texplay 0.2.7-x86-mswin32

data/ext/texplay/actions.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+#include "texplay.h"
+#include "utils.h"
+#include "actions.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+# include <glut.h>
+#else
+# include <GL/glut.h>
+#endif
+
+
+/* small helper functions */
+static void process_common_hash_args(action_struct * cur, VALUE * hash_arg, sync sync_mode, bool primary);
+static void update_bounds(action_struct * cur, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax);
+static void update_lazy_bounds(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex);
+static void set_local_bounds(action_struct * cur, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax, texture_info * tex);
+
+static void draw_prologue(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex,
+                          int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax, VALUE * hash_arg, sync sync_mode,
+                          bool primary, action_struct ** payload_ptr);
+static void draw_epilogue(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, bool primary);
+
+static void prepare_fill_texture(action_struct * cur);
+static void prepare_color_control(action_struct * cur);
+static void set_pixel_color_with_style(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex,
+                                       int x, int y);
+/* end helpers */
+
+
+/** line_do_action, bresenham's algorithm **/
+void
+line_do_action(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+               sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    int x, y, W, H, F;
+    int xinc, yinc;
+    action_struct cur;
+    int thickness = 1;
+
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, x1, y1,
+                  x2, y2, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+    if(has_optional_hash_arg(hash_arg, "thickness")) 
+        thickness = NUM2INT(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "thickness"));
+
+    /* clip the line */
+    cohen_sutherland_clip(&x1, &y1, &x2, &y2, 0, 0, tex->width - 1, tex->height - 1);
+    
+    W = ABS(x2 - x1);
+    H = ABS(y2 - y1);
+    	
+    if(x1 < x2)
+        xinc = 1;
+    else
+        xinc = -1;
+		
+    if(y1 < y2)
+        yinc = 1;
+    else
+        yinc = -1;
+		
+    x = x1;
+    y = y1;
+	
+    if(W >= H) {
+        F = 2 * H - W;
+        while(x != x2) {
+            if(F < 0)
+                F += 2 * H;
+            else {
+                F += 2 * (H - W);
+                y += yinc;
+            }
+            x += xinc;
+
+            if(thickness <= 1) {
+                set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x, y);
+            }
+            else {
+                set_hash_value(hash_arg, "fill", Qtrue);
+                circle_do_action(x, y, thickness / 2, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        F = 2 * W - H;
+        while(y != y2 ) {
+            if(F < 0)
+                F += 2 * W;
+            else {
+                F += 2 * (W - H);
+                x += xinc;
+            }
+            y += yinc;
+
+            if(thickness <= 1) {
+                set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x, y);
+            }
+            else {
+                set_hash_value(hash_arg, "fill", Qtrue);
+                circle_do_action(x, y, thickness / 2, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+            }
+            
+        }
+    }
+			
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end line **/
+
+/** polyline algorithm **/
+
+/* used by both polyline and bezier */
+#define SIMPLE_FORMAT 0
+#define POINT_FORMAT 1
+
+/* calculate a single point */
+static void
+polyline_point(VALUE points, int k, int * x, int * y, int format, int draw_offset_x,
+               int draw_offset_y)
+{
+    int xy_index;
+    
+    switch(format) {
+    case POINT_FORMAT:
+        *x = NUM2INT(point_x(get_from_array(points, k))) + draw_offset_x;
+        *y = NUM2INT(point_y(get_from_array(points, k))) + draw_offset_y;
+        break;
+        
+    case SIMPLE_FORMAT:
+        xy_index = k * 2;
+        *x = NUM2INT(get_from_array(points, xy_index)) + draw_offset_x;
+        *y = NUM2INT(get_from_array(points, xy_index + 1)) + draw_offset_y;
+
+        break;
+    default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "pixel format must be either POINT_FORMAT or SIMPLE_FORMAT");
+    }
+}
+        
+void
+polyline_do_action(VALUE points, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+                   sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    action_struct cur;
+    int x1, y1, x2, y2;
+    int format;
+    int num_point_pairs;
+    int k;
+    VALUE offset_val;
+    int draw_offset_x;
+    int draw_offset_y;
+    bool closed = false;
+    
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, XMAX_OOB, YMAX_OOB, XMIN_OOB, YMIN_OOB, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+    /* calculate offset */
+    offset_val = get_image_local(tex->image, DRAW_OFFSET);
+
+    draw_offset_x = NUM2INT(get_from_array(offset_val, 0));
+    draw_offset_y = NUM2INT(get_from_array(offset_val, 1));
+
+    /* if the polyline is 'closed' make the last point the first */
+    if(is_a_hash(hash_arg))
+        if(RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "closed")) || RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "close"))) {
+            
+            /* so that our additional point is not persistent */
+            points = rb_obj_dup(points);
+            closed = true;
+        }
+    /* determine format of points */
+    if(is_a_point(get_from_array(points, 0))) {
+        format = POINT_FORMAT;
+
+        /* if the polyline is closed to form a polygon then make the last point and first point identical */
+        if(closed)
+            rb_ary_push(points, get_from_array(points, 0));
+
+        num_point_pairs = RARRAY_LEN(points);
+    }
+    else {
+        format = SIMPLE_FORMAT;
+
+        /* ensure there is an 'x' for every 'y'  */
+        if(RARRAY_LEN(points) % 2)
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "polyline needs an even number of points. got %d\n",
+                     (int)RARRAY_LEN(points));
+
+        if(closed) {
+            rb_ary_push(points, get_from_array(points, 0));
+            rb_ary_push(points, get_from_array(points, 1));
+        }
+
+        num_point_pairs = RARRAY_LEN(points) / 2;
+    }
+
+    /* calculate first point */
+    polyline_point(points, 0, &x1, &y1, format, draw_offset_x, draw_offset_y);
+    
+    /* calc the points and draw the polyline */
+    for(k = 1; k < num_point_pairs; k++) {
+
+        polyline_point(points, k, &x2, &y2, format, draw_offset_x, draw_offset_y);
+    
+        line_do_action(x1, y1, x2, y2, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+
+        /* update drawing rectangle */
+        update_bounds(payload, x1, y1, x2, y2);
+        
+        x1 = x2; y1 = y2;
+    }
+    
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end polyline **/
+
+/* regular polygon algorithm */
+void
+ngon_do_action(int x, int y, int r, int num_sides, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+               sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    action_struct cur;
+    int x1, y1, x2, y2, x0, y0;
+    int n;
+    int thickness;
+    float angle = 0;
+
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, x - r, y - r,
+                  x + r, y + r, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+
+    if(is_a_hash(hash_arg)) {
+        if(RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "thickness"))) {
+            thickness = NUM2INT(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "thickness"));
+
+            /* TO DO: find a better way of doing this */
+            cur.xmin = x - r - thickness / 2;
+            cur.ymin = y - r - thickness / 2;
+            cur.xmax = x + r + thickness / 2;
+            cur.ymax = y + r + thickness / 2;
+        }
+
+        if(RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "start_angle"))) {
+            angle = NUM2INT(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "start_angle")) / 360.0 * 2 * PI;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /* calculate first point */
+    x0 = x1 = x + r * cos(angle);
+    y0 = y1 = y + r * sin(angle);
+
+    for(n = 0; n < num_sides; n++) {
+        x2 = x + r * cos((2 * PI / num_sides) * n + angle);
+        y2 = y + r * sin((2 * PI / num_sides) * n + angle);
+
+        line_do_action(x1, y1, x2, y2, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+
+        x1 = x2; y1 = y2;
+    }
+
+    line_do_action(x0, y0, x1, y1, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end of ngon */    
+
+/** rectangle algorithm **/
+void
+rect_do_action(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+               sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    action_struct cur;
+    bool fill = false;
+    int thickness = 1;
+
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, x1, y1,
+                  x2, y2, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+    
+    if(is_a_hash(hash_arg)) {
+
+        /* make our private copy of the hash so we can mess with it */
+        hash_arg = rb_obj_dup(hash_arg);
+
+        if(RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "fill")) || RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "filled"))) {
+            fill = true;
+
+            /* since we're filling the rect, line thickness is irrelevant */
+            delete_from_hash(hash_arg, "thickness");
+        }
+        else if(RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "thickness"))) {
+            thickness = NUM2INT(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "thickness"));
+            /* TO DO: find a better way of doing this */
+
+            if(thickness > 1) {
+                cur.xmin = x1 - thickness / 2;
+                cur.ymin = y1 - thickness / 2;
+                cur.xmax = x2 + thickness / 2 + 1;
+                cur.ymax = y2 + thickness / 2 + 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if(!fill) {
+        line_do_action(x1, y1, x2, y1, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+        line_do_action(x1, y1, x1, y2, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+        line_do_action(x1, y2, x2, y2, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+        line_do_action(x2, y1, x2, y2, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+    }
+    else {
+        int y;
+        if(y1 > y2) SWAP(y1, y2);
+
+        for(y = y1; y < y2; y++)
+            line_do_action(x1, y, x2, y, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+    }
+
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+
+
+/** midpoint circle algorithm **/
+void
+circle_do_action(int x1, int y1, int r, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+                 sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+
+    int x, y;
+    float p;
+    action_struct cur;
+    bool fill = false;
+
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, x1 - r, y1 - r, x1 + r, y1 + r, &hash_arg,
+                  sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+
+    if(is_a_hash(hash_arg)) {
+
+        /* make our private copy of the hash so we can mess with it */
+        hash_arg = rb_obj_dup(hash_arg);
+
+        if(RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "fill")) || RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "filled"))) {
+            fill = true;
+
+            /* to prevent infinite recursion set line thickness to 1 :D
+               NB: a filled circle uses lines and a thick line uses filled circles :D */
+            delete_from_hash(hash_arg, "thickness");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    x = 0 ; y = r;
+    p = 5 / 4 - r;
+    if(!fill) {
+        while (x <= y) {
+            set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x1 + x, y1 + y);
+            set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x1 + x, y1 - y);
+            set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x1 - x, y1 + y);
+            set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x1 - x, y1 - y);
+            set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x1 + y, y1 + x);
+            set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x1 + y, y1 - x);
+            set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x1 - y, y1 + x);
+            set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x1 - y, y1 - x);
+
+            if (p < 0) {
+                p += 2 * x + 3;
+            }
+            else {
+                y--;
+                p += 2 * (x - y) + 5;
+            }
+            x++;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        while (x <= y) {
+            line_do_action(x1 - x, y1 + y, x1 + x, y1 + y, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+            line_do_action(x1 - x, y1 - y, x1 + x, y1 - y, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+            line_do_action(x1 - y, y1 + x, x1 + y, y1 + x, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+            line_do_action(x1 - y, y1 - x, x1 + y, y1 - x, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+
+            if (p < 0) {
+                p += 2 * x + 3;
+            }
+            else {
+                y--;
+                p += 2 * (x - y) + 5;
+            }
+            x++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end circle **/
+
+/** set pixel  algorithm **/
+void
+pixel_do_action(int x1, int y1, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+                sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    action_struct cur;
+
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, x1, y1, x1, y1, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+    set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x1, y1);
+
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end set pixel **/
+
+/*** non recursive FLOOD FILL, inspired by John R. Shaw ***/
+typedef struct { int x1, x2, y, dy; } LINESEGMENT;
+
+#define MAXDEPTH 10000
+
+#define PUSH(XL, XR, Y, DY)                                             \
+    if( sp < stack+MAXDEPTH && Y+(DY) >= nMinX && Y+(DY) <= nMaxY )     \
+        { sp->x1 = XL; sp->x2 = XR; sp->y = Y; sp->dy = DY; ++sp; }
+
+#define POP(XL, XR, Y, DY)                                              \
+    { --sp; XL = sp->x1; XR = sp->x2; Y = sp->y+(DY = sp->dy); }
+
+void
+flood_fill_do_action(int x, int y, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+                     sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    int left, x1, x2, dy;
+    rgba old_color;
+    LINESEGMENT stack[MAXDEPTH], *sp = stack;
+
+    action_struct cur;
+
+    int nMinX, nMinY, nMaxX, nMaxY;
+    
+    /* NOTE: 1024 is just a place-holder to indicate maximum possible width/height.
+       Values will be constrained to realistic dimensions by constrain_boundaries() function */
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, 0, 0, 1024, 1024, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+    /* fill hates alpha_blend so let's turn it off */
+    payload->pen.alpha_blend = false;
+
+    nMinX = cur.xmin; nMinY = cur.ymin;
+    nMaxX = cur.xmax; nMaxY = cur.ymax;
+
+    old_color = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+    if( cmp_color(old_color, cur.color) )
+        return;
+
+    if( x < nMinX || x > nMaxX || y < nMinX || y > nMaxY )
+        return;
+
+    PUSH(x, x, y, 1);        /* needed in some cases */
+    PUSH(x, x, y + 1, -1);    /* seed segment (popped 1st) */
+
+    while( sp > stack ) {
+        POP(x1, x2, y, dy);
+
+        for( x = x1; x >= nMinX && cmp_color(get_pixel_color(tex, x, y), old_color); --x ) {
+            set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x, y);
+        }
+
+        if( x >= x1 )
+            goto SKIP;
+
+        left = x + 1;
+        if( left < x1 )
+            PUSH(y, left, x1 - 1, -dy);    /* leak on left? */
+
+        x = x1 + 1;
+
+        do {
+            for( ; x <= nMaxX && cmp_color(get_pixel_color(tex, x, y), old_color); ++x ){
+                set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x, y);
+            }
+
+            PUSH(left, x - 1, y, dy);
+
+            if( x > x2 + 1 )
+                PUSH(x2 + 1, x - 1, y, -dy);    /* leak on right? */
+
+        SKIP:        for( ++x; x <= x2 && !cmp_color(get_pixel_color(tex, x, y), old_color); ++x ) {;}
+
+            left = x;
+        } while( x <= x2 );
+    }
+
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/*** END FLOOD FILL ***/
+
+/** glow fill algorithm, from the gosu forums **/ 
+static void
+glow_floodFill( int x, int y, rgba * seed_color, action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, texture_info * tex2 )
+{
+    /* used to flood in both horizontal directions from the given point to form a line. */
+    int fillL, fillR;     
+    int i;
+
+    /* initialize the flood directions */
+    fillL = fillR = x;
+
+    /* flood left until a new color is hit - or the edge of the image */
+    do {
+        /* for texture filling */
+        if(tex2)
+            cur->color = get_pixel_color(tex2, fillL % tex2->width, y % tex2->height);
+        
+        /* TWO VERSIONS of below */
+
+        /* SLOW BUT MODERN VERSION */
+        /*        set_pixel_color_with_style(cur, tex, fillL, y); */
+
+        /* FAST but old version */
+        set_pixel_color(&cur->color, tex, fillL, y);
+
+        fillL--;
+    } while( (fillL >= 0 ) && (cmp_color(get_pixel_color(tex, fillL, y), *seed_color)) );
+
+    /* flood right until a new color is hit - or the edge of the image */
+    do {
+        //        for texture filling
+        if(tex2)
+            cur->color = get_pixel_color(tex2, fillR % tex2->width, y % tex2->height);
+        
+        /*        set_pixel_color_with_style(cur, tex, fillR, y); */
+         
+        set_pixel_color(&cur->color, tex, fillR, y);
+
+        fillR++;
+    } while( (fillR < cur->xmax - 1) && (cmp_color(get_pixel_color(tex, fillR, y), *seed_color)) );
+
+    /* recurse to the line above and the line below at each point */
+    for( i = fillL + 1; i < fillR; i++ ) {
+        /* Flood above */
+        if( ( y > 0 ) && ( cmp_color(get_pixel_color(tex, i, y - 1), *seed_color)  ) ) {
+            
+            glow_floodFill( i, y-1, seed_color, cur, tex, tex2 );
+        }
+        /* flood below */
+        if( (y < cur->ymax - 1) && (cmp_color(get_pixel_color(tex, i, y + 1), *seed_color) )) {
+            glow_floodFill( i, y+1, seed_color, cur, tex, tex2 );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+glow_fill_do_action(int x, int y, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+                    sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    action_struct cur;
+    rgba seed_color;
+    texture_info fill_image;
+    texture_info * fill_image_ptr = NULL;
+    
+    if(!bound_by_rect(x, y, 0, 0, tex->width, tex->height)) return;
+
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, 0, 0, 1024, 1024, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+    /* fill hates alpha_blend so let's turn it off */
+    payload->pen.alpha_blend = false;
+
+    if(is_a_hash(hash_arg)) {
+        VALUE try_image = get_from_hash(hash_arg, "texture");
+        if(is_gosu_image(try_image)) {
+            get_texture_info(try_image, &fill_image);
+            fill_image_ptr = &fill_image;
+        }
+    }
+
+    seed_color = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+
+    /* last argument is pointer to texture fill data (if it exists) or NULL (if it doesn't) */
+    glow_floodFill( x, y, &seed_color, &cur, tex, fill_image_ptr );
+
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end of glow fill **/
+
+/** scanfill algorithm **/
+/* the stack */
+#define stackSize 16777218
+int stack[stackSize];
+int stackPointer;
+
+static bool
+pop(int * x, int * y, int h) 
+{ 
+    if(stackPointer > 0) 
+        { 
+            int p = stack[stackPointer]; 
+            *x = p / h; 
+            *y = p % h; 
+            stackPointer--; 
+            return true; 
+        }     
+    else 
+        { 
+            return false;
+        }    
+}    
+
+static bool
+push(int x, int y, int h) 
+{ 
+    if(stackPointer < stackSize - 1) 
+        { 
+            stackPointer++; 
+            stack[stackPointer] = h * x + y; 
+            return true;
+        }     
+    else 
+        { 
+            return false;
+        }    
+}     
+
+static void
+emptyStack() 
+{ 
+    int x, y; 
+    while(pop(&x, &y, 0)); 
+}
+
+void
+scan_fill_do_action(int x, int y, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+                    sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    action_struct cur;
+    rgba old_color;
+    int y1;
+    bool spanLeft, spanRight;
+
+    if(!bound_by_rect(x, y, 0, 0, tex->width - 1, tex->height - 1)) return;
+
+    /* NB: using XMAX_OOB etc since we dont know the drawing area yet; drawing area will be set by
+       update_bounds() function in main loop */
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, XMAX_OOB, YMAX_OOB, XMIN_OOB, YMIN_OOB, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+    /* fill hates alpha_blend so let's turn it off */
+    payload->pen.alpha_blend = false;
+    
+    old_color = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+
+    if(cmp_color(old_color, cur.color)) return;
+    
+    emptyStack();
+    
+    if(!push(x, y, tex->width - 1)) return;
+    
+    while(pop(&x, &y, tex->width - 1))
+        {    
+            y1 = y;
+            while(y1 >= 0 && cmp_color(old_color, get_pixel_color(tex, x, y1))) y1--;
+            y1++;
+            spanLeft = spanRight = false;
+            while(y1 < tex->height && cmp_color(old_color, get_pixel_color(tex, x, y1)) )
+                {
+                    set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x, y1);
+
+                    /* update the drawing rectangle */
+                    update_bounds(payload, x, y1, x, y1);
+
+                    if(!spanLeft && x > 1 && cmp_color(old_color, get_pixel_color(tex, x - 1, y1))) 
+                        {
+                            if(!push(x - 1, y1, tex->width - 1)) return;
+                            spanLeft = true;
+                        }
+
+                    else if(spanLeft && !cmp_color(old_color, get_pixel_color(tex, x - 1, y1)))
+                        {
+                            spanLeft = false;
+                        }
+
+                    if(!spanRight && x < tex->width - 1 && cmp_color(old_color,
+                                                                     get_pixel_color(tex, x + 1, y1))) 
+                        {
+                            if(!push(x + 1, y1, tex->width - 1)) return;
+                            spanRight = true;
+                        }
+
+                    else if(spanRight && x < tex->width - 1 && !cmp_color(old_color,get_pixel_color(tex, x + 1, y1)))
+                        {
+                            spanRight = false;
+                        } 
+                    y1++;
+                }
+        }
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end of scanfill **/
+
+/** bezier curve algorithm **/
+static void
+bezier_point(VALUE points, float u, float * x, float * y, int n, int format,
+             int draw_offset_x, int draw_offset_y)
+{
+    int k;
+    int xy_index;
+    double sumx = 0, sumy = 0;
+ 
+
+    for(k = 0; k < n; k++) {
+        switch(format) {
+        case POINT_FORMAT:
+            
+            sumx += NUM2DBL(point_x(get_from_array(points, k))) * bernstein(n - 1, k, u);
+            sumy += NUM2DBL(point_y(get_from_array(points, k))) * bernstein(n - 1, k, u);
+            break;
+        case SIMPLE_FORMAT:
+             
+            xy_index = k * 2;
+            sumx +=  NUM2DBL(get_from_array(points, xy_index)) * bernstein(n - 1, k, u);
+            sumy +=  NUM2DBL(get_from_array(points, xy_index + 1)) * bernstein(n - 1, k, u);
+            break;
+        default:
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "pixel format must be either POINT_FORMAT or SIMPLE_FORMAT");
+        }
+    }
+
+    *x = sumx + draw_offset_x;
+    *y = sumy + draw_offset_y;
+}
+
+void
+bezier_do_action(VALUE points, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg, sync sync_mode,
+                 bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    float u = 0.0;
+    action_struct cur;
+    float x1, y1, x2, y2;
+    int first_x, first_y;
+    int format;
+    int num_point_pairs;
+    bool closed = false;
+    VALUE offset_val;
+    int draw_offset_x, draw_offset_y;
+
+    /* defaults to 200 (1 / 0.005) samples per curve */
+    float step_size = 0.005;
+    
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, XMAX_OOB, YMAX_OOB, XMIN_OOB, YMIN_OOB, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+    /* calculate offset */
+    offset_val = get_image_local(tex->image, DRAW_OFFSET);
+
+    draw_offset_x = NUM2INT(get_from_array(offset_val, 0));
+    draw_offset_y = NUM2INT(get_from_array(offset_val, 1));
+
+    if(is_a_hash(hash_arg)) {
+
+        /* if the polyline is 'closed' make the last point the first */
+        if(RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "closed")) || RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "close"))) {
+
+            /* so that our additional point is not persistent */
+            points = rb_obj_dup(points);
+            closed = true;
+        }
+        
+        /* number of points to sample */
+        if(RTEST(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "sample_size"))) {
+            VALUE c = get_from_hash(hash_arg, "sample_size");
+            Check_Type(c, T_FIXNUM);
+            step_size = 1.0 / (float)FIX2INT(c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(is_a_point(get_from_array(points, 0))) {
+        format = POINT_FORMAT;
+
+        if(closed)
+            rb_ary_push(points, get_from_array(points, 0));
+        
+        num_point_pairs = RARRAY_LEN(points);
+    }
+    else {
+        format = SIMPLE_FORMAT;
+
+        /* ensure points are given in pairs */
+        if(RARRAY_LEN(points) % 2)
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "bezier needs an even number of points. got %d\n", (int)RARRAY_LEN(points));
+
+        if(closed) {
+            rb_ary_push(points, get_from_array(points, 0));
+            rb_ary_push(points, get_from_array(points, 1));
+        }
+        
+        num_point_pairs = RARRAY_LEN(points) / 2;
+    }
+
+    if(num_point_pairs > 17)
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many points for bezier curve. 17 points is current maximum. got %d\n",
+                 num_point_pairs);
+
+    /* get the first point */
+    bezier_point(points, 0, &x1, &y1, num_point_pairs, format, draw_offset_x, draw_offset_y);
+
+    /* save it so we can link up with last point properly if the curve is 'closed' */
+    first_x = x1;
+    first_y = y1;
+
+    while(u <= 1) {
+        bezier_point(points, u, &x2, &y2, num_point_pairs, format, draw_offset_x, draw_offset_y);
+ 
+        line_do_action(x1, y1, x2, y2, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+
+        /* update drawing rectangle */
+        update_bounds(payload, x1, y1, x2, y2);
+
+        x1 = x2;
+        y1 = y2;
+
+        u += step_size;
+    }
+
+    /* sometimes beziers dont close properly, so we'll ensure it's closed */
+    if(closed)
+        line_do_action(x2, y2, first_x, first_y, tex, hash_arg, no_sync, false, payload);
+
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end of bezier **/
+
+/** each_pixel  **/
+static void
+set_color_array(VALUE ary, rgba * color)
+{
+    set_array_value(ary, 0, rb_float_new(color->red));
+    set_array_value(ary, 1, rb_float_new(color->green));
+    set_array_value(ary, 2, rb_float_new(color->blue));
+    set_array_value(ary, 3, rb_float_new(color->alpha));
+}
+    
+void
+each_pixel_do_action(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, VALUE proc, texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg,
+                     sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    action_struct cur;
+    int x, y, arity;
+    VALUE rb_pix = rb_ary_new2(4);
+    
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, x1, y1, x2, y2, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+    arity = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("arity"), 0));
+
+    for(y = y1; y < y2 + 1; y++)
+        for(x = x1; x < x2 + 1; x++) {
+            rgba pix = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+
+            set_color_array(rb_pix, &pix);
+            
+            /* invoke the block */
+            switch(arity) {
+            case 1:
+                rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), 1, rb_pix);
+                break;
+            case 3:
+                rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), 3, rb_pix, INT2FIX(x), INT2FIX(y));
+                break;
+            default:
+                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "permissible arities for each are 1 & 3. Got %d\n",
+                         arity);
+
+            }
+
+            pix = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_pix);
+
+            set_pixel_color(&pix, tex, x, y);
+        }
+
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end each_pixel iterator **/
+
+/** splice algorithm **/
+void
+splice_do_action(int x0, int y0, int cx1, int cy1, int cx2, int cy2, texture_info * splice_tex,
+                 texture_info * tex, VALUE hash_arg, sync sync_mode,
+                 bool primary, action_struct * payload)
+{
+    action_struct cur;
+    int xbound;
+    int ybound;
+    rgba chromakey;
+    int x, y;
+    float * image_buf = NULL;
+    bool inverse_chroma = false;
+    bool has_chroma = false;
+    bool same_image = false;
+
+    constrain_boundaries(&cx1, &cy1, &cx2, &cy2, splice_tex->width, splice_tex->height);
+    xbound = cx2 - cx1 + 1;
+    ybound = cy2 - cy1 + 1;
+
+    draw_prologue(&cur, tex, x0, y0,
+                  x0 + xbound, y0 + ybound, &hash_arg, sync_mode, primary, &payload);
+
+
+    if(has_optional_hash_arg(hash_arg, "chroma_key")) {
+        VALUE c = get_from_hash(hash_arg, "chroma_key");
+        chromakey = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(c);
+        has_chroma = true;
+    }
+    else if(has_optional_hash_arg(hash_arg, "chroma_key_not")) {
+        chromakey = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(get_from_hash(hash_arg, "chroma_key_not"));
+        inverse_chroma = true;
+        has_chroma = true;
+    }
+
+    if(splice_tex->image == tex->image)
+        same_image = true;
+
+    /* NB: we do not use this in the general case since it's almost 1.5 times as slow.
+       It is necessary for splicing from/to the same region of pixels though.
+    */
+    if(same_image) 
+        image_buf = get_image_chunk(splice_tex, cx1, cy1, cx2, cy2);
+    
+    for(y = 0; y < ybound; y++)
+        for(x = 0; x < xbound; x++) {
+            
+            if(!same_image)
+                payload->color = get_pixel_color(splice_tex, cx1 + x, cy1 + y);
+            else 
+                payload->color = get_pixel_color_from_chunk(image_buf, xbound, ybound, x, y);
+                
+            if(has_chroma) {
+                bool chroma_match = cmp_color(payload->color, chromakey);
+                
+                /* look at released 0.2.0 code to see how USED to do this.
+                   this is now a simplified boolean expression */
+                if(chroma_match == inverse_chroma)
+                    set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x0 + x, y0 + y);
+            }
+            else
+                set_pixel_color_with_style(payload, tex, x0 + x, y0 + y);
+        }
+
+    if(same_image)
+        free(image_buf);
+
+    draw_epilogue(&cur, tex, primary);
+}
+/** end splice **/
+
+static void
+initialize_action_struct(action_struct * cur, VALUE hash_arg, sync sync_mode)
+{
+    /* initialize action-struct to default values */
+    cur->sync_mode = sync_mode;
+    cur->hash_arg = hash_arg;
+
+    cur->color = convert_image_local_color_to_rgba(cur->tex->image);
+    cur->pen.has_color_control_proc = false;
+    cur->pen.has_color_control_transform = false;
+    cur->pen.has_source_texture = false;
+    cur->pen.alpha_blend = false;
+
+    /* set static color control transformations to defaults */
+    cur->pen.color_mult.red = 1.0;
+    cur->pen.color_mult.green = 1.0;
+    cur->pen.color_mult.blue = 1.0;
+    cur->pen.color_mult.alpha = 1.0;
+
+    cur->pen.color_add.red = 0.0;
+    cur->pen.color_add.green = 0.0;
+    cur->pen.color_add.blue = 0.0;
+    cur->pen.color_add.alpha = 0.0;
+}
+    
+/* TODO: fix this function below, it's too ugly and bulky and weird **/
+static void
+process_common_hash_args(action_struct * cur, VALUE * hash_arg, sync sync_mode, bool primary)
+{
+    
+    VALUE user_defaults;  
+    VALUE hash_blend;
+
+
+    /* if a hash doesn't exist then create one */
+    if(!is_a_hash(*hash_arg)) 
+        *hash_arg = rb_hash_new();
+
+    /* init the action to default values */
+    initialize_action_struct(cur, *hash_arg, sync_mode);
+
+    /* get the user default options & merge with given options */
+    user_defaults = get_image_local(cur->tex->image, USER_DEFAULTS);
+    hash_blend = rb_funcall(user_defaults, rb_intern("merge"), 1, *hash_arg);
+    rb_funcall(*hash_arg, rb_intern("merge!"), 1, hash_blend);
+
+    if(has_optional_hash_arg(*hash_arg, "color")) {
+        VALUE c = get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "color");
+        cur->color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(c);
+        if(c == string2sym("random")) {
+            set_hash_value(*hash_arg, "color", convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&cur->color));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* shadows */
+    if(RTEST(get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "shadow"))) {
+        cur->pen.color_mult.red = 0.66;
+        cur->pen.color_mult.green = 0.66;
+        cur->pen.color_mult.blue = 0.66;
+        cur->pen.color_mult.alpha = 1;
+
+        cur->pen.has_color_control_transform = true;
+    }
+    
+    /* sync mode */
+    if(has_optional_hash_arg(*hash_arg, "sync_mode")) {
+        VALUE user_sync_mode = get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "sync_mode");
+
+        Check_Type(user_sync_mode, T_SYMBOL);
+        
+        if(user_sync_mode == string2sym("lazy_sync"))
+            cur->sync_mode = lazy_sync;
+        else if(user_sync_mode == string2sym("eager_sync"))
+            cur->sync_mode = eager_sync;
+        else if(user_sync_mode == string2sym("no_sync"))
+            cur->sync_mode = no_sync;
+        else
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unrecognized sync mode: %s\n. Allowable modes are "
+                     ":lazy_sync, :eager_sync, :no_sync.",
+                     sym2string(user_sync_mode));
+
+        delete_from_hash(*hash_arg, "sync_mode");
+        
+    }
+
+    /* process the color_control block or transform (if there is one) */
+    prepare_color_control(cur);
+
+    /* process the filling texture (if there is one) */
+    prepare_fill_texture(cur);
+
+    /* does the user want to blend alpha values ? */
+    if(get_from_hash(*hash_arg, "alpha_blend") == Qtrue)
+        cur->pen.alpha_blend = true;
+
+}
+
+static void
+update_lazy_bounds(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex)
+{
+    
+    /* only update global bounds if we're doing a lazy_sync */
+    if(cur->sync_mode == lazy_sync) {
+        int xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax;
+        VALUE lazy_bounds;
+
+        lazy_bounds = get_image_local(tex->image, LAZY_BOUNDS);
+
+        xmin = INT2FIX(MIN(cur->xmin, FIX2INT(get_from_array(lazy_bounds, 0))));
+        ymin = INT2FIX(MIN(cur->ymin, FIX2INT(get_from_array(lazy_bounds, 1))));
+        xmax = INT2FIX(MAX(cur->xmax, FIX2INT(get_from_array(lazy_bounds, 2))));
+        ymax = INT2FIX(MAX(cur->ymax, FIX2INT(get_from_array(lazy_bounds, 3))));
+
+        set_array_value(lazy_bounds, 0, xmin);
+        set_array_value(lazy_bounds, 1, ymin);
+        set_array_value(lazy_bounds, 2, xmax);
+        set_array_value(lazy_bounds, 3, ymax);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+update_bounds(action_struct * cur, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax)
+{
+    if(xmin > xmax) SWAP(xmin, xmax);
+    if(ymin > ymax) SWAP(ymin, ymax);
+    
+    cur->xmin = MIN(cur->xmin, xmin);
+    cur->ymin = MIN(cur->ymin, ymin);
+    cur->xmax = MAX(cur->xmax, xmax);
+    cur->ymax = MAX(cur->ymax, ymax);
+}
+
+static void
+set_local_bounds(action_struct * cur, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax, texture_info * tex)
+{
+    if(cur->sync_mode == no_sync)
+        return;
+
+    /* local bounds used by both eager_sync and lazy_sync: */
+    
+    /* eager sync: to demarcate precise area to sync to opengl */
+    /* lazy sync: to update global bounds */
+    cur->xmin = xmin;
+    cur->ymin = ymin;
+    cur->xmax = xmax;
+    cur->ymax = ymax;
+}
+
+static void
+draw_prologue(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, int xmin, int ymin, int xmax, int ymax,
+              VALUE * hash_arg, sync sync_mode, bool primary, action_struct ** payload_ptr)
+{
+    if(!primary) return;
+
+    /* set the payload pointer */
+    *payload_ptr = cur;
+    
+    /* not too happy about having this here, look at texplay.h for why */
+    cur->tex = tex;
+    
+    process_common_hash_args(cur, hash_arg, sync_mode, primary);
+    
+    set_local_bounds(cur, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, tex);
+}
+
+void
+draw_epilogue(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, bool primary)
+{
+    /* only primary actions get sync'd */
+    if(!primary) return;
+    
+    switch(cur->sync_mode) {
+
+        /* do not sync */
+    case no_sync:
+        return;
+        break;
+
+        /* sync immediately */
+    case eager_sync:
+        create_subtexture_and_sync_to_gl(IMAGE_BOUNDS(cur), tex);
+        break;
+
+        /* sync later (at end of paint block?) */
+    case lazy_sync:
+        update_lazy_bounds(cur, tex);
+        break;
+        
+    default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+                 "sync_mode may only be: lazy_sync, eager_sync, no_sync. got %d\n", cur->sync_mode);
+    }
+}
+
+/* set action color to return value of color_control proc */
+static void
+prepare_color_control(action_struct * cur)
+{
+
+    if(is_a_hash(cur->hash_arg)) {
+        VALUE try_val = get_from_hash(cur->hash_arg, "color_control");
+        
+        if(rb_respond_to(try_val, rb_intern("call"))) {
+            cur->pen.color_control_proc = try_val;
+            cur->pen.color_control_arity = FIX2INT(rb_funcall(try_val, rb_intern("arity"), 0));
+            cur->pen.has_color_control_proc = true;
+        }
+        else if(is_a_hash(try_val)) {
+            VALUE try_add = get_from_hash(try_val, "add");
+            VALUE try_mult = get_from_hash(try_val, "mult");
+
+            if(is_an_array(try_add)) {
+                if(RARRAY_LEN(try_add) < 4)
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":color_control transform :add needs 4 parameters");
+                
+                cur->pen.color_add.red = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(try_add, 0));
+                cur->pen.color_add.green = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(try_add, 1));
+                cur->pen.color_add.blue = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(try_add, 2));
+                cur->pen.color_add.alpha = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(try_add, 3));
+
+                cur->pen.has_color_control_transform = true;
+            }
+            if(is_an_array(try_mult)) {
+                if(RARRAY_LEN(try_mult) < 4)
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, ":color_control transform :mult needs 4 parameters");
+
+                cur->pen.color_mult.red = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(try_mult, 0));
+                cur->pen.color_mult.green = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(try_mult, 1));
+                cur->pen.color_mult.blue = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(try_mult, 2));
+                cur->pen.color_mult.alpha = NUM2DBL(get_from_array(try_mult, 3));
+
+                cur->pen.has_color_control_transform = true;
+            }
+                
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static rgba 
+exec_color_control_proc(action_struct * cur, texture_info * tex, int x, int y, rgba blended_pixel)
+{
+    int arity = cur->pen.color_control_arity;
+    VALUE proc = cur->pen.color_control_proc;
+    rgba old_color = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+    rgba current_color = blended_pixel;
+    rgba new_color;
+
+    if(!cur->pen.has_color_control_proc)
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "needs a proc");
+
+    switch(arity) {
+    case -1:
+    case 0:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), 0));
+        break;
+        
+    case 1:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), arity,
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&old_color)));
+        break;
+            
+    case 2:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), arity,
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&old_color),
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&current_color)));
+        break;
+            
+    case 3:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), arity,
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&old_color),
+                                                        INT2FIX(x), INT2FIX(y)));
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        new_color = convert_rb_color_to_rgba(rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), arity,
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&old_color),
+                                                        convert_rgba_to_rb_color(&current_color),
+                                                        INT2FIX(x), INT2FIX(y)));
+        break;
+    default:
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "permissible arities for color_control proc are 1, 2, 3  and 4. Got %d\n",
+                 arity);
+    }
+        
+    /* update the action color */
+    return new_color;
+}
+
+static void
+prepare_fill_texture(action_struct * payload)
+{
+    if(is_a_hash(payload->hash_arg)) {
+        VALUE try_image = get_from_hash(payload->hash_arg, "texture");
+        if(is_gosu_image(try_image)) {
+
+            get_texture_info(try_image, &payload->pen.source_tex);
+            payload->pen.has_source_texture = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+/* TODO: reimplement using SSE2 */
+static rgba
+apply_color_control_transform(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y)
+                              
+{
+    rgba transformed_color;
+    
+    transformed_color = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+        
+    transformed_color.red += payload->pen.color_add.red; 
+    transformed_color.green += payload->pen.color_add.green; 
+    transformed_color.blue += payload->pen.color_add.blue; 
+    transformed_color.alpha += payload->pen.color_add.alpha;
+
+    transformed_color.red *= payload->pen.color_mult.red; 
+    transformed_color.green *= payload->pen.color_mult.green; 
+    transformed_color.blue *= payload->pen.color_mult.blue; 
+    transformed_color.alpha *= payload->pen.color_mult.alpha;
+
+    return transformed_color;
+}
+
+static rgba
+apply_alpha_blend(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y, rgba blended_pixel)
+{
+    rgba dest_pixel = get_pixel_color(tex, x, y);
+    rgba finished_pixel;
+
+
+    if(not_a_color(blended_pixel))
+        return blended_pixel;
+    
+    /* alpha blending is nothing more than a weighted average of src and dest pixels
+       based on source alpha value */
+    /* NB: destination alpha value is ignored */
+
+    /** TO DO: rewrite this using sse2 instructions **/
+    finished_pixel.red = blended_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.red + (1 - blended_pixel.alpha)
+        * dest_pixel.red;
+
+    finished_pixel.green = blended_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.green + (1 - blended_pixel.alpha)
+        * dest_pixel.green;
+
+    finished_pixel.blue = blended_pixel.alpha * blended_pixel.blue + (1 - blended_pixel.alpha)
+        * dest_pixel.blue;
+
+    finished_pixel.alpha = blended_pixel.alpha;
+    
+
+    return finished_pixel;
+}
+
+static void
+set_pixel_color_with_style(action_struct * payload, texture_info * tex, int x, int y)
+{
+
+    rgba blended_pixel;
+
+    blended_pixel = payload->color;
+
+    /* for color_control transform */
+    if(payload->pen.has_color_control_transform)
+        blended_pixel = apply_color_control_transform(payload, tex, x, y);
+    
+    /*    for texture fill  */
+    if(payload->pen.has_source_texture)
+        blended_pixel = get_pixel_color(&payload->pen.source_tex,
+                                         x % payload->pen.source_tex.width,
+                                         y % payload->pen.source_tex.height);
+
+    /* for color_control block */
+    if(payload->pen.has_color_control_proc)
+        blended_pixel = exec_color_control_proc(payload, tex, x,  y, blended_pixel);
+    
+
+    /*  TO DO: do bitwise pixel combinations here */
+    
+    /*  TO DO: refactor into its own helper function
+        & rewrite using sse2 */
+    if(payload->pen.alpha_blend)
+        blended_pixel = apply_alpha_blend(payload, tex, x,  y, blended_pixel);
+    
+
+    set_pixel_color(&blended_pixel, tex, x, y);
+}
+