tdiary 5.2.4 → 5.3.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/3.1.0/gems/sequel-5.62.0/lib/sequel/dataset/sql.rb

@@ -1,1815 +0,0 @@
-# frozen-string-literal: true
-
-module Sequel
-  class Dataset
-    # ---------------------
-    # :section: 3 - User Methods relating to SQL Creation
-    # These are methods you can call to see what SQL will be generated by the dataset.
-    # ---------------------
-    
-    # Returns an EXISTS clause for the dataset as an SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.
-    #
-    #   DB.select(1).where(DB[:items].exists)
-    #   # SELECT 1 WHERE (EXISTS (SELECT * FROM items))
-    def exists
-      SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.new(EXISTS, [self], true)
-    end
-    
-    # Returns an INSERT SQL query string.  See +insert+.
-    #
-    #   DB[:items].insert_sql(a: 1)
-    #   # => "INSERT INTO items (a) VALUES (1)"
-    def insert_sql(*values)
-      return static_sql(@opts[:sql]) if @opts[:sql]
-
-      check_insert_allowed!
-
-      columns, values = _parse_insert_sql_args(values)
-      if values.is_a?(Array) && values.empty? && !insert_supports_empty_values? 
-        columns, values = insert_empty_columns_values
-      elsif values.is_a?(Dataset) && hoist_cte?(values) && supports_cte?(:insert)
-        ds, values = hoist_cte(values)
-        return ds.clone(:columns=>columns, :values=>values).send(:_insert_sql)
-      end
-      clone(:columns=>columns, :values=>values).send(:_insert_sql)
-    end
-
-    # Append a literal representation of a value to the given SQL string.
-    # 
-    # If an unsupported object is given, an +Error+ is raised.
-    def literal_append(sql, v)
-      case v
-      when Symbol
-        if skip_symbol_cache?
-          literal_symbol_append(sql, v)
-        else 
-          unless l = db.literal_symbol(v)
-            l = String.new
-            literal_symbol_append(l, v)
-            db.literal_symbol_set(v, l)
-          end
-          sql << l
-        end
-      when String
-        case v
-        when LiteralString
-          sql << v
-        when SQL::Blob
-          literal_blob_append(sql, v)
-        else
-          literal_string_append(sql, v)
-        end
-      when Integer
-        sql << literal_integer(v)
-      when Hash
-        literal_hash_append(sql, v)
-      when SQL::Expression
-        literal_expression_append(sql, v)
-      when Float
-        sql << literal_float(v)
-      when BigDecimal
-        sql << literal_big_decimal(v)
-      when NilClass
-        sql << literal_nil
-      when TrueClass
-        sql << literal_true
-      when FalseClass
-        sql << literal_false
-      when Array
-        literal_array_append(sql, v)
-      when Time
-        v.is_a?(SQLTime) ? literal_sqltime_append(sql, v) : literal_time_append(sql, v)
-      when DateTime
-        literal_datetime_append(sql, v)
-      when Date
-        sql << literal_date(v)
-      when Dataset
-        literal_dataset_append(sql, v)
-      else
-        literal_other_append(sql, v)
-      end
-    end
-    
-    # The SQL to use for the MERGE statement.
-    def merge_sql
-      raise Error, "This database doesn't support MERGE" unless supports_merge?
-      if sql = opts[:sql]
-        return static_sql(sql)
-      end
-      if sql = cache_get(:_merge_sql)
-        return sql
-      end
-      source, join_condition = @opts[:merge_using]
-      raise Error, "No USING clause for MERGE" unless source
-      sql = @opts[:append_sql] || sql_string_origin
-
-      select_with_sql(sql)
-      sql << "MERGE INTO "
-      source_list_append(sql, @opts[:from])
-      sql << " USING "
-      identifier_append(sql, source)
-      sql << " ON "
-      literal_append(sql, join_condition)
-      _merge_when_sql(sql)
-      cache_set(:_merge_sql, sql) if cache_sql?
-      sql
-    end
-
-    # Returns an array of insert statements for inserting multiple records.
-    # This method is used by +multi_insert+ to format insert statements and
-    # expects a keys array and and an array of value arrays.
-    def multi_insert_sql(columns, values)
-      case multi_insert_sql_strategy
-      when :values
-        sql = LiteralString.new('VALUES ')
-        expression_list_append(sql, values.map{|r| Array(r)})
-        [insert_sql(columns, sql)]
-      when :union
-        c = false
-        sql = LiteralString.new
-        u = ' UNION ALL SELECT '
-        f = empty_from_sql
-        values.each do |v|
-          if c
-            sql << u
-          else
-            sql << 'SELECT '
-            c = true
-          end
-          expression_list_append(sql, v)
-          sql << f if f
-        end
-        [insert_sql(columns, sql)]
-      else
-        values.map{|r| insert_sql(columns, r)}
-      end
-    end
-    
-    # Same as +select_sql+, not aliased directly to make subclassing simpler.
-    def sql
-      select_sql
-    end
-    
-    # Returns a TRUNCATE SQL query string.  See +truncate+
-    #
-    #   DB[:items].truncate_sql # => 'TRUNCATE items'
-    def truncate_sql
-      if opts[:sql]
-        static_sql(opts[:sql])
-      else
-        check_truncation_allowed!
-        check_not_limited!(:truncate)
-        raise(InvalidOperation, "Can't truncate filtered datasets") if opts[:where] || opts[:having]
-        t = String.new
-        source_list_append(t, opts[:from])
-        _truncate_sql(t)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Formats an UPDATE statement using the given values.  See +update+.
-    #
-    #   DB[:items].update_sql(price: 100, category: 'software')
-    #   # => "UPDATE items SET price = 100, category = 'software'
-    #
-    # Raises an +Error+ if the dataset is grouped or includes more
-    # than one table.
-    def update_sql(values = OPTS)
-      return static_sql(opts[:sql]) if opts[:sql]
-      check_update_allowed!
-      check_not_limited!(:update)
-
-      case values
-      when LiteralString
-        # nothing
-      when String
-        raise Error, "plain string passed to Dataset#update is not supported, use Sequel.lit to use a literal string"
-      end
-
-      clone(:values=>values).send(:_update_sql)
-    end
-    
-    # ---------------------
-    # :section: 9 - Internal Methods relating to SQL Creation
-    # These methods, while public, are not designed to be used directly by the end user.
-    # ---------------------
-    
-    # Given a type (e.g. select) and an array of clauses,
-    # return an array of methods to call to build the SQL string.
-    def self.clause_methods(type, clauses)
-      clauses.map{|clause| :"#{type}_#{clause}_sql"}.freeze
-    end
-
-    # Define a dataset literalization method for the given type in the given module,
-    # using the given clauses.
-    #
-    # Arguments:
-    # mod :: Module in which to define method
-    # type :: Type of SQL literalization method to create, either :select, :insert, :update, or :delete
-    # clauses :: array of clauses that make up the SQL query for the type.  This can either be a single
-    #            array of symbols/strings, or it can be an array of pairs, with the first element in
-    #            each pair being an if/elsif/else code fragment, and the second element in each pair
-    #            being an array of symbol/strings for the appropriate branch.
-    def self.def_sql_method(mod, type, clauses)
-      priv = type == :update || type == :insert
-      cacheable = type == :select || type == :delete
-
-      lines = []
-      lines << 'private' if priv
-      lines << "def #{'_' if priv}#{type}_sql"
-      lines << 'if sql = opts[:sql]; return static_sql(sql) end' unless priv
-      lines << "if sql = cache_get(:_#{type}_sql); return sql end" if cacheable
-      lines << 'check_delete_allowed!' << 'check_not_limited!(:delete)' if type == :delete
-      lines << 'sql = @opts[:append_sql] || sql_string_origin'
-
-      if clauses.all?{|c| c.is_a?(Array)}
-        clauses.each do |i, cs|
-          lines << i
-          lines.concat(clause_methods(type, cs).map{|x| "#{x}(sql)"}) 
-        end 
-        lines << 'end'
-      else
-        lines.concat(clause_methods(type, clauses).map{|x| "#{x}(sql)"})
-      end
-
-      lines << "cache_set(:_#{type}_sql, sql) if cache_sql?" if cacheable
-      lines << 'sql'
-      lines << 'end'
-
-      mod.class_eval lines.join("\n"), __FILE__, __LINE__
-    end
-
-    def_sql_method(self, :delete, %w'delete from where')
-    def_sql_method(self, :insert, %w'insert into columns values')
-    def_sql_method(self, :select, %w'with select distinct columns from join where group having compounds order limit lock')
-    def_sql_method(self, :update, %w'update table set where')
-
-    WILDCARD = LiteralString.new('*').freeze
-    COUNT_OF_ALL_AS_COUNT = SQL::Function.new(:count, WILDCARD).as(:count)
-    DEFAULT = LiteralString.new('DEFAULT').freeze
-
-    EXISTS = ['EXISTS '.freeze].freeze
-    BITWISE_METHOD_MAP = {:& =>:BITAND, :| => :BITOR, :^ => :BITXOR}.freeze
-    COUNT_FROM_SELF_OPTS = [:distinct, :group, :sql, :limit, :offset, :compounds].freeze
-    IS_LITERALS = {nil=>'NULL'.freeze, true=>'TRUE'.freeze, false=>'FALSE'.freeze}.freeze
-    QUALIFY_KEYS = [:select, :where, :having, :order, :group].freeze
-
-    IS_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::IS_OPERATORS
-    LIKE_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::LIKE_OPERATORS
-    N_ARITY_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::N_ARITY_OPERATORS
-    TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS
-    REGEXP_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::REGEXP_OPERATORS
-
-    [:literal, :quote_identifier, :quote_schema_table].each do |meth|
-      class_eval(<<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        def #{meth}(*args, &block)
-          s = ''.dup
-          #{meth}_append(s, *args, &block)
-          s
-        end
-      END
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of aliased expression to SQL string.
-    def aliased_expression_sql_append(sql, ae)
-      literal_append(sql, ae.expression)
-      as_sql_append(sql, ae.alias, ae.columns)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of array to SQL string.
-    def array_sql_append(sql, a)
-      if a.empty?
-        sql << '(NULL)'
-      else
-        sql << '('
-        expression_list_append(sql, a)
-        sql << ')'
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of boolean constant to SQL string.
-    def boolean_constant_sql_append(sql, constant)
-      if (constant == true || constant == false) && !supports_where_true?
-        sql << (constant == true ? '(1 = 1)' : '(1 = 0)')
-      else
-        literal_append(sql, constant)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of case expression to SQL string.
-    def case_expression_sql_append(sql, ce)
-      sql << '(CASE'
-      if ce.expression?
-        sql << ' '
-        literal_append(sql, ce.expression)
-      end
-      w = " WHEN "
-      t = " THEN "
-      ce.conditions.each do |c,r|
-        sql << w
-        literal_append(sql, c)
-        sql << t
-        literal_append(sql, r)
-      end
-      sql << " ELSE "
-      literal_append(sql, ce.default)
-      sql << " END)"
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of cast expression to SQL string.
-    def cast_sql_append(sql, expr, type)
-      sql << 'CAST('
-      literal_append(sql, expr)
-      sql << ' AS ' << db.cast_type_literal(type).to_s
-      sql << ')'
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of column all selection to SQL string.
-    def column_all_sql_append(sql, ca)
-      qualified_identifier_sql_append(sql, ca.table, WILDCARD)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of complex expression to SQL string.
-    def complex_expression_sql_append(sql, op, args)
-      case op
-      when *IS_OPERATORS
-        r = args[1]
-        if r.nil? || supports_is_true?
-          raise(InvalidOperation, 'Invalid argument used for IS operator') unless val = IS_LITERALS[r]
-          sql << '('
-          literal_append(sql, args[0])
-          sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
-          sql << val << ')'
-        elsif op == :IS
-          complex_expression_sql_append(sql, :"=", args)
-        else
-          complex_expression_sql_append(sql, :OR, [SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:"!=", *args), SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:IS, args[0], nil)])
-        end
-      when :IN, :"NOT IN"
-        cols = args[0]
-        vals = args[1]
-        col_array = true if cols.is_a?(Array)
-        if vals.is_a?(Array)
-          val_array = true
-          empty_val_array = vals == []
-        end
-        if empty_val_array
-          literal_append(sql, empty_array_value(op, cols))
-        elsif col_array
-          if !supports_multiple_column_in?
-            if val_array
-              expr = SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:OR, *vals.to_a.map{|vs| SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(cols.to_a.zip(vs).map{|c, v| [c, v]})})
-              literal_append(sql, op == :IN ? expr : ~expr)
-            else
-              old_vals = vals
-              vals = vals.naked if vals.is_a?(Sequel::Dataset)
-              vals = vals.to_a
-              val_cols = old_vals.columns
-              complex_expression_sql_append(sql, op, [cols, vals.map!{|x| x.values_at(*val_cols)}])
-            end
-          else
-            # If the columns and values are both arrays, use array_sql instead of
-            # literal so that if values is an array of two element arrays, it
-            # will be treated as a value list instead of a condition specifier.
-            sql << '('
-            literal_append(sql, cols)
-            sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
-            if val_array
-              array_sql_append(sql, vals)
-            else
-              literal_append(sql, vals)
-            end
-            sql << ')'
-          end
-        else
-          sql << '('
-          literal_append(sql, cols)
-          sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
-          literal_append(sql, vals)
-          sql << ')'
-        end
-      when :LIKE, :'NOT LIKE'
-        sql << '('
-        literal_append(sql, args[0])
-        sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
-        literal_append(sql, args[1])
-        if requires_like_escape?
-          sql << " ESCAPE "
-          literal_append(sql, "\\")
-        end
-        sql << ')'
-      when :ILIKE, :'NOT ILIKE'
-        complex_expression_sql_append(sql, (op == :ILIKE ? :LIKE : :"NOT LIKE"), args.map{|v| Sequel.function(:UPPER, v)})
-      when :**
-        function_sql_append(sql, Sequel.function(:power, *args))
-      when *TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS
-        if REGEXP_OPERATORS.include?(op) && !supports_regexp?
-          raise InvalidOperation, "Pattern matching via regular expressions is not supported on #{db.database_type}"
-        end
-        sql << '('
-        literal_append(sql, args[0])
-        sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
-        literal_append(sql, args[1])
-        sql << ')'
-      when *N_ARITY_OPERATORS
-        sql << '('
-        c = false
-        op_str = " #{op} "
-        args.each do |a|
-          sql << op_str if c
-          literal_append(sql, a)
-          c ||= true
-        end
-        sql << ')'
-      when :NOT
-        sql << 'NOT '
-        literal_append(sql, args[0])
-      when :NOOP
-        literal_append(sql, args[0])
-      when :'B~'
-        sql << '~'
-        literal_append(sql, args[0])
-      when :extract
-        sql << 'extract(' << args[0].to_s << ' FROM '
-        literal_append(sql, args[1])
-        sql << ')'
-      else
-        raise(InvalidOperation, "invalid operator #{op}")
-      end
-    end
-    
-    # Append literalization of constant to SQL string.
-    def constant_sql_append(sql, constant)
-      sql << constant.to_s
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of delayed evaluation to SQL string,
-    # causing the delayed evaluation proc to be evaluated.
-    def delayed_evaluation_sql_append(sql, delay)
-      # Delayed evaluations are used specifically so the SQL
-      # can differ in subsequent calls, so we definitely don't
-      # want to cache the sql in this case.
-      disable_sql_caching!
-
-      if recorder = @opts[:placeholder_literalizer]
-        recorder.use(sql, lambda{delay.call(self)}, nil)
-      else
-        literal_append(sql, delay.call(self))
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of function call to SQL string.
-    def function_sql_append(sql, f)
-      name = f.name
-      opts = f.opts
-
-      if opts[:emulate]
-        if emulate_function?(name)
-          emulate_function_sql_append(sql, f)
-          return
-        end
-
-        name = native_function_name(name) 
-      end
-
-      sql << 'LATERAL ' if opts[:lateral]
-
-      case name
-      when SQL::Identifier
-        if supports_quoted_function_names? && opts[:quoted]
-          literal_append(sql, name)
-        else
-          sql << name.value.to_s
-        end
-      when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
-        if supports_quoted_function_names? && opts[:quoted] != false
-          literal_append(sql, name)
-        else
-          sql << split_qualifiers(name).join('.')
-        end
-      else
-        if supports_quoted_function_names? && opts[:quoted]
-          quote_identifier_append(sql, name)
-        else
-          sql << name.to_s
-        end
-      end
-
-      sql << '('
-      if filter = opts[:filter]
-        filter = filter_expr(filter, &opts[:filter_block])
-      end
-      if opts[:*]
-        if filter && !supports_filtered_aggregates?
-          literal_append(sql, Sequel.case({filter=>1}, nil))
-          filter = nil
-        else
-          sql <<  '*'
-        end
-      else
-        sql << "DISTINCT " if opts[:distinct]
-        if filter && !supports_filtered_aggregates?
-          expression_list_append(sql, f.args.map{|arg| Sequel.case({filter=>arg}, nil)})
-          filter = nil
-        else
-          expression_list_append(sql, f.args)
-        end
-        if order = opts[:order]
-          sql << " ORDER BY "
-          expression_list_append(sql, order)
-        end
-      end
-      sql << ')'
-
-      if group = opts[:within_group]
-        sql << " WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "
-        expression_list_append(sql, group)
-        sql << ')'
-      end
-
-      if filter
-        sql << " FILTER (WHERE "
-        literal_append(sql, filter)
-        sql << ')'
-      end
-
-      if window = opts[:over]
-        sql << ' OVER '
-        window_sql_append(sql, window.opts)
-      end
-
-      if opts[:with_ordinality]
-        sql << " WITH ORDINALITY"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of JOIN clause without ON or USING to SQL string.
-    def join_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
-      table = jc.table
-      table_alias = jc.table_alias
-      table_alias = nil if table == table_alias && !jc.column_aliases
-      sql << ' ' << join_type_sql(jc.join_type) << ' '
-      identifier_append(sql, table)
-      as_sql_append(sql, table_alias, jc.column_aliases) if table_alias
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of JOIN ON clause to SQL string.
-    def join_on_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
-      join_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
-      sql << ' ON '
-      literal_append(sql, filter_expr(jc.on))
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of JOIN USING clause to SQL string.
-    def join_using_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
-      join_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
-      join_using_clause_using_sql_append(sql, jc.using) 
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of negative boolean constant to SQL string.
-    def negative_boolean_constant_sql_append(sql, constant)
-      sql << 'NOT '
-      boolean_constant_sql_append(sql, constant)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of ordered expression to SQL string.
-    def ordered_expression_sql_append(sql, oe)
-      if emulate = requires_emulating_nulls_first?
-        case oe.nulls
-        when :first
-          null_order = 0
-        when :last
-          null_order = 2
-        end
-
-        if null_order
-          literal_append(sql, Sequel.case({{oe.expression=>nil}=>null_order}, 1))
-          sql << ", "
-        end
-      end
-
-      literal_append(sql, oe.expression)
-      sql << (oe.descending ? ' DESC' : ' ASC')
-
-      unless emulate
-        case oe.nulls
-        when :first
-          sql << " NULLS FIRST"
-        when :last
-          sql << " NULLS LAST"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of placeholder literal string to SQL string.
-    def placeholder_literal_string_sql_append(sql, pls)
-      args = pls.args
-      str = pls.str
-      sql << '(' if pls.parens
-      if args.is_a?(Hash)
-        if args.empty?
-          sql << str
-        else
-          re = /:(#{args.keys.map{|k| Regexp.escape(k.to_s)}.join('|')})\b/
-          while true
-            previous, q, str = str.partition(re)
-            sql << previous
-            literal_append(sql, args[($1||q[1..-1].to_s).to_sym]) unless q.empty?
-            break if str.empty?
-          end
-        end
-      elsif str.is_a?(Array)
-        len = args.length
-        str.each_with_index do |s, i|
-          sql << s
-          literal_append(sql, args[i]) unless i == len
-        end
-        unless str.length == args.length || str.length == args.length + 1
-          raise Error, "Mismatched number of placeholders (#{str.length}) and placeholder arguments (#{args.length}) when using placeholder array"
-        end
-      else
-        i = -1
-        match_len = args.length - 1
-        while true
-          previous, q, str = str.partition('?')
-          sql << previous
-          literal_append(sql, args.at(i+=1)) unless q.empty?
-          if str.empty?
-            unless i == match_len
-              raise Error, "Mismatched number of placeholders (#{i+1}) and placeholder arguments (#{args.length}) when using placeholder string"
-            end
-            break
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      sql << ')' if pls.parens
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of qualified identifier to SQL string.
-    # If 3 arguments are given, the 2nd should be the table/qualifier and the third should be
-    # column/qualified.  If 2 arguments are given, the 2nd should be an SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.
-    def qualified_identifier_sql_append(sql, table, column=(c = table.column; table = table.table; c))
-      identifier_append(sql, table)
-      sql << '.'
-      identifier_append(sql, column)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of unqualified identifier to SQL string.
-    # Adds quoting to identifiers (columns and tables). If identifiers are not
-    # being quoted, returns name as a string.  If identifiers are being quoted
-    # quote the name with quoted_identifier.
-    def quote_identifier_append(sql, name)
-      if name.is_a?(LiteralString)
-        sql << name
-      else
-        name = name.value if name.is_a?(SQL::Identifier)
-        name = input_identifier(name)
-        if quote_identifiers?
-          quoted_identifier_append(sql, name)
-        else
-          sql << name
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of identifier or unqualified identifier to SQL string.
-    def quote_schema_table_append(sql, table)
-      schema, table = schema_and_table(table)
-      if schema
-        quote_identifier_append(sql, schema)
-        sql << '.'
-      end
-      quote_identifier_append(sql, table)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of quoted identifier to SQL string.
-    # This method quotes the given name with the SQL standard double quote. 
-    # should be overridden by subclasses to provide quoting not matching the
-    # SQL standard, such as backtick (used by MySQL and SQLite).
-    def quoted_identifier_append(sql, name)
-      sql << '"' << name.to_s.gsub('"', '""') << '"'
-    end
-
-    # Split the schema information from the table, returning two strings,
-    # one for the schema and one for the table.  The returned schema may
-    # be nil, but the table will always have a string value.
-    #
-    # Note that this function does not handle tables with more than one
-    # level of qualification (e.g. database.schema.table on Microsoft
-    # SQL Server).
-    def schema_and_table(table_name, sch=nil)
-      sch = sch.to_s if sch
-      case table_name
-      when Symbol
-        s, t, _ = split_symbol(table_name)
-        [s||sch, t]
-      when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
-        [table_name.table.to_s, table_name.column.to_s]
-      when SQL::Identifier
-        [sch, table_name.value.to_s]
-      when String
-        [sch, table_name]
-      else
-        raise Error, 'table_name should be a Symbol, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier, SQL::Identifier, or String'
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Splits table_name into an array of strings.
-    #
-    #   ds.split_qualifiers(:s) # ['s']
-    #   ds.split_qualifiers(Sequel[:t][:s]) # ['t', 's']
-    #   ds.split_qualifiers(Sequel[:d][:t][:s]) # ['d', 't', 's']
-    #   ds.split_qualifiers(Sequel.qualify(Sequel[:h][:d], Sequel[:t][:s])) # ['h', 'd', 't', 's']
-    def split_qualifiers(table_name, *args)
-      case table_name
-      when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
-        split_qualifiers(table_name.table, nil) + split_qualifiers(table_name.column, nil)
-      else
-        sch, table = schema_and_table(table_name, *args)
-        sch ? [sch, table] : [table]
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of subscripts (SQL array accesses) to SQL string.
-    def subscript_sql_append(sql, s)
-      case s.expression
-      when Symbol, SQL::Subscript, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
-        # nothing
-      else
-        wrap_expression = true
-        sql << '('
-      end
-      literal_append(sql, s.expression)
-      if wrap_expression
-        sql << ')['
-      else
-        sql << '['
-      end
-      sub = s.sub
-      if sub.length == 1 && (range = sub.first).is_a?(Range)
-        literal_append(sql, range.begin)
-        sql << ':'
-        e = range.end
-        e -= 1 if range.exclude_end? && e.is_a?(Integer)
-        literal_append(sql, e)
-      else
-        expression_list_append(sql, s.sub)
-      end
-      sql << ']'
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of windows (for window functions) to SQL string.
-    def window_sql_append(sql, opts)
-      raise(Error, 'This dataset does not support window functions') unless supports_window_functions?
-      space = false
-      space_s = ' '
-
-      sql << '('
-
-      if window = opts[:window]
-        literal_append(sql, window)
-        space = true
-      end
-
-      if part = opts[:partition]
-        sql << space_s if space
-        sql << "PARTITION BY "
-        expression_list_append(sql, Array(part))
-        space = true
-      end
-
-      if order = opts[:order]
-        sql << space_s if space
-        sql << "ORDER BY "
-        expression_list_append(sql, Array(order))
-        space = true
-      end
-
-      if frame = opts[:frame]
-        sql << space_s if space
-
-        if frame.is_a?(String)
-          sql << frame
-        else
-          case frame
-          when :all
-            frame_type = :rows
-            frame_start = :preceding
-            frame_end = :following
-          when :rows, :range, :groups
-            frame_type = frame
-            frame_start = :preceding
-            frame_end = :current
-          when Hash
-            frame_type = frame[:type]
-            unless frame_type == :rows || frame_type == :range || frame_type == :groups
-              raise Error, "invalid window :frame :type option: #{frame_type.inspect}"
-            end
-            unless frame_start = frame[:start]
-              raise Error, "invalid window :frame :start option: #{frame_start.inspect}"
-            end
-            frame_end = frame[:end]
-            frame_exclude = frame[:exclude]
-          else
-            raise Error, "invalid window :frame option: #{frame.inspect}"
-          end
-
-          sql << frame_type.to_s.upcase << " "
-          sql << 'BETWEEN ' if frame_end
-          window_frame_boundary_sql_append(sql, frame_start, :preceding)
-          if frame_end
-            sql << " AND "
-            window_frame_boundary_sql_append(sql, frame_end, :following)
-          end
-
-          if frame_exclude
-            sql << " EXCLUDE "
-
-            case frame_exclude
-            when :current
-              sql << "CURRENT ROW"
-            when :group
-              sql << "GROUP"
-            when :ties
-              sql << "TIES"
-            when :no_others
-              sql << "NO OTHERS"
-            else
-              raise Error, "invalid window :frame :exclude option: #{frame_exclude.inspect}"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      sql << ')'
-    end
-
-    protected
-
-    # Return a from_self dataset if an order or limit is specified, so it works as expected
-    # with UNION, EXCEPT, and INTERSECT clauses.
-    def compound_from_self
-      (@opts[:sql] || @opts[:limit] || @opts[:order] || @opts[:offset]) ? from_self : self
-    end
-    
-    private
-
-    # Append the INSERT sql used in a MERGE
-    def _merge_insert_sql(sql, data)
-      sql << " THEN INSERT"
-      columns, values = _parse_insert_sql_args(data[:values])
-      _insert_columns_sql(sql, columns)
-      _insert_values_sql(sql, values)
-    end
-
-    def _merge_update_sql(sql, data)
-      sql << " THEN UPDATE SET "
-      update_sql_values_hash(sql, data[:values])
-    end
-
-    def _merge_delete_sql(sql, data)
-      sql << " THEN DELETE"
-    end
-
-    # Mapping of merge types to related SQL
-    MERGE_TYPE_SQL = {
-      :insert => ' WHEN NOT MATCHED',
-      :delete => ' WHEN MATCHED',
-      :update => ' WHEN MATCHED',
-      :matched => ' WHEN MATCHED',
-      :not_matched => ' WHEN NOT MATCHED',
-    }.freeze
-    private_constant :MERGE_TYPE_SQL
-
-    # Add the WHEN clauses to the MERGE SQL
-    def _merge_when_sql(sql)
-      raise Error, "no WHEN [NOT] MATCHED clauses provided for MERGE" unless merge_when = @opts[:merge_when]
-      merge_when.each do |data|
-        type = data[:type]
-        sql << MERGE_TYPE_SQL[type]
-        _merge_when_conditions_sql(sql, data)
-        send(:"_merge_#{type}_sql", sql, data)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append MERGE WHEN conditions, if there are conditions provided.
-    def _merge_when_conditions_sql(sql, data)
-      if data.has_key?(:conditions)
-        sql << " AND "
-        literal_append(sql, data[:conditions])
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Parse the values passed to insert_sql, returning columns and values
-    # to use for the INSERT.  Returned columns is always an array, but can be empty
-    # for an INSERT without explicit column references. Returned values can be an
-    # array, dataset, or literal string.
-    def _parse_insert_sql_args(values)
-      columns = []
-
-      case values.size
-      when 0
-        values = []
-      when 1
-        case vals = values[0]
-        when Hash
-          values = []
-          vals.each do |k,v| 
-            columns << k
-            values << v
-          end
-        when Dataset, Array, LiteralString
-          values = vals
-        end
-      when 2
-        if (v0 = values[0]).is_a?(Array) && ((v1 = values[1]).is_a?(Array) || v1.is_a?(Dataset) || v1.is_a?(LiteralString))
-          columns, values = v0, v1
-          raise(Error, "Different number of values and columns given to insert_sql") if values.is_a?(Array) and columns.length != values.length
-        end
-      end
-
-      [columns, values]
-    end
-
-    # Formats the truncate statement.  Assumes the table given has already been
-    # literalized.
-    def _truncate_sql(table)
-      "TRUNCATE TABLE #{table}"
-    end
-
-    # Returns an appropriate symbol for the alias represented by s.
-    def alias_alias_symbol(s)
-      case s
-      when Symbol
-        s
-      when String
-        s.to_sym
-      when SQL::Identifier
-        s.value.to_s.to_sym
-      else
-        raise Error, "Invalid alias for alias_alias_symbol: #{s.inspect}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Returns an appropriate alias symbol for the given object, which can be
-    # a Symbol, String, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier, or
-    # SQL::AliasedExpression.
-    def alias_symbol(sym)
-      case sym
-      when Symbol
-        s, t, a = split_symbol(sym)
-        a || s ? (a || t).to_sym : sym
-      when String
-        sym.to_sym
-      when SQL::Identifier
-        sym.value.to_s.to_sym
-      when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
-        alias_symbol(sym.column)
-      when SQL::AliasedExpression
-        alias_alias_symbol(sym.alias)
-      else
-        raise Error, "Invalid alias for alias_symbol: #{sym.inspect}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Clone of this dataset usable in aggregate operations.  Does
-    # a from_self if dataset contains any parameters that would
-    # affect normal aggregation, or just removes an existing
-    # order if not. Also removes the row_proc, which isn't needed
-    # for aggregate calculations.
-    def aggregate_dataset
-      (options_overlap(COUNT_FROM_SELF_OPTS) ? from_self : unordered).naked
-    end
-
-    # Append aliasing expression to SQL string.
-    def as_sql_append(sql, aliaz, column_aliases=nil)
-      sql << ' AS '
-      quote_identifier_append(sql, aliaz)
-      if column_aliases
-        raise Error, "#{db.database_type} does not support derived column lists" unless supports_derived_column_lists?
-        sql << '('
-        identifier_list_append(sql, column_aliases)
-        sql << ')'
-      end
-    end
-    
-    # Don't allow caching SQL if specifically marked not to.
-    def cache_sql?
-      !@opts[:no_cache_sql] && !cache_get(:_no_cache_sql)
-    end
-
-    # Raise an InvalidOperation exception if modification is not allowed for this dataset.
-    # Check whether it is allowed to insert into this dataset.
-    # Only for backwards compatibility with older external adapters.
-    def check_modification_allowed!
-      # SEQUEL6: Remove
-      Sequel::Deprecation.deprecate("Dataset#check_modification_allowed!", "Use check_{insert,delete,update,truncation}_allowed! instead")
-      _check_modification_allowed!(supports_modifying_joins?)
-    end
-
-    # Check whether it is allowed to insert into this dataset.
-    def check_insert_allowed!
-      _check_modification_allowed!(false)
-    end
-    alias check_truncation_allowed! check_insert_allowed!
-
-    # Check whether it is allowed to delete from this dataset.
-    def check_delete_allowed!
-      _check_modification_allowed!(supports_deleting_joins?)
-    end
-
-    # Check whether it is allowed to update this dataset.
-    def check_update_allowed!
-      _check_modification_allowed!(supports_updating_joins?)
-    end
-
-    # Internals of the check_*_allowed! methods
-    def _check_modification_allowed!(modifying_joins_supported)
-      raise(InvalidOperation, "Grouped datasets cannot be modified") if opts[:group]
-      raise(InvalidOperation, "Joined datasets cannot be modified") if !modifying_joins_supported && joined_dataset?
-    end
-
-    # Raise error if the dataset uses limits or offsets.
-    def check_not_limited!(type)
-      return if @opts[:skip_limit_check] && type != :truncate
-      raise InvalidOperation, "Dataset##{type} not supported on datasets with limits or offsets" if opts[:limit] || opts[:offset]
-    end
-
-    # Append column list to SQL string.
-    # If the column list is empty, a wildcard (*) is appended.
-    def column_list_append(sql, columns)
-      if (columns.nil? || columns.empty?)
-        sql << '*'
-      else
-        expression_list_append(sql, columns)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Yield each pair of arguments to the block, which should
-    # return an object representing the SQL expression for those
-    # two arguments.  For more than two arguments, the first
-    # argument to the block will be result of the previous block call.
-    def complex_expression_arg_pairs(args)
-      case args.length
-      when 1
-        args[0]
-      when 2
-        yield args[0], args[1]
-      else
-        args.inject{|m, a| yield(m, a)}
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append the literalization of the args using complex_expression_arg_pairs
-    # to the given SQL string, used when database operator/function is 2-ary
-    # where Sequel expression is N-ary.
-    def complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args, &block)
-      literal_append(sql, complex_expression_arg_pairs(args, &block))
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of complex expression to SQL string, for
-    # operators unsupported by some databases. Used by adapters for databases
-    # that don't support the operators natively.
-    def complex_expression_emulate_append(sql, op, args)
-      # :nocov:
-      case op
-      # :nocov:
-      when :%
-        complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args){|a, b| Sequel.function(:MOD, a, b)}
-      when :>>
-        complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args){|a, b| Sequel./(a, Sequel.function(:power, 2, b))}
-      when :<<
-        complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args){|a, b| Sequel.*(a, Sequel.function(:power, 2, b))}
-      when :&, :|, :^
-        f = BITWISE_METHOD_MAP[op]
-        complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args){|a, b| Sequel.function(f, a, b)}
-      when :'B~'
-        sql << "((0 - "
-        literal_append(sql, args[0])
-        sql << ") - 1)"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of dataset used in UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT clause to SQL string.
-    def compound_dataset_sql_append(sql, ds)
-      subselect_sql_append(sql, ds)
-    end
-
-    # The alias to use for datasets, takes a number to make sure the name is unique.
-    def dataset_alias(number)
-      :"t#{number}"
-    end
-    
-    # The strftime format to use when literalizing the time.
-    def default_timestamp_format
-      requires_sql_standard_datetimes? ? "TIMESTAMP '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%N%z'" : "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%N%z'"
-    end
-
-    def delete_delete_sql(sql)
-      sql << 'DELETE'
-    end
-
-    def delete_from_sql(sql)
-      if f = @opts[:from]
-        sql << ' FROM '
-        source_list_append(sql, f)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Disable caching of SQL for the current dataset
-    def disable_sql_caching!
-      cache_set(:_no_cache_sql, true)
-    end
-
-    # An SQL FROM clause to use in SELECT statements where the dataset has
-    # no from tables.
-    def empty_from_sql
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Whether to emulate the function with the given name.  This should only be true
-    # if the emulation goes beyond choosing a function with a different name.
-    def emulate_function?(name)
-      false
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of array of expressions to SQL string, separating them
-    # with commas.
-    def expression_list_append(sql, columns)
-      c = false
-      co = ', '
-      columns.each do |col|
-        sql << co if c
-        literal_append(sql, col)
-        c ||= true
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of array of grouping elements to SQL string, seperating them with commas.
-    def grouping_element_list_append(sql, columns)
-      c = false
-      co = ', '
-      columns.each do |col|
-        sql << co if c
-        if col.is_a?(Array) && col.empty?
-          sql << '()'
-        else
-          literal_append(sql, Array(col))
-        end
-        c ||= true
-      end
-    end
-
-    # An expression for how to handle an empty array lookup.
-    def empty_array_value(op, cols)
-      {1 => ((op == :IN) ? 0 : 1)}
-    end
-    
-    # Format the timestamp based on the default_timestamp_format, with a couple
-    # of modifiers.  First, allow %N to be used for fractions seconds (if the
-    # database supports them), and override %z to always use a numeric offset
-    # of hours and minutes.
-    def format_timestamp(v)
-      v2 = db.from_application_timestamp(v)
-      fmt = default_timestamp_format.gsub(/%[Nz]/) do |m|
-        if m == '%N'
-          # Ruby 1.9 supports %N in timestamp formats, but Sequel has supported %N
-          # for longer in a different way, where the . is already appended and only 6
-          # decimal places are used by default.
-          format_timestamp_usec(v.is_a?(DateTime) ? v.sec_fraction*(1000000) : v.usec) if supports_timestamp_usecs?
-        else
-          if supports_timestamp_timezones?
-            # Would like to just use %z format, but it doesn't appear to work on Windows
-            # Instead, the offset fragment is constructed manually
-            minutes = (v2.is_a?(DateTime) ? v2.offset * 1440 : v2.utc_offset/60).to_i
-            format_timestamp_offset(*minutes.divmod(60))
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      v2.strftime(fmt)
-    end
-    
-    # Return the SQL timestamp fragment to use for the timezone offset.
-    def format_timestamp_offset(hour, minute)
-      sprintf("%+03i%02i", hour, minute)
-    end
-
-    # Return the SQL timestamp fragment to use for the fractional time part.
-    # Should start with the decimal point.  Uses 6 decimal places by default.
-    def format_timestamp_usec(usec, ts=timestamp_precision)
-      unless ts == 6
-        usec = usec/(10 ** (6 - ts))
-      end
-      sprintf(".%0#{ts}d", usec)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of identifier to SQL string, considering regular strings
-    # as SQL identifiers instead of SQL strings.
-    def identifier_append(sql, v)
-      if v.is_a?(String)
-        case v
-        when LiteralString
-          sql << v
-        when SQL::Blob
-          literal_append(sql, v)
-        else
-          quote_identifier_append(sql, v)
-        end
-      else
-        literal_append(sql, v)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of array of identifiers to SQL string.
-    def identifier_list_append(sql, args)
-      c = false
-      comma = ', '
-      args.each do |a|
-        sql << comma if c
-        identifier_append(sql, a)
-        c ||= true
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Upcase identifiers by default when inputting them into the database.
-    def input_identifier(v)
-      v.to_s.upcase
-    end
-
-    def insert_into_sql(sql)
-      sql << " INTO "
-      if (f = @opts[:from]) && f.length == 1
-        identifier_append(sql, unaliased_identifier(f.first))
-      else
-        source_list_append(sql, f)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def insert_columns_sql(sql)
-      _insert_columns_sql(sql, opts[:columns])
-    end
-
-    def _insert_columns_sql(sql, columns)
-      if columns && !columns.empty?
-        sql << ' ('
-        identifier_list_append(sql, columns)
-        sql << ')'
-      end 
-    end
-
-    # The columns and values to use for an empty insert if the database doesn't support
-    # INSERT with DEFAULT VALUES.
-    def insert_empty_columns_values
-      [[columns.last], [DEFAULT]]
-    end
-    
-    def insert_insert_sql(sql)
-      sql << "INSERT"
-    end
-
-    def insert_values_sql(sql)
-      _insert_values_sql(sql, opts[:values])
-    end
-    
-    def _insert_values_sql(sql, values)
-      case values
-      when Array
-        if values.empty?
-          sql << " DEFAULT VALUES"
-        else
-          sql << " VALUES "
-          literal_append(sql, values)
-        end
-      when Dataset
-        sql << ' '
-        subselect_sql_append(sql, values)
-      when LiteralString
-        sql << ' ' << values
-      else
-        raise Error, "Unsupported INSERT values type, should be an Array or Dataset: #{values.inspect}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def insert_returning_sql(sql)
-      if opts.has_key?(:returning)
-        sql << " RETURNING "
-        column_list_append(sql, Array(opts[:returning]))
-      end
-    end
-    alias delete_returning_sql insert_returning_sql
-    alias update_returning_sql insert_returning_sql
-
-    # SQL fragment specifying a JOIN type, converts underscores to
-    # spaces and upcases.
-    def join_type_sql(join_type)
-      "#{join_type.to_s.gsub('_', ' ').upcase} JOIN"
-    end
-
-    # Append USING clause for JOIN USING
-    def join_using_clause_using_sql_append(sql, using_columns)
-      sql << ' USING ('
-      column_list_append(sql, using_columns)
-      sql << ')'
-    end
-    
-    # Append a literalization of the array to SQL string.
-    # Treats as an expression if an array of all two pairs, or as a SQL array otherwise.
-    def literal_array_append(sql, v)
-      if Sequel.condition_specifier?(v)
-        literal_expression_append(sql, SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(v))
-      else
-        array_sql_append(sql, v)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for BigDecimal
-    def literal_big_decimal(v)
-      d = v.to_s("F")
-      v.nan? || v.infinite? ?  "'#{d}'" : d
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of SQL::Blob to SQL string.
-    def literal_blob_append(sql, v)
-      literal_string_append(sql, v)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of dataset to SQL string.  Does a subselect inside parantheses.
-    def literal_dataset_append(sql, v)
-      sql << 'LATERAL ' if v.opts[:lateral]
-      sql << '('
-      subselect_sql_append(sql, v)
-      sql << ')'
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for Date, using the ISO8601 format.
-    def literal_date(v)
-      if requires_sql_standard_datetimes?
-        v.strftime("DATE '%Y-%m-%d'")
-      else
-        v.strftime("'%Y-%m-%d'")
-      end
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for DateTime
-    def literal_datetime(v)
-      format_timestamp(v)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of DateTime to SQL string.
-    def literal_datetime_append(sql, v)
-      sql << literal_datetime(v)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of SQL::Expression to SQL string.
-    def literal_expression_append(sql, v)
-      v.to_s_append(self, sql)
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for false
-    def literal_false
-      "'f'"
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for Float
-    def literal_float(v)
-      v.to_s
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of Hash to SQL string, treating hash as a boolean expression.
-    def literal_hash_append(sql, v)
-      literal_expression_append(sql, SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(v))
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for Integer
-    def literal_integer(v)
-      v.to_s
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for nil
-    def literal_nil
-      "NULL"
-    end
-
-    # Append a literalization of the object to the given SQL string.
-    # Calls +sql_literal_append+ if object responds to it, otherwise
-    # calls +sql_literal+ if object responds to it, otherwise raises an error.
-    # If a database specific type is allowed, this should be overriden in a subclass.
-    def literal_other_append(sql, v)
-      # We can't be sure if v will always literalize to the same SQL, so
-      # don't cache SQL for a dataset that uses this.
-      disable_sql_caching!
-
-      if v.respond_to?(:sql_literal_append)
-        v.sql_literal_append(self, sql)
-      elsif v.respond_to?(:sql_literal)
-        sql << v.sql_literal(self)
-      else
-        raise Error, "can't express #{v.inspect} as a SQL literal"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for Sequel::SQLTime, containing just the time part
-    def literal_sqltime(v)
-      v.strftime("'%H:%M:%S#{format_timestamp_usec(v.usec, sqltime_precision) if supports_timestamp_usecs?}'")
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of Sequel::SQLTime to SQL string.
-    def literal_sqltime_append(sql, v)
-      sql << literal_sqltime(v)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of string to SQL string.
-    def literal_string_append(sql, v)
-      sql << "'" << v.gsub("'", "''") << "'"
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of symbol to SQL string.
-    def literal_symbol_append(sql, v)
-      c_table, column, c_alias = split_symbol(v)
-      if c_table
-        quote_identifier_append(sql, c_table)
-        sql << '.'
-      end
-      quote_identifier_append(sql, column)
-      as_sql_append(sql, c_alias) if c_alias
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for Time
-    def literal_time(v)
-      format_timestamp(v)
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of Time to SQL string.
-    def literal_time_append(sql, v)
-      sql << literal_time(v)
-    end
-
-    # SQL fragment for true
-    def literal_true
-      "'t'"
-    end
-
-    # What strategy to use for import/multi_insert.  While SQL-92 defaults
-    # to allowing multiple rows in a VALUES clause, there are enough databases
-    # that don't allow that that it can't be the default.  Use separate queries
-    # by default, which works everywhere.
-    def multi_insert_sql_strategy
-      :separate
-    end
-
-
-    # Get the native function name given the emulated function name.
-    def native_function_name(emulated_function)
-      emulated_function
-    end
-
-    # Returns a qualified column name (including a table name) if the column
-    # name isn't already qualified.
-    def qualified_column_name(column, table)
-      if column.is_a?(Symbol)
-        c_table, column, _ = split_symbol(column)
-        unless c_table
-          case table
-          when Symbol
-            schema, table, t_alias = split_symbol(table)
-            t_alias ||= Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(schema, table) if schema
-          when Sequel::SQL::AliasedExpression
-            t_alias = table.alias
-          end
-          c_table = t_alias || table
-        end
-        ::Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(c_table, column)
-      else
-        column
-      end
-    end
-    
-    # Qualify the given expression to the given table.
-    def qualified_expression(e, table)
-      Qualifier.new(table).transform(e)
-    end
-
-    def select_columns_sql(sql)
-      sql << ' '
-      column_list_append(sql, @opts[:select])
-    end
-
-    def select_distinct_sql(sql)
-      if distinct = @opts[:distinct]
-        sql << " DISTINCT"
-        unless distinct.empty?
-          sql << " ON ("
-          expression_list_append(sql, distinct)
-          sql << ')'
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Modify the sql to add a dataset to the via an EXCEPT, INTERSECT, or UNION clause.
-    # This uses a subselect for the compound datasets used, because using parantheses doesn't
-    # work on all databases.
-    def select_compounds_sql(sql)
-      return unless c = @opts[:compounds]
-      c.each do |type, dataset, all|
-        sql << ' ' << type.to_s.upcase
-        sql << ' ALL' if all
-        sql << ' '
-        compound_dataset_sql_append(sql, dataset)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def select_from_sql(sql)
-      if f = @opts[:from]
-        sql << ' FROM '
-        source_list_append(sql, f)
-      elsif f = empty_from_sql
-        sql << f
-      end
-    end
-
-    def select_group_sql(sql)
-      if group = @opts[:group]
-        sql << " GROUP BY "
-        if go = @opts[:group_options]
-          if go == :"grouping sets"
-            sql << go.to_s.upcase << '('
-            grouping_element_list_append(sql, group)
-            sql << ')'
-          elsif uses_with_rollup?
-            expression_list_append(sql, group)
-            sql << " WITH " << go.to_s.upcase
-          else
-            sql << go.to_s.upcase << '('
-            expression_list_append(sql, group)
-            sql << ')'
-          end
-        else
-          expression_list_append(sql, group)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def select_having_sql(sql)
-      if having = @opts[:having]
-        sql << " HAVING "
-        literal_append(sql, having)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def select_join_sql(sql)
-      if js = @opts[:join]
-        js.each{|j| literal_append(sql, j)}
-      end
-    end
-
-    def select_limit_sql(sql)
-      if l = @opts[:limit]
-        sql << " LIMIT "
-        literal_append(sql, l)
-        if o = @opts[:offset]
-          sql << " OFFSET "
-          literal_append(sql, o)
-        end
-      elsif @opts[:offset]
-        select_only_offset_sql(sql)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def select_lock_sql(sql)
-      case l = @opts[:lock]
-      when :update
-        sql << ' FOR UPDATE'
-      when String
-        sql << ' ' << l
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Used only if there is an offset and no limit, making it easier to override
-    # in the adapter, as many databases do not support just a plain offset with
-    # no limit.
-    def select_only_offset_sql(sql)
-      sql << " OFFSET "
-      literal_append(sql, @opts[:offset])
-    end
-  
-    def select_order_sql(sql)
-      if o = @opts[:order]
-        sql << " ORDER BY "
-        expression_list_append(sql, o)
-      end
-    end
-    alias delete_order_sql select_order_sql
-    alias update_order_sql select_order_sql
-
-    def select_select_sql(sql)
-      sql << 'SELECT'
-    end
-
-    def select_where_sql(sql)
-      if w = @opts[:where]
-        sql << " WHERE "
-        literal_append(sql, w)
-      end
-    end
-    alias delete_where_sql select_where_sql
-    alias update_where_sql select_where_sql
-    
-    def select_window_sql(sql)
-      if ws = @opts[:window]
-        sql << " WINDOW "
-        c = false
-        co = ', '
-        as = ' AS '
-        ws.map do |name, window|
-          sql << co if c
-          literal_append(sql, name)
-          sql << as
-          literal_append(sql, window)
-          c ||= true
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def select_with_sql(sql)
-      return unless supports_cte?
-      ctes = opts[:with]
-      return if !ctes || ctes.empty?
-      sql << select_with_sql_base
-      c = false
-      comma = ', '
-      ctes.each do |cte|
-        sql << comma if c
-        select_with_sql_cte(sql, cte)
-        c ||= true
-      end
-      sql << ' '
-    end
-    alias delete_with_sql select_with_sql
-    alias insert_with_sql select_with_sql
-    alias update_with_sql select_with_sql
-    
-    def select_with_sql_base
-      "WITH "
-    end
-
-    def select_with_sql_cte(sql, cte)
-      select_with_sql_prefix(sql, cte)
-      literal_dataset_append(sql, cte[:dataset])
-    end
-    
-    def select_with_sql_prefix(sql, w)
-      quote_identifier_append(sql, w[:name])
-      if args = w[:args]
-       sql << '('
-       identifier_list_append(sql, args)
-       sql << ')'
-      end
-      sql << ' AS '
-
-      case w[:materialized]
-      when true
-        sql << "MATERIALIZED "
-      when false
-        sql << "NOT MATERIALIZED "
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Whether the symbol cache should be skipped when literalizing the dataset
-    def skip_symbol_cache?
-      @opts[:skip_symbol_cache]
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of array of sources/tables to SQL string, raising an Error if there
-    # are no sources.
-    def source_list_append(sql, sources)
-      raise(Error, 'No source specified for query') if sources.nil? || sources == []
-      identifier_list_append(sql, sources)
-    end
-    
-    # Delegate to Sequel.split_symbol.
-    def split_symbol(sym)
-      Sequel.split_symbol(sym)
-    end
-
-    # The string that is appended to to create the SQL query, the empty
-    # string by default.
-    def sql_string_origin
-      String.new
-    end
-    
-    # The precision to use for SQLTime instances (time column values without dates).
-    # Defaults to timestamp_precision.
-    def sqltime_precision
-      timestamp_precision
-    end
-
-    # SQL to use if this dataset uses static SQL.  Since static SQL
-    # can be a PlaceholderLiteralString in addition to a String,
-    # we literalize nonstrings.  If there is an append_sql for this
-    # dataset, append to that SQL instead of returning the value.
-    def static_sql(sql)
-      if append_sql = @opts[:append_sql]
-        if sql.is_a?(String)
-          append_sql << sql
-        else
-          literal_append(append_sql, sql)
-        end
-      else
-        if sql.is_a?(String)
-          sql
-        else
-          literal(sql)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Append literalization of the subselect to SQL string.
-    def subselect_sql_append(sql, ds)
-      sds = subselect_sql_dataset(sql, ds)
-      subselect_sql_append_sql(sql, sds)
-      unless sds.send(:cache_sql?)
-        # If subquery dataset does not allow caching SQL,
-        # then this dataset should not allow caching SQL.
-        disable_sql_caching!
-      end
-    end
-
-    def subselect_sql_dataset(sql, ds)
-      ds.clone(:append_sql=>sql)
-    end
-
-    def subselect_sql_append_sql(sql, ds)
-      ds.sql
-    end
-
-    # The number of decimal digits of precision to use in timestamps.
-    def timestamp_precision
-      supports_timestamp_usecs? ? 6 : 0
-    end
-
-    def update_table_sql(sql)
-      sql << ' '
-      source_list_append(sql, @opts[:from])
-      select_join_sql(sql) if supports_modifying_joins?
-    end
-
-    def update_set_sql(sql)
-      sql << ' SET '
-      values = @opts[:values]
-      if values.is_a?(Hash)
-        update_sql_values_hash(sql, values)
-      else
-        sql << values
-      end
-    end
-
-    def update_sql_values_hash(sql, values)
-      c = false
-      eq = ' = '
-      values.each do |k, v|
-        sql << ', ' if c
-        if k.is_a?(String) && !k.is_a?(LiteralString)
-          quote_identifier_append(sql, k)
-        else
-          literal_append(sql, k)
-        end
-        sql << eq
-        literal_append(sql, v)
-        c ||= true
-      end
-    end
-
-    def update_update_sql(sql)
-      sql << 'UPDATE'
-    end
-
-    def window_frame_boundary_sql_append(sql, boundary, direction)
-      case boundary
-      when :current
-       sql << "CURRENT ROW"
-      when :preceding
-        sql << "UNBOUNDED PRECEDING"
-      when :following
-        sql << "UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING"
-      else
-        if boundary.is_a?(Array)
-          offset, direction = boundary
-          unless boundary.length == 2 && (direction == :preceding || direction == :following)
-            raise Error, "invalid window :frame boundary (:start or :end) option: #{boundary.inspect}"
-          end
-        else
-          offset = boundary
-        end
-
-        case offset
-        when Numeric, String, SQL::Cast
-          # nothing
-        else
-          raise Error, "invalid window :frame boundary (:start or :end) option: #{boundary.inspect}"
-        end
-
-        literal_append(sql, offset)
-        sql << (direction == :preceding ? " PRECEDING" : " FOLLOWING")
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end