toy 0.8.0

data/vendor/ggml/examples/gpt-2/main-sched.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,1079 @@
+#include "ggml.h"
+#include "ggml-cpu.h"
+#include "ggml-alloc.h"
+#include "ggml-backend.h"
+
+#ifdef GGML_USE_CUDA
+#include "ggml-cuda.h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef GGML_USE_METAL
+#include "ggml-metal.h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef GGML_USE_BLAS
+#include "ggml-blas.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "common.h"
+#include "common-ggml.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#pragma warning(disable: 4244 4267) // possible loss of data
+#endif
+
+#define GPT2_MAX_NODES 4096
+
+static void ggml_log_callback_default(ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * user_data) {
+    (void) level;
+    (void) user_data;
+    fputs(text, stderr);
+    fflush(stderr);
+}
+
+// default hparams (GPT-2 117M)
+struct gpt2_hparams {
+    int32_t n_vocab = 50257;
+    int32_t n_ctx   = 1024;
+    int32_t n_embd  = 768;
+    int32_t n_head  = 12;
+    int32_t n_layer = 12;
+    int32_t ftype   = 1;
+    float   eps     = 1e-5f;
+};
+
+struct gpt2_layer {
+    // normalization
+    struct ggml_tensor * ln_1_g;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ln_1_b;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * ln_2_g;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ln_2_b;
+
+    // attention
+    struct ggml_tensor * c_attn_attn_w;
+    struct ggml_tensor * c_attn_attn_b;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * c_attn_proj_w;
+    struct ggml_tensor * c_attn_proj_b;
+
+    // mlp
+    struct ggml_tensor * c_mlp_fc_w;
+    struct ggml_tensor * c_mlp_fc_b;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * c_mlp_proj_w;
+    struct ggml_tensor * c_mlp_proj_b;
+};
+
+struct gpt2_model {
+    gpt2_hparams hparams;
+
+    // normalization
+    struct ggml_tensor * ln_f_g;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ln_f_b;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * wte;     //    tkoen embedding
+    struct ggml_tensor * wpe;     // position embedding
+    struct ggml_tensor * lm_head; // language model head
+
+    std::vector<gpt2_layer> layers;
+
+    // key + value memory
+    struct ggml_tensor * memory_k;
+    struct ggml_tensor * memory_v;
+
+    //
+    struct ggml_context * ctx_w;
+
+    std::vector<ggml_backend_t> backends;
+    std::vector<ggml_backend_buffer_t> buffers_w;
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer_kv;
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer_input;
+
+    std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor *> tensors;
+
+    // inputs/constants
+    struct ggml_tensor * embd;
+    struct ggml_tensor * position;
+};
+
+void init_backends(gpt2_model & model, const gpt_params & params) {
+    ggml_backend_t gpu_backend = NULL;
+
+    ggml_log_set(ggml_log_callback_default, nullptr);
+
+    // initialize the backends
+#ifdef GGML_USE_CUDA
+    if (params.n_gpu_layers > 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: using CUDA backend\n", __func__);
+        gpu_backend = ggml_backend_cuda_init(0);
+        if (!gpu_backend) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: ggml_backend_cuda_init() failed\n", __func__);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef GGML_USE_METAL
+    if (params.n_gpu_layers > 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: using Metal backend\n", __func__);
+        gpu_backend = ggml_backend_metal_init();
+        if (!gpu_backend) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: ggml_backend_metal_init() failed\n", __func__);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    if (gpu_backend) {
+        model.backends.push_back(gpu_backend);
+    }
+
+#ifdef GGML_USE_BLAS
+    ggml_backend_t blas_backend = ggml_backend_blas_init();
+    if (!blas_backend) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to initialize BLAS backend\n", __func__);
+    } else {
+        ggml_backend_blas_set_n_threads(blas_backend, params.n_threads);
+        model.backends.push_back(blas_backend);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // always add the CPU backend as a fallback
+    ggml_backend_t cpu_backend = ggml_backend_cpu_init();
+    ggml_backend_cpu_set_n_threads(cpu_backend, params.n_threads);
+    model.backends.push_back(cpu_backend);
+}
+
+// load the model's weights from a file
+bool gpt2_model_load(const std::string & fname, gpt2_model & model, gpt_vocab & vocab, const gpt_params & params) {
+    printf("%s: loading model from '%s'\n", __func__, fname.c_str());
+
+    auto fin = std::ifstream(fname, std::ios::binary);
+    if (!fin) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to open '%s'\n", __func__, fname.c_str());
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // verify magic
+    {
+        uint32_t magic;
+        fin.read((char *) &magic, sizeof(magic));
+        if (magic != GGML_FILE_MAGIC) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid model file '%s' (bad magic)\n", __func__, fname.c_str());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // load hparams
+    {
+        auto & hparams = model.hparams;
+
+        fin.read((char *) &hparams.n_vocab, sizeof(hparams.n_vocab));
+        fin.read((char *) &hparams.n_ctx,   sizeof(hparams.n_ctx));
+        fin.read((char *) &hparams.n_embd,  sizeof(hparams.n_embd));
+        fin.read((char *) &hparams.n_head,  sizeof(hparams.n_head));
+        fin.read((char *) &hparams.n_layer, sizeof(hparams.n_layer));
+        fin.read((char *) &hparams.ftype,   sizeof(hparams.ftype));
+
+        const int32_t qntvr = hparams.ftype / GGML_QNT_VERSION_FACTOR;
+
+        printf("%s: n_vocab = %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_vocab);
+        printf("%s: n_ctx   = %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_ctx);
+        printf("%s: n_embd  = %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_embd);
+        printf("%s: n_head  = %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_head);
+        printf("%s: n_layer = %d\n", __func__, hparams.n_layer);
+        printf("%s: ftype   = %d\n", __func__, hparams.ftype);
+        printf("%s: qntvr   = %d\n", __func__, qntvr);
+
+        hparams.ftype %= GGML_QNT_VERSION_FACTOR;
+    }
+
+    // load vocab
+    {
+        int32_t n_vocab = 0;
+        fin.read((char *) &n_vocab, sizeof(n_vocab));
+
+        if (n_vocab != model.hparams.n_vocab) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid model file '%s' (bad vocab size %d != %d)\n",
+                    __func__, fname.c_str(), n_vocab, model.hparams.n_vocab);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        std::string word;
+        std::vector<char> buf(128);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_vocab; i++) {
+            uint32_t len;
+            fin.read((char *) &len, sizeof(len));
+
+            buf.resize(len);
+            fin.read((char *) buf.data(), len);
+            word.assign(buf.data(), len);
+
+            vocab.token_to_id[word] = i;
+            vocab.id_to_token[i] = word;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // for the big tensors, we have the option to store the data in 16-bit floats or quantized
+    // in order to save memory and also to speed up the computation
+    ggml_type wtype = ggml_ftype_to_ggml_type((ggml_ftype) (model.hparams.ftype));
+    if (wtype == GGML_TYPE_COUNT) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid model file '%s' (bad ftype value %d)\n",
+                __func__, fname.c_str(), model.hparams.ftype);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto & ctx = model.ctx_w;
+
+    // create the ggml context
+    {
+        size_t n_tensors = 3 /* input */ + 2 /* kv */ + 6 + 12*model.hparams.n_layer;
+        struct ggml_init_params params = {
+            /*.mem_size   =*/ ggml_tensor_overhead() * n_tensors,
+            /*.mem_buffer =*/ NULL,
+            /*.no_alloc   =*/ true,
+        };
+
+        model.ctx_w = ggml_init(params);
+        if (!model.ctx_w) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: ggml_init() failed\n", __func__);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // create tensors for the weights
+    {
+        const auto & hparams = model.hparams;
+
+        const int n_embd  = hparams.n_embd;
+        const int n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+        const int n_ctx   = hparams.n_ctx;
+        const int n_vocab = hparams.n_vocab;
+
+        model.layers.resize(n_layer);
+
+        model.ln_f_g = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd);
+        model.ln_f_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd);
+
+        model.wte     = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype,         n_embd, n_vocab);
+        model.wpe     = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, n_ctx);
+        model.lm_head = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype,         n_embd, n_vocab);
+
+        // map by name
+        model.tensors["model/ln_f/g"] = model.ln_f_g;
+        model.tensors["model/ln_f/b"] = model.ln_f_b;
+
+        model.tensors["model/wte"]     = model.wte;
+        model.tensors["model/wpe"]     = model.wpe;
+        model.tensors["model/lm_head"] = model.lm_head;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {
+            auto & layer = model.layers[i];
+
+            layer.ln_1_g        = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32,   n_embd);
+            layer.ln_1_b        = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32,   n_embd);
+
+            layer.ln_2_g        = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32,   n_embd);
+            layer.ln_2_b        = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32,   n_embd);
+
+            layer.c_attn_attn_w = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype,           n_embd, 3*n_embd);
+            layer.c_attn_attn_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 3*n_embd);
+
+            layer.c_attn_proj_w = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype,           n_embd, n_embd);
+            layer.c_attn_proj_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32,   n_embd);
+
+            layer.c_mlp_fc_w    = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype,           n_embd, 4*n_embd);
+            layer.c_mlp_fc_b    = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 4*n_embd);
+
+            layer.c_mlp_proj_w  = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype,         4*n_embd, n_embd);
+            layer.c_mlp_proj_b  = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32,   n_embd);
+
+            // map by name
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/ln_1/g"]        = layer.ln_1_g;
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/ln_1/b"]        = layer.ln_1_b;
+
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/ln_2/g"]        = layer.ln_2_g;
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/ln_2/b"]        = layer.ln_2_b;
+
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/attn/c_attn/w"] = layer.c_attn_attn_w;
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/attn/c_attn/b"] = layer.c_attn_attn_b;
+
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/attn/c_proj/w"] = layer.c_attn_proj_w;
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/attn/c_proj/b"] = layer.c_attn_proj_b;
+
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/mlp/c_fc/w"]    = layer.c_mlp_fc_w;
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/mlp/c_fc/b"]    = layer.c_mlp_fc_b;
+
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/mlp/c_proj/w"]  = layer.c_mlp_proj_w;
+            model.tensors["model/h" + std::to_string(i) + "/mlp/c_proj/b"]  = layer.c_mlp_proj_b;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // assign tensors to backends
+    init_backends(model, params);
+    ggml_backend_t backend_gpu = model.backends.front();
+    ggml_backend_t backend_cpu = model.backends.back();
+    std::map<std::string, ggml_backend_t> tensor_backends;
+    {
+        const int i_gpu_first_layer = model.hparams.n_layer - params.n_gpu_layers;
+        for (auto it : model.tensors) {
+            const std::string & name = it.first;
+            // input tensors
+            if (name == "model/wte" || name == "model/wpe") {
+                if (params.n_gpu_layers > model.hparams.n_layer) {
+                    tensor_backends[name] = backend_gpu;
+                } else {
+                    tensor_backends[name] = backend_cpu;
+                }
+            }
+            // output tensors
+            if (name == "model/ln_f/g" || name == "model/ln_f/b" || name == "model/lm_head") {
+                if (params.n_gpu_layers > 0) {
+                    tensor_backends[name] = backend_gpu;
+                } else {
+                    tensor_backends[name] = backend_cpu;
+                }
+            }
+            // layer tensors
+            if (name.substr(0, 7) == "model/h") {
+                // parse layer number
+                int layer = std::stoi(name.substr(7, 2));
+                if (layer >= i_gpu_first_layer) {
+                    tensor_backends[name] = backend_gpu;
+                } else {
+                    tensor_backends[name] = backend_cpu;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // allocate buffers
+    std::map<ggml_backend_t, ggml_tallocr> backend_buffers;
+    for (auto backend : model.backends) {
+        // compute the size of the buffer
+        size_t size = 0;
+        for (auto it : model.tensors) {
+            if (tensor_backends[it.first] == backend) {
+                size += ggml_nbytes(it.second) + 512;
+            }
+        }
+        if (size > 0) {
+            printf("%s: %8s buffer size = %8.2f MB\n", __func__, ggml_backend_name(backend), size/1024.0/1024.0);
+            // allocate the buffer
+            ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer = ggml_backend_alloc_buffer(backend, size);
+            ggml_backend_buffer_set_usage(buffer, GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_WEIGHTS);
+            model.buffers_w.push_back(buffer);
+
+            // create an allocator for the buffer to allocate the tensors
+            auto alloc = ggml_tallocr_new(buffer);
+            backend_buffers.insert(std::make_pair(backend, std::move(alloc)));
+        } else {
+            model.buffers_w.push_back(NULL);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // allocate key + value memory
+    {
+        const auto & hparams = model.hparams;
+
+        const int n_embd  = hparams.n_embd;
+        const int n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+        const int n_ctx   = hparams.n_ctx;
+
+        const int n_mem      = n_layer*n_ctx;
+        const int n_elements = n_embd*n_mem;
+
+        model.memory_k = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_elements);
+        model.memory_v = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_elements);
+
+        ggml_set_name(model.memory_k, "model/memory_k");
+        ggml_set_name(model.memory_v, "model/memory_v");
+
+        const size_t memory_size = ggml_nbytes(model.memory_k) + ggml_nbytes(model.memory_v);
+
+        printf("%s: memory size = %8.2f MB, n_mem = %d\n", __func__, memory_size/1024.0/1024.0, n_mem);
+
+        // create a backend buffer (can be in host or device memory)
+        ggml_backend_t backend_kv = params.n_gpu_layers >= hparams.n_layer/2 ? backend_gpu : backend_cpu;
+        printf("%s: backend_kv = %s\n", __func__, ggml_backend_name(backend_kv));
+        model.buffer_kv = ggml_backend_alloc_buffer(backend_kv, memory_size + 512*2);
+
+        // allocate the tensors into the backend buffer
+        {
+            ggml_tallocr alloc = ggml_tallocr_new(model.buffer_kv);
+
+            // this updates the pointers in the tensors to point to the correct location in the buffer
+            // this is necessary since the ggml_context is .no_alloc == true
+            // note that the buffer can actually be a device buffer, depending on the backend
+            ggml_tallocr_alloc(&alloc, model.memory_k);
+            ggml_tallocr_alloc(&alloc, model.memory_v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // load weights
+    {
+        size_t total_size = 0;
+
+        bool has_lm_head = false;
+
+        std::vector<char> read_buf;
+
+        while (true) {
+            int32_t n_dims;
+            int32_t length;
+            int32_t ttype;
+
+            fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&n_dims), sizeof(n_dims));
+            fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&length), sizeof(length));
+            fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&ttype),  sizeof(ttype));
+
+            if (fin.eof()) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            int32_t nelements = 1;
+            int32_t ne[2] = { 1, 1 };
+            for (int i = 0; i < n_dims; ++i) {
+                fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&ne[i]), sizeof(ne[i]));
+                nelements *= ne[i];
+            }
+
+            std::string name(length, 0);
+            fin.read(&name[0], length);
+
+            if (model.tensors.find(name) == model.tensors.end()) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s: unknown tensor '%s' in model file\n", __func__, name.c_str());
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            auto tensor = model.tensors[name];
+            ggml_set_name(tensor, name.c_str());
+            if (ggml_nelements(tensor) != nelements) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s: tensor '%s' has wrong size in model file\n", __func__, name.c_str());
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (tensor->ne[0] != ne[0] || tensor->ne[1] != ne[1]) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s: tensor '%s' has wrong shape in model file: got [%d, %d], expected [%d, %d]\n",
+                        __func__, name.c_str(), (int) tensor->ne[0], (int) tensor->ne[1], ne[0], ne[1]);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // for debugging
+            if (0) {
+                printf("%24s - [%5d, %5d], type = %6s, %6.2f MB, %9zu bytes\n", name.c_str(), ne[0], ne[1], ggml_type_name(ggml_type(ttype)), ggml_nbytes(tensor)/1024.0/1024.0, ggml_nbytes(tensor));
+            }
+
+            const size_t bpe = ggml_type_size(ggml_type(ttype));
+
+            if ((nelements*bpe)/ggml_blck_size(tensor->type) != ggml_nbytes(tensor)) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s: tensor '%s' has wrong size in model file: got %zu, expected %zu\n",
+                        __func__, name.c_str(), ggml_nbytes(tensor), nelements*bpe);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // allocate the tensor
+            ggml_backend_t backend = tensor_backends[name];
+            ggml_tallocr * alloc = &backend_buffers.find(backend)->second;
+            ggml_tallocr_alloc(alloc, tensor);
+            //printf("%s: [%5.5s] %s\n", __func__, ggml_backend_name(backend), name.c_str());
+
+            if (ggml_backend_is_cpu(backend)
+#ifdef GGML_USE_METAL
+                || ggml_backend_is_metal(backend)
+#endif
+                ) {
+                // for the CPU and Metal backend, we can read directly into the tensor
+                fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(tensor->data), ggml_nbytes(tensor));
+            } else {
+                // read into a temporary buffer first, then copy to device memory
+                read_buf.resize(ggml_nbytes(tensor));
+                fin.read(read_buf.data(), ggml_nbytes(tensor));
+                ggml_backend_tensor_set(tensor, read_buf.data(), 0, ggml_nbytes(tensor));
+            }
+
+            // GPT-2 models share the WTE tensor as the LM head
+            if (name == "model/wte" && has_lm_head == false) {
+                ggml_tallocr * alloc_head = &backend_buffers.find(tensor_backends["model/lm_head"])->second;
+                ggml_tallocr_alloc(alloc_head, model.lm_head);
+                //printf("%s: [%5.5s] %s (copied)\n", __func__, ggml_backend_name(tensor_backends["model/lm_head"]), "model/lm_head");
+                ggml_backend_tensor_copy(tensor, model.lm_head);
+                total_size += ggml_nbytes(model.lm_head);
+            }
+
+            if (name == "model/lm_head") {
+                has_lm_head = true;
+            }
+
+            total_size += ggml_nbytes(tensor);
+        }
+        printf("%s: model size  = %8.2f MB\n", __func__, total_size/1024.0/1024.0);
+    }
+
+    fin.close();
+
+    // allocate input tensors
+    {
+        model.embd = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, model.hparams.n_ctx);
+        model.position = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, model.hparams.n_ctx);
+
+        ggml_set_name(model.embd, "in/embd");
+        ggml_set_name(model.position, "in/position");
+
+        // add input tensors to cpu backend
+        size_t input_size = ggml_nbytes(model.embd) + ggml_nbytes(model.position);
+
+        // FIXME: use cpu backend after sched impl
+        ggml_backend_t backend_input = params.n_gpu_layers >= model.hparams.n_layer ? backend_gpu : backend_cpu;
+        model.buffer_input = ggml_backend_alloc_buffer(backend_input, input_size + 512*3);
+        printf("%s: backend_in = %s (%zu bytes)\n", __func__, ggml_backend_name(backend_input), input_size);
+
+        // allocate the tensors into the backend buffer
+        ggml_tallocr alloc = ggml_tallocr_new(model.buffer_input);
+        ggml_tallocr_alloc(&alloc, model.embd);
+        ggml_tallocr_alloc(&alloc, model.position);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+// build the computation graph
+struct ggml_cgraph * gpt2_graph(
+        const gpt2_model & model,
+        const int n_past,
+        const std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> & embd_inp) {
+    const int N = embd_inp.size();
+
+    const auto & hparams = model.hparams;
+
+    const int n_embd  = hparams.n_embd;
+    const int n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+    const int n_ctx   = hparams.n_ctx;
+    const int n_head  = hparams.n_head;
+
+    // since we are using ggml-alloc, this buffer only needs enough space to hold the ggml_tensor and ggml_cgraph structs, but not the tensor data
+    static size_t buf_size = ggml_tensor_overhead()*GPT2_MAX_NODES + ggml_graph_overhead_custom(GPT2_MAX_NODES, false);
+    static std::vector<uint8_t> buf(buf_size);
+
+    struct ggml_init_params params = {
+        /*.mem_size   =*/ buf_size,
+        /*.mem_buffer =*/ buf.data(),
+        /*.no_alloc   =*/ true, // the tensors will be allocated later by ggml_gallocr_alloc_graph()
+    };
+
+    struct ggml_context * ctx = ggml_init(params);
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph  * gf = ggml_new_graph_custom(ctx, GPT2_MAX_NODES, false);
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * embd = ggml_view_1d(ctx, model.embd, N, 0);
+
+    // set inputs
+    // TODO: move to gpt2_eval
+    ggml_backend_tensor_set(model.embd, embd_inp.data(), 0, N*ggml_element_size(embd));
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * position = ggml_view_1d(ctx, model.position, N, 0);
+    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+        int32_t v = n_past + i;
+        ggml_backend_tensor_set(model.position, &v, i*sizeof(int32_t), sizeof(v));
+    }
+
+    const float KQ_scale = 1.0f/sqrtf(float(model.hparams.n_embd)/model.hparams.n_head);
+
+    // wte + wpe
+    struct ggml_tensor * inpL =
+        ggml_add(ctx,
+                ggml_get_rows(ctx, model.wte, embd),
+                ggml_get_rows(ctx, model.wpe, position));
+    ggml_set_name(inpL, "inpL");
+    ggml_set_name(inpL->src[0], "wte");
+    ggml_set_name(inpL->src[1], "wpe");
+
+    for (int il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
+        struct ggml_tensor * cur;
+
+        // norm
+        {
+            // [ 768, N]
+            cur = ggml_norm(ctx, inpL, hparams.eps);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.norm", il);
+
+            // cur = ln_1_g*cur + ln_1_b
+            // [ 768, N]
+            cur = ggml_add(ctx,
+                    ggml_mul(ctx,
+                        cur,
+                        model.layers[il].ln_1_g),
+                    model.layers[il].ln_1_b);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.ln_1_b", il);
+            ggml_format_name(cur->src[0], "l%d.ln_1_g", il);
+        }
+
+        // attn
+        // [2304, 768] - model.layers[il].c_attn_attn_w
+        // [2304,   1] - model.layers[il].c_attn_attn_b
+        // [ 768,   N] - cur (in)
+        // [2304,   N] - cur (out)
+        //
+        // cur = attn_w*cur + attn_b
+        // [2304, N]
+        {
+            cur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx,
+                    model.layers[il].c_attn_attn_w,
+                    cur);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.attn_w", il);
+
+            cur = ggml_add(ctx,
+                    cur,
+                    model.layers[il].c_attn_attn_b);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.attn_b", il);
+        }
+
+        // self-attention
+        {
+            struct ggml_tensor * Qcur = ggml_view_2d(ctx, cur, n_embd, N, cur->nb[1], 0*sizeof(float)*n_embd);
+            struct ggml_tensor * Kcur = ggml_view_2d(ctx, cur, n_embd, N, cur->nb[1], 1*sizeof(float)*n_embd);
+            struct ggml_tensor * Vcur = ggml_view_2d(ctx, cur, n_embd, N, cur->nb[1], 2*sizeof(float)*n_embd);
+
+            ggml_format_name(Qcur, "l%d.Qcur", il);
+            ggml_format_name(Kcur, "l%d.Kcur", il);
+            ggml_format_name(Vcur, "l%d.Vcur", il);
+
+            // store key and value to memory
+            if (N >= 1) {
+                struct ggml_tensor * k = ggml_view_1d(ctx, model.memory_k, N*n_embd, (ggml_element_size(model.memory_k)*n_embd)*(il*n_ctx + n_past));
+                struct ggml_tensor * v = ggml_view_1d(ctx, model.memory_v, N*n_embd, (ggml_element_size(model.memory_v)*n_embd)*(il*n_ctx + n_past));
+
+                ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, ggml_cpy(ctx, Kcur, k));
+                ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, ggml_cpy(ctx, Vcur, v));
+            }
+
+            // Q = Qcur.contiguous().view(n_embd/n_head, n_head, N).permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
+            // [64, N, 12]
+            struct ggml_tensor * Q =
+                ggml_permute(ctx,
+                        ggml_cont_3d(ctx, Qcur, n_embd/n_head, n_head, N),
+                        0, 2, 1, 3);
+            ggml_format_name(Q, "l%d.Q", il);
+
+            // K = Kmem.view(n_embd/n_head, n_head, n_past + N).permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
+            // [64, n_past + N, 12]
+            struct ggml_tensor * K =
+                ggml_permute(ctx,
+                        ggml_reshape_3d(ctx,
+                            ggml_view_1d(ctx, model.memory_k, (n_past + N)*n_embd, il*n_ctx*ggml_element_size(model.memory_k)*n_embd),
+                            n_embd/n_head, n_head, n_past + N),
+                        0, 2, 1, 3);
+            ggml_format_name(K, "l%d.K", il);
+
+            // GG: flash attention
+            //struct ggml_tensor * V =
+            //    ggml_cpy(ctx0,
+            //            ggml_permute(ctx0,
+            //                ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0,
+            //                    ggml_view_1d(ctx0, model.memory_v, (n_past + N)*n_embd, il*n_ctx*ggml_element_size(model.memory_v)*n_embd),
+            //                    n_embd/n_head, n_head, n_past + N),
+            //                1, 2, 0, 3),
+            //            ggml_new_tensor_3d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_past + N, n_embd/n_head, n_head));
+
+            //struct ggml_tensor * KQV = ggml_flash_attn(ctx0, Q, K, V, true);
+
+            // K * Q
+            // [n_past + N, N, 12]
+            struct ggml_tensor * KQ = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, K, Q);
+            ggml_format_name(KQ, "l%d.KQ", il);
+
+            // KQ_scaled = KQ / sqrt(n_embd/n_head)
+            // [n_past + N, N, 12]
+            struct ggml_tensor * KQ_scaled = ggml_scale(ctx, KQ, KQ_scale);
+            ggml_format_name(KQ_scaled, "l%d.KQ_scaled", il);
+
+            // KQ_masked = mask_past(KQ_scaled)
+            // [n_past + N, N, 12]
+            struct ggml_tensor * KQ_masked = ggml_diag_mask_inf(ctx, KQ_scaled, n_past);
+            ggml_format_name(KQ_masked, "l%d.KQ_masked", il);
+
+            // KQ = soft_max(KQ_masked)
+            // [n_past + N, N, 12]
+            struct ggml_tensor * KQ_soft_max = ggml_soft_max(ctx, KQ_masked);
+            ggml_format_name(KQ_soft_max, "l%d.KQ_soft_max", il);
+
+            // V_trans = Vmem.view(n_embd/n_head, n_head, n_past + N).permute(1, 2, 0, 3).contiguous()
+            // [n_past + N, 64, 12]
+            struct ggml_tensor * V_trans =
+                ggml_cont_3d(ctx,
+                        ggml_permute(ctx,
+                            ggml_reshape_3d(ctx,
+                                ggml_view_1d(ctx, model.memory_v, (n_past + N)*n_embd, il*n_ctx*ggml_element_size(model.memory_v)*n_embd),
+                                n_embd/n_head, n_head, n_past + N),
+                            1, 2, 0, 3),
+                        n_past + N, n_embd/n_head, n_head);
+
+            // KQV = transpose(V) * KQ_soft_max
+            // [64, N, 12]
+            struct ggml_tensor * KQV = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, V_trans, KQ_soft_max);
+            ggml_format_name(KQV, "l%d.KQV", il);
+
+            // KQV_merged = KQV.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
+            // [64, 12, N]
+            struct ggml_tensor * KQV_merged = ggml_permute(ctx, KQV, 0, 2, 1, 3);
+            ggml_format_name(KQV_merged, "l%d.KQV_merged", il);
+
+            // cur = KQV_merged.contiguous().view(n_embd, N)
+            // [768, N]
+            cur = ggml_cont_2d(ctx, KQV_merged, n_embd, N);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.KQV_merged_contiguous", il);
+        }
+
+        // projection
+        // [ 768, 768] - model.layers[il].c_attn_proj_w
+        // [ 768,   1] - model.layers[il].c_attn_proj_b
+        // [ 768,   N] - cur (in)
+        // [ 768,   N] - cur (out)
+        //
+        // cur = proj_w*cur + proj_b
+        // [768, N]
+        {
+            cur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx,
+                    model.layers[il].c_attn_proj_w,
+                    cur);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.attn_proj_w", il);
+
+            cur = ggml_add(ctx,
+                    cur,
+                    model.layers[il].c_attn_proj_b);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.attn_proj_b", il);
+        }
+
+        // add the input
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx, cur, inpL);
+        ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.add", il);
+
+        struct ggml_tensor * inpFF = cur;
+
+        // feed-forward network
+        {
+            // norm
+            {
+                cur = ggml_norm(ctx, inpFF, hparams.eps);
+                ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.FFnorm", il);
+
+                // cur = ln_2_g*cur + ln_2_b
+                // [ 768, N]
+                cur = ggml_add(ctx,
+                        ggml_mul(ctx,
+                            cur,
+                            model.layers[il].ln_2_g),
+                        model.layers[il].ln_2_b);
+                ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.ln_2_b", il);
+                ggml_format_name(cur->src[0], "l%d.ln_2_g", il);
+            }
+
+            // fully connected
+            // [3072, 768] - model.layers[il].c_mlp_fc_w
+            // [3072,   1] - model.layers[il].c_mlp_fc_b
+            // [ 768,   N] - cur (in)
+            // [3072,   N] - cur (out)
+            //
+            // cur = fc_w*cur + fc_b
+            // [3072, N]
+            cur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx,
+                    model.layers[il].c_mlp_fc_w,
+                    cur);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.mlp_fc_w", il);
+
+            cur = ggml_add(ctx,
+                    cur,
+                    model.layers[il].c_mlp_fc_b);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.mlp_fc_b", il);
+
+            // GELU activation
+            // [3072, N]
+            cur = ggml_gelu(ctx, cur);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.gelu", il);
+
+            // projection
+            // [ 768, 3072] - model.layers[il].c_mlp_proj_w
+            // [ 768,    1] - model.layers[il].c_mlp_proj_b
+            // [3072,    N] - cur (in)
+            // [ 768,    N] - cur (out)
+            //
+            // cur = proj_w*cur + proj_b
+            // [768, N]
+            cur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx,
+                    model.layers[il].c_mlp_proj_w,
+                    cur);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.mlp_proj_w", il);
+
+            cur = ggml_add(ctx,
+                    cur,
+                    model.layers[il].c_mlp_proj_b);
+            ggml_format_name(cur, "l%d.mlp_proj_b", il);
+        }
+
+        // input for next layer
+        inpL = ggml_add(ctx, cur, inpFF);
+        ggml_format_name(inpL, "l%d.add2", il);
+    }
+
+    // norm
+    {
+        // [ 768, N]
+        inpL = ggml_norm(ctx, inpL, hparams.eps);
+        ggml_format_name(inpL, "out_norm");
+
+        // inpL = ln_f_g*inpL + ln_f_b
+        // [ 768, N]
+        inpL = ggml_add(ctx,
+                ggml_mul(ctx,
+                    inpL,
+                    model.ln_f_g),
+                model.ln_f_b);
+        ggml_format_name(inpL, "out_ln_f_b");
+        ggml_format_name(inpL->src[0], "out_ln_f_g");
+    }
+
+    // inpL = WTE * inpL
+    // [ 768, 50257] - model.lm_head
+    // [ 768, N]     - inpL
+    inpL = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, model.lm_head, inpL);
+    ggml_format_name(inpL, "out_lm_head");
+
+    // logits -> probs
+    //inpL = ggml_soft_max(ctx0, inpL);
+
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, inpL);
+
+    ggml_free(ctx);
+
+    return gf;
+}
+
+// evaluate the transformer
+//
+//   - model:     the model
+//   - sched:     the backend scheduler
+//   - n_past:    the context size so far
+//   - embd_inp:  the embeddings of the tokens in the context
+//   - embd_w:    the predicted logits for the next token
+//
+bool gpt2_eval(
+        const gpt2_model & model,
+        ggml_backend_sched_t sched,
+        const int n_past,
+        const std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> & embd_inp,
+              std::vector<float>         & embd_w) {
+    const int N = embd_inp.size();
+
+    const auto & hparams = model.hparams;
+
+    const int n_vocab = hparams.n_vocab;
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph * gf = gpt2_graph(model, n_past, embd_inp);
+
+    // run the computation
+    ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched);
+    ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute(sched, gf);
+
+    //if (n_past%100 == 0) {
+    //    ggml_graph_print   (&gf);
+    //    ggml_graph_dump_dot(&gf, NULL, "gpt-2.dot");
+    //}
+
+    // in this case, the output tensor is the last one in the graph
+    struct ggml_tensor * inpL = ggml_graph_node(gf, -1);
+
+    //embd_w.resize(n_vocab*N);
+    //ggml_backend_tensor_get(inpL, embd_w.data(), 0, sizeof(float)*n_vocab*N);
+
+    // return result just for the last token
+    embd_w.resize(n_vocab);
+    ggml_backend_tensor_get(inpL, embd_w.data(), (n_vocab*(N-1))*sizeof(float), sizeof(float)*n_vocab);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+    ggml_time_init();
+
+    const int64_t t_main_start_us = ggml_time_us();
+
+    gpt_params params;
+    params.model = "models/gpt-2-117M/ggml-model.bin";
+
+    if (gpt_params_parse(argc, argv, params) == false) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (params.seed < 0) {
+        params.seed = time(NULL);
+    }
+
+    printf("%s: seed = %d\n", __func__, params.seed);
+
+    std::mt19937 rng(params.seed);
+    if (params.prompt.empty()) {
+        params.prompt = gpt_random_prompt(rng);
+    }
+
+    int64_t t_load_us = 0;
+
+    gpt_vocab vocab;
+    gpt2_model model;
+
+    // load the model
+    {
+        const int64_t t_start_us = ggml_time_us();
+
+        if (!gpt2_model_load(params.model, model, vocab, params)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to load model from '%s'\n", __func__, params.model.c_str());
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        t_load_us = ggml_time_us() - t_start_us;
+
+        test_gpt_tokenizer(vocab, params.token_test);
+    }
+
+    // create the backend scheduler
+    // the scheduler handles the allocation of the compute buffers and the scheduling of the computation between the different backends
+    ggml_backend_sched_t sched;
+    {
+        // initialize the scheduler
+        sched = ggml_backend_sched_new(model.backends.data(), NULL, model.backends.size(), GPT2_MAX_NODES, false, true);
+
+        // create the worst case graph for memory usage estimation
+        int n_tokens = std::min(model.hparams.n_ctx, params.n_batch);
+        int n_past = model.hparams.n_ctx - n_tokens;
+        struct ggml_cgraph * gf = gpt2_graph(model, n_past, std::vector<gpt_vocab::id>(n_tokens, 0));
+
+        ggml_backend_sched_reserve(sched, gf);
+
+
+        // compute the required memory
+        size_t mem_size = 0;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < model.backends.size(); i++) {
+            size_t size = ggml_backend_sched_get_buffer_size(sched, model.backends[i]);
+            if (size > 0) {
+                mem_size += size;
+                printf("%s: %8s compute buffer size = %8.2f MB\n", __func__, ggml_backend_name(model.backends[i]), size/1024.0/1024.0);
+                //printf("%s: %8s compute buffer size = %zu bytes\n", __func__, ggml_backend_name(model.backends[i]), size);
+            }
+        }
+
+        printf("%s: total compute buffer size: %.2f MB\n", __func__, mem_size/1024.0/1024.0);
+    }
+
+    int n_past = 0;
+
+    int64_t t_sample_us  = 0;
+    int64_t t_predict_us = 0;
+
+    std::vector<float> logits;
+
+    // tokenize the prompt
+    std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> embd_inp = ::gpt_tokenize(vocab, params.prompt);
+
+    params.n_predict = std::min(params.n_predict, model.hparams.n_ctx - (int) embd_inp.size());
+
+    printf("%s: prompt: '%s'\n", __func__, params.prompt.c_str());
+    printf("%s: number of tokens in prompt = %zu, first 8 tokens: ", __func__, embd_inp.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < std::min(8, (int) embd_inp.size()); i++) {
+        printf("%d ", embd_inp[i]);
+    }
+    printf("\n\n");
+
+    // submit the input prompt token-by-token
+    // this reduces the memory usage during inference, at the cost of a bit of speed at the beginning
+    std::vector<gpt_vocab::id> embd;
+
+    for (size_t i = embd.size(); i < embd_inp.size() + params.n_predict; i++) {
+        // predict
+        if (embd.size() > 0) {
+            const int64_t t_start_us = ggml_time_us();
+
+            if (!gpt2_eval(model, sched, n_past, embd, logits)) {
+                printf("Failed to predict\n");
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            t_predict_us += ggml_time_us() - t_start_us;
+        }
+
+        n_past += embd.size();
+        embd.clear();
+
+        if (i >= embd_inp.size()) {
+            // sample next token
+            const int   top_k = params.top_k;
+            const float top_p = params.top_p;
+            const float temp  = params.temp;
+
+            const int n_vocab = model.hparams.n_vocab;
+
+            gpt_vocab::id id = 0;
+
+            {
+                const int64_t t_start_sample_us = ggml_time_us();
+
+                id = gpt_sample_top_k_top_p(vocab, logits.data() + (logits.size() - n_vocab), top_k, top_p, temp, rng);
+
+                t_sample_us += ggml_time_us() - t_start_sample_us;
+            }
+
+            // add it to the context
+            embd.push_back(id);
+        } else {
+            // if here, it means we are still processing the input prompt
+            for (size_t k = i; k < embd_inp.size(); k++) {
+                embd.push_back(embd_inp[k]);
+                if (int32_t(embd.size()) >= params.n_batch) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            i += embd.size() - 1;
+        }
+
+        // display text
+        for (auto id : embd) {
+            printf("%s", vocab.id_to_token[id].c_str());
+        }
+        fflush(stdout);
+
+        // end of text token
+        if (embd.back() == 50256) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // report timing
+    {
+        const int64_t t_main_end_us = ggml_time_us();
+
+        printf("\n\n");
+        printf("%s:     load time = %8.2f ms\n", __func__, t_load_us/1000.0f);
+        printf("%s:   sample time = %8.2f ms\n", __func__, t_sample_us/1000.0f);
+        printf("%s:  predict time = %8.2f ms / %.2f ms per token\n", __func__, t_predict_us/1000.0f, t_predict_us/1000.0f/n_past);
+        printf("%s:    total time = %8.2f ms\n", __func__, (t_main_end_us - t_main_start_us)/1000.0f);
+    }
+
+    ggml_free(model.ctx_w);
+
+    ggml_backend_sched_free(sched);
+    ggml_backend_buffer_free(model.buffer_kv);
+    for (auto buf : model.buffers_w) {
+        ggml_backend_buffer_free(buf);
+    }
+    for (auto backend : model.backends) {
+        ggml_backend_free(backend);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}