unicorn-simon 0.0.1

data/lib/unicorn/http_server.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,824 @@
+# -*- encoding: binary -*-
+
+# This is the process manager of Unicorn. This manages worker
+# processes which in turn handle the I/O and application process.
+# Listener sockets are started in the master process and shared with
+# forked worker children.
+#
+# Users do not need to know the internals of this class, but reading the
+# {source}[https://bogomips.org/unicorn.git/tree/lib/unicorn/http_server.rb]
+# is education for programmers wishing to learn how unicorn works.
+# See Unicorn::Configurator for information on how to configure unicorn.
+class Unicorn::HttpServer
+  # :stopdoc:
+  attr_accessor :app, :timeout, :worker_processes,
+                :before_fork, :after_fork, :before_exec,
+                :listener_opts, :preload_app,
+                :orig_app, :config, :ready_pipe, :user
+
+  attr_reader :pid, :logger
+  include Unicorn::SocketHelper
+  include Unicorn::HttpResponse
+
+  # all bound listener sockets
+  # note: this is public used by raindrops, but not recommended for use
+  # in new projects
+  LISTENERS = []
+
+  # listeners we have yet to bind
+  NEW_LISTENERS = []
+
+  # :startdoc:
+  # We populate this at startup so we can figure out how to reexecute
+  # and upgrade the currently running instance of Unicorn
+  # This Hash is considered a stable interface and changing its contents
+  # will allow you to switch between different installations of Unicorn
+  # or even different installations of the same applications without
+  # downtime.  Keys of this constant Hash are described as follows:
+  #
+  # * 0 - the path to the unicorn executable
+  # * :argv - a deep copy of the ARGV array the executable originally saw
+  # * :cwd - the working directory of the application, this is where
+  # you originally started Unicorn.
+  #
+  # To change your unicorn executable to a different path without downtime,
+  # you can set the following in your Unicorn config file, HUP and then
+  # continue with the traditional USR2 + QUIT upgrade steps:
+  #
+  #   Unicorn::HttpServer::START_CTX[0] = "/home/bofh/2.3.0/bin/unicorn"
+  START_CTX = {
+    :argv => ARGV.map(&:dup),
+    0 => $0.dup,
+  }
+  # We favor ENV['PWD'] since it is (usually) symlink aware for Capistrano
+  # and like systems
+  START_CTX[:cwd] = begin
+    a = File.stat(pwd = ENV['PWD'])
+    b = File.stat(Dir.pwd)
+    a.ino == b.ino && a.dev == b.dev ? pwd : Dir.pwd
+  rescue
+    Dir.pwd
+  end
+  # :stopdoc:
+
+  # Creates a working server on host:port (strange things happen if
+  # port isn't a Number).  Use HttpServer::run to start the server and
+  # HttpServer.run.join to join the thread that's processing
+  # incoming requests on the socket.
+  def initialize(app, options = {})
+    @app = app
+    @request = Unicorn::HttpRequest.new
+    @reexec_pid = 0
+    options = options.dup
+    @ready_pipe = options.delete(:ready_pipe)
+    @init_listeners = options[:listeners] ? options[:listeners].dup : []
+    options[:use_defaults] = true
+    self.config = Unicorn::Configurator.new(options)
+    self.listener_opts = {}
+
+    # We use @self_pipe differently in the master and worker processes:
+    #
+    # * The master process never closes or reinitializes this once
+    # initialized.  Signal handlers in the master process will write to
+    # it to wake up the master from IO.select in exactly the same manner
+    # djb describes in http://cr.yp.to/docs/selfpipe.html
+    #
+    # * The workers immediately close the pipe they inherit.  See the
+    # Unicorn::Worker class for the pipe workers use.
+    @self_pipe = []
+    @workers = {} # hash maps PIDs to Workers
+    @sig_queue = [] # signal queue used for self-piping
+
+    # we try inheriting listeners first, so we bind them later.
+    # we don't write the pid file until we've bound listeners in case
+    # unicorn was started twice by mistake.  Even though our #pid= method
+    # checks for stale/existing pid files, race conditions are still
+    # possible (and difficult/non-portable to avoid) and can be likely
+    # to clobber the pid if the second start was in quick succession
+    # after the first, so we rely on the listener binding to fail in
+    # that case.  Some tests (in and outside of this source tree) and
+    # monitoring tools may also rely on pid files existing before we
+    # attempt to connect to the listener(s)
+    config.commit!(self, :skip => [:listeners, :pid])
+    @orig_app = app
+    # list of signals we care about and trap in master.
+    @queue_sigs = [
+      :WINCH, :QUIT, :INT, :TERM, :USR1, :USR2, :HUP, :TTIN, :TTOU ]
+  end
+
+  # Runs the thing.  Returns self so you can run join on it
+  def start
+    inherit_listeners!
+    # this pipe is used to wake us up from select(2) in #join when signals
+    # are trapped.  See trap_deferred.
+    @self_pipe.replace(Unicorn.pipe)
+    @master_pid = $$
+
+    # setup signal handlers before writing pid file in case people get
+    # trigger happy and send signals as soon as the pid file exists.
+    # Note that signals don't actually get handled until the #join method
+    @queue_sigs.each { |sig| trap(sig) { @sig_queue << sig; awaken_master } }
+    trap(:CHLD) { awaken_master }
+
+    # write pid early for Mongrel compatibility if we're not inheriting sockets
+    # This is needed for compatibility some Monit setups at least.
+    # This unfortunately has the side effect of clobbering valid PID if
+    # we upgrade and the upgrade breaks during preload_app==true && build_app!
+    self.pid = config[:pid]
+
+    build_app! if preload_app
+    bind_new_listeners!
+
+    spawn_missing_workers
+    self
+  end
+
+  # replaces current listener set with +listeners+.  This will
+  # close the socket if it will not exist in the new listener set
+  def listeners=(listeners)
+    cur_names, dead_names = [], []
+    listener_names.each do |name|
+      if ?/ == name[0]
+        # mark unlinked sockets as dead so we can rebind them
+        (File.socket?(name) ? cur_names : dead_names) << name
+      else
+        cur_names << name
+      end
+    end
+    set_names = listener_names(listeners)
+    dead_names.concat(cur_names - set_names).uniq!
+
+    LISTENERS.delete_if do |io|
+      if dead_names.include?(sock_name(io))
+        (io.close rescue nil).nil? # true
+      else
+        set_server_sockopt(io, listener_opts[sock_name(io)])
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    (set_names - cur_names).each { |addr| listen(addr) }
+  end
+
+  def stdout_path=(path); redirect_io($stdout, path); end
+  def stderr_path=(path); redirect_io($stderr, path); end
+
+  def logger=(obj)
+    Unicorn::HttpRequest::DEFAULTS["rack.logger"] = @logger = obj
+  end
+
+  def clobber_pid(path)
+    unlink_pid_safe(@pid) if @pid
+    if path
+      fp = begin
+        tmp = "#{File.dirname(path)}/#{rand}.#$$"
+        File.open(tmp, File::RDWR|File::CREAT|File::EXCL, 0644)
+      rescue Errno::EEXIST
+        retry
+      end
+      fp.syswrite("#$$\n")
+      File.rename(fp.path, path)
+      fp.close
+    end
+  end
+
+  # sets the path for the PID file of the master process
+  def pid=(path)
+    if path
+      if x = valid_pid?(path)
+        return path if pid && path == pid && x == $$
+        if x == @reexec_pid && pid.end_with?('.oldbin')
+          logger.warn("will not set pid=#{path} while reexec-ed "\
+                      "child is running PID:#{x}")
+          return
+        end
+        raise ArgumentError, "Already running on PID:#{x} " \
+                             "(or pid=#{path} is stale)"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # rename the old pid if possible
+    if @pid && path
+      begin
+        File.rename(@pid, path)
+      rescue Errno::ENOENT, Errno::EXDEV
+        # a user may have accidentally removed the original,
+        # obviously cross-FS renames don't work, either.
+        clobber_pid(path)
+      end
+    else
+      clobber_pid(path)
+    end
+    @pid = path
+  end
+
+  # add a given address to the +listeners+ set, idempotently
+  # Allows workers to add a private, per-process listener via the
+  # after_fork hook.  Very useful for debugging and testing.
+  # +:tries+ may be specified as an option for the number of times
+  # to retry, and +:delay+ may be specified as the time in seconds
+  # to delay between retries.
+  # A negative value for +:tries+ indicates the listen will be
+  # retried indefinitely, this is useful when workers belonging to
+  # different masters are spawned during a transparent upgrade.
+  def listen(address, opt = {}.merge(listener_opts[address] || {}))
+    address = config.expand_addr(address)
+    return if String === address && listener_names.include?(address)
+
+    delay = opt[:delay] || 0.5
+    tries = opt[:tries] || 5
+    begin
+      io = bind_listen(address, opt)
+      unless Kgio::TCPServer === io || Kgio::UNIXServer === io
+        io.autoclose = false
+        io = server_cast(io)
+      end
+      logger.info "listening on addr=#{sock_name(io)} fd=#{io.fileno}"
+      LISTENERS << io
+      io
+    rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE => err
+      logger.error "adding listener failed addr=#{address} (in use)"
+      raise err if tries == 0
+      tries -= 1
+      logger.error "retrying in #{delay} seconds " \
+                   "(#{tries < 0 ? 'infinite' : tries} tries left)"
+      sleep(delay)
+      retry
+    rescue => err
+      logger.fatal "error adding listener addr=#{address}"
+      raise err
+    end
+  end
+
+  # monitors children and receives signals forever
+  # (or until a termination signal is sent).  This handles signals
+  # one-at-a-time time and we'll happily drop signals in case somebody
+  # is signalling us too often.
+  def join
+    respawn = true
+    last_check = time_now
+
+    proc_name 'master'
+    logger.info "master process ready" # test_exec.rb relies on this message
+    if @ready_pipe
+      begin
+        @ready_pipe.syswrite($$.to_s)
+      rescue => e
+        logger.warn("grandparent died too soon?: #{e.message} (#{e.class})")
+      end
+      @ready_pipe = @ready_pipe.close rescue nil
+    end
+    begin
+      reap_all_workers
+      case @sig_queue.shift
+      when nil
+        # avoid murdering workers after our master process (or the
+        # machine) comes out of suspend/hibernation
+        if (last_check + @timeout) >= (last_check = time_now)
+          sleep_time = murder_lazy_workers
+        else
+          sleep_time = @timeout/2.0 + 1
+          @logger.debug("waiting #{sleep_time}s after suspend/hibernation")
+        end
+        maintain_worker_count if respawn
+        master_sleep(sleep_time)
+      when :QUIT # graceful shutdown
+        break
+      when :TERM, :INT # immediate shutdown
+        stop(false)
+        break
+      when :USR1 # rotate logs
+        logger.info "master reopening logs..."
+        Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+        logger.info "master done reopening logs"
+        soft_kill_each_worker(:USR1)
+      when :USR2 # exec binary, stay alive in case something went wrong
+        reexec
+      when :WINCH
+        if $stdin.tty?
+          logger.info "SIGWINCH ignored because we're not daemonized"
+        else
+          respawn = false
+          logger.info "gracefully stopping all workers"
+          soft_kill_each_worker(:QUIT)
+          self.worker_processes = 0
+        end
+      when :TTIN
+        respawn = true
+        self.worker_processes += 1
+      when :TTOU
+        self.worker_processes -= 1 if self.worker_processes > 0
+      when :HUP
+        respawn = true
+        if config.config_file
+          load_config!
+        else # exec binary and exit if there's no config file
+          logger.info "config_file not present, reexecuting binary"
+          reexec
+        end
+      end
+    rescue => e
+      Unicorn.log_error(@logger, "master loop error", e)
+    end while true
+    stop # gracefully shutdown all workers on our way out
+    logger.info "master complete"
+    unlink_pid_safe(pid) if pid
+  end
+
+  # Terminates all workers, but does not exit master process
+  def stop(graceful = true)
+    self.listeners = []
+    limit = time_now + timeout
+    until @workers.empty? || time_now > limit
+      if graceful
+        soft_kill_each_worker(:QUIT)
+      else
+        kill_each_worker(:TERM)
+      end
+      sleep(0.1)
+      reap_all_workers
+    end
+    kill_each_worker(:KILL)
+  end
+
+  def rewindable_input
+    Unicorn::HttpRequest.input_class.method_defined?(:rewind)
+  end
+
+  def rewindable_input=(bool)
+    Unicorn::HttpRequest.input_class = bool ?
+                                Unicorn::TeeInput : Unicorn::StreamInput
+  end
+
+  def client_body_buffer_size
+    Unicorn::TeeInput.client_body_buffer_size
+  end
+
+  def client_body_buffer_size=(bytes)
+    Unicorn::TeeInput.client_body_buffer_size = bytes
+  end
+
+  def check_client_connection
+    Unicorn::HttpRequest.check_client_connection
+  end
+
+  def check_client_connection=(bool)
+    Unicorn::HttpRequest.check_client_connection = bool
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # wait for a signal hander to wake us up and then consume the pipe
+  def master_sleep(sec)
+    @self_pipe[0].kgio_wait_readable(sec) or return
+    # 11 bytes is the maximum string length which can be embedded within
+    # the Ruby itself and not require a separate malloc (on 32-bit MRI 1.9+).
+    # Most reads are only one byte here and uncommon, so it's not worth a
+    # persistent buffer, either:
+    @self_pipe[0].kgio_tryread(11)
+  end
+
+  def awaken_master
+    return if $$ != @master_pid
+    @self_pipe[1].kgio_trywrite('.') # wakeup master process from select
+  end
+
+  # reaps all unreaped workers
+  def reap_all_workers
+    begin
+      wpid, status = Process.waitpid2(-1, Process::WNOHANG)
+      wpid or return
+      if @reexec_pid == wpid
+        logger.error "reaped #{status.inspect} exec()-ed"
+        @reexec_pid = 0
+        self.pid = pid.chomp('.oldbin') if pid
+        proc_name 'master'
+      else
+        worker = @workers.delete(wpid) and worker.close rescue nil
+        m = "reaped #{status.inspect} worker=#{worker.nr rescue 'unknown'}"
+        status.success? ? logger.info(m) : logger.error(m)
+      end
+    rescue Errno::ECHILD
+      break
+    end while true
+  end
+
+  # reexecutes the START_CTX with a new binary
+  def reexec
+    if @reexec_pid > 0
+      begin
+        Process.kill(0, @reexec_pid)
+        logger.error "reexec-ed child already running PID:#@reexec_pid"
+        return
+      rescue Errno::ESRCH
+        @reexec_pid = 0
+      end
+    end
+
+    if pid
+      old_pid = "#{pid}.oldbin"
+      begin
+        self.pid = old_pid  # clear the path for a new pid file
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        logger.error "old PID:#{valid_pid?(old_pid)} running with " \
+                     "existing pid=#{old_pid}, refusing rexec"
+        return
+      rescue => e
+        logger.error "error writing pid=#{old_pid} #{e.class} #{e.message}"
+        return
+      end
+    end
+
+    @reexec_pid = fork do
+      listener_fds = {}
+      LISTENERS.each do |sock|
+        sock.close_on_exec = false
+        listener_fds[sock.fileno] = sock
+      end
+      ENV['UNICORN_FD'] = listener_fds.keys.join(',')
+      Dir.chdir(START_CTX[:cwd])
+      cmd = [ START_CTX[0] ].concat(START_CTX[:argv])
+
+      # avoid leaking FDs we don't know about, but let before_exec
+      # unset FD_CLOEXEC, if anything else in the app eventually
+      # relies on FD inheritence.
+      (3..1024).each do |io|
+        next if listener_fds.include?(io)
+        io = IO.for_fd(io) rescue next
+        io.autoclose = false
+        io.close_on_exec = true
+      end
+
+      # exec(command, hash) works in at least 1.9.1+, but will only be
+      # required in 1.9.4/2.0.0 at earliest.
+      cmd << listener_fds
+      logger.info "executing #{cmd.inspect} (in #{Dir.pwd})"
+      before_exec.call(self)
+      exec(*cmd)
+    end
+    proc_name 'master (old)'
+  end
+
+  # forcibly terminate all workers that haven't checked in in timeout seconds.  The timeout is implemented using an unlinked File
+  def murder_lazy_workers
+    next_sleep = @timeout - 1
+    now = time_now.to_i
+    @workers.dup.each_pair do |wpid, worker|
+      tick = worker.tick
+      0 == tick and next # skip workers that haven't processed any clients
+      diff = now - tick
+      tmp = @timeout - diff
+      if tmp >= 0
+        next_sleep > tmp and next_sleep = tmp
+        next
+      end
+      next_sleep = 0
+      logger.error "worker=#{worker.nr} PID:#{wpid} timeout " \
+                   "(#{diff}s > #{@timeout}s), killing"
+      kill_worker(:KILL, wpid) # take no prisoners for timeout violations
+    end
+    next_sleep <= 0 ? 1 : next_sleep
+  end
+
+  def after_fork_internal
+    @self_pipe.each(&:close).clear # this is master-only, now
+    @ready_pipe.close if @ready_pipe
+    Unicorn::Configurator::RACKUP.clear
+    @ready_pipe = @init_listeners = @before_exec = @before_fork = nil
+
+    # http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-core/36450
+    srand # remove in unicorn 6
+
+    # The OpenSSL PRNG is seeded with only the pid, and apps with frequently
+    # dying workers can recycle pids
+    OpenSSL::Random.seed(rand.to_s) if defined?(OpenSSL::Random)
+  end
+
+  def spawn_missing_workers
+    worker_nr = -1
+    until (worker_nr += 1) == @worker_processes
+      @workers.value?(worker_nr) and next
+      worker = Unicorn::Worker.new(worker_nr)
+      before_fork.call(self, worker)
+      if pid = fork
+        @workers[pid] = worker
+        worker.atfork_parent
+      else
+        after_fork_internal
+        worker_loop(worker)
+        exit
+      end
+    end
+    rescue => e
+      @logger.error(e) rescue nil
+      exit!
+  end
+
+  def maintain_worker_count
+    (off = @workers.size - worker_processes) == 0 and return
+    off < 0 and return spawn_missing_workers
+    @workers.each_value { |w| w.nr >= worker_processes and w.soft_kill(:QUIT) }
+  end
+
+  # if we get any error, try to write something back to the client
+  # assuming we haven't closed the socket, but don't get hung up
+  # if the socket is already closed or broken.  We'll always ensure
+  # the socket is closed at the end of this function
+  def handle_error(client, e)
+    code = case e
+    when EOFError,Errno::ECONNRESET,Errno::EPIPE,Errno::ENOTCONN
+      # client disconnected on us and there's nothing we can do
+    when Unicorn::RequestURITooLongError
+      414
+    when Unicorn::RequestEntityTooLargeError
+      413
+    when Unicorn::HttpParserError # try to tell the client they're bad
+      400
+    else
+      Unicorn.log_error(@logger, "app error", e)
+      500
+    end
+    if code
+      client.kgio_trywrite(err_response(code, @request.response_start_sent))
+    end
+    client.close
+    rescue
+  end
+
+  def e100_response_write(client, env)
+    # We use String#freeze to avoid allocations under Ruby 2.1+
+    # Not many users hit this code path, so it's better to reduce the
+    # constant table sizes even for 1.9.3-2.0 users who'll hit extra
+    # allocations here.
+    client.write(@request.response_start_sent ?
+                 "100 Continue\r\n\r\nHTTP/1.1 ".freeze :
+                 "HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n".freeze)
+    env.delete('HTTP_EXPECT'.freeze)
+  end
+
+  # once a client is accepted, it is processed in its entirety here
+  # in 3 easy steps: read request, call app, write app response
+  def process_client(client)
+    status, headers, body = @app.call(env = @request.read(client))
+
+    begin
+      return if @request.hijacked?
+
+      if 100 == status.to_i
+        e100_response_write(client, env)
+        status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
+        return if @request.hijacked?
+      end
+      @request.headers? or headers = nil
+      http_response_write(client, status, headers, body,
+                          @request.response_start_sent)
+    ensure
+      body.respond_to?(:close) and body.close
+    end
+
+    unless client.closed? # rack.hijack may've close this for us
+      client.shutdown # in case of fork() in Rack app
+      client.close # flush and uncork socket immediately, no keepalive
+    end
+  rescue => e
+    handle_error(client, e)
+  end
+
+  def nuke_listeners!(readers)
+    # only called from the worker, ordering is important here
+    tmp = readers.dup
+    readers.replace([false]) # ensure worker does not continue ASAP
+    tmp.each { |io| io.close rescue nil } # break out of IO.select
+  end
+
+  # gets rid of stuff the worker has no business keeping track of
+  # to free some resources and drops all sig handlers.
+  # traps for USR1, USR2, and HUP may be set in the after_fork Proc
+  # by the user.
+  def init_worker_process(worker)
+    worker.atfork_child
+    # we'll re-trap :QUIT later for graceful shutdown iff we accept clients
+    exit_sigs = [ :QUIT, :TERM, :INT ]
+    exit_sigs.each { |sig| trap(sig) { exit!(0) } }
+    exit!(0) if (@sig_queue & exit_sigs)[0]
+    (@queue_sigs - exit_sigs).each { |sig| trap(sig, nil) }
+    trap(:CHLD, 'DEFAULT')
+    @sig_queue.clear
+    proc_name "worker[#{worker.nr}]"
+    START_CTX.clear
+    @workers.clear
+
+    after_fork.call(self, worker) # can drop perms and create listeners
+    LISTENERS.each { |sock| sock.close_on_exec = true }
+
+    worker.user(*user) if user.kind_of?(Array) && ! worker.switched
+    self.timeout /= 2.0 # halve it for select()
+    @config = nil
+    build_app! unless preload_app
+    @after_fork = @listener_opts = @orig_app = nil
+    readers = LISTENERS.dup
+    readers << worker
+    trap(:QUIT) { nuke_listeners!(readers) }
+    readers
+  end
+
+  def reopen_worker_logs(worker_nr)
+    logger.info "worker=#{worker_nr} reopening logs..."
+    Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+    logger.info "worker=#{worker_nr} done reopening logs"
+    rescue => e
+      logger.error(e) rescue nil
+      exit!(77) # EX_NOPERM in sysexits.h
+  end
+
+  # runs inside each forked worker, this sits around and waits
+  # for connections and doesn't die until the parent dies (or is
+  # given a INT, QUIT, or TERM signal)
+  def worker_loop(worker)
+    ppid = @master_pid
+    readers = init_worker_process(worker)
+    nr = 0 # this becomes negative if we need to reopen logs
+
+    # this only works immediately if the master sent us the signal
+    # (which is the normal case)
+    trap(:USR1) { nr = -65536 }
+
+    ready = readers.dup
+    @logger.info "worker=#{worker.nr} ready"
+
+    begin
+      nr < 0 and reopen_worker_logs(worker.nr)
+      nr = 0
+      worker.tick = time_now.to_i
+      tmp = ready.dup
+      while sock = tmp.shift
+        # Unicorn::Worker#kgio_tryaccept is not like accept(2) at all,
+        # but that will return false
+        if client = sock.kgio_tryaccept
+          process_client(client)
+          nr += 1
+          worker.tick = time_now.to_i
+        end
+        break if nr < 0
+      end
+
+      # make the following bet: if we accepted clients this round,
+      # we're probably reasonably busy, so avoid calling select()
+      # and do a speculative non-blocking accept() on ready listeners
+      # before we sleep again in select().
+      unless nr == 0
+        tmp = ready.dup
+        redo
+      end
+
+      ppid == Process.ppid or return
+
+      # timeout used so we can detect parent death:
+      worker.tick = time_now.to_i
+      ret = IO.select(readers, nil, nil, @timeout) and ready = ret[0]
+    rescue => e
+      redo if nr < 0 && readers[0]
+      Unicorn.log_error(@logger, "listen loop error", e) if readers[0]
+    end while readers[0]
+  end
+
+  # delivers a signal to a worker and fails gracefully if the worker
+  # is no longer running.
+  def kill_worker(signal, wpid)
+    Process.kill(signal, wpid)
+  rescue Errno::ESRCH
+    worker = @workers.delete(wpid) and worker.close rescue nil
+  end
+
+  # delivers a signal to each worker
+  def kill_each_worker(signal)
+    @workers.keys.each { |wpid| kill_worker(signal, wpid) }
+  end
+
+  def soft_kill_each_worker(signal)
+    @workers.each_value { |worker| worker.soft_kill(signal) }
+  end
+
+  # unlinks a PID file at given +path+ if it contains the current PID
+  # still potentially racy without locking the directory (which is
+  # non-portable and may interact badly with other programs), but the
+  # window for hitting the race condition is small
+  def unlink_pid_safe(path)
+    (File.read(path).to_i == $$ and File.unlink(path)) rescue nil
+  end
+
+  # returns a PID if a given path contains a non-stale PID file,
+  # nil otherwise.
+  def valid_pid?(path)
+    wpid = File.read(path).to_i
+    wpid <= 0 and return
+    Process.kill(0, wpid)
+    wpid
+    rescue Errno::EPERM
+      logger.info "pid=#{path} possibly stale, got EPERM signalling PID:#{wpid}"
+      nil
+    rescue Errno::ESRCH, Errno::ENOENT
+      # don't unlink stale pid files, racy without non-portable locking...
+  end
+
+  def load_config!
+    loaded_app = app
+    logger.info "reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}"
+    config[:listeners].replace(@init_listeners)
+    config.reload
+    config.commit!(self)
+    soft_kill_each_worker(:QUIT)
+    Unicorn::Util.reopen_logs
+    self.app = @orig_app
+    build_app! if preload_app
+    logger.info "done reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}"
+  rescue StandardError, LoadError, SyntaxError => e
+    Unicorn.log_error(@logger,
+        "error reloading config_file=#{config.config_file}", e)
+    self.app = loaded_app
+  end
+
+  # returns an array of string names for the given listener array
+  def listener_names(listeners = LISTENERS)
+    listeners.map { |io| sock_name(io) }
+  end
+
+  def build_app!
+    if app.respond_to?(:arity) && app.arity == 0
+      if defined?(Gem) && Gem.respond_to?(:refresh)
+        logger.info "Refreshing Gem list"
+        Gem.refresh
+      end
+      self.app = app.call
+    end
+  end
+
+  def proc_name(tag)
+    $0 = ([ File.basename(START_CTX[0]), tag
+          ]).concat(START_CTX[:argv]).join(' ')
+  end
+
+  def redirect_io(io, path)
+    File.open(path, 'ab') { |fp| io.reopen(fp) } if path
+    io.sync = true
+  end
+
+  def inherit_listeners!
+    # inherit sockets from parents, they need to be plain Socket objects
+    # before they become Kgio::UNIXServer or Kgio::TCPServer
+    inherited = ENV['UNICORN_FD'].to_s.split(',')
+
+    # emulate sd_listen_fds() for systemd
+    sd_pid, sd_fds = ENV.values_at('LISTEN_PID', 'LISTEN_FDS')
+    if sd_pid.to_i == $$ # n.b. $$ can never be zero
+      # 3 = SD_LISTEN_FDS_START
+      inherited.concat((3...(3 + sd_fds.to_i)).to_a)
+    end
+    # to ease debugging, we will not unset LISTEN_PID and LISTEN_FDS
+
+    inherited.map! do |fd|
+      io = Socket.for_fd(fd.to_i)
+      io.autoclose = false
+      io = server_cast(io)
+      set_server_sockopt(io, listener_opts[sock_name(io)])
+      logger.info "inherited addr=#{sock_name(io)} fd=#{io.fileno}"
+      io
+    end
+
+    config_listeners = config[:listeners].dup
+    LISTENERS.replace(inherited)
+
+    # we start out with generic Socket objects that get cast to either
+    # Kgio::TCPServer or Kgio::UNIXServer objects; but since the Socket
+    # objects share the same OS-level file descriptor as the higher-level
+    # *Server objects; we need to prevent Socket objects from being
+    # garbage-collected
+    config_listeners -= listener_names
+    if config_listeners.empty? && LISTENERS.empty?
+      config_listeners << Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN
+      @init_listeners << Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN
+      START_CTX[:argv] << "-l#{Unicorn::Const::DEFAULT_LISTEN}"
+    end
+    NEW_LISTENERS.replace(config_listeners)
+  end
+
+  # call only after calling inherit_listeners!
+  # This binds any listeners we did NOT inherit from the parent
+  def bind_new_listeners!
+    NEW_LISTENERS.each { |addr| listen(addr) }.clear
+    raise ArgumentError, "no listeners" if LISTENERS.empty?
+  end
+
+  # try to use the monotonic clock in Ruby >= 2.1, it is immune to clock
+  # offset adjustments and generates less garbage (Float vs Time object)
+  begin
+    Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+    def time_now
+      Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+    end
+  rescue NameError, NoMethodError
+    def time_now # Ruby <= 2.0
+      Time.now
+    end
+  end
+end