texplay 0.2.800 → 0.2.900

data/ext/texplay/utils.c

@@ -1,752 +1,816 @@
-/* utils.c */
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <ruby.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <math.h>
-#include "cache.h"
-#include "texplay.h"
-#include "utils.h"
-
-#ifdef __APPLE__
-#include <glut.h>
-#else
-#include <GL/glut.h>
-#endif
-
-/*
-#define MULT_FLOAT4(X, Y) ({                            \
-            asm volatile (                              \
-                          "movups (%0), %%xmm0\n\t"     \
-                          "mulps  (%1), %%xmm0\n\t"     \
-                          "movups %%xmm0, (%1)"         \
-                          :: "r" (X), "r" (Y)); })
-
-#define COPY_FLOAT4(X, Y) ({                            \
-            asm volatile (                              \
-                          "movups (%0), %%xmm0\n\t"     \
-                          "movups %%xmm0, (%1)"         \
-                          :: "r" (X), "r" (Y)); })
-
-*/
-/* external linkage with static duration */
-const rgba not_a_color_v = { -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0 };
-
-/* utility functions */
-char*
-lowercase(char * string) 
-{
-    int  i = 0;
-
-    while (string[i]) {
-        string[i] = tolower(string[i]);
-        i++;
-    }
-    
-    return string;
-}
-
-char*
-sym2string(VALUE sym) 
-{
-    return rb_id2name(SYM2ID(sym));
-}
-
-VALUE
-string2sym(char * string) 
-{
-    return ID2SYM(rb_intern(string));
-}
-
-bool
-is_a_hash(VALUE try_hash)
-{
-    return TYPE(try_hash) == T_HASH;
-}
-
-bool
-is_an_array(VALUE try_array)
-{
-    return TYPE(try_array) == T_ARRAY;
-}
-
-bool is_a_num(VALUE try_num)
-{
-    return TYPE(try_num) == T_FIXNUM || TYPE(try_num) == T_FLOAT;
-}
-
-VALUE
-get_from_hash(VALUE hash, char * sym) 
-{
-
-    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "hash argument expected");
-    
-    return rb_hash_aref(hash, string2sym(sym));
-}
-
-VALUE
-set_hash_value(VALUE hash, char * sym, VALUE val)
-{
-    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "hash argument expected");
-    
-    rb_hash_aset(hash, string2sym(sym), val);
-
-    return val;
-}
-
-VALUE
-delete_from_hash(VALUE hash, char * sym)
-{
-    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "hash argument expected");
-    
-    return rb_hash_delete(hash, string2sym(sym));
-}
-
-/* returns true if 'hash' is a hash and the value mapped to key 'sym' is
-   equal to 'val' */
-bool
-hash_value_is(VALUE hash, char * sym, VALUE val)
-{
-    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) return false;
-
-    if(get_from_hash(hash, sym) == val)
-        return true;
-
-    return false;
-}
-    
-bool
-has_optional_hash_arg(VALUE hash, char * sym) 
-{
-    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) return false;
-
-    if(NIL_P(get_from_hash(hash, sym)))
-        return false;
-
-    /* 'hash' is a hash and the sym exists */
-    return true;
-}
-
-VALUE
-set_array_value(VALUE array, int index, VALUE val)
-{
-    if(TYPE(array) != T_ARRAY) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array argument expected");
-
-    rb_ary_store(array, index, val);
-
-    return val;
-}
-    
-VALUE
-get_from_array(VALUE array, int index) 
-{
-
-    if(TYPE(array) != T_ARRAY) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array argument expected");
-    
-    return rb_ary_entry(array, index);
-}
-
-
-VALUE
-init_image_local(VALUE image)
-{
-    VALUE image_local;
-    
-    if(!is_gosu_image(image))
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "not a valid image");
-    
-    /* initialize image_local hash if does not exist */
-    if(!is_an_array(rb_iv_get(image, "__image_local__"))) {
-        image_local = rb_ary_new();
-        rb_iv_set(image, "__image_local__", image_local);
-    }
-
-    image_local = rb_iv_get(image, "__image_local__");
-
-    return image_local;
-}   
-     
-void
-set_image_local(VALUE image, int name, VALUE val)
-{
-    VALUE image_local;
-    
-    image_local = init_image_local(image);
-
-    set_array_value(image_local, name, val);
-}
-
-VALUE
-get_image_local(VALUE image, int name)
-{
-    VALUE image_local;
-    VALUE val;
-
-    init_image_local(image);
-
-    /* this var holds all the image local variables in an array */
-    image_local = rb_iv_get(image, "__image_local__");
-
-    /* a particular image_local variable */
-    val = get_from_array(image_local, name);
-    
-    /* if the variable exists then return it */
-    if(!NIL_P(val))
-        return val;
-
-    /* otherwise initialize the variable and then return it */
-    else {
-        switch(name) {
-            VALUE init_offset, init_bounds, init_color, init_defaults;
-        case DRAW_OFFSET:
-            init_offset = rb_ary_new2(2);
-            set_array_value(init_offset, 0, INT2FIX(0));
-            set_array_value(init_offset, 1, INT2FIX(0));
-
-            set_array_value(image_local, DRAW_OFFSET, init_offset);
-
-            return init_offset;
-            break;
-        case LAZY_BOUNDS:
-            init_bounds = rb_ary_new2(4);
-            set_array_value(init_bounds, 0, INT2FIX(XMAX_OOB));
-            set_array_value(init_bounds, 1, INT2FIX(YMAX_OOB));
-            set_array_value(init_bounds, 2, INT2FIX(XMIN_OOB));
-            set_array_value(init_bounds, 3, INT2FIX(YMIN_OOB));
-
-            set_array_value(image_local, LAZY_BOUNDS, init_bounds);
-
-            return init_bounds;
-            break;
-        case IMAGE_COLOR:
-            init_color = rb_ary_new2(4);
-            set_array_value(init_color, 0, rb_float_new(1.0));
-            set_array_value(init_color, 1, rb_float_new(1.0));
-            set_array_value(init_color, 2, rb_float_new(1.0));
-            set_array_value(init_color, 3, rb_float_new(1.0));
-
-            set_array_value(image_local, IMAGE_COLOR, init_color);
-
-            return init_color;
-            break;
-        case USER_DEFAULTS:
-            init_defaults = rb_hash_new();
-
-            set_array_value(image_local, USER_DEFAULTS, init_defaults);
-
-            return init_defaults;
-            break;
-        default:
-            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized image_local variable number. got %d", name);
-        }
-    }
-    
-    /* never reached */
-    return Qnil;
-}
-
-rgba
-convert_image_local_color_to_rgba(VALUE image)
-{
-    rgba color;
-    VALUE image_local_color = get_image_local(image, IMAGE_COLOR);
-
-    color.red = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(image_local_color, red)); 
-    color.green = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(image_local_color, green)); 
-    color.blue = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(image_local_color, blue)); 
-    color.alpha = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(image_local_color, alpha)); 
-    
-    return color;
-}
-
-VALUE
-save_rgba_to_image_local_color(VALUE image, rgba color)
-{
-    /* abbreviation for image_local_color */
-    VALUE ilc = get_image_local(image, IMAGE_COLOR);
-
-    set_array_value(ilc, 0, rb_float_new(color.red));
-    set_array_value(ilc, 1, rb_float_new(color.green));
-    set_array_value(ilc, 2, rb_float_new(color.blue));
-    set_array_value(ilc, 3, rb_float_new(color.alpha));
-
-    return ilc;
-}
-
-
-
-bool
-not_a_color(rgba color1) 
-{
-    return color1.red == -1;
-}
-
-bool
-is_a_color(rgba color1)
-{
-    return !not_a_color(color1);
-}
-
-bool
-cmp_color(rgba color1, rgba color2) 
-{
-
-    return (color1.red == color2.red) && (color1.green == color2.green) && (color1.blue == color2.blue)
-        && (color1.alpha == color2.alpha);
-}
-
-void
-color_copy(float * source, float * dest) 
-{
-    //COPY_FLOAT4(source, dest);
-    memcpy(dest, source, 4 * sizeof(float));
-}
-
-void
-zero_color(float * tex) 
-{
-    memset(tex, 0, 4 * sizeof(float));
-}
-
-rgba
-find_color_from_string(char * try_color) 
-{
-    rgba cur_color;
-
-    if(!strcmp("red", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("green", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 1.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("blue", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 1.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("black", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("white", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 1.0; cur_color.blue = 1.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("purple", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 1.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("yellow", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 1.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("cyan", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 1.0; cur_color.blue = 1.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("orange", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 0.5; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("brown", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 0.39; cur_color.green = 0.26; cur_color.blue = 0.13; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("turquoise", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 0.1; cur_color.green = 0.6; cur_color.blue = 0.8; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("tyrian", try_color))  {
-        cur_color.red = 0.4; cur_color.green = 0.007; cur_color.blue = 0.235; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("alpha", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 0.0;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("none", try_color)) {
-        cur_color = not_a_color_v;
-    }
-    else if(!strcmp("random", try_color) || !strcmp("rand", try_color)) {
-        cur_color.red = rand() / (float)RAND_MAX;
-        cur_color.green = rand() / (float)RAND_MAX;
-        cur_color.blue = rand() / (float)RAND_MAX;
-        cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
-    }
-
-    else
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid colour specified (no color matches the symbol: %s)\n", try_color);
-
-    return cur_color;
-}
-
-/* convert C color to Ruby color */
-VALUE
-convert_rgba_to_rb_color(rgba * pix)
-{
-    /* create a new ruby array to store the pixel data */
-    VALUE pix_array = rb_ary_new2(4);
-
-    /* store the pixel data */
-    rb_ary_store(pix_array, red, rb_float_new(pix->red));
-    rb_ary_store(pix_array, green, rb_float_new(pix->green));
-    rb_ary_store(pix_array, blue, rb_float_new(pix->blue));
-    rb_ary_store(pix_array, alpha, rb_float_new(pix->alpha));
-
-    return pix_array;
-}
-
-/* convert Ruby color to C color */
-rgba
-convert_rb_color_to_rgba(VALUE cval)
-{
-    rgba my_color;
-    
-    /* current color for actions */
-    switch(TYPE(cval)) {
-        char * try_color;
-    case T_SYMBOL:
-        try_color = lowercase(sym2string(cval));
-
-        my_color = find_color_from_string(try_color);
-
-        break;
-    case T_ARRAY:
-        my_color.red = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(cval, red));
-        my_color.green = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(cval, green));
-        my_color.blue = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(cval, blue));
-
-        if(NUM2INT(rb_funcall(cval, rb_intern("length"), 0)) > 3) 
-            my_color.alpha = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(cval, alpha));
-        else
-            my_color.alpha = 1;
-
-        break;
-    default:
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported argument type for color. Got type 0x%x\n", TYPE(cval) );
-    }
-
-    /* a valid color */
-    if(is_a_color(my_color))
-        return my_color;
-
-    /* special condition for when color is taken from outside range of bitmap. Color is just ignored */
-    else if(not_a_color(my_color))
-        return not_a_color_v;
-
-    /* anything else should fail */
-    else
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid colour specified (negative value given)\n");
-}
-
-/* error checking functions */
-void
-check_mask(VALUE mask) 
-{
-    char * try_mask;
-
-    if(TYPE(mask) != T_ARRAY && TYPE(mask) != T_SYMBOL)
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array or symbol parameter required");
-
-    /* is it a valid mask symbol? */
-    if(TYPE(mask) == T_SYMBOL) {
-        try_mask = lowercase(sym2string(mask));
-        if(*try_mask == '_') try_mask++;
-        if(not_a_color(find_color_from_string(try_mask))) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized mask symbol: %s\n", sym2string(mask));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void
-check_image(VALUE image) 
-{
-    if(!rb_respond_to(image, rb_intern("gl_tex_info")))
-        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,"must specify a valid source image");
-}
-
-bool
-is_gosu_image(VALUE try_image)
-{
-    if(rb_respond_to(try_image, rb_intern("gl_tex_info")))
-        return true;
-
-    return false;
-}
-
-
-/** cohen-sutherland line clipper **/
-#define outcode int
-const int RIGHT = 8;  //1000
-const int TOP = 4;    //0100
-const int LEFT = 2;   //0010
-const int BOTTOM = 1; //0001
- 
-//Compute the bit code for a point (x, y) using the clip rectangle
-//bounded diagonally by (xmin, ymin), and (xmax, ymax)
-static outcode
-ComputeOutCode (int x, int y, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax)
-{
-	outcode code = 0;
-	if (y > ymax)              //above the clip window
-		code |= TOP;
-	else if (y < ymin)         //below the clip window
-		code |= BOTTOM;
-	if (x > xmax)              //to the right of clip window
-		code |= RIGHT;
-	else if (x < xmin)         //to the left of clip window
-		code |= LEFT;
-	return code;
-}
- 
-/** Cohen-Sutherland clipping algorithm clips a line from
-P0 = (x0, y0) to P1 = (x1, y1) against a rectangle with 
-diagonal from (xmin, ymin) to (xmax, ymax). **/
-void
-cohen_sutherland_clip (int * x0, int * y0,int * x1, int * y1, int xmin, int ymin,
-                                int xmax, int ymax)
-{
-    //Outcodes for P0, P1, and whatever point lies outside the clip rectangle
-    outcode outcode0, outcode1, outcodeOut;
-    bool accept = false, done = false;
-    int tx0 = *x0, ty0 = *y0, tx1 = *x1, ty1 = *y1;
- 
-    //compute outcodes
-    outcode0 = ComputeOutCode (tx0, ty0, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
-    outcode1 = ComputeOutCode (tx1, ty1, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
- 
-    do{
-        if (!(outcode0 | outcode1))      //logical or is 0. Trivially accept and get out of loop
-            {
-                accept = true;
-                done = true;
-            }
-        else if (outcode0 & outcode1)   //logical and is not 0. Trivially reject and get out of loop
-            done = true;
-        else
-            {
-                //failed both tests, so calculate the line segment to clip
-                //from an outside point to an intersection with clip edge
-                double x, y;
-                //At least one endpoint is outside the clip rectangle; pick it.
-                outcodeOut = outcode0? outcode0: outcode1;
-                //Now find the intersection point;
-                //use formulas y = y0 + slope * (x - x0), x = x0 + (1/slope)* (y - y0)
-                if (outcodeOut & TOP)          //point is above the clip rectangle
-                    {
-                        x = tx0 + (tx1 - tx0) * (ymax - ty0)/(ty1 - ty0);
-                        y = ymax;
-                    }
-                else if (outcodeOut & BOTTOM)  //point is below the clip rectangle
-                    {
-                        x = tx0 + (tx1 - tx0) * (ymin - ty0)/(ty1 - ty0);
-                        y = ymin;
-                    }
-                else if (outcodeOut & RIGHT)   //point is to the right of clip rectangle
-                    {
-                        y = ty0 + (ty1 - ty0) * (xmax - tx0)/(tx1 - tx0);
-                        x = xmax;
-                    }
-                else                           //point is to the left of clip rectangle
-                    {
-                        y = ty0 + (ty1 - ty0) * (xmin - tx0)/(tx1 - tx0);
-                        x = xmin;
-                    }
-                //Now we move outside point to intersection point to clip
-                //and get ready for next pass.
-                if (outcodeOut == outcode0)
-                    {
-                        tx0 = x;
-                        ty0 = y;
-                        outcode0 = ComputeOutCode (tx0, ty0, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
-                    }
-                else 
-                    {
-                        tx1 = x;
-                        ty1 = y;
-                        outcode1 = ComputeOutCode (tx1, ty1, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
-                    }
-            }
-    }while (!done);
- 
-    if (accept)
-	{
-            *x0 = tx0; *x1 = tx1;
-            *y0 = ty0; *y1 = ty1;
-	}
- 
-}
-/** end of cohen-sutherland line clipper **/
-
-
-void
-constrain_boundaries(int * x0, int * y0, int * x1, int * y1, int width, int height) 
-{
-    if(*y0 < 0) *y0 = 0;
-    if(*y1 < 0) *y1 = 0;
-    
-    if(*x0 < 0) *x0 = 0;
-    if(*x1 < 0) *x1 = 0;
-    
-    if(*x0 > (width - 1)) *x0 = width - 1;
-    if(*x1 > (width - 1)) *x1 = width - 1;
-    
-    if(*y0 > (height - 1)) *y0 = height - 1;
-    if(*y1 > (height - 1)) *y1 = height - 1;
-
-    if(*y0 > *y1) { SWAP(*y0, *y1); }
-    if(*x0 > *x1) { SWAP(*x0, *x1); }
-}
-
-
-/* returns true if point (x, y) is within bounds designated by rect (x0, y0)-(x1, y1)
-   and inner thickness: 'inner'
-*/
-bool
-bound_by_rect_and_inner(int x, int y, int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1, int inner) 
-{
-                          
-    return ((x >= x0) && (x <= x1) && (y >= y0) && (y <= y1)) && 
-        !((x >= x0 + inner) && (x <= x1 - inner) && (y >= y0 + inner) && (y <= y1 - inner));
-}
-
-/* same as above but excluding inner rectangle */
-bool
-bound_by_rect(int x, int y, int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) 
-{
-    return bound_by_rect_and_inner(x, y, x0, y0, x1, y1, OOB_VAL);
-}
-
-/* calculate the array offset for a given pixel in action context */
-int
-calc_pixel_offset_for_action(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, int x, int y) 
-{
-    int offset = calc_pixel_offset(tex, x + cur->xmin, y + cur->ymin);
-
-    return offset;
-}
-
-/* calculate the array offset for a given pixel */
-int
-calc_pixel_offset(texture_info * tex, int x, int y) 
-{
-    int offset = 4 * (tex->firstpixel + x + tex->yincr * y);    
-
-    return offset;
-}
-
-/* NEWEST version that solves segfault on linux, temporarily
-   out of action due to unavailability of MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE constant
-   in ruby 1.8 */
-/*
-unsigned
-max_quad_size(void)
-{
-
-    static unsigned size = 0;
-    
-    if (size == 0) {
-      VALUE gosu = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Gosu"));
-      VALUE rb_size = rb_const_get(gosu, rb_intern("MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE"));
-
-      size = FIX2INT(rb_size);
-    }
-    
-    return size;
-}
-*/
-
- /* old version for quick update */
-unsigned
-max_quad_size(void)
-{
-#ifdef __APPLE__
-  return 1024;
-#else
-  static unsigned MIN_SIZE = 256, MAX_SIZE = 1024;
- 
-  static unsigned size = 0;
-  if (size == 0)
-    {
-      GLint width = 1;
-      size = MIN_SIZE / 2;
-      do {
-        size *= 2;
-        glTexImage2D(GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 4, size * 2, size * 2, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 0);
-        glGetTexLevelParameteriv(GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH, &width); 
-      } while (width != 0 && size < MAX_SIZE);
-    }
-    
-  return size;
-#endif
-}
-
-/* point format utilities */
-bool
-is_a_point(VALUE try_point)
-{
-    /* if it responds to 'x' it's near enough (technically must respond to x AND y) */
-    /* added the is_a_num() check due to WEIRD bug where FIXNUMS were responding to the 'x' method (wtf?) but returning nil when invoked */
-    if(rb_respond_to(try_point, rb_intern("x")) && !is_a_num(try_point))
-        return true;
-
-    return false;
-}
-
-VALUE
-point_x(VALUE point)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(point, rb_intern("x"), 0);
-}
-
-VALUE
-point_y(VALUE point)
-{
-    return rb_funcall(point, rb_intern("y"), 0);
-}
-
-/* mathematical utils, used mainly by bezier curves */
-double
-power(float base, int exp)
-{
-    float ans = 1.0;
-    if(base == 0.0) {
-        if(exp == 0)
-            return 1;
-        else
-            return 0;
-    }
-    else if(exp == 0) return 1;
-    else {
-        for(int k = exp; k >= 1; k--) {
-            ans = ans * base;
-        }
-        return ans;
-    }
-}
-
-unsigned
-fact(int n)
-{
-    if (n == 0 || n == 1) return 1;
-    else
-        return (n * fact(n - 1));
-}
-
-unsigned
-comb(int n, int r)
-{
-    /* nCr is symmetrical about n / 2 */
-    if(r > (n / 2))
-        r = n - r;
-    
-    return perm(n, r) / fact(r);
-}
-
-unsigned
-perm(int n, int r)
-{
-    int val = 1;
-    for(int i = n; i > (n - r); i--)
-        val *= i;
-
-    return val;
-}
-
-double
-bernstein(int n, int k, float u)
-{
-    double temp = comb(n, k) * pow(u, k) * pow(1 - u, n - k);
-    return temp;
-}
+/* utils.c */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "texplay.h"
+#include "utils.h"
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+#include <glut.h>
+#else
+#include <GL/glut.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+#define MULT_FLOAT4(X, Y) ({                            \
+            asm volatile (                              \
+                          "movups (%0), %%xmm0\n\t"     \
+                          "mulps  (%1), %%xmm0\n\t"     \
+                          "movups %%xmm0, (%1)"         \
+                          :: "r" (X), "r" (Y)); })
+
+#define COPY_FLOAT4(X, Y) ({                            \
+            asm volatile (                              \
+                          "movups (%0), %%xmm0\n\t"     \
+                          "movups %%xmm0, (%1)"         \
+                          :: "r" (X), "r" (Y)); })
+
+*/
+/* external linkage with static duration */
+const rgba not_a_color_v = { -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0 };
+
+/* utility functions */
+char*
+lowercase(char * string) 
+{
+    int  i = 0;
+
+    while (string[i]) {
+        string[i] = tolower(string[i]);
+        i++;
+    }
+    
+    return string;
+}
+
+char*
+sym2string(VALUE sym) 
+{
+    return rb_id2name(SYM2ID(sym));
+}
+
+VALUE
+string2sym(char * string) 
+{
+    return ID2SYM(rb_intern(string));
+}
+
+bool
+is_a_hash(VALUE try_hash)
+{
+    return TYPE(try_hash) == T_HASH;
+}
+
+bool
+is_an_array(VALUE try_array)
+{
+    return TYPE(try_array) == T_ARRAY;
+}
+
+bool is_a_num(VALUE try_num)
+{
+    return TYPE(try_num) == T_FIXNUM || TYPE(try_num) == T_FLOAT;
+}
+
+VALUE
+get_from_hash(VALUE hash, char * sym) 
+{
+
+    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "hash argument expected");
+    
+    return rb_hash_aref(hash, string2sym(sym));
+}
+
+VALUE
+set_hash_value(VALUE hash, char * sym, VALUE val)
+{
+    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "hash argument expected");
+    
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, string2sym(sym), val);
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+VALUE
+delete_from_hash(VALUE hash, char * sym)
+{
+    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "hash argument expected");
+    
+    return rb_hash_delete(hash, string2sym(sym));
+}
+
+/* returns true if 'hash' is a hash and the value mapped to key 'sym' is
+   equal to 'val' */
+bool
+hash_value_is(VALUE hash, char * sym, VALUE val)
+{
+    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) return false;
+
+    if(get_from_hash(hash, sym) == val)
+        return true;
+
+    return false;
+}
+    
+bool
+has_optional_hash_arg(VALUE hash, char * sym) 
+{
+    if(TYPE(hash) != T_HASH) return false;
+
+    if(NIL_P(get_from_hash(hash, sym)))
+        return false;
+
+    /* 'hash' is a hash and the sym exists */
+    return true;
+}
+
+VALUE
+set_array_value(VALUE array, int index, VALUE val)
+{
+    if(TYPE(array) != T_ARRAY) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array argument expected");
+
+    rb_ary_store(array, index, val);
+
+    return val;
+}
+    
+VALUE
+get_from_array(VALUE array, int index) 
+{
+
+    if(TYPE(array) != T_ARRAY) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array argument expected");
+    
+    return rb_ary_entry(array, index);
+}
+
+
+VALUE
+init_image_local(VALUE image)
+{
+    VALUE image_local;
+    
+    if(!is_gosu_image(image))
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "not a valid image");
+    
+    /* initialize image_local hash if does not exist */
+    if(!is_an_array(rb_iv_get(image, "__image_local__"))) {
+        image_local = rb_ary_new();
+        rb_iv_set(image, "__image_local__", image_local);
+    }
+
+    image_local = rb_iv_get(image, "__image_local__");
+
+    return image_local;
+}   
+     
+void
+set_image_local(VALUE image, int name, VALUE val)
+{
+    VALUE image_local;
+    
+    image_local = init_image_local(image);
+
+    set_array_value(image_local, name, val);
+}
+
+VALUE
+get_image_local(VALUE image, int name)
+{
+    VALUE image_local;
+    VALUE val;
+
+    init_image_local(image);
+
+    /* this var holds all the image local variables in an array */
+    image_local = rb_iv_get(image, "__image_local__");
+
+    /* a particular image_local variable */
+    val = get_from_array(image_local, name);
+    
+    /* if the variable exists then return it */
+    if(!NIL_P(val))
+        return val;
+
+    /* otherwise initialize the variable and then return it */
+    else {
+        switch(name) {
+            VALUE init_offset, init_bounds, init_color, init_defaults;
+        case DRAW_OFFSET:
+            init_offset = rb_ary_new2(2);
+            set_array_value(init_offset, 0, INT2FIX(0));
+            set_array_value(init_offset, 1, INT2FIX(0));
+
+            set_array_value(image_local, DRAW_OFFSET, init_offset);
+
+            return init_offset;
+            break;
+        case LAZY_BOUNDS:
+            init_bounds = rb_ary_new2(4);
+            set_array_value(init_bounds, 0, INT2FIX(XMAX_OOB));
+            set_array_value(init_bounds, 1, INT2FIX(YMAX_OOB));
+            set_array_value(init_bounds, 2, INT2FIX(XMIN_OOB));
+            set_array_value(init_bounds, 3, INT2FIX(YMIN_OOB));
+
+            set_array_value(image_local, LAZY_BOUNDS, init_bounds);
+
+            return init_bounds;
+            break;
+        case IMAGE_COLOR:
+            init_color = rb_ary_new2(4);
+            set_array_value(init_color, 0, rb_float_new(1.0));
+            set_array_value(init_color, 1, rb_float_new(1.0));
+            set_array_value(init_color, 2, rb_float_new(1.0));
+            set_array_value(init_color, 3, rb_float_new(1.0));
+
+            set_array_value(image_local, IMAGE_COLOR, init_color);
+
+            return init_color;
+            break;
+        case USER_DEFAULTS:
+            init_defaults = rb_hash_new();
+
+            set_array_value(image_local, USER_DEFAULTS, init_defaults);
+
+            return init_defaults;
+            break;
+        default:
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized image_local variable number. got %d", name);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /* never reached */
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+rgba
+convert_image_local_color_to_rgba(VALUE image)
+{
+    rgba color;
+    VALUE image_local_color = get_image_local(image, IMAGE_COLOR);
+
+    color.red = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(image_local_color, red)); 
+    color.green = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(image_local_color, green)); 
+    color.blue = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(image_local_color, blue)); 
+    color.alpha = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(image_local_color, alpha)); 
+    
+    return color;
+}
+
+VALUE
+save_rgba_to_image_local_color(VALUE image, rgba color)
+{
+    /* abbreviation for image_local_color */
+    VALUE ilc = get_image_local(image, IMAGE_COLOR);
+
+    set_array_value(ilc, 0, rb_float_new(color.red));
+    set_array_value(ilc, 1, rb_float_new(color.green));
+    set_array_value(ilc, 2, rb_float_new(color.blue));
+    set_array_value(ilc, 3, rb_float_new(color.alpha));
+
+    return ilc;
+}
+
+
+
+bool
+not_a_color(rgba color1) 
+{
+    return color1.red == -1;
+}
+
+bool
+is_a_color(rgba color1)
+{
+    return !not_a_color(color1);
+}
+
+bool
+is_rb_raw_color(VALUE cval)
+{
+  return TYPE(cval) == T_ARRAY &&
+    is_a_num(get_from_array(cval, 0)) &&
+    is_a_num(get_from_array(cval, 1)) &&
+    is_a_num(get_from_array(cval, 2)) &&
+    is_a_num(get_from_array(cval, 3));
+}
+
+bool
+not_rb_raw_color(VALUE cval)
+{
+  return TYPE(cval) != T_ARRAY ||
+    !is_a_num(get_from_array(cval, 0));
+}
+
+
+bool
+cmp_color(rgba color1, rgba color2) 
+{
+
+    return (color1.red == color2.red) && (color1.green == color2.green) && (color1.blue == color2.blue)
+        && (color1.alpha == color2.alpha);
+}
+
+void
+color_copy(float * source, float * dest) 
+{
+    //COPY_FLOAT4(source, dest);
+    memcpy(dest, source, 4 * sizeof(float));
+}
+
+void
+zero_color(float * tex) 
+{
+    memset(tex, 0, 4 * sizeof(float));
+}
+
+rgba
+find_color_from_string(char * try_color) 
+{
+    rgba cur_color;
+
+    if(!strcmp("red", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("green", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 1.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("blue", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 1.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("black", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("white", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 1.0; cur_color.blue = 1.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("purple", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 1.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("yellow", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 1.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("cyan", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 1.0; cur_color.blue = 1.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("orange", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 1.0; cur_color.green = 0.5; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("brown", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 0.39; cur_color.green = 0.26; cur_color.blue = 0.13; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("turquoise", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 0.1; cur_color.green = 0.6; cur_color.blue = 0.8; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("tyrian", try_color))  {
+        cur_color.red = 0.4; cur_color.green = 0.007; cur_color.blue = 0.235; cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("alpha", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = 0.0; cur_color.green = 0.0; cur_color.blue = 0.0; cur_color.alpha = 0.0;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("none", try_color)) {
+        cur_color = not_a_color_v;
+    }
+    else if(!strcmp("random", try_color) || !strcmp("rand", try_color)) {
+        cur_color.red = rand() / (float)RAND_MAX;
+        cur_color.green = rand() / (float)RAND_MAX;
+        cur_color.blue = rand() / (float)RAND_MAX;
+        cur_color.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+
+    else
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid colour specified (no color matches the symbol: %s)\n", try_color);
+
+    return cur_color;
+}
+
+rgba
+convert_gosu_to_rgba_color(VALUE gcolor)
+{
+
+  return (rgba) { 
+          FIX2INT(rb_funcall(gcolor, rb_intern("red"), 0)) / 255.0,
+          FIX2INT(rb_funcall(gcolor, rb_intern("green"), 0)) / 255.0,
+          FIX2INT(rb_funcall(gcolor, rb_intern("blue"), 0)) / 255.0,
+          FIX2INT(rb_funcall(gcolor, rb_intern("alpha"), 0)) / 255.0
+            };
+}
+
+
+/* convert C color to Ruby color */
+VALUE
+convert_rgba_to_rb_color(rgba * pix)
+{
+    /* create a new ruby array to store the pixel data */
+    VALUE pix_array = rb_ary_new2(4);
+
+    /* store the pixel data */
+    rb_ary_store(pix_array, red, rb_float_new(pix->red));
+    rb_ary_store(pix_array, green, rb_float_new(pix->green));
+    rb_ary_store(pix_array, blue, rb_float_new(pix->blue));
+    rb_ary_store(pix_array, alpha, rb_float_new(pix->alpha));
+
+    return pix_array;
+}
+
+/* convert C color to gosu color */
+VALUE
+convert_rgba_to_gosu_color(rgba * pix)
+{
+    VALUE gosu_color_class = 0;
+
+    if (gosu_color_class == 0) {
+        VALUE gosu_class = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Gosu"));
+        gosu_color_class = rb_const_get(gosu_class, rb_intern("Color"));
+    }
+    
+    VALUE gosu_color = rb_funcall(gosu_color_class, rb_intern("new"), 0);
+
+    rb_funcall(gosu_color, rb_intern("red="), 1, INT2FIX(pix->red * 255));
+    rb_funcall(gosu_color, rb_intern("green="), 1, INT2FIX(pix->green * 255));
+    rb_funcall(gosu_color, rb_intern("blue="), 1, INT2FIX(pix->blue * 255));
+    rb_funcall(gosu_color, rb_intern("alpha="), 1, INT2FIX(pix->alpha * 255));
+
+    return gosu_color;
+}
+
+
+
+/* convert Ruby color to C color */
+rgba
+convert_rb_color_to_rgba(VALUE cval)
+{
+    rgba my_color;
+
+    if (is_gosu_color(cval)) return convert_gosu_to_rgba_color(cval);
+    
+    /* current color for actions */
+    switch(TYPE(cval)) {
+        char * try_color;
+    case T_SYMBOL:
+        try_color = lowercase(sym2string(cval));
+
+        my_color = find_color_from_string(try_color);
+
+        break;
+    case T_ARRAY:
+        my_color.red = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(cval, red));
+        my_color.green = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(cval, green));
+        my_color.blue = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(cval, blue));
+
+        if(NUM2INT(rb_funcall(cval, rb_intern("length"), 0)) > 3) 
+            my_color.alpha = NUM2DBL(rb_ary_entry(cval, alpha));
+        else
+            my_color.alpha = 1;
+
+        break;
+    default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unsupported argument type for color. Got type 0x%x\n", TYPE(cval) );
+    }
+
+    /* a valid color */
+    if(is_a_color(my_color))
+        return my_color;
+
+    /* special condition for when color is taken from outside range of bitmap. Color is just ignored */
+    else if(not_a_color(my_color))
+        return not_a_color_v;
+
+    /* anything else should fail */
+    else
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid colour specified (negative value given)\n");
+}
+
+/* error checking functions */
+void
+check_mask(VALUE mask) 
+{
+    char * try_mask;
+
+    if(TYPE(mask) != T_ARRAY && TYPE(mask) != T_SYMBOL)
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "array or symbol parameter required");
+
+    /* is it a valid mask symbol? */
+    if(TYPE(mask) == T_SYMBOL) {
+        try_mask = lowercase(sym2string(mask));
+        if(*try_mask == '_') try_mask++;
+        if(not_a_color(find_color_from_string(try_mask))) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized mask symbol: %s\n", sym2string(mask));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+check_image(VALUE image) 
+{
+    if(!rb_respond_to(image, rb_intern("gl_tex_info")))
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,"must specify a valid source image");
+}
+
+bool
+is_gosu_image(VALUE try_image)
+{
+    if(rb_respond_to(try_image, rb_intern("gl_tex_info")))
+        return true;
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool
+is_gosu_color(VALUE try_color)
+{
+    if(rb_respond_to(try_color, rb_intern("red")))
+        return true;
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+
+
+/** cohen-sutherland line clipper **/
+#define outcode int
+const int RIGHT = 8;  //1000
+const int TOP = 4;    //0100
+const int LEFT = 2;   //0010
+const int BOTTOM = 1; //0001
+ 
+//Compute the bit code for a point (x, y) using the clip rectangle
+//bounded diagonally by (xmin, ymin), and (xmax, ymax)
+static outcode
+ComputeOutCode (int x, int y, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax)
+{
+	outcode code = 0;
+	if (y > ymax)              //above the clip window
+		code |= TOP;
+	else if (y < ymin)         //below the clip window
+		code |= BOTTOM;
+	if (x > xmax)              //to the right of clip window
+		code |= RIGHT;
+	else if (x < xmin)         //to the left of clip window
+		code |= LEFT;
+	return code;
+}
+ 
+/** Cohen-Sutherland clipping algorithm clips a line from
+P0 = (x0, y0) to P1 = (x1, y1) against a rectangle with 
+diagonal from (xmin, ymin) to (xmax, ymax). **/
+void
+cohen_sutherland_clip (int * x0, int * y0,int * x1, int * y1, int xmin, int ymin,
+                                int xmax, int ymax)
+{
+    //Outcodes for P0, P1, and whatever point lies outside the clip rectangle
+    outcode outcode0, outcode1, outcodeOut;
+    bool accept = false, done = false;
+    int tx0 = *x0, ty0 = *y0, tx1 = *x1, ty1 = *y1;
+ 
+    //compute outcodes
+    outcode0 = ComputeOutCode (tx0, ty0, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
+    outcode1 = ComputeOutCode (tx1, ty1, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
+ 
+    do{
+        if (!(outcode0 | outcode1))      //logical or is 0. Trivially accept and get out of loop
+            {
+                accept = true;
+                done = true;
+            }
+        else if (outcode0 & outcode1)   //logical and is not 0. Trivially reject and get out of loop
+            done = true;
+        else
+            {
+                //failed both tests, so calculate the line segment to clip
+                //from an outside point to an intersection with clip edge
+                double x, y;
+                //At least one endpoint is outside the clip rectangle; pick it.
+                outcodeOut = outcode0? outcode0: outcode1;
+                //Now find the intersection point;
+                //use formulas y = y0 + slope * (x - x0), x = x0 + (1/slope)* (y - y0)
+                if (outcodeOut & TOP)          //point is above the clip rectangle
+                    {
+                        x = tx0 + (tx1 - tx0) * (ymax - ty0)/(ty1 - ty0);
+                        y = ymax;
+                    }
+                else if (outcodeOut & BOTTOM)  //point is below the clip rectangle
+                    {
+                        x = tx0 + (tx1 - tx0) * (ymin - ty0)/(ty1 - ty0);
+                        y = ymin;
+                    }
+                else if (outcodeOut & RIGHT)   //point is to the right of clip rectangle
+                    {
+                        y = ty0 + (ty1 - ty0) * (xmax - tx0)/(tx1 - tx0);
+                        x = xmax;
+                    }
+                else                           //point is to the left of clip rectangle
+                    {
+                        y = ty0 + (ty1 - ty0) * (xmin - tx0)/(tx1 - tx0);
+                        x = xmin;
+                    }
+                //Now we move outside point to intersection point to clip
+                //and get ready for next pass.
+                if (outcodeOut == outcode0)
+                    {
+                        tx0 = x;
+                        ty0 = y;
+                        outcode0 = ComputeOutCode (tx0, ty0, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
+                    }
+                else 
+                    {
+                        tx1 = x;
+                        ty1 = y;
+                        outcode1 = ComputeOutCode (tx1, ty1, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
+                    }
+            }
+    }while (!done);
+ 
+    if (accept)
+	{
+            *x0 = tx0; *x1 = tx1;
+            *y0 = ty0; *y1 = ty1;
+	}
+ 
+}
+/** end of cohen-sutherland line clipper **/
+
+
+void
+constrain_boundaries(int * x0, int * y0, int * x1, int * y1, int width, int height) 
+{
+    if(*y0 < 0) *y0 = 0;
+    if(*y1 < 0) *y1 = 0;
+    
+    if(*x0 < 0) *x0 = 0;
+    if(*x1 < 0) *x1 = 0;
+    
+    if(*x0 > (width - 1)) *x0 = width - 1;
+    if(*x1 > (width - 1)) *x1 = width - 1;
+    
+    if(*y0 > (height - 1)) *y0 = height - 1;
+    if(*y1 > (height - 1)) *y1 = height - 1;
+
+    if(*y0 > *y1) { SWAP(*y0, *y1); }
+    if(*x0 > *x1) { SWAP(*x0, *x1); }
+}
+
+
+/* returns true if point (x, y) is within bounds designated by rect (x0, y0)-(x1, y1)
+   and inner thickness: 'inner'
+*/
+bool
+bound_by_rect_and_inner(int x, int y, int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1, int inner) 
+{
+                          
+    return ((x >= x0) && (x <= x1) && (y >= y0) && (y <= y1)) && 
+        !((x >= x0 + inner) && (x <= x1 - inner) && (y >= y0 + inner) && (y <= y1 - inner));
+}
+
+/* same as above but excluding inner rectangle */
+bool
+bound_by_rect(int x, int y, int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) 
+{
+    return bound_by_rect_and_inner(x, y, x0, y0, x1, y1, OOB_VAL);
+}
+
+/* calculate the array offset for a given pixel in action context */
+int
+calc_pixel_offset_for_action(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, int x, int y) 
+{
+    int offset = calc_pixel_offset(tex, x + cur->xmin, y + cur->ymin);
+
+    return offset;
+}
+
+/* calculate the array offset for a given pixel */
+int
+calc_pixel_offset(texture_info * tex, int x, int y) 
+{
+    int offset = 4 * (tex->firstpixel + x + tex->yincr * y);    
+
+    return offset;
+}
+
+/* NEWEST version that solves segfault on linux, back
+   in  action due to availability of MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE constant
+   in ruby 1.8 */
+unsigned
+max_quad_size(void)
+{
+
+    static unsigned size = 0;
+    
+    if (size == 0) {
+      VALUE gosu = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Gosu"));
+      VALUE rb_size = rb_const_get(gosu, rb_intern("MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE"));
+
+      size = FIX2INT(rb_size);
+    }
+    
+    return size;
+}
+
+ /* old version for quick update, OUT OF ACTIONN */
+/* unsigned */
+/* max_quad_size(void) */
+/* { */
+/* #ifdef __APPLE__ */
+/*   return 1024; */
+/* #else */
+/*   static unsigned MIN_SIZE = 256, MAX_SIZE = 1024; */
+ 
+/*   static unsigned size = 0; */
+/*   if (size == 0) */
+/*     { */
+/*       GLint width = 1; */
+/*       size = MIN_SIZE / 2; */
+/*       do { */
+/*         size *= 2; */
+/*         glTexImage2D(GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 4, size * 2, size * 2, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 0); */
+/*         glGetTexLevelParameteriv(GL_PROXY_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH, &width);  */
+/*       } while (width != 0 && size < MAX_SIZE); */
+/*     } */
+    
+/*   return size; */
+/* #endif */
+/* } */
+
+/* point format utilities */
+bool
+is_a_point(VALUE try_point)
+{
+    /* if it responds to 'x' it's near enough (technically must respond to x AND y) */
+    /* added the is_a_num() check due to WEIRD bug where FIXNUMS were responding to the 'x' method (wtf?) but returning nil when invoked */
+    if(rb_respond_to(try_point, rb_intern("x")) && !is_a_num(try_point))
+        return true;
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+VALUE
+point_x(VALUE point)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(point, rb_intern("x"), 0);
+}
+
+VALUE
+point_y(VALUE point)
+{
+    return rb_funcall(point, rb_intern("y"), 0);
+}
+
+/* mathematical utils, used mainly by bezier curves */
+double
+power(float base, int exp)
+{
+    float ans = 1.0;
+    if(base == 0.0) {
+        if(exp == 0)
+            return 1;
+        else
+            return 0;
+    }
+    else if(exp == 0) return 1;
+    else {
+        for(int k = exp; k >= 1; k--) {
+            ans = ans * base;
+        }
+        return ans;
+    }
+}
+
+unsigned
+fact(int n)
+{
+    if (n == 0 || n == 1) return 1;
+    else
+        return (n * fact(n - 1));
+}
+
+unsigned
+comb(int n, int r)
+{
+    /* nCr is symmetrical about n / 2 */
+    if(r > (n / 2))
+        r = n - r;
+    
+    return perm(n, r) / fact(r);
+}
+
+unsigned
+perm(int n, int r)
+{
+    int val = 1;
+    for(int i = n; i > (n - r); i--)
+        val *= i;
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+double
+bernstein(int n, int k, float u)
+{
+    double temp = comb(n, k) * pow(u, k) * pow(1 - u, n - k);
+    return temp;
+}