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data/vendor/eigen/unsupported/Eigen/CXX11/src/Tensor/README.md

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+# Eigen Tensors {#eigen_tensors}
+
+Tensors are multidimensional arrays of elements. Elements are typically scalars,
+but more complex types such as strings are also supported.
+
+## Tensor Classes
+
+You can manipulate a tensor with one of the following classes.  They all are in
+the namespace `::Eigen.`
+
+
+### Class Tensor<data_type, rank>
+
+This is the class to use to create a tensor and allocate memory for it.  The
+class is templatized with the tensor datatype, such as float or int, and the
+tensor rank.  The rank is the number of dimensions, for example rank 2 is a
+matrix.
+
+Tensors of this class are resizable.  For example, if you assign a tensor of a
+different size to a Tensor, that tensor is resized to match its new value.
+
+#### Constructor Tensor<data_type, rank>(size0, size1, ...)
+
+Constructor for a Tensor.  The constructor must be passed `rank` integers
+indicating the sizes of the instance along each of the the `rank`
+dimensions.
+
+    // Create a tensor of rank 3 of sizes 2, 3, 4.  This tensor owns
+    // memory to hold 24 floating point values (24 = 2 x 3 x 4).
+    Tensor<float, 3> t_3d(2, 3, 4);
+
+    // Resize t_3d by assigning a tensor of different sizes, but same rank.
+    t_3d = Tensor<float, 3>(3, 4, 3);
+
+#### Constructor Tensor<data_type, rank>(size_array)
+
+Constructor where the sizes for the constructor are specified as an array of
+values instead of an explicitly list of parameters.  The array type to use is
+`Eigen::array<Eigen::Index>`.  The array can be constructed automatically
+from an initializer list.
+
+    // Create a tensor of strings of rank 2 with sizes 5, 7.
+    Tensor<string, 2> t_2d({5, 7});
+
+
+### Class TensorFixedSize<data_type, Sizes<size0, size1, ...>>
+
+Class to use for tensors of fixed size, where the size is known at compile
+time.  Fixed sized tensors can provide very fast computations because all their
+dimensions are known by the compiler.  FixedSize tensors are not resizable.
+
+If the total number of elements in a fixed size tensor is small enough the
+tensor data is held onto the stack and does not cause heap allocation and free.
+
+    // Create a 4 x 3 tensor of floats.
+    TensorFixedSize<float, Sizes<4, 3>> t_4x3;
+
+### Class TensorMap<Tensor<data_type, rank>>
+
+This is the class to use to create a tensor on top of memory allocated and
+owned by another part of your code.  It allows to view any piece of allocated
+memory as a Tensor.  Instances of this class do not own the memory where the
+data are stored.
+
+A TensorMap is not resizable because it does not own the memory where its data
+are stored.
+
+#### Constructor TensorMap<Tensor<data_type, rank>>(data, size0, size1, ...)
+
+Constructor for a Tensor.  The constructor must be passed a pointer to the
+storage for the data, and "rank" size attributes.  The storage has to be
+large enough to hold all the data.
+
+    // Map a tensor of ints on top of stack-allocated storage.
+    int storage[128];  // 2 x 4 x 2 x 8 = 128
+    TensorMap<Tensor<int, 4>> t_4d(storage, 2, 4, 2, 8);
+
+    // The same storage can be viewed as a different tensor.
+    // You can also pass the sizes as an array.
+    TensorMap<Tensor<int, 2>> t_2d(storage, 16, 8);
+
+    // You can also map fixed-size tensors.  Here we get a 1d view of
+    // the 2d fixed-size tensor.
+    TensorFixedSize<float, Sizes<4, 3>> t_4x3;
+    TensorMap<Tensor<float, 1>> t_12(t_4x3.data(), 12);
+
+
+#### Class TensorRef
+
+See Assigning to a TensorRef below.
+
+## Accessing Tensor Elements
+
+#### <data_type> tensor(index0, index1...)
+
+Return the element at position `(index0, index1...)` in tensor
+`tensor`.  You must pass as many parameters as the rank of `tensor`.
+The expression can be used as an l-value to set the value of the element at the
+specified position.  The value returned is of the datatype of the tensor.
+
+    // Set the value of the element at position (0, 1, 0);
+    Tensor<float, 3> t_3d(2, 3, 4);
+    t_3d(0, 1, 0) = 12.0f;
+
+    // Initialize all elements to random values.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+      for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
+        for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k) {
+          t_3d(i, j, k) = ...some random value...;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Print elements of a tensor.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+      LOG(INFO) << t_3d(i, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+
+## TensorLayout
+
+The tensor library supports 2 layouts: `ColMajor` (the default) and
+`RowMajor`.  Only the default column major layout is currently fully
+supported, and it is therefore not recommended to attempt to use the row major
+layout at the moment.
+
+The layout of a tensor is optionally specified as part of its type. If not
+specified explicitly column major is assumed.
+
+    Tensor<float, 3, ColMajor> col_major;  // equivalent to Tensor<float, 3>
+    TensorMap<Tensor<float, 3, RowMajor> > row_major(data, ...);
+
+All the arguments to an expression must use the same layout. Attempting to mix
+different layouts will result in a compilation error.
+
+It is possible to change the layout of a tensor or an expression using the
+`swap_layout()` method.  Note that this will also reverse the order of the
+dimensions.
+
+    Tensor<float, 2, ColMajor> col_major(2, 4);
+    Tensor<float, 2, RowMajor> row_major(2, 4);
+
+    Tensor<float, 2> col_major_result = col_major;  // ok, layouts match
+    Tensor<float, 2> col_major_result = row_major;  // will not compile
+
+    // Simple layout swap
+    col_major_result = row_major.swap_layout();
+    eigen_assert(col_major_result.dimension(0) == 4);
+    eigen_assert(col_major_result.dimension(1) == 2);
+
+    // Swap the layout and preserve the order of the dimensions
+    array<int, 2> shuffle(1, 0);
+    col_major_result = row_major.swap_layout().shuffle(shuffle);
+    eigen_assert(col_major_result.dimension(0) == 2);
+    eigen_assert(col_major_result.dimension(1) == 4);
+
+
+## Tensor Operations
+
+The Eigen Tensor library provides a vast library of operations on Tensors:
+numerical operations such as addition and multiplication, geometry operations
+such as slicing and shuffling, etc.  These operations are available as methods
+of the Tensor classes, and in some cases as operator overloads.  For example
+the following code computes the elementwise addition of two tensors:
+
+    Tensor<float, 3> t1(2, 3, 4);
+    ...set some values in t1...
+    Tensor<float, 3> t2(2, 3, 4);
+    ...set some values in t2...
+    // Set t3 to the element wise sum of t1 and t2
+    Tensor<float, 3> t3 = t1 + t2;
+
+While the code above looks easy enough, it is important to understand that the
+expression `t1 + t2` is not actually adding the values of the tensors.  The
+expression instead constructs a "tensor operator" object of the class
+TensorCwiseBinaryOp<scalar_sum>, which has references to the tensors
+`t1` and `t2`.  This is a small C++ object that knows how to add
+`t1` and `t2`.  It is only when the value of the expression is assigned
+to the tensor `t3` that the addition is actually performed.  Technically,
+this happens through the overloading of `operator=()` in the Tensor class.
+
+This mechanism for computing tensor expressions allows for lazy evaluation and
+optimizations which are what make the tensor library very fast.
+
+Of course, the tensor operators do nest, and the expression `t1 + t2 * 0.3f`
+is actually represented with the (approximate) tree of operators:
+
+    TensorCwiseBinaryOp<scalar_sum>(t1, TensorCwiseUnaryOp<scalar_mul>(t2, 0.3f))
+
+
+### Tensor Operations and C++ "auto"
+
+Because Tensor operations create tensor operators, the C++ `auto` keyword
+does not have its intuitive meaning.  Consider these 2 lines of code:
+
+    Tensor<float, 3> t3 = t1 + t2;
+    auto t4 = t1 + t2;
+
+In the first line we allocate the tensor `t3` and it will contain the
+result of the addition of `t1` and `t2`.  In the second line, `t4`
+is actually the tree of tensor operators that will compute the addition of
+`t1` and `t2`.  In fact, `t4` is *not* a tensor and you cannot get
+the values of its elements:
+
+    Tensor<float, 3> t3 = t1 + t2;
+    cout << t3(0, 0, 0);  // OK prints the value of t1(0, 0, 0) + t2(0, 0, 0)
+
+    auto t4 = t1 + t2;
+    cout << t4(0, 0, 0);  // Compilation error!
+
+When you use `auto` you do not get a Tensor as a result but instead a
+non-evaluated expression.  So only use `auto` to delay evaluation.
+
+Unfortunately, there is no single underlying concrete type for holding
+non-evaluated expressions, hence you have to use auto in the case when you do
+want to hold non-evaluated expressions.
+
+When you need the results of set of tensor computations you have to assign the
+result to a Tensor that will be capable of holding onto them.  This can be
+either a normal Tensor, a fixed size Tensor, or a TensorMap on an existing
+piece of memory.  All the following will work:
+
+    auto t4 = t1 + t2;
+
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = t4;  // Could also be: result(t4);
+    cout << result(0, 0, 0);
+
+    TensorMap<float, 4> result(<a float* with enough space>, <size0>, ...) = t4;
+    cout << result(0, 0, 0);
+
+    TensorFixedSize<float, Sizes<size0, ...>> result = t4;
+    cout << result(0, 0, 0);
+
+Until you need the results, you can keep the operation around, and even reuse
+it for additional operations.  As long as you keep the expression as an
+operation, no computation is performed.
+
+    // One way to compute exp((t1 + t2) * 0.2f);
+    auto t3 = t1 + t2;
+    auto t4 = t3 * 0.2f;
+    auto t5 = t4.exp();
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = t5;
+
+    // Another way, exactly as efficient as the previous one:
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = ((t1 + t2) * 0.2f).exp();
+
+### Controlling When Expression are Evaluated
+
+There are several ways to control when expressions are evaluated:
+
+*   Assignment to a Tensor, TensorFixedSize, or TensorMap.
+*   Use of the eval() method.
+*   Assignment to a TensorRef.
+
+#### Assigning to a Tensor, TensorFixedSize, or TensorMap.
+
+The most common way to evaluate an expression is to assign it to a Tensor.  In
+the example below, the `auto` declarations make the intermediate values
+"Operations", not Tensors, and do not cause the expressions to be evaluated.
+The assignment to the Tensor `result` causes the evaluation of all the
+operations.
+
+    auto t3 = t1 + t2;             // t3 is an Operation.
+    auto t4 = t3 * 0.2f;           // t4 is an Operation.
+    auto t5 = t4.exp();            // t5 is an Operation.
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = t5;  // The operations are evaluated.
+
+If you know the ranks and sizes of the Operation value you can assign the
+Operation to a TensorFixedSize instead of a Tensor, which is a bit more
+efficient.
+
+    // We know that the result is a 4x4x2 tensor!
+    TensorFixedSize<float, Sizes<4, 4, 2>> result = t5;
+
+Simiarly, assigning an expression to a TensorMap causes its evaluation.  Like
+tensors of type TensorFixedSize, TensorMaps cannot be resized so they have to
+have the rank and sizes of the expression that are assigned to them.
+
+#### Calling eval().
+
+When you compute large composite expressions, you sometimes want to tell Eigen
+that an intermediate value in the expression tree is worth evaluating ahead of
+time.  This is done by inserting a call to the `eval()` method of the
+expression Operation.
+
+    // The previous example could have been written:
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = ((t1 + t2) * 0.2f).exp();
+
+    // If you want to compute (t1 + t2) once ahead of time you can write:
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = ((t1 + t2).eval() * 0.2f).exp();
+
+Semantically, calling `eval()` is equivalent to materializing the value of
+the expression in a temporary Tensor of the right size.  The code above in
+effect does:
+
+    // .eval() knows the size!
+    TensorFixedSize<float, Sizes<4, 4, 2>> tmp = t1 + t2;
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = (tmp * 0.2f).exp();
+
+Note that the return value of `eval()` is itself an Operation, so the
+following code does not do what you may think:
+
+    // Here t3 is an evaluation Operation.  t3 has not been evaluated yet.
+    auto t3 = (t1 + t2).eval();
+
+    // You can use t3 in another expression.  Still no evaluation.
+    auto t4 = (t3 * 0.2f).exp();
+
+    // The value is evaluated when you assign the Operation to a Tensor, using
+    // an intermediate tensor to represent t3.x
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = t4;
+
+While in the examples above calling `eval()` does not make a difference in
+performance, in other cases it can make a huge difference.  In the expression
+below the `broadcast()` expression causes the `X.maximum()` expression
+to be evaluated many times:
+
+    Tensor<...> X ...;
+    Tensor<...> Y = ((X - X.maximum(depth_dim).reshape(dims2d).broadcast(bcast))
+                     * beta).exp();
+
+Inserting a call to `eval()` between the `maximum()` and
+`reshape()` calls guarantees that maximum() is only computed once and
+greatly speeds-up execution:
+
+    Tensor<...> Y =
+      ((X - X.maximum(depth_dim).eval().reshape(dims2d).broadcast(bcast))
+        * beta).exp();
+
+In the other example below, the tensor `Y` is both used in the expression
+and its assignment.  This is an aliasing problem and if the evaluation is not
+done in the right order Y will be updated incrementally during the evaluation
+resulting in bogus results:
+
+     Tensor<...> Y ...;
+     Y = Y / (Y.sum(depth_dim).reshape(dims2d).broadcast(bcast));
+
+Inserting a call to `eval()` between the `sum()` and `reshape()`
+expressions ensures that the sum is computed before any updates to `Y` are
+done.
+
+     Y = Y / (Y.sum(depth_dim).eval().reshape(dims2d).broadcast(bcast));
+
+Note that an eval around the full right hand side expression is not needed
+because the generated has to compute the i-th value of the right hand side
+before assigning it to the left hand side.
+
+However, if you were assigning the expression value to a shuffle of `Y`
+then you would need to force an eval for correctness by adding an `eval()`
+call for the right hand side:
+
+     Y.shuffle(...) =
+        (Y / (Y.sum(depth_dim).eval().reshape(dims2d).broadcast(bcast))).eval();
+
+
+#### Assigning to a TensorRef.
+
+If you need to access only a few elements from the value of an expression you
+can avoid materializing the value in a full tensor by using a TensorRef.
+
+A TensorRef is a small wrapper class for any Eigen Operation.  It provides
+overloads for the `()` operator that let you access individual values in
+the expression.  TensorRef is convenient, because the Operation themselves do
+not provide a way to access individual elements.
+
+    // Create a TensorRef for the expression.  The expression is not
+    // evaluated yet.
+    TensorRef<Tensor<float, 3> > ref = ((t1 + t2) * 0.2f).exp();
+
+    // Use "ref" to access individual elements.  The expression is evaluated
+    // on the fly.
+    float at_0 = ref(0, 0, 0);
+    cout << ref(0, 1, 0);
+
+Only use TensorRef when you need a subset of the values of the expression.
+TensorRef only computes the values you access.  However note that if you are
+going to access all the values it will be much faster to materialize the
+results in a Tensor first.
+
+In some cases, if the full Tensor result would be very large, you may save
+memory by accessing it as a TensorRef.  But not always.  So don't count on it.
+
+
+### Controlling How Expressions Are Evaluated
+
+The tensor library provides several implementations of the various operations
+such as contractions and convolutions.  The implementations are optimized for
+different environments: single threaded on CPU, multi threaded on CPU, or on a
+GPU using cuda.  Additional implementations may be added later.
+
+You can choose which implementation to use with the `device()` call.  If
+you do not choose an implementation explicitly the default implementation that
+uses a single thread on the CPU is used.
+
+The default implementation has been optimized for recent Intel CPUs, taking
+advantage of SSE, AVX, and FMA instructions.  Work is ongoing to tune the
+library on ARM CPUs.  Note that you need to pass compiler-dependent flags
+to enable the use of SSE, AVX, and other instructions.
+
+For example, the following code adds two tensors using the default
+single-threaded CPU implementation:
+
+    Tensor<float, 2> a(30, 40);
+    Tensor<float, 2> b(30, 40);
+    Tensor<float, 2> c = a + b;
+
+To choose a different implementation you have to insert a `device()` call
+before the assignment of the result.  For technical C++ reasons this requires
+that the Tensor for the result be declared on its own.  This means that you
+have to know the size of the result.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> c(30, 40);
+    c.device(...) = a + b;
+
+The call to `device()` must be the last call on the left of the operator=.
+
+You must pass to the `device()` call an Eigen device object.  There are
+presently three devices you can use: DefaultDevice, ThreadPoolDevice and
+GpuDevice.
+
+
+#### Evaluating With the DefaultDevice
+
+This is exactly the same as not inserting a `device()` call.
+
+    DefaultDevice my_device;
+    c.device(my_device) = a + b;
+
+#### Evaluating with a Thread Pool
+
+    // Create the Eigen ThreadPool
+    Eigen::ThreadPool pool(8 /* number of threads in pool */)
+
+    // Create the Eigen ThreadPoolDevice.
+    Eigen::ThreadPoolDevice my_device(&pool, 4 /* number of threads to use */);
+
+    // Now just use the device when evaluating expressions.
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> c(30, 50);
+    c.device(my_device) = a.contract(b, dot_product_dims);
+
+
+#### Evaluating On GPU
+
+This is presently a bit more complicated than just using a thread pool device.
+You need to create a GPU device but you also need to explicitly allocate the
+memory for tensors with cuda.
+
+
+## API Reference
+
+### Datatypes
+
+In the documentation of the tensor methods and Operation we mention datatypes
+that are tensor-type specific:
+
+#### <Tensor-Type>::Dimensions
+
+Acts like an array of ints.  Has an `int size` attribute, and can be
+indexed like an array to access individual values.  Used to represent the
+dimensions of a tensor.  See `dimensions()`.
+
+#### <Tensor-Type>::Index
+
+Acts like an `int`.  Used for indexing tensors along their dimensions.  See
+`operator()`, `dimension()`, and `size()`.
+
+#### <Tensor-Type>::Scalar
+
+Represents the datatype of individual tensor elements.  For example, for a
+`Tensor<float>`, `Scalar` is the type `float`.  See
+`setConstant()`.
+
+#### <Operation>
+
+We use this pseudo type to indicate that a tensor Operation is returned by a
+method.  We indicate in the text the type and dimensions of the tensor that the
+Operation returns after evaluation.
+
+The Operation will have to be evaluated, for example by assigning it to a
+tensor, before you can access the values of the resulting tensor.  You can also
+access the values through a TensorRef.
+
+
+## Built-in Tensor Methods
+
+These are usual C++ methods that act on tensors immediately.  They are not
+Operations which provide delayed evaluation of their results.  Unless specified
+otherwise, all the methods listed below are available on all tensor classes:
+Tensor, TensorFixedSize, and TensorMap.
+
+## Metadata
+
+### int NumDimensions
+
+Constant value indicating the number of dimensions of a Tensor.  This is also
+known as the tensor "rank".
+
+      Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(3, 4);
+      cout << "Dims " << a.NumDimensions;
+      => Dims 2
+
+### Dimensions dimensions()
+
+Returns an array-like object representing the dimensions of the tensor.
+The actual type of the `dimensions()` result is `<Tensor-Type>::``Dimensions`.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(3, 4);
+    const Eigen::Tensor<float, 2>::Dimensions& d = a.dimensions();
+    cout << "Dim size: " << d.size << ", dim 0: " << d[0]
+         << ", dim 1: " << d[1];
+    => Dim size: 2, dim 0: 3, dim 1: 4
+
+If you use a C++11 compiler, you can use `auto` to simplify the code:
+
+    const auto& d = a.dimensions();
+    cout << "Dim size: " << d.size << ", dim 0: " << d[0]
+         << ", dim 1: " << d[1];
+    => Dim size: 2, dim 0: 3, dim 1: 4
+
+### Index dimension(Index n)
+
+Returns the n-th dimension of the tensor.  The actual type of the
+`dimension()` result is `<Tensor-Type>::``Index`, but you can
+always use it like an int.
+
+      Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(3, 4);
+      int dim1 = a.dimension(1);
+      cout << "Dim 1: " << dim1;
+      => Dim 1: 4
+
+### Index size()
+
+Returns the total number of elements in the tensor.  This is the product of all
+the tensor dimensions.  The actual type of the `size()` result is
+`<Tensor-Type>::``Index`, but you can always use it like an int.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(3, 4);
+    cout << "Size: " << a.size();
+    => Size: 12
+
+
+### Getting Dimensions From An Operation
+
+A few operations provide `dimensions()` directly,
+e.g. `TensorReslicingOp`.  Most operations defer calculating dimensions
+until the operation is being evaluated.  If you need access to the dimensions
+of a deferred operation, you can wrap it in a TensorRef (see Assigning to a
+TensorRef above), which provides `dimensions()` and `dimension()` as
+above.
+
+TensorRef can also wrap the plain Tensor types, so this is a useful idiom in
+templated contexts where the underlying object could be either a raw Tensor
+or some deferred operation (e.g. a slice of a Tensor).  In this case, the
+template code can wrap the object in a TensorRef and reason about its
+dimensionality while remaining agnostic to the underlying type.
+
+
+## Constructors
+
+### Tensor
+
+Creates a tensor of the specified size. The number of arguments must be equal
+to the rank of the tensor. The content of the tensor is not initialized.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(3, 4);
+    cout << "NumRows: " << a.dimension(0) << " NumCols: " << a.dimension(1) << endl;
+    => NumRows: 3 NumCols: 4
+
+### TensorFixedSize
+
+Creates a tensor of the specified size. The number of arguments in the Sizes<>
+template parameter determines the rank of the tensor. The content of the tensor
+is not initialized.
+
+    Eigen::TensorFixedSize<float, Sizes<3, 4>> a;
+    cout << "Rank: " << a.rank() << endl;
+    => Rank: 2
+    cout << "NumRows: " << a.dimension(0) << " NumCols: " << a.dimension(1) << endl;
+    => NumRows: 3 NumCols: 4
+
+### TensorMap
+
+Creates a tensor mapping an existing array of data. The data must not be freed
+until the TensorMap is discarded, and the size of the data must be large enough
+to accommodate the coefficients of the tensor.
+
+    float data[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11};
+    Eigen::TensorMap<Tensor<float, 2>> a(data, 3, 4);
+    cout << "NumRows: " << a.dimension(0) << " NumCols: " << a.dimension(1) << endl;
+    => NumRows: 3 NumCols: 4
+    cout << "a(1, 2): " << a(1, 2) << endl;
+    => a(1, 2): 7
+
+
+## Contents Initialization
+
+When a new Tensor or a new TensorFixedSize are created, memory is allocated to
+hold all the tensor elements, but the memory is not initialized.  Similarly,
+when a new TensorMap is created on top of non-initialized memory the memory its
+contents are not initialized.
+
+You can use one of the methods below to initialize the tensor memory.  These
+have an immediate effect on the tensor and return the tensor itself as a
+result.  These are not tensor Operations which delay evaluation.
+
+### <Tensor-Type> setConstant(const Scalar& val)
+
+Sets all elements of the tensor to the constant value `val`.  `Scalar`
+is the type of data stored in the tensor.  You can pass any value that is
+convertible to that type.
+
+Returns the tensor itself in case you want to chain another call.
+
+    a.setConstant(12.3f);
+    cout << "Constant: " << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    Constant:
+    12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3
+    12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3
+    12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3
+
+Note that `setConstant()` can be used on any tensor where the element type
+has a copy constructor and an `operator=()`:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<string, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setConstant("yolo");
+    cout << "String tensor: " << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    String tensor:
+    yolo yolo yolo
+    yolo yolo yolo
+
+
+### <Tensor-Type> setZero()
+
+Fills the tensor with zeros.  Equivalent to `setConstant(Scalar(0))`.
+Returns the tensor itself in case you want to chain another call.
+
+    a.setZero();
+    cout << "Zeros: " << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    Zeros:
+    0 0 0 0
+    0 0 0 0
+    0 0 0 0
+
+
+### <Tensor-Type> setValues({..initializer_list})
+
+Fills the tensor with explicit values specified in a std::initializer_list.
+The type of the initializer list depends on the type and rank of the tensor.
+
+If the tensor has rank N, the initializer list must be nested N times.  The
+most deeply nested lists must contains P scalars of the Tensor type where P is
+the size of the last dimension of the Tensor.
+
+For example, for a `TensorFixedSize<float, 2, 3>` the initializer list must
+contains 2 lists of 3 floats each.
+
+`setValues()` returns the tensor itself in case you want to chain another
+call.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f}, {3.0f, 4.0f, 5.0f}});
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+    0 1 2
+    3 4 5
+
+If a list is too short, the corresponding elements of the tensor will not be
+changed.  This is valid at each level of nesting.  For example the following
+code only sets the values of the first row of the tensor.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setConstant(1000);
+    a.setValues({{10, 20, 30}});
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+    10   20   30
+    1000 1000 1000
+
+### <Tensor-Type> setRandom()
+
+Fills the tensor with random values.  Returns the tensor itself in case you
+want to chain another call.
+
+    a.setRandom();
+    cout << "Random: " << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    Random:
+      0.680375    0.59688  -0.329554    0.10794
+     -0.211234   0.823295   0.536459 -0.0452059
+      0.566198  -0.604897  -0.444451   0.257742
+
+You can customize `setRandom()` by providing your own random number
+generator as a template argument:
+
+    a.setRandom<MyRandomGenerator>();
+
+Here, `MyRandomGenerator` must be a struct with the following member
+functions, where Scalar and Index are the same as `<Tensor-Type>::``Scalar`
+and `<Tensor-Type>::``Index`.
+
+See `struct UniformRandomGenerator` in TensorFunctors.h for an example.
+
+    // Custom number generator for use with setRandom().
+    struct MyRandomGenerator {
+      // Default and copy constructors. Both are needed
+      MyRandomGenerator() { }
+      MyRandomGenerator(const MyRandomGenerator& ) { }
+
+      // Return a random value to be used.  "element_location" is the
+      // location of the entry to set in the tensor, it can typically
+      // be ignored.
+      Scalar operator()(Eigen::DenseIndex element_location,
+                        Eigen::DenseIndex /*unused*/ = 0) const {
+        return <randomly generated value of type T>;
+      }
+
+      // Same as above but generates several numbers at a time.
+      typename internal::packet_traits<Scalar>::type packetOp(
+          Eigen::DenseIndex packet_location, Eigen::DenseIndex /*unused*/ = 0) const {
+        return <a packet of randomly generated values>;
+      }
+    };
+
+You can also use one of the 2 random number generators that are part of the
+tensor library:
+*   UniformRandomGenerator
+*   NormalRandomGenerator
+
+
+## Data Access
+
+The Tensor, TensorFixedSize, and TensorRef classes provide the following
+accessors to access the tensor coefficients:
+
+    const Scalar& operator()(const array<Index, NumIndices>& indices)
+    const Scalar& operator()(Index firstIndex, IndexTypes... otherIndices)
+    Scalar& operator()(const array<Index, NumIndices>& indices)
+    Scalar& operator()(Index firstIndex, IndexTypes... otherIndices)
+
+The number of indices must be equal to the rank of the tensor. Moreover, these
+accessors are not available on tensor expressions. In order to access the
+values of a tensor expression, the expression must either be evaluated or
+wrapped in a TensorRef.
+
+
+### Scalar* data() and const Scalar* data() const
+
+Returns a pointer to the storage for the tensor.  The pointer is const if the
+tensor was const.  This allows direct access to the data.  The layout of the
+data depends on the tensor layout: RowMajor or ColMajor.
+
+This access is usually only needed for special cases, for example when mixing
+Eigen Tensor code with other libraries.
+
+Scalar is the type of data stored in the tensor.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(3, 4);
+    float* a_data = a.data();
+    a_data[0] = 123.45f;
+    cout << "a(0, 0): " << a(0, 0);
+    => a(0, 0): 123.45
+
+
+## Tensor Operations
+
+All the methods documented below return non evaluated tensor `Operations`.
+These can be chained: you can apply another Tensor Operation to the value
+returned by the method.
+
+The chain of Operation is evaluated lazily, typically when it is assigned to a
+tensor.  See "Controlling when Expression are Evaluated" for more details about
+their evaluation.
+
+### <Operation> constant(const Scalar& val)
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor but
+where all elements have the value `val`.
+
+This is useful, for example, when you want to add or subtract a constant from a
+tensor, or multiply every element of a tensor by a scalar.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setConstant(1.0f);
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> b = a + a.constant(2.0f);
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> c = b * b.constant(0.2f);
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl << endl;
+    cout << "c" << endl << c << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+    1 1 1
+    1 1 1
+
+    b
+    3 3 3
+    3 3 3
+
+    c
+    0.6 0.6 0.6
+    0.6 0.6 0.6
+
+### <Operation> random()
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the current tensor
+but where all elements have random values.
+
+This is for example useful to add random values to an existing tensor.
+The generation of random values can be customized in the same manner
+as for `setRandom()`.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setConstant(1.0f);
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> b = a + a.random();
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+    1 1 1
+    1 1 1
+
+    b
+    1.68038   1.5662  1.82329
+    0.788766  1.59688 0.395103
+
+
+## Unary Element Wise Operations
+
+All these operations take a single input tensor as argument and return a tensor
+of the same type and dimensions as the tensor to which they are applied.  The
+requested operations are applied to each element independently.
+
+### <Operation> operator-()
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor
+containing the opposite values of the original tensor.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setConstant(1.0f);
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> b = -a;
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+    1 1 1
+    1 1 1
+
+    b
+    -1 -1 -1
+    -1 -1 -1
+
+### <Operation> sqrt()
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor
+containing the square roots of the original tensor.
+
+### <Operation> rsqrt()
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor
+containing the inverse square roots of the original tensor.
+
+### <Operation> square()
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor
+containing the squares of the original tensor values.
+
+### <Operation> inverse()
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor
+containing the inverse of the original tensor values.
+
+### <Operation> exp()
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor
+containing the exponential of the original tensor.
+
+### <Operation> log()
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor
+containing the natural logarithms of the original tensor.
+
+### <Operation> abs()
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor
+containing the absolute values of the original tensor.
+
+### <Operation> pow(Scalar exponent)
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the original tensor
+containing the coefficients of the original tensor to the power of the
+exponent.
+
+The type of the exponent, Scalar, is always the same as the type of the
+tensor coefficients.  For example, only integer exponents can be used in
+conjuntion with tensors of integer values.
+
+You can use cast() to lift this restriction.  For example this computes
+cubic roots of an int Tensor:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0, 1, 8}, {27, 64, 125}});
+    Eigen::Tensor<double, 2> b = a.cast<double>().pow(1.0 / 3.0);
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+    0   1   8
+    27  64 125
+
+    b
+    0 1 2
+    3 4 5
+
+### <Operation>  operator * (Scalar scale)
+
+Multiplies all the coefficients of the input tensor by the provided scale.
+
+### <Operation>  cwiseMax(Scalar threshold)
+TODO
+
+### <Operation>  cwiseMin(Scalar threshold)
+TODO
+
+### <Operation>  unaryExpr(const CustomUnaryOp& func)
+TODO
+
+
+## Binary Element Wise Operations
+
+These operations take two input tensors as arguments. The 2 input tensors should
+be of the same type and dimensions. The result is a tensor of the same
+dimensions as the tensors to which they are applied, and unless otherwise
+specified it is also of the same type. The requested operations are applied to
+each pair of elements independently.
+
+### <Operation> operator+(const OtherDerived& other)
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the input tensors
+containing the coefficient wise sums of the inputs.
+
+### <Operation> operator-(const OtherDerived& other)
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the input tensors
+containing the coefficient wise differences of the inputs.
+
+### <Operation> operator*(const OtherDerived& other)
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the input tensors
+containing the coefficient wise products of the inputs.
+
+### <Operation> operator/(const OtherDerived& other)
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the input tensors
+containing the coefficient wise quotients of the inputs.
+
+This operator is not supported for integer types.
+
+### <Operation> cwiseMax(const OtherDerived& other)
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the input tensors
+containing the coefficient wise maximums of the inputs.
+
+### <Operation> cwiseMin(const OtherDerived& other)
+
+Returns a tensor of the same type and dimensions as the input tensors
+containing the coefficient wise mimimums of the inputs.
+
+### <Operation> Logical operators
+
+The following logical operators are supported as well:
+
+*   operator&&(const OtherDerived& other)
+*   operator||(const OtherDerived& other)
+*   operator<(const OtherDerived& other)
+*   operator<=(const OtherDerived& other)
+*   operator>(const OtherDerived& other)
+*   operator>=(const OtherDerived& other)
+*   operator==(const OtherDerived& other)
+*   operator!=(const OtherDerived& other)
+
+They all return a tensor of boolean values.
+
+
+## Selection (select(const ThenDerived& thenTensor, const ElseDerived& elseTensor)
+
+Selection is a coefficient-wise ternary operator that is the tensor equivalent
+to the if-then-else operation.
+
+    Tensor<bool, 3> if = ...;
+    Tensor<float, 3> then = ...;
+    Tensor<float, 3> else = ...;
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = if.select(then, else);
+
+The 3 arguments must be of the same dimensions, which will also be the dimension
+of the result.  The 'if' tensor must be of type boolean, the 'then' and the
+'else' tensor must be of the same type, which will also be the type of the
+result.
+
+Each coefficient in the result is equal to the corresponding coefficient in the
+'then' tensor if the corresponding value in the 'if' tensor is true. If not, the
+resulting coefficient will come from the 'else' tensor.
+
+
+## Contraction
+
+Tensor *contractions* are a generalization of the matrix product to the
+multidimensional case.
+
+    // Create 2 matrices using tensors of rank 2
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{1, 2, 3}, {6, 5, 4}});
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> b(3, 2);
+    b.setValues({{1, 2}, {4, 5}, {5, 6}});
+
+    // Compute the traditional matrix product
+    Eigen::array<Eigen::IndexPair<int>, 1> product_dims = { Eigen::IndexPair<int>(1, 0) };
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> AB = a.contract(b, product_dims);
+
+    // Compute the product of the transpose of the matrices
+    Eigen::array<Eigen::IndexPair<int>, 1> transposed_product_dims = { Eigen::IndexPair<int>(0, 1) };
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> AtBt = a.contract(b, transposed_product_dims);
+
+    // Contraction to scalar value using a double contraction.
+    // First coordinate of both tensors are contracted as well as both second coordinates, i.e., this computes the sum of the squares of the elements.
+    Eigen::array<Eigen::IndexPair<int>, 2> double_contraction_product_dims = { Eigen::IndexPair<int>(0, 0), Eigen::IndexPair<int>(1, 1) };
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 0> AdoubleContractedA = a.contract(a, double_contraction_product_dims);
+
+    // Extracting the scalar value of the tensor contraction for further usage
+    int value = AdoubleContractedA(0);
+
+## Reduction Operations
+
+A *Reduction* operation returns a tensor with fewer dimensions than the
+original tensor.  The values in the returned tensor are computed by applying a
+*reduction operator* to slices of values from the original tensor.  You specify
+the dimensions along which the slices are made.
+
+The Eigen Tensor library provides a set of predefined reduction operators such
+as `maximum()` and `sum()` and lets you define additional operators by
+implementing a few methods from a reductor template.
+
+### Reduction Dimensions
+
+All reduction operations take a single parameter of type
+`<TensorType>::``Dimensions` which can always be specified as an array of
+ints.  These are called the "reduction dimensions."  The values are the indices
+of the dimensions of the input tensor over which the reduction is done.  The
+parameter can have at most as many element as the rank of the input tensor;
+each element must be less than the tensor rank, as it indicates one of the
+dimensions to reduce.
+
+Each dimension of the input tensor should occur at most once in the reduction
+dimensions as the implementation does not remove duplicates.
+
+The order of the values in the reduction dimensions does not affect the
+results, but the code may execute faster if you list the dimensions in
+increasing order.
+
+Example: Reduction along one dimension.
+
+    // Create a tensor of 2 dimensions
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{1, 2, 3}, {6, 5, 4}});
+    // Reduce it along the second dimension (1)...
+    Eigen::array<int, 1> dims({1 /* dimension to reduce */});
+    // ...using the "maximum" operator.
+    // The result is a tensor with one dimension.  The size of
+    // that dimension is the same as the first (non-reduced) dimension of a.
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 1> b = a.maximum(dims);
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+    1 2 3
+    6 5 4
+
+    b
+    3
+    6
+
+Example: Reduction along two dimensions.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 3, Eigen::ColMajor> a(2, 3, 4);
+    a.setValues({{{0.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f},
+                  {7.0f, 6.0f, 5.0f, 4.0f},
+                  {8.0f, 9.0f, 10.0f, 11.0f}},
+                 {{12.0f, 13.0f, 14.0f, 15.0f},
+                  {19.0f, 18.0f, 17.0f, 16.0f},
+                  {20.0f, 21.0f, 22.0f, 23.0f}}});
+    // The tensor a has 3 dimensions.  We reduce along the
+    // first 2, resulting in a tensor with a single dimension
+    // of size 4 (the last dimension of a.)
+    // Note that we pass the array of reduction dimensions
+    // directly to the maximum() call.
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 1, Eigen::ColMajor> b =
+        a.maximum(Eigen::array<int, 2>({0, 1}));
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    b
+    20
+    21
+    22
+    23
+
+#### Reduction along all dimensions
+
+As a special case, if you pass no parameter to a reduction operation the
+original tensor is reduced along *all* its dimensions.  The result is a
+scalar, represented as a zero-dimension tensor.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 3> a(2, 3, 4);
+    a.setValues({{{0.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f},
+                  {7.0f, 6.0f, 5.0f, 4.0f},
+                  {8.0f, 9.0f, 10.0f, 11.0f}},
+                 {{12.0f, 13.0f, 14.0f, 15.0f},
+                  {19.0f, 18.0f, 17.0f, 16.0f},
+                  {20.0f, 21.0f, 22.0f, 23.0f}}});
+    // Reduce along all dimensions using the sum() operator.
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 0> b = a.sum();
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    b
+    276
+
+
+### <Operation> sum(const Dimensions& new_dims)
+### <Operation> sum()
+
+Reduce a tensor using the sum() operator.  The resulting values
+are the sum of the reduced values.
+
+### <Operation> mean(const Dimensions& new_dims)
+### <Operation> mean()
+
+Reduce a tensor using the mean() operator.  The resulting values
+are the mean of the reduced values.
+
+### <Operation> maximum(const Dimensions& new_dims)
+### <Operation> maximum()
+
+Reduce a tensor using the maximum() operator.  The resulting values are the
+largest of the reduced values.
+
+### <Operation> minimum(const Dimensions& new_dims)
+### <Operation> minimum()
+
+Reduce a tensor using the minimum() operator.  The resulting values
+are the smallest of the reduced values.
+
+### <Operation> prod(const Dimensions& new_dims)
+### <Operation> prod()
+
+Reduce a tensor using the prod() operator.  The resulting values
+are the product of the reduced values.
+
+### <Operation> all(const Dimensions& new_dims)
+### <Operation> all()
+Reduce a tensor using the all() operator.  Casts tensor to bool and then checks
+whether all elements are true.  Runs through all elements rather than
+short-circuiting, so may be significantly inefficient.
+
+### <Operation> any(const Dimensions& new_dims)
+### <Operation> any()
+Reduce a tensor using the any() operator.  Casts tensor to bool and then checks
+whether any element is true.  Runs through all elements rather than
+short-circuiting, so may be significantly inefficient.
+
+
+### <Operation> reduce(const Dimensions& new_dims, const Reducer& reducer)
+
+Reduce a tensor using a user-defined reduction operator.  See `SumReducer`
+in TensorFunctors.h for information on how to implement a reduction operator.
+
+
+## Trace
+
+A *Trace* operation returns a tensor with fewer dimensions than the original
+tensor. It returns a tensor whose elements are the sum of the elements of the
+original tensor along the main diagonal for a list of specified dimensions, the
+"trace dimensions". Similar to the `Reduction Dimensions`, the trace dimensions
+are passed as an input parameter to the operation, are of type `<TensorType>::``Dimensions`
+, and have the same requirements when passed as an input parameter. In addition,
+the trace dimensions must have the same size.
+
+Example: Trace along 2 dimensions.
+
+    // Create a tensor of 3 dimensions
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 3> a(2, 2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}}, {{7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12}}});
+    // Specify the dimensions along which the trace will be computed.
+    // In this example, the trace can only be computed along the dimensions
+    // with indices 0 and 1
+    Eigen::array<int, 2> dims({0, 1});
+    // The output tensor contains all but the trace dimensions.
+    Tensor<int, 1> a_trace = a.trace(dims);
+    cout << "a_trace:" << endl;
+    cout << a_trace << endl;
+    =>
+    a_trace:
+    11
+    13
+    15
+
+
+### <Operation> trace(const Dimensions& new_dims)
+### <Operation> trace()
+
+As a special case, if no parameter is passed to the operation, trace is computed
+along *all* dimensions of the input tensor.
+
+Example: Trace along all dimensions.
+
+    // Create a tensor of 3 dimensions, with all dimensions having the same size.
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 3> a(3, 3, 3);
+    a.setValues({{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}},
+                {{10, 11, 12}, {13, 14, 15}, {16, 17, 18}},
+                {{19, 20, 21}, {22, 23, 24}, {25, 26, 27}}});
+    // Result is a zero dimension tensor
+    Tensor<int, 0> a_trace = a.trace();
+    cout<<"a_trace:"<<endl;
+    cout<<a_trace<<endl;
+    =>
+    a_trace:
+    42
+
+
+## Scan Operations
+
+A *Scan* operation returns a tensor with the same dimensions as the original
+tensor. The operation performs an inclusive scan along the specified
+axis, which means it computes a running total along the axis for a given
+reduction operation.
+If the reduction operation corresponds to summation, then this computes the
+prefix sum of the tensor along the given axis.
+
+Example:
+dd a comment to this line
+
+    // Create a tensor of 2 dimensions
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}});
+    // Scan it along the second dimension (1) using summation
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> b = a.cumsum(1);
+    // The result is a tensor with the same size as the input
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+    1 2 3
+    4 5 6
+
+    b
+    1  3  6
+    4  9 15
+
+### <Operation> cumsum(const Index& axis)
+
+Perform a scan by summing consecutive entries.
+
+### <Operation> cumprod(const Index& axis)
+
+Perform a scan by multiplying consecutive entries.
+
+
+## Convolutions
+
+### <Operation> convolve(const Kernel& kernel, const Dimensions& dims)
+
+Returns a tensor that is the output of the convolution of the input tensor with the kernel,
+along the specified dimensions of the input tensor. The dimension size for dimensions of the output tensor
+which were part of the convolution will be reduced by the formula:
+output_dim_size = input_dim_size - kernel_dim_size + 1 (requires: input_dim_size >= kernel_dim_size).
+The dimension sizes for dimensions that were not part of the convolution will remain the same.
+Performance of the convolution can depend on the length of the stride(s) of the input tensor dimension(s) along which the
+convolution is computed (the first dimension has the shortest stride for ColMajor, whereas RowMajor's shortest stride is
+for the last dimension).
+
+    // Compute convolution along the second and third dimension.
+    Tensor<float, 4, DataLayout> input(3, 3, 7, 11);
+    Tensor<float, 2, DataLayout> kernel(2, 2);
+    Tensor<float, 4, DataLayout> output(3, 2, 6, 11);
+    input.setRandom();
+    kernel.setRandom();
+
+    Eigen::array<ptrdiff_t, 2> dims({1, 2});  // Specify second and third dimension for convolution.
+    output = input.convolve(kernel, dims);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+      for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) {
+        for (int k = 0; k < 6; ++k) {
+          for (int l = 0; l < 11; ++l) {
+            const float result = output(i,j,k,l);
+            const float expected = input(i,j+0,k+0,l) * kernel(0,0) +
+                                   input(i,j+1,k+0,l) * kernel(1,0) +
+                                   input(i,j+0,k+1,l) * kernel(0,1) +
+                                   input(i,j+1,k+1,l) * kernel(1,1);
+            VERIFY_IS_APPROX(result, expected);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+
+## Geometrical Operations
+
+These operations return a Tensor with different dimensions than the original
+Tensor.  They can be used to access slices of tensors, see them with different
+dimensions, or pad tensors with additional data.
+
+### <Operation> reshape(const Dimensions& new_dims)
+
+Returns a view of the input tensor that has been reshaped to the specified
+new dimensions.  The argument new_dims is an array of Index values.  The
+rank of the resulting tensor is equal to the number of elements in new_dims.
+
+The product of all the sizes in the new dimension array must be equal to
+the number of elements in the input tensor.
+
+    // Increase the rank of the input tensor by introducing a new dimension
+    // of size 1.
+    Tensor<float, 2> input(7, 11);
+    array<int, 3> three_dims{{7, 11, 1}};
+    Tensor<float, 3> result = input.reshape(three_dims);
+
+    // Decrease the rank of the input tensor by merging 2 dimensions;
+    array<int, 1> one_dim{{7 * 11}};
+    Tensor<float, 1> result = input.reshape(one_dim);
+
+This operation does not move any data in the input tensor, so the resulting
+contents of a reshaped Tensor depend on the data layout of the original Tensor.
+
+For example this is what happens when you `reshape()` a 2D ColMajor tensor
+to one dimension:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2, Eigen::ColMajor> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0.0f, 100.0f, 200.0f}, {300.0f, 400.0f, 500.0f}});
+    Eigen::array<Eigen::DenseIndex, 1> one_dim({3 * 2});
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 1, Eigen::ColMajor> b = a.reshape(one_dim);
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl;
+    =>
+    b
+      0
+    300
+    100
+    400
+    200
+    500
+
+This is what happens when the 2D Tensor is RowMajor:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2, Eigen::RowMajor> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0.0f, 100.0f, 200.0f}, {300.0f, 400.0f, 500.0f}});
+    Eigen::array<Eigen::DenseIndex, 1> one_dim({3 * 2});
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 1, Eigen::RowMajor> b = a.reshape(one_dim);
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl;
+    =>
+    b
+      0
+    100
+    200
+    300
+    400
+    500
+
+The reshape operation is a lvalue. In other words, it can be used on the left
+side of the assignment operator.
+
+The previous example can be rewritten as follow:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2, Eigen::ColMajor> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0.0f, 100.0f, 200.0f}, {300.0f, 400.0f, 500.0f}});
+    Eigen::array<Eigen::DenseIndex, 2> two_dim({2, 3});
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 1, Eigen::ColMajor> b(6);
+    b.reshape(two_dim) = a;
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl;
+    =>
+    b
+      0
+    300
+    100
+    400
+    200
+    500
+
+Note that "b" itself was not reshaped but that instead the assignment is done to
+the reshape view of b.
+
+
+### <Operation> shuffle(const Shuffle& shuffle)
+
+Returns a copy of the input tensor whose dimensions have been
+reordered according to the specified permutation. The argument shuffle
+is an array of Index values. Its size is the rank of the input
+tensor. It must contain a permutation of 0, 1, ..., rank - 1. The i-th
+dimension of the output tensor equals to the size of the shuffle[i]-th
+dimension of the input tensor. For example:
+
+    // Shuffle all dimensions to the left by 1.
+    Tensor<float, 3> input(20, 30, 50);
+    // ... set some values in input.
+    Tensor<float, 3> output = input.shuffle({1, 2, 0})
+
+    eigen_assert(output.dimension(0) == 30);
+    eigen_assert(output.dimension(1) == 50);
+    eigen_assert(output.dimension(2) == 20);
+
+Indices into the output tensor are shuffled accordingly to formulate
+indices into the input tensor. For example, one can assert in the above
+code snippet that:
+
+    eigen_assert(output(3, 7, 11) == input(11, 3, 7));
+
+In general, one can assert that
+
+    eigen_assert(output(..., indices[shuffle[i]], ...) ==
+                 input(..., indices[i], ...))
+
+The shuffle operation results in a lvalue, which means that it can be assigned
+to. In other words, it can be used on the left side of the assignment operator.
+
+Let's rewrite the previous example to take advantage of this feature:
+
+    // Shuffle all dimensions to the left by 1.
+    Tensor<float, 3> input(20, 30, 50);
+    // ... set some values in input.
+    Tensor<float, 3> output(30, 50, 20);
+    output.shuffle({2, 0, 1}) = input;
+
+
+### <Operation> stride(const Strides& strides)
+
+Returns a view of the input tensor that strides (skips stride-1
+elements) along each of the dimensions.  The argument strides is an
+array of Index values.  The dimensions of the resulting tensor are
+ceil(input_dimensions[i] / strides[i]).
+
+For example this is what happens when you `stride()` a 2D tensor:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(4, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0, 100, 200}, {300, 400, 500}, {600, 700, 800}, {900, 1000, 1100}});
+    Eigen::array<Eigen::DenseIndex, 2> strides({3, 2});
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> b = a.stride(strides);
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl;
+    =>
+    b
+       0   200
+     900  1100
+
+It is possible to assign a tensor to a stride:
+    Tensor<float, 3> input(20, 30, 50);
+    // ... set some values in input.
+    Tensor<float, 3> output(40, 90, 200);
+    output.stride({2, 3, 4}) = input;
+
+
+### <Operation> slice(const StartIndices& offsets, const Sizes& extents)
+
+Returns a sub-tensor of the given tensor. For each dimension i, the slice is
+made of the coefficients stored between offset[i] and offset[i] + extents[i] in
+the input tensor.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(4, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0, 100, 200}, {300, 400, 500},
+                 {600, 700, 800}, {900, 1000, 1100}});
+    Eigen::array<int, 2> offsets = {1, 0};
+    Eigen::array<int, 2> extents = {2, 2};
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 1> slice = a.slice(offsets, extents);
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+       0   100   200
+     300   400   500
+     600   700   800
+     900  1000  1100
+    cout << "slice" << endl << slice << endl;
+    =>
+    slice
+     300   400
+     600   700
+
+
+### <Operation> chip(const Index offset, const Index dim)
+
+A chip is a special kind of slice. It is the subtensor at the given offset in
+the dimension dim. The returned tensor has one fewer dimension than the input
+tensor: the dimension dim is removed.
+
+For example, a matrix chip would be either a row or a column of the input
+matrix.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(4, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0, 100, 200}, {300, 400, 500},
+                 {600, 700, 800}, {900, 1000, 1100}});
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 1> row_3 = a.chip(2, 0);
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 1> col_2 = a.chip(1, 1);
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+       0   100   200
+     300   400   500
+     600   700   800
+     900  1000  1100
+    cout << "row_3" << endl << row_3 << endl;
+    =>
+    row_3
+       600   700   800
+    cout << "col_2" << endl << col_2 << endl;
+    =>
+    col_2
+       100   400   700    1000
+
+It is possible to assign values to a tensor chip since the chip operation is a
+lvalue. For example:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 1> a(3);
+    a.setValues({{100, 200, 300}});
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> b(2, 3);
+    b.setZero();
+    b.chip(0, 0) = a;
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+     100
+     200
+     300
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl;
+    =>
+    b
+       100   200   300
+         0     0     0
+
+
+### <Operation> reverse(const ReverseDimensions& reverse)
+
+Returns a view of the input tensor that reverses the order of the coefficients
+along a subset of the dimensions.  The argument reverse is an array of boolean
+values that indicates whether or not the order of the coefficients should be
+reversed along each of the dimensions.  This operation preserves the dimensions
+of the input tensor.
+
+For example this is what happens when you `reverse()` the first dimension
+of a 2D tensor:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(4, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0, 100, 200}, {300, 400, 500},
+                {600, 700, 800}, {900, 1000, 1100}});
+    Eigen::array<bool, 2> reverse({true, false});
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> b = a.reverse(reverse);
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << "b" << endl << b << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+       0   100   200
+     300   400   500
+     600   700   800
+     900  1000  1100
+    b
+     900  1000  1100
+     600   700   800
+     300   400   500
+       0   100   200
+
+
+### <Operation> broadcast(const Broadcast& broadcast)
+
+Returns a view of the input tensor in which the input is replicated one to many
+times.
+The broadcast argument specifies how many copies of the input tensor need to be
+made in each of the dimensions.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0, 100, 200}, {300, 400, 500}});
+    Eigen::array<int, 2> bcast({3, 2});
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> b = a.broadcast(bcast);
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << "b" << endl << b << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+       0   100   200
+     300   400   500
+    b
+       0   100   200    0   100   200
+     300   400   500  300   400   500
+       0   100   200    0   100   200
+     300   400   500  300   400   500
+       0   100   200    0   100   200
+     300   400   500  300   400   500
+
+### <Operation> concatenate(const OtherDerived& other, Axis axis)
+
+TODO
+
+### <Operation>  pad(const PaddingDimensions& padding)
+
+Returns a view of the input tensor in which the input is padded with zeros.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0, 100, 200}, {300, 400, 500}});
+    Eigen::array<pair<int, int>, 2> paddings;
+    paddings[0] = make_pair(0, 1);
+    paddings[1] = make_pair(2, 3);
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> b = a.pad(paddings);
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << "b" << endl << b << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+       0   100   200
+     300   400   500
+    b
+       0     0     0    0
+       0     0     0    0
+       0   100   200    0
+     300   400   500    0
+       0     0     0    0
+       0     0     0    0
+       0     0     0    0
+
+
+### <Operation>  extract_patches(const PatchDims& patch_dims)
+
+Returns a tensor of coefficient patches extracted from the input tensor, where
+each patch is of dimension specified by 'patch_dims'. The returned tensor has
+one greater dimension than the input tensor, which is used to index each patch.
+The patch index in the output tensor depends on the data layout of the input
+tensor: the patch index is the last dimension ColMajor layout, and the first
+dimension in RowMajor layout.
+
+For example, given the following input tensor:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2, DataLayout> tensor(3,4);
+    tensor.setValues({{0.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f},
+                      {4.0f, 5.0f, 6.0f, 7.0f},
+                      {8.0f, 9.0f, 10.0f, 11.0f}});
+
+    cout << "tensor: " << endl << tensor << endl;
+    =>
+    tensor:
+     0   1   2   3
+     4   5   6   7
+     8   9  10  11
+
+Six 2x2 patches can be extracted and indexed using the following code:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 3, DataLayout> patch;
+    Eigen::array<ptrdiff_t, 2> patch_dims;
+    patch_dims[0] = 2;
+    patch_dims[1] = 2;
+    patch = tensor.extract_patches(patch_dims);
+    for (int k = 0; k < 6; ++k) {
+      cout << "patch index: " << k << endl;
+      for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+    	for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) {
+    	  if (DataLayout == ColMajor) {
+    		cout << patch(i, j, k) << " ";
+    	  } else {
+    		cout << patch(k, i, j) << " ";
+    	  }
+    	}
+    	cout << endl;
+      }
+    }
+
+This code results in the following output when the data layout is ColMajor:
+
+    patch index: 0
+    0 1
+    4 5
+    patch index: 1
+    4 5
+    8 9
+    patch index: 2
+    1 2
+    5 6
+    patch index: 3
+    5 6
+    9 10
+    patch index: 4
+    2 3
+    6 7
+    patch index: 5
+    6 7
+    10 11
+
+This code results in the following output when the data layout is RowMajor:
+(NOTE: the set of patches is the same as in ColMajor, but are indexed differently).
+
+    patch index: 0
+    0 1
+    4 5
+    patch index: 1
+    1 2
+    5 6
+    patch index: 2
+    2 3
+    6 7
+    patch index: 3
+    4 5
+    8 9
+    patch index: 4
+    5 6
+    9 10
+    patch index: 5
+    6 7
+    10 11
+
+### <Operation>  extract_image_patches(const Index patch_rows, const Index patch_cols, const Index row_stride, const Index col_stride, const PaddingType padding_type)
+
+Returns a tensor of coefficient image patches extracted from the input tensor,
+which is expected to have dimensions ordered as follows (depending on the data
+layout of the input tensor, and the number of additional dimensions 'N'):
+
+*) ColMajor
+1st dimension: channels (of size d)
+2nd dimension: rows (of size r)
+3rd dimension: columns (of size c)
+4th-Nth dimension: time (for video) or batch (for bulk processing).
+
+*) RowMajor (reverse order of ColMajor)
+1st-Nth dimension: time (for video) or batch (for bulk processing).
+N+1'th dimension: columns (of size c)
+N+2'th dimension: rows (of size r)
+N+3'th dimension: channels (of size d)
+
+The returned tensor has one greater dimension than the input tensor, which is
+used to index each patch. The patch index in the output tensor depends on the
+data layout of the input tensor: the patch index is the 4'th dimension in
+ColMajor layout, and the 4'th from the last dimension in RowMajor layout.
+
+For example, given the following input tensor with the following dimension
+sizes:
+ *) depth:   2
+ *) rows:    3
+ *) columns: 5
+ *) batch:   7
+
+    Tensor<float, 4> tensor(2,3,5,7);
+    Tensor<float, 4, RowMajor> tensor_row_major = tensor.swap_layout();
+
+2x2 image patches can be extracted and indexed using the following code:
+
+*) 2D patch: ColMajor (patch indexed by second-to-last dimension)
+
+    Tensor<float, 5> twod_patch;
+    twod_patch = tensor.extract_image_patches<2, 2>();
+    // twod_patch.dimension(0) == 2
+    // twod_patch.dimension(1) == 2
+    // twod_patch.dimension(2) == 2
+    // twod_patch.dimension(3) == 3*5
+    // twod_patch.dimension(4) == 7
+
+*) 2D patch: RowMajor (patch indexed by the second dimension)
+
+    Tensor<float, 5, RowMajor> twod_patch_row_major;
+    twod_patch_row_major = tensor_row_major.extract_image_patches<2, 2>();
+    // twod_patch_row_major.dimension(0) == 7
+    // twod_patch_row_major.dimension(1) == 3*5
+    // twod_patch_row_major.dimension(2) == 2
+    // twod_patch_row_major.dimension(3) == 2
+    // twod_patch_row_major.dimension(4) == 2
+
+## Special Operations
+
+### <Operation> cast<T>()
+
+Returns a tensor of type T with the same dimensions as the original tensor.
+The returned tensor contains the values of the original tensor converted to
+type T.
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<float, 2> a(2, 3);
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> b = a.cast<int>();
+
+This can be useful for example if you need to do element-wise division of
+Tensors of integers.  This is not currently supported by the Tensor library
+but you can easily cast the tensors to floats to do the division:
+
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> a(2, 3);
+    a.setValues({{0, 1, 2}, {3, 4, 5}});
+    Eigen::Tensor<int, 2> b =
+        (a.cast<float>() / a.constant(2).cast<float>()).cast<int>();
+    cout << "a" << endl << a << endl << endl;
+    cout << "b" << endl << b << endl << endl;
+    =>
+    a
+    0 1 2
+    3 4 5
+
+    b
+    0 0 1
+    1 2 2
+
+
+### <Operation>     eval()
+
+TODO
+
+
+## Representation of scalar values
+
+Scalar values are often represented by tensors of size 1 and rank 0.For example
+Tensor<T, N>::maximum() currently returns a Tensor<T, 0>. Similarly, the inner
+product of 2 1d tensors (through contractions) returns a 0d tensor.
+
+## Limitations
+
+*   The number of tensor dimensions is currently limited to 250 when using a
+    compiler that supports cxx11. It is limited to only 5 for older compilers.
+*   The IndexList class requires a cxx11 compliant compiler. You can use an
+    array of indices instead if you don't have access to a modern compiler.
+*   On GPUs only floating point values are properly tested and optimized for.
+*   Complex and integer values are known to be broken on GPUs. If you try to use
+    them you'll most likely end up triggering a static assertion failure such as
+    EIGEN_STATIC_ASSERT(packetSize > 1, YOU_MADE_A_PROGRAMMING_MISTAKE)
+
+