+                                    *constructor_kind = Some(ConstructorKind::InternalConstructor);
+                                }
+                                Some(ConstructorKind::InternalConstructor) => {
+                                    // OK, no error; multiple rules can apply to
+                                    // one internal constructor term.
+                                }
+                                Some(ConstructorKind::ExternalConstructor { .. }) => {
+                                    tyenv.report_error(
+                                        pos,
+                                        "Rule LHS root term is incorrect kind; cannot \
+                                         be external constructor"
+                                            .to_string(),
+                                    );
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        TermKind::EnumVariant { .. } => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                "Rule LHS root term is incorrect kind; cannot be enum variant"
+                                    .to_string(),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_extractor_templates(&mut self, tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, defs: &ast::Defs) {
+        let mut extractor_call_graph = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            if let &ast::Def::Extractor(ref ext) = def {
+                let term = match self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, &ext.term) {
+                    Some(x) => x,
+                    None => {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            ext.pos,
+                            "Extractor macro body definition on a non-existent term".to_string(),
+                        );
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let template = ext.template.make_macro_template(&ext.args[..]);
+                log!("extractor def: {:?} becomes template {:?}", def, template);
+
+                let mut callees = BTreeSet::new();
+                template.terms(&mut |pos, t| {
+                    if let Some(term) = self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, t) {
+                        callees.insert(term);
+                    } else {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            format!(
+                                "`{}` extractor definition references unknown term `{}`",
+                                ext.term.0, t.0
+                            ),
+                        );
+                    }
+                });
+                extractor_call_graph.insert(term, callees);
+
+                let termdata = &mut self.terms[term.index()];
+                match &mut termdata.kind {
+                    TermKind::EnumVariant { .. } => {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            ext.pos,
+                            "Extractor macro body defined on term of incorrect kind; cannot be an \
+                             enum variant",
+                        );
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    TermKind::Decl {
+                        flags,
+                        extractor_kind,
+                        ..
+                    } => match extractor_kind {
+                        None => {
+                            if flags.multi {
+                                tyenv.report_error(
+                                    ext.pos,
+                                    "A term declared with `multi` cannot have an internal extractor.".to_string());
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            *extractor_kind = Some(ExtractorKind::InternalExtractor { template });
+                        }
+                        Some(ext_kind) => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                ext.pos,
+                                "Duplicate extractor definition".to_string(),
+                            );
+                            let pos = match ext_kind {
+                                ExtractorKind::InternalExtractor { template } => template.pos(),
+                                ExtractorKind::ExternalExtractor { pos, .. } => *pos,
+                            };
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                "Extractor was already defined here".to_string(),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    },
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check for cycles in the extractor call graph.
+        let mut stack = vec![];
+        'outer: for root in extractor_call_graph.keys().copied() {
+            stack.clear();
+            stack.push((root, vec![root], StableSet::new()));
+
+            while let Some((caller, path, mut seen)) = stack.pop() {
+                let is_new = seen.insert(caller);
+                if is_new {
+                    if let Some(callees) = extractor_call_graph.get(&caller) {
+                        stack.extend(callees.iter().map(|callee| {
+                            let mut path = path.clone();
+                            path.push(*callee);
+                            (*callee, path, seen.clone())
+                        }));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let pos = match &self.terms[caller.index()].kind {
+                        TermKind::Decl {
+                            extractor_kind: Some(ExtractorKind::InternalExtractor { template }),
+                            ..
+                        } => template.pos(),
+                        _ => {
+                            // There must have already been errors recorded.
+                            assert!(!tyenv.errors.is_empty());
+                            continue 'outer;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let path: Vec<_> = path
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|sym| tyenv.syms[sym.index()].as_str())
+                        .collect();
+                    let msg = format!(
+                        "`{}` extractor definition is recursive: {}",
+                        tyenv.syms[root.index()],
+                        path.join(" -> ")
+                    );
+                    tyenv.report_error(pos, msg);
+                    continue 'outer;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_converters(&mut self, tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, defs: &ast::Defs) {
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            match def {
+                &ast::Def::Converter(ast::Converter {
+                    ref term,
+                    ref inner_ty,
+                    ref outer_ty,
+                    pos,
+                }) => {
+                    let inner_ty_id = match tyenv.get_type_by_name(inner_ty) {
+                        Some(ty) => ty,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                inner_ty.1,
+                                format!("Unknown inner type for converter: '{}'", inner_ty.0),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let outer_ty_id = match tyenv.get_type_by_name(outer_ty) {
+                        Some(ty) => ty,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                outer_ty.1,
+                                format!("Unknown outer type for converter: '{}'", outer_ty.0),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let term_id = match self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, term) {
+                        Some(term_id) => term_id,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                term.1,
+                                format!("Unknown term for converter: '{}'", term.0),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    match self.converters.entry((inner_ty_id, outer_ty_id)) {
+                        Entry::Vacant(v) => {
+                            v.insert(term_id);
+                        }
+                        Entry::Occupied(_) => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!(
+                                    "Converter already exists for this type pair: '{}', '{}'",
+                                    inner_ty.0, outer_ty.0
+                                ),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_externs(&mut self, tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, defs: &ast::Defs) {
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            match def {
+                &ast::Def::Extern(ast::Extern::Constructor {
+                    ref term,
+                    ref func,
+                    pos,
+                }) => {
+                    let func_sym = tyenv.intern_mut(func);
+                    let term_id = match self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, term) {
+                        Some(term) => term,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!("Constructor declared on undefined term '{}'", term.0),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let termdata = &mut self.terms[term_id.index()];
+                    match &mut termdata.kind {
+                        TermKind::Decl {
+                            constructor_kind, ..
+                        } => match constructor_kind {
+                            None => {
+                                *constructor_kind =
+                                    Some(ConstructorKind::ExternalConstructor { name: func_sym });
+                            }
+                            Some(ConstructorKind::InternalConstructor) => {
+                                tyenv.report_error(
+                                    pos,
+                                    format!(
+                                        "External constructor declared on term that already has rules: {}",
+                                        term.0,
+                                    ),
+                                );
+                            }
+                            Some(ConstructorKind::ExternalConstructor { .. }) => {
+                                tyenv.report_error(
+                                    pos,
+                                    "Duplicate external constructor definition".to_string(),
+                                );
+                            }
+                        },
+                        TermKind::EnumVariant { .. } => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!(
+                                    "External constructor cannot be defined on enum variant: {}",
+                                    term.0,
+                                ),
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                &ast::Def::Extern(ast::Extern::Extractor {
+                    ref term,
+                    ref func,
+                    pos,
+                    infallible,
+                }) => {
+                    let func_sym = tyenv.intern_mut(func);
+                    let term_id = match self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, term) {
+                        Some(term) => term,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!("Extractor declared on undefined term '{}'", term.0),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    let termdata = &mut self.terms[term_id.index()];
+
+                    match &mut termdata.kind {
+                        TermKind::Decl { extractor_kind, .. } => match extractor_kind {
+                            None => {
+                                *extractor_kind = Some(ExtractorKind::ExternalExtractor {
+                                    name: func_sym,
+                                    infallible,
+                                    pos,
+                                });
+                            }
+                            Some(ExtractorKind::ExternalExtractor { pos: pos2, .. }) => {
+                                tyenv.report_error(
+                                    pos,
+                                    "Duplicate external extractor definition".to_string(),
+                                );
+                                tyenv.report_error(
+                                    *pos2,
+                                    "External extractor already defined".to_string(),
+                                );
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            Some(ExtractorKind::InternalExtractor { template }) => {
+                                tyenv.report_error(
+                                    pos,
+                                    "Cannot define external extractor for term that already has an \
+                                     internal extractor macro body defined"
+                                        .to_string(),
+                                );
+                                tyenv.report_error(
+                                    template.pos(),
+                                    "Internal extractor macro body already defined".to_string(),
+                                );
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        },
+                        TermKind::EnumVariant { .. } => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!("Cannot define extractor for enum variant '{}'", term.0),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_rules(&mut self, tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, defs: &ast::Defs) {
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            match def {
+                &ast::Def::Rule(ref rule) => {
+                    let pos = rule.pos;
+                    let mut bindings = Bindings::default();
+
+                    let (sym, args) = if let ast::Pattern::Term { sym, args, .. } = &rule.pattern {
+                        (sym, args)
+                    } else {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            "Rule does not have a term at the root of its left-hand side"
+                                .to_string(),
+                        );
+                        continue;
+                    };
+
+                    let root_term = if let Some(term) = self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, sym) {
+                        term
+                    } else {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            "Cannot define a rule for an unknown term".to_string(),
+                        );
+                        continue;
+                    };
+
+                    let termdata = &self.terms[root_term.index()];
+
+                    let flags = match &termdata.kind {
+                        TermKind::Decl { flags, .. } => flags,
+                        _ => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                "Cannot define a rule on a left-hand-side that is an enum variant"
+                                    .to_string(),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    termdata.check_args_count(args, tyenv, pos, sym);
+                    let args = self.translate_args(args, termdata, tyenv, &mut bindings);
+
+                    let iflets = rule
+                        .iflets
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter_map(|iflet| {
+                            self.translate_iflet(tyenv, iflet, &mut bindings, flags)
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+                    let rhs = unwrap_or_continue!(self.translate_expr(
+                        tyenv,
+                        &rule.expr,
+                        Some(termdata.ret_ty),
+                        &mut bindings,
+                        flags,
+                        /* on_lhs */ false,
+                    ));
+
+                    let rid = RuleId(self.rules.len());
+                    self.rules.push(Rule {
+                        id: rid,
+                        root_term,
+                        args,
+                        iflets,
+                        rhs,
+                        vars: bindings.seen,
+                        prio: rule.prio.unwrap_or(0),
+                        pos,
+                    });
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn check_for_undefined_decls(&self, tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, defs: &ast::Defs) {
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            if let ast::Def::Decl(decl) = def {
+                let term = self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, &decl.term).unwrap();
+                let term = &self.terms[term.index()];
+                if !term.has_constructor() && !term.has_extractor() {
+                    tyenv.report_error(
+                        decl.pos,
+                        format!(
+                            "no rules, extractor, or external definition for declaration '{}'",
+                            decl.term.0
+                        ),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn check_for_expr_terms_without_constructors(&self, tyenv: &mut TypeEnv, defs: &ast::Defs) {
+        for def in &defs.defs {
+            if let ast::Def::Rule(rule) = def {
+                rule.expr.terms(&mut |pos, ident| {
+                    let term = match self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, ident) {
+                        None => {
+                            debug_assert!(!tyenv.errors.is_empty());
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        Some(t) => t,
+                    };
+                    let term = &self.terms[term.index()];
+                    if !term.has_constructor() {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            format!(
+                                "term `{}` cannot be used in an expression because \
+                                 it does not have a constructor",
+                                ident.0
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn maybe_implicit_convert_pattern(
+        &self,
+        tyenv: &mut TypeEnv,
+        pattern: &ast::Pattern,
+        inner_ty: TypeId,
+        outer_ty: TypeId,
+    ) -> Option<ast::Pattern> {
+        if let Some(converter_term) = self.converters.get(&(inner_ty, outer_ty)) {
+            if self.terms[converter_term.index()].has_extractor() {
+                // This is a little awkward: we have to
+                // convert back to an Ident, to be
+                // re-resolved. The pos doesn't matter
+                // as it shouldn't result in a lookup
+                // failure.
+                let converter_term_ident = ast::Ident(
+                    tyenv.syms[self.terms[converter_term.index()].name.index()].clone(),
+                    pattern.pos(),
+                );
+                let expanded_pattern = ast::Pattern::Term {
+                    sym: converter_term_ident,
+                    pos: pattern.pos(),
+                    args: vec![pattern.clone()],
+                };
+
+                return Some(expanded_pattern);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn translate_pattern(
+        &self,
+        tyenv: &mut TypeEnv,
+        pat: &ast::Pattern,
+        expected_ty: Option<TypeId>,
+        bindings: &mut Bindings,
+    ) -> Option<(Pattern, TypeId)> {
+        log!("translate_pattern: {:?}", pat);
+        log!("translate_pattern: bindings = {:?}", bindings);
+        match pat {
+            // TODO: flag on primitive type decl indicating it's an integer type?
+            &ast::Pattern::ConstInt { val, pos } => {
+                let ty = match expected_ty {
+                    Some(t) => t,
+                    None => {
+                        tyenv.report_error(pos, "Need an implied type for an integer constant");
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                };
+                if !tyenv.types[ty.index()].is_prim() {
+                    tyenv.report_error(
+                        pos,
+                        format!(
+                            "expected non-primitive type {}, but found integer literal '{}'",
+                            tyenv.types[ty.index()].name(tyenv),
+                            val,
+                        ),
+                    );
+                }
+                Some((Pattern::ConstInt(ty, val), ty))
+            }
+            &ast::Pattern::ConstPrim { ref val, pos } => {
+                let val = tyenv.intern_mut(val);
+                let const_ty = match tyenv.const_types.get(&val) {
+                    Some(ty) => *ty,
+                    None => {
+                        tyenv.report_error(pos, "Unknown constant");
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                };
+                if expected_ty.is_some() && expected_ty != Some(const_ty) {
+                    tyenv.report_error(pos, "Type mismatch for constant");
+                }
+                Some((Pattern::ConstPrim(const_ty, val), const_ty))
+            }
+            &ast::Pattern::Wildcard { pos } => {
+                let ty = match expected_ty {
+                    Some(t) => t,
+                    None => {
+                        tyenv.report_error(pos, "Need an implied type for a wildcard");
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                };
+                Some((Pattern::Wildcard(ty), ty))
+            }
+            &ast::Pattern::And { ref subpats, pos } => {
+                let mut expected_ty = expected_ty;
+                let mut children = vec![];
+                for subpat in subpats {
+                    let (subpat, ty) = unwrap_or_continue!(self.translate_pattern(
+                        tyenv,
+                        subpat,
+                        expected_ty,
+                        bindings,
+                    ));
+                    expected_ty = expected_ty.or(Some(ty));
+
+                    // Normalize nested `And` nodes to a single vector of conjuncts.
+                    match subpat {
+                        Pattern::And(_, subpat_children) => children.extend(subpat_children),
+                        _ => children.push(subpat),
+                    }
+                }
+                if expected_ty.is_none() {
+                    tyenv.report_error(pos, "No type for (and ...) form.".to_string());
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let ty = expected_ty.unwrap();
+                Some((Pattern::And(ty, children), ty))
+            }
+            &ast::Pattern::BindPattern {
+                ref var,
+                ref subpat,
+                pos,
+            } => {
+                // Do the subpattern first so we can resolve the type for sure.
+                let (subpat, ty) = self.translate_pattern(tyenv, subpat, expected_ty, bindings)?;
+
+                let name = tyenv.intern_mut(var);
+                if bindings.lookup(name).is_some() {
+                    tyenv.report_error(
+                        pos,
+                        format!("Re-bound variable name in LHS pattern: '{}'", var.0),
+                    );
+                    // Try to keep going.
+                }
+                let id = bindings.add_var(name, ty);
+                Some((Pattern::BindPattern(ty, id, Box::new(subpat)), ty))
+            }
+            &ast::Pattern::Var { ref var, pos } => {
+                // Look up the variable; if it has already been bound,
+                // then this becomes a `Var` node (which matches the
+                // existing bound value), otherwise it becomes a
+                // `BindPattern` with a wildcard subpattern to capture
+                // at this location.
+                let name = tyenv.intern_mut(var);
+                match bindings.lookup(name) {
+                    None => {
+                        let ty = match expected_ty {
+                            Some(ty) => ty,
+                            None => {
+                                tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!("Variable pattern '{}' not allowed in context without explicit type", var.0),
+                            );
+                                return None;
+                            }
+                        };
+                        let id = bindings.add_var(name, ty);
+                        Some((
+                            Pattern::BindPattern(ty, id, Box::new(Pattern::Wildcard(ty))),
+                            ty,
+                        ))
+                    }
+                    Some(bv) => {
+                        let ty = match expected_ty {
+                            None => bv.ty,
+                            Some(expected_ty) if expected_ty == bv.ty => bv.ty,
+                            Some(expected_ty) => {
+                                tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            format!(
+                                "Mismatched types: pattern expects type '{}' but already-bound var '{}' has type '{}'",
+                                tyenv.types[expected_ty.index()].name(tyenv),
+                                var.0,
+                                tyenv.types[bv.ty.index()].name(tyenv)));
+                                bv.ty // Try to keep going for more errors.
+                            }
+                        };
+                        Some((Pattern::Var(ty, bv.id), ty))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            &ast::Pattern::Term {
+                ref sym,
+                ref args,
+                pos,
+            } => {
+                // Look up the term.
+                let tid = match self.get_term_by_name(tyenv, sym) {
+                    Some(t) => t,
+                    None => {
+                        tyenv.report_error(pos, format!("Unknown term in pattern: '{}'", sym.0));
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let termdata = &self.terms[tid.index()];
+
+                // Get the return type and arg types. Verify the
+                // expected type of this pattern, if any, against the
+                // return type of the term. Insert an implicit
+                // converter if needed.
+                let ret_ty = termdata.ret_ty;
+                let ty = match expected_ty {
+                    None => ret_ty,
+                    Some(expected_ty) if expected_ty == ret_ty => ret_ty,
+                    Some(expected_ty) => {
+                        // Can we do an implicit type conversion? Look
+                        // up the converter term, if any. If one has
+                        // been registered, and the term has an
+                        // extractor, then build an expanded AST node
+                        // right here and recurse on it.
+                        if let Some(expanded_pattern) =
+                            self.maybe_implicit_convert_pattern(tyenv, pat, ret_ty, expected_ty)
+                        {
+                            return self.translate_pattern(
+                                tyenv,
+                                &expanded_pattern,
+                                Some(expected_ty),
+                                bindings,
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            format!(
+                                "Mismatched types: pattern expects type '{}' but term has return type '{}'",
+                                tyenv.types[expected_ty.index()].name(tyenv),
+                                tyenv.types[ret_ty.index()].name(tyenv)));
+                        ret_ty // Try to keep going for more errors.
+                    }
+                };
+
+                termdata.check_args_count(args, tyenv, pos, sym);
+
+                // TODO: check that multi-extractors are only used in terms declared `multi`
+
+                match &termdata.kind {
+                    TermKind::EnumVariant { .. } => {}
+                    TermKind::Decl {
+                        extractor_kind: Some(ExtractorKind::ExternalExtractor { .. }),
+                        ..
+                    } => {}
+                    TermKind::Decl {
+                        extractor_kind: Some(ExtractorKind::InternalExtractor { ref template }),
+                        ..
+                    } => {
+                        // Expand the extractor macro! We create a map
+                        // from macro args to AST pattern trees and
+                        // then evaluate the template with these
+                        // substitutions.
+                        log!("internal extractor macro args = {:?}", args);
+                        let pat = template.subst_macro_args(&args)?;
+                        return self.translate_pattern(tyenv, &pat, expected_ty, bindings);
+                    }
+                    TermKind::Decl {
+                        extractor_kind: None,
+                        ..
+                    } => {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            format!(
+                                "Cannot use term '{}' that does not have a defined extractor in a \
+                                 left-hand side pattern",
+                                sym.0
+                            ),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                let subpats = self.translate_args(args, termdata, tyenv, bindings);
+                Some((Pattern::Term(ty, tid, subpats), ty))
+            }
+            &ast::Pattern::MacroArg { .. } => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn translate_args(
+        &self,
+        args: &Vec<ast::Pattern>,
+        termdata: &Term,
+        tyenv: &mut TypeEnv,
+        bindings: &mut Bindings,
+    ) -> Vec<Pattern> {
+        args.iter()
+            .zip(termdata.arg_tys.iter())
+            .filter_map(|(arg, &arg_ty)| self.translate_pattern(tyenv, arg, Some(arg_ty), bindings))
+            .map(|(subpat, _)| subpat)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn maybe_implicit_convert_expr(
+        &self,
+        tyenv: &mut TypeEnv,
+        expr: &ast::Expr,
+        inner_ty: TypeId,
+        outer_ty: TypeId,
+    ) -> Option<ast::Expr> {
+        // Is there a converter for this type mismatch?
+        if let Some(converter_term) = self.converters.get(&(inner_ty, outer_ty)) {
+            if self.terms[converter_term.index()].has_constructor() {
+                let converter_ident = ast::Ident(
+                    tyenv.syms[self.terms[converter_term.index()].name.index()].clone(),
+                    expr.pos(),
+                );
+                return Some(ast::Expr::Term {
+                    sym: converter_ident,
+                    pos: expr.pos(),
+                    args: vec![expr.clone()],
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn translate_expr(
+        &self,
+        tyenv: &mut TypeEnv,
+        expr: &ast::Expr,
+        ty: Option<TypeId>,
+        bindings: &mut Bindings,
+        root_flags: &TermFlags,
+        on_lhs: bool,
+    ) -> Option<Expr> {
+        log!("translate_expr: {:?}", expr);
+        match expr {
+            &ast::Expr::Term {
+                ref sym,
+                ref args,
+                pos,
+            } => {
+                // Look up the term.
+                let name = tyenv.intern_mut(&sym);
+                let tid = match self.term_map.get(&name) {
+                    Some(&t) => t,
+                    None => {
+                        // Maybe this was actually a variable binding and the user has placed
+                        // parens around it by mistake? (See #4775.)
+                        if bindings.lookup(name).is_some() {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!(
+                                    "Unknown term in expression: '{}'. Variable binding under this name exists; try removing the parens?", sym.0));
+                        } else {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!("Unknown term in expression: '{}'", sym.0),
+                            );
+                        }
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                };
+                let termdata = &self.terms[tid.index()];
+
+                // Get the return type and arg types. Verify the
+                // expected type of this pattern, if any, against the
+                // return type of the term, and determine whether we
+                // are doing an implicit conversion. Report an error
+                // if types don't match and no conversion is possible.
+                let ret_ty = termdata.ret_ty;
+                let ty = if ty.is_some() && ret_ty != ty.unwrap() {
+                    // Is there a converter for this type mismatch?
+                    if let Some(expanded_expr) =
+                        self.maybe_implicit_convert_expr(tyenv, expr, ret_ty, ty.unwrap())
+                    {
+                        return self.translate_expr(
+                            tyenv,
+                            &expanded_expr,
+                            ty,
+                            bindings,
+                            root_flags,
+                            on_lhs,
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    tyenv.report_error(
+                        pos,
+                        format!("Mismatched types: expression expects type '{}' but term has return type '{}'",
+                                tyenv.types[ty.unwrap().index()].name(tyenv),
+                                tyenv.types[ret_ty.index()].name(tyenv)));
+
+                    // Keep going, to discover more errors.
+                    ret_ty
+                } else {
+                    ret_ty
+                };
+
+                if let TermKind::Decl { flags, .. } = &termdata.kind {
+                    // On the left-hand side of a rule or in a pure term, only pure terms may be
+                    // used.
+                    let pure_required = on_lhs || root_flags.pure;
+                    if pure_required && !flags.pure {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            format!(
+                                "Used non-pure constructor '{}' in pure expression context",
+                                sym.0
+                            ),
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    // Multi-terms may only be used inside other multi-terms.
+                    if !root_flags.multi && flags.multi {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            format!(
+                                "Used multi-constructor '{}' but this rule is not in a multi-term",
+                                sym.0
+                            ),
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    // Partial terms may always be used on the left-hand side of a rule. On the
+                    // right-hand side they may only be used inside other partial terms.
+                    let partial_allowed = on_lhs || root_flags.partial;
+                    if !partial_allowed && flags.partial {
+                        tyenv.report_error(
+                            pos,
+                            format!(
+                                "Rule can't use partial constructor '{}' on RHS; \
+                                try moving it to if-let{}",
+                                sym.0,
+                                if root_flags.multi {
+                                    ""
+                                } else {
+                                    " or make this rule's term partial too"
+                                }
+                            ),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                termdata.check_args_count(args, tyenv, pos, sym);
+
+                // Resolve subexpressions.
+                let subexprs = args
+                    .iter()
+                    .zip(termdata.arg_tys.iter())
+                    .filter_map(|(arg, &arg_ty)| {
+                        self.translate_expr(tyenv, arg, Some(arg_ty), bindings, root_flags, on_lhs)
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+
+                Some(Expr::Term(ty, tid, subexprs))
+            }
+            &ast::Expr::Var { ref name, pos } => {
+                let sym = tyenv.intern_mut(name);
+                // Look through bindings, innermost (most recent) first.
+                let bv = match bindings.lookup(sym) {
+                    None => {
+                        tyenv.report_error(pos, format!("Unknown variable '{}'", name.0));
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                    Some(bv) => bv,
+                };
+
+                // Verify type. Maybe do an implicit conversion.
+                if ty.is_some() && bv.ty != ty.unwrap() {
+                    // Is there a converter for this type mismatch?
+                    if let Some(expanded_expr) =
+                        self.maybe_implicit_convert_expr(tyenv, expr, bv.ty, ty.unwrap())
+                    {
+                        return self.translate_expr(
+                            tyenv,
+                            &expanded_expr,
+                            ty,
+                            bindings,
+                            root_flags,
+                            on_lhs,
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    tyenv.report_error(
+                        pos,
+                        format!(
+                            "Variable '{}' has type {} but we need {} in context",
+                            name.0,
+                            tyenv.types[bv.ty.index()].name(tyenv),
+                            tyenv.types[ty.unwrap().index()].name(tyenv)
+                        ),
+                    );
+                }
+
+                Some(Expr::Var(bv.ty, bv.id))
+            }
+            &ast::Expr::ConstInt { val, pos } => {
+                if ty.is_none() {
+                    tyenv.report_error(
+                        pos,
+                        "integer literal in a context that needs an explicit type".to_string(),
+                    );
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let ty = ty.unwrap();
+
+                if !tyenv.types[ty.index()].is_prim() {
+                    tyenv.report_error(
+                        pos,
+                        format!(
+                            "expected non-primitive type {}, but found integer literal '{}'",
+                            tyenv.types[ty.index()].name(tyenv),
+                            val,
+                        ),
+                    );
+                }
+                Some(Expr::ConstInt(ty, val))
+            }
+            &ast::Expr::ConstPrim { ref val, pos } => {
+                let val = tyenv.intern_mut(val);
+                let const_ty = match tyenv.const_types.get(&val) {
+                    Some(ty) => *ty,
+                    None => {
+                        tyenv.report_error(pos, "Unknown constant");
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                };
+                if ty.is_some() && const_ty != ty.unwrap() {
+                    tyenv.report_error(
+                        pos,
+                        format!(
+                            "Constant '{}' has wrong type: expected {}, but is actually {}",
+                            tyenv.syms[val.index()],
+                            tyenv.types[ty.unwrap().index()].name(tyenv),
+                            tyenv.types[const_ty.index()].name(tyenv)
+                        ),
+                    );
+                    return None;
+                }
+                Some(Expr::ConstPrim(const_ty, val))
+            }
+            &ast::Expr::Let {
+                ref defs,
+                ref body,
+                pos,
+            } => {
+                let orig_binding_len = bindings.seen.len();
+
+                // For each new binding...
+                let mut let_defs = vec![];
+                for def in defs {
+                    // Check that the given variable name does not already exist.
+                    let name = tyenv.intern_mut(&def.var);
+
+                    // Look up the type.
+                    let tid = match tyenv.get_type_by_name(&def.ty) {
+                        Some(tid) => tid,
+                        None => {
+                            tyenv.report_error(
+                                pos,
+                                format!("Unknown type {} for variable '{}'", def.ty.0, def.var.0),
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    // Evaluate the variable's value.
+                    let val = Box::new(unwrap_or_continue!(self.translate_expr(
+                        tyenv,
+                        &def.val,
+                        Some(tid),
+                        bindings,
+                        root_flags,
+                        on_lhs,
+                    )));
+
+                    // Bind the var with the given type.
+                    let id = bindings.add_var(name, tid);
+                    let_defs.push((id, tid, val));
+                }
+
+                // Evaluate the body, expecting the type of the overall let-expr.
+                let body =
+                    Box::new(self.translate_expr(tyenv, body, ty, bindings, root_flags, on_lhs)?);
+                let body_ty = body.ty();
+
+                // Pop the bindings.
+                bindings.seen.truncate(orig_binding_len);
+
+                Some(Expr::Let {
+                    ty: body_ty,
+                    bindings: let_defs,
+                    body,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn translate_iflet(
+        &self,
+        tyenv: &mut TypeEnv,
+        iflet: &ast::IfLet,
+        bindings: &mut Bindings,
+        root_flags: &TermFlags,
+    ) -> Option<IfLet> {
+        // Translate the expr first. The `if-let` and `if` forms are part of the left-hand side of
+        // the rule.
+        let rhs = self.translate_expr(
+            tyenv,
+            &iflet.expr,
+            None,
+            bindings,
+            root_flags,
+            /* on_lhs */ true,
+        )?;
+        let ty = rhs.ty();
+        let (lhs, _lhs_ty) = self.translate_pattern(tyenv, &iflet.pattern, Some(ty), bindings)?;
+
+        Some(IfLet { lhs, rhs })
+    }
+
+    fn get_term_by_name(&self, tyenv: &TypeEnv, sym: &ast::Ident) -> Option<TermId> {
+        tyenv
+            .intern(sym)
+            .and_then(|sym| self.term_map.get(&sym))
+            .copied()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::ast::Ident;
+    use crate::lexer::{Lexer, Pos};
+    use crate::parser::parse;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_type_env() {
+        let text = r"
+            (type u32 (primitive u32))
+            (type A extern (enum (B (f1 u32) (f2 u32)) (C (f1 u32))))
+        ";
+        let ast = parse(Lexer::from_str(text, "file.isle").unwrap()).expect("should parse");
+        let tyenv = TypeEnv::from_ast(&ast).expect("should not have type-definition errors");
+
+        let sym_a = tyenv
+            .intern(&Ident("A".to_string(), Default::default()))
+            .unwrap();
+        let sym_b = tyenv
+            .intern(&Ident("B".to_string(), Default::default()))
+            .unwrap();
+        let sym_c = tyenv
+            .intern(&Ident("C".to_string(), Default::default()))
+            .unwrap();
+        let sym_a_b = tyenv
+            .intern(&Ident("A.B".to_string(), Default::default()))
+            .unwrap();
+        let sym_a_c = tyenv
+            .intern(&Ident("A.C".to_string(), Default::default()))
+            .unwrap();
+        let sym_u32 = tyenv
+            .intern(&Ident("u32".to_string(), Default::default()))
+            .unwrap();
+        let sym_f1 = tyenv
+            .intern(&Ident("f1".to_string(), Default::default()))
+            .unwrap();
+        let sym_f2 = tyenv
+            .intern(&Ident("f2".to_string(), Default::default()))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(tyenv.type_map.get(&sym_u32).unwrap(), &TypeId(0));
+        assert_eq!(tyenv.type_map.get(&sym_a).unwrap(), &TypeId(1));
+
+        let expected_types = vec![
+            Type::Primitive(
+                TypeId(0),
+                sym_u32,
+                Pos {
+                    file: 0,
+                    offset: 19,
+                    line: 2,
+                    col: 0,
+                },
+            ),
+            Type::Enum {
+                name: sym_a,
+                id: TypeId(1),
+                is_extern: true,
+                is_nodebug: false,
+                variants: vec![
+                    Variant {
+                        name: sym_b,
+                        fullname: sym_a_b,
+                        id: VariantId(0),
+                        fields: vec![
+                            Field {
+                                name: sym_f1,
+                                id: FieldId(0),
+                                ty: TypeId(0),
+                            },
+                            Field {
+                                name: sym_f2,
+                                id: FieldId(1),
+                                ty: TypeId(0),
+                            },
+                        ],
+                    },
+                    Variant {
+                        name: sym_c,
+                        fullname: sym_a_c,
+                        id: VariantId(1),
+                        fields: vec![Field {
+                            name: sym_f1,
+                            id: FieldId(0),
+                            ty: TypeId(0),
+                        }],
+                    },
+                ],
+                pos: Pos {
+                    file: 0,
+                    offset: 58,
+                    line: 3,
+                    col: 0,
+                },
+            },
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(tyenv.types.len(), expected_types.len());
+        for (i, (actual, expected)) in tyenv.types.iter().zip(&expected_types).enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(expected, actual, "`{}`th type is not equal!", i);
+        }
+    }
+}