tdiary 5.2.2 → 5.2.3

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/3.1.0/gems/sequel-5.59.0/lib/sequel/dataset/sql.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1811 @@
+# frozen-string-literal: true
+
+module Sequel
+  class Dataset
+    # ---------------------
+    # :section: 3 - User Methods relating to SQL Creation
+    # These are methods you can call to see what SQL will be generated by the dataset.
+    # ---------------------
+    
+    # Returns an EXISTS clause for the dataset as an SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.
+    #
+    #   DB.select(1).where(DB[:items].exists)
+    #   # SELECT 1 WHERE (EXISTS (SELECT * FROM items))
+    def exists
+      SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.new(EXISTS, [self], true)
+    end
+    
+    # Returns an INSERT SQL query string.  See +insert+.
+    #
+    #   DB[:items].insert_sql(a: 1)
+    #   # => "INSERT INTO items (a) VALUES (1)"
+    def insert_sql(*values)
+      return static_sql(@opts[:sql]) if @opts[:sql]
+
+      check_insert_allowed!
+
+      columns, values = _parse_insert_sql_args(values)
+      if values.is_a?(Array) && values.empty? && !insert_supports_empty_values? 
+        columns, values = insert_empty_columns_values
+      elsif values.is_a?(Dataset) && hoist_cte?(values) && supports_cte?(:insert)
+        ds, values = hoist_cte(values)
+        return ds.clone(:columns=>columns, :values=>values).send(:_insert_sql)
+      end
+      clone(:columns=>columns, :values=>values).send(:_insert_sql)
+    end
+
+    # Append a literal representation of a value to the given SQL string.
+    # 
+    # If an unsupported object is given, an +Error+ is raised.
+    def literal_append(sql, v)
+      case v
+      when Symbol
+        if skip_symbol_cache?
+          literal_symbol_append(sql, v)
+        else 
+          unless l = db.literal_symbol(v)
+            l = String.new
+            literal_symbol_append(l, v)
+            db.literal_symbol_set(v, l)
+          end
+          sql << l
+        end
+      when String
+        case v
+        when LiteralString
+          sql << v
+        when SQL::Blob
+          literal_blob_append(sql, v)
+        else
+          literal_string_append(sql, v)
+        end
+      when Integer
+        sql << literal_integer(v)
+      when Hash
+        literal_hash_append(sql, v)
+      when SQL::Expression
+        literal_expression_append(sql, v)
+      when Float
+        sql << literal_float(v)
+      when BigDecimal
+        sql << literal_big_decimal(v)
+      when NilClass
+        sql << literal_nil
+      when TrueClass
+        sql << literal_true
+      when FalseClass
+        sql << literal_false
+      when Array
+        literal_array_append(sql, v)
+      when Time
+        v.is_a?(SQLTime) ? literal_sqltime_append(sql, v) : literal_time_append(sql, v)
+      when DateTime
+        literal_datetime_append(sql, v)
+      when Date
+        sql << literal_date(v)
+      when Dataset
+        literal_dataset_append(sql, v)
+      else
+        literal_other_append(sql, v)
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # The SQL to use for the MERGE statement.
+    def merge_sql
+      raise Error, "This database doesn't support MERGE" unless supports_merge?
+      if sql = opts[:sql]
+        return static_sql(sql)
+      end
+      if sql = cache_get(:_merge_sql)
+        return sql
+      end
+      source, join_condition = @opts[:merge_using]
+      raise Error, "No USING clause for MERGE" unless source
+      sql = @opts[:append_sql] || sql_string_origin
+
+      select_with_sql(sql)
+      sql << "MERGE INTO "
+      source_list_append(sql, @opts[:from])
+      sql << " USING "
+      identifier_append(sql, source)
+      sql << " ON "
+      literal_append(sql, join_condition)
+      _merge_when_sql(sql)
+      cache_set(:_merge_sql, sql) if cache_sql?
+      sql
+    end
+
+    # Returns an array of insert statements for inserting multiple records.
+    # This method is used by +multi_insert+ to format insert statements and
+    # expects a keys array and and an array of value arrays.
+    def multi_insert_sql(columns, values)
+      case multi_insert_sql_strategy
+      when :values
+        sql = LiteralString.new('VALUES ')
+        expression_list_append(sql, values.map{|r| Array(r)})
+        [insert_sql(columns, sql)]
+      when :union
+        c = false
+        sql = LiteralString.new
+        u = ' UNION ALL SELECT '
+        f = empty_from_sql
+        values.each do |v|
+          if c
+            sql << u
+          else
+            sql << 'SELECT '
+            c = true
+          end
+          expression_list_append(sql, v)
+          sql << f if f
+        end
+        [insert_sql(columns, sql)]
+      else
+        values.map{|r| insert_sql(columns, r)}
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Same as +select_sql+, not aliased directly to make subclassing simpler.
+    def sql
+      select_sql
+    end
+    
+    # Returns a TRUNCATE SQL query string.  See +truncate+
+    #
+    #   DB[:items].truncate_sql # => 'TRUNCATE items'
+    def truncate_sql
+      if opts[:sql]
+        static_sql(opts[:sql])
+      else
+        check_truncation_allowed!
+        check_not_limited!(:truncate)
+        raise(InvalidOperation, "Can't truncate filtered datasets") if opts[:where] || opts[:having]
+        t = String.new
+        source_list_append(t, opts[:from])
+        _truncate_sql(t)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Formats an UPDATE statement using the given values.  See +update+.
+    #
+    #   DB[:items].update_sql(price: 100, category: 'software')
+    #   # => "UPDATE items SET price = 100, category = 'software'
+    #
+    # Raises an +Error+ if the dataset is grouped or includes more
+    # than one table.
+    def update_sql(values = OPTS)
+      return static_sql(opts[:sql]) if opts[:sql]
+      check_update_allowed!
+      check_not_limited!(:update)
+
+      case values
+      when LiteralString
+        # nothing
+      when String
+        raise Error, "plain string passed to Dataset#update is not supported, use Sequel.lit to use a literal string"
+      end
+
+      clone(:values=>values).send(:_update_sql)
+    end
+    
+    # ---------------------
+    # :section: 9 - Internal Methods relating to SQL Creation
+    # These methods, while public, are not designed to be used directly by the end user.
+    # ---------------------
+    
+    # Given a type (e.g. select) and an array of clauses,
+    # return an array of methods to call to build the SQL string.
+    def self.clause_methods(type, clauses)
+      clauses.map{|clause| :"#{type}_#{clause}_sql"}.freeze
+    end
+
+    # Define a dataset literalization method for the given type in the given module,
+    # using the given clauses.
+    #
+    # Arguments:
+    # mod :: Module in which to define method
+    # type :: Type of SQL literalization method to create, either :select, :insert, :update, or :delete
+    # clauses :: array of clauses that make up the SQL query for the type.  This can either be a single
+    #            array of symbols/strings, or it can be an array of pairs, with the first element in
+    #            each pair being an if/elsif/else code fragment, and the second element in each pair
+    #            being an array of symbol/strings for the appropriate branch.
+    def self.def_sql_method(mod, type, clauses)
+      priv = type == :update || type == :insert
+      cacheable = type == :select || type == :delete
+
+      lines = []
+      lines << 'private' if priv
+      lines << "def #{'_' if priv}#{type}_sql"
+      lines << 'if sql = opts[:sql]; return static_sql(sql) end' unless priv
+      lines << "if sql = cache_get(:_#{type}_sql); return sql end" if cacheable
+      lines << 'check_delete_allowed!' << 'check_not_limited!(:delete)' if type == :delete
+      lines << 'sql = @opts[:append_sql] || sql_string_origin'
+
+      if clauses.all?{|c| c.is_a?(Array)}
+        clauses.each do |i, cs|
+          lines << i
+          lines.concat(clause_methods(type, cs).map{|x| "#{x}(sql)"}) 
+        end 
+        lines << 'end'
+      else
+        lines.concat(clause_methods(type, clauses).map{|x| "#{x}(sql)"})
+      end
+
+      lines << "cache_set(:_#{type}_sql, sql) if cache_sql?" if cacheable
+      lines << 'sql'
+      lines << 'end'
+
+      mod.class_eval lines.join("\n"), __FILE__, __LINE__
+    end
+
+    def_sql_method(self, :delete, %w'delete from where')
+    def_sql_method(self, :insert, %w'insert into columns values')
+    def_sql_method(self, :select, %w'with select distinct columns from join where group having compounds order limit lock')
+    def_sql_method(self, :update, %w'update table set where')
+
+    WILDCARD = LiteralString.new('*').freeze
+    COUNT_OF_ALL_AS_COUNT = SQL::Function.new(:count, WILDCARD).as(:count)
+    DEFAULT = LiteralString.new('DEFAULT').freeze
+
+    EXISTS = ['EXISTS '.freeze].freeze
+    BITWISE_METHOD_MAP = {:& =>:BITAND, :| => :BITOR, :^ => :BITXOR}.freeze
+    COUNT_FROM_SELF_OPTS = [:distinct, :group, :sql, :limit, :offset, :compounds].freeze
+    IS_LITERALS = {nil=>'NULL'.freeze, true=>'TRUE'.freeze, false=>'FALSE'.freeze}.freeze
+    QUALIFY_KEYS = [:select, :where, :having, :order, :group].freeze
+
+    IS_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::IS_OPERATORS
+    LIKE_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::LIKE_OPERATORS
+    N_ARITY_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::N_ARITY_OPERATORS
+    TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS
+    REGEXP_OPERATORS = ::Sequel::SQL::ComplexExpression::REGEXP_OPERATORS
+
+    [:literal, :quote_identifier, :quote_schema_table].each do |meth|
+      class_eval(<<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        def #{meth}(*args, &block)
+          s = ''.dup
+          #{meth}_append(s, *args, &block)
+          s
+        end
+      END
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of aliased expression to SQL string.
+    def aliased_expression_sql_append(sql, ae)
+      literal_append(sql, ae.expression)
+      as_sql_append(sql, ae.alias, ae.columns)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of array to SQL string.
+    def array_sql_append(sql, a)
+      if a.empty?
+        sql << '(NULL)'
+      else
+        sql << '('
+        expression_list_append(sql, a)
+        sql << ')'
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of boolean constant to SQL string.
+    def boolean_constant_sql_append(sql, constant)
+      if (constant == true || constant == false) && !supports_where_true?
+        sql << (constant == true ? '(1 = 1)' : '(1 = 0)')
+      else
+        literal_append(sql, constant)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of case expression to SQL string.
+    def case_expression_sql_append(sql, ce)
+      sql << '(CASE'
+      if ce.expression?
+        sql << ' '
+        literal_append(sql, ce.expression)
+      end
+      w = " WHEN "
+      t = " THEN "
+      ce.conditions.each do |c,r|
+        sql << w
+        literal_append(sql, c)
+        sql << t
+        literal_append(sql, r)
+      end
+      sql << " ELSE "
+      literal_append(sql, ce.default)
+      sql << " END)"
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of cast expression to SQL string.
+    def cast_sql_append(sql, expr, type)
+      sql << 'CAST('
+      literal_append(sql, expr)
+      sql << ' AS ' << db.cast_type_literal(type).to_s
+      sql << ')'
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of column all selection to SQL string.
+    def column_all_sql_append(sql, ca)
+      qualified_identifier_sql_append(sql, ca.table, WILDCARD)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of complex expression to SQL string.
+    def complex_expression_sql_append(sql, op, args)
+      case op
+      when *IS_OPERATORS
+        r = args[1]
+        if r.nil? || supports_is_true?
+          raise(InvalidOperation, 'Invalid argument used for IS operator') unless val = IS_LITERALS[r]
+          sql << '('
+          literal_append(sql, args[0])
+          sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
+          sql << val << ')'
+        elsif op == :IS
+          complex_expression_sql_append(sql, :"=", args)
+        else
+          complex_expression_sql_append(sql, :OR, [SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:"!=", *args), SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:IS, args[0], nil)])
+        end
+      when :IN, :"NOT IN"
+        cols = args[0]
+        vals = args[1]
+        col_array = true if cols.is_a?(Array)
+        if vals.is_a?(Array)
+          val_array = true
+          empty_val_array = vals == []
+        end
+        if empty_val_array
+          literal_append(sql, empty_array_value(op, cols))
+        elsif col_array
+          if !supports_multiple_column_in?
+            if val_array
+              expr = SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:OR, *vals.to_a.map{|vs| SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(cols.to_a.zip(vs).map{|c, v| [c, v]})})
+              literal_append(sql, op == :IN ? expr : ~expr)
+            else
+              old_vals = vals
+              vals = vals.naked if vals.is_a?(Sequel::Dataset)
+              vals = vals.to_a
+              val_cols = old_vals.columns
+              complex_expression_sql_append(sql, op, [cols, vals.map!{|x| x.values_at(*val_cols)}])
+            end
+          else
+            # If the columns and values are both arrays, use array_sql instead of
+            # literal so that if values is an array of two element arrays, it
+            # will be treated as a value list instead of a condition specifier.
+            sql << '('
+            literal_append(sql, cols)
+            sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
+            if val_array
+              array_sql_append(sql, vals)
+            else
+              literal_append(sql, vals)
+            end
+            sql << ')'
+          end
+        else
+          sql << '('
+          literal_append(sql, cols)
+          sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
+          literal_append(sql, vals)
+          sql << ')'
+        end
+      when :LIKE, :'NOT LIKE'
+        sql << '('
+        literal_append(sql, args[0])
+        sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
+        literal_append(sql, args[1])
+        if requires_like_escape?
+          sql << " ESCAPE "
+          literal_append(sql, "\\")
+        end
+        sql << ')'
+      when :ILIKE, :'NOT ILIKE'
+        complex_expression_sql_append(sql, (op == :ILIKE ? :LIKE : :"NOT LIKE"), args.map{|v| Sequel.function(:UPPER, v)})
+      when :**
+        function_sql_append(sql, Sequel.function(:power, *args))
+      when *TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS
+        if REGEXP_OPERATORS.include?(op) && !supports_regexp?
+          raise InvalidOperation, "Pattern matching via regular expressions is not supported on #{db.database_type}"
+        end
+        sql << '('
+        literal_append(sql, args[0])
+        sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
+        literal_append(sql, args[1])
+        sql << ')'
+      when *N_ARITY_OPERATORS
+        sql << '('
+        c = false
+        op_str = " #{op} "
+        args.each do |a|
+          sql << op_str if c
+          literal_append(sql, a)
+          c ||= true
+        end
+        sql << ')'
+      when :NOT
+        sql << 'NOT '
+        literal_append(sql, args[0])
+      when :NOOP
+        literal_append(sql, args[0])
+      when :'B~'
+        sql << '~'
+        literal_append(sql, args[0])
+      when :extract
+        sql << 'extract(' << args[0].to_s << ' FROM '
+        literal_append(sql, args[1])
+        sql << ')'
+      else
+        raise(InvalidOperation, "invalid operator #{op}")
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Append literalization of constant to SQL string.
+    def constant_sql_append(sql, constant)
+      sql << constant.to_s
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of delayed evaluation to SQL string,
+    # causing the delayed evaluation proc to be evaluated.
+    def delayed_evaluation_sql_append(sql, delay)
+      # Delayed evaluations are used specifically so the SQL
+      # can differ in subsequent calls, so we definitely don't
+      # want to cache the sql in this case.
+      disable_sql_caching!
+
+      if recorder = @opts[:placeholder_literalizer]
+        recorder.use(sql, lambda{delay.call(self)}, nil)
+      else
+        literal_append(sql, delay.call(self))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of function call to SQL string.
+    def function_sql_append(sql, f)
+      name = f.name
+      opts = f.opts
+
+      if opts[:emulate]
+        if emulate_function?(name)
+          emulate_function_sql_append(sql, f)
+          return
+        end
+
+        name = native_function_name(name) 
+      end
+
+      sql << 'LATERAL ' if opts[:lateral]
+
+      case name
+      when SQL::Identifier
+        if supports_quoted_function_names? && opts[:quoted]
+          literal_append(sql, name)
+        else
+          sql << name.value.to_s
+        end
+      when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
+        if supports_quoted_function_names? && opts[:quoted] != false
+          literal_append(sql, name)
+        else
+          sql << split_qualifiers(name).join('.')
+        end
+      else
+        if supports_quoted_function_names? && opts[:quoted]
+          quote_identifier_append(sql, name)
+        else
+          sql << name.to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      sql << '('
+      if filter = opts[:filter]
+        filter = filter_expr(filter, &opts[:filter_block])
+      end
+      if opts[:*]
+        if filter && !supports_filtered_aggregates?
+          literal_append(sql, Sequel.case({filter=>1}, nil))
+          filter = nil
+        else
+          sql <<  '*'
+        end
+      else
+        sql << "DISTINCT " if opts[:distinct]
+        if filter && !supports_filtered_aggregates?
+          expression_list_append(sql, f.args.map{|arg| Sequel.case({filter=>arg}, nil)})
+          filter = nil
+        else
+          expression_list_append(sql, f.args)
+        end
+        if order = opts[:order]
+          sql << " ORDER BY "
+          expression_list_append(sql, order)
+        end
+      end
+      sql << ')'
+
+      if group = opts[:within_group]
+        sql << " WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY "
+        expression_list_append(sql, group)
+        sql << ')'
+      end
+
+      if filter
+        sql << " FILTER (WHERE "
+        literal_append(sql, filter)
+        sql << ')'
+      end
+
+      if window = opts[:over]
+        sql << ' OVER '
+        window_sql_append(sql, window.opts)
+      end
+
+      if opts[:with_ordinality]
+        sql << " WITH ORDINALITY"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of JOIN clause without ON or USING to SQL string.
+    def join_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
+      table = jc.table
+      table_alias = jc.table_alias
+      table_alias = nil if table == table_alias && !jc.column_aliases
+      sql << ' ' << join_type_sql(jc.join_type) << ' '
+      identifier_append(sql, table)
+      as_sql_append(sql, table_alias, jc.column_aliases) if table_alias
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of JOIN ON clause to SQL string.
+    def join_on_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
+      join_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
+      sql << ' ON '
+      literal_append(sql, filter_expr(jc.on))
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of JOIN USING clause to SQL string.
+    def join_using_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
+      join_clause_sql_append(sql, jc)
+      join_using_clause_using_sql_append(sql, jc.using) 
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of negative boolean constant to SQL string.
+    def negative_boolean_constant_sql_append(sql, constant)
+      sql << 'NOT '
+      boolean_constant_sql_append(sql, constant)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of ordered expression to SQL string.
+    def ordered_expression_sql_append(sql, oe)
+      if emulate = requires_emulating_nulls_first?
+        case oe.nulls
+        when :first
+          null_order = 0
+        when :last
+          null_order = 2
+        end
+
+        if null_order
+          literal_append(sql, Sequel.case({{oe.expression=>nil}=>null_order}, 1))
+          sql << ", "
+        end
+      end
+
+      literal_append(sql, oe.expression)
+      sql << (oe.descending ? ' DESC' : ' ASC')
+
+      unless emulate
+        case oe.nulls
+        when :first
+          sql << " NULLS FIRST"
+        when :last
+          sql << " NULLS LAST"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of placeholder literal string to SQL string.
+    def placeholder_literal_string_sql_append(sql, pls)
+      args = pls.args
+      str = pls.str
+      sql << '(' if pls.parens
+      if args.is_a?(Hash)
+        if args.empty?
+          sql << str
+        else
+          re = /:(#{args.keys.map{|k| Regexp.escape(k.to_s)}.join('|')})\b/
+          while true
+            previous, q, str = str.partition(re)
+            sql << previous
+            literal_append(sql, args[($1||q[1..-1].to_s).to_sym]) unless q.empty?
+            break if str.empty?
+          end
+        end
+      elsif str.is_a?(Array)
+        len = args.length
+        str.each_with_index do |s, i|
+          sql << s
+          literal_append(sql, args[i]) unless i == len
+        end
+        unless str.length == args.length || str.length == args.length + 1
+          raise Error, "Mismatched number of placeholders (#{str.length}) and placeholder arguments (#{args.length}) when using placeholder array"
+        end
+      else
+        i = -1
+        match_len = args.length - 1
+        while true
+          previous, q, str = str.partition('?')
+          sql << previous
+          literal_append(sql, args.at(i+=1)) unless q.empty?
+          if str.empty?
+            unless i == match_len
+              raise Error, "Mismatched number of placeholders (#{i+1}) and placeholder arguments (#{args.length}) when using placeholder string"
+            end
+            break
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      sql << ')' if pls.parens
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of qualified identifier to SQL string.
+    # If 3 arguments are given, the 2nd should be the table/qualifier and the third should be
+    # column/qualified.  If 2 arguments are given, the 2nd should be an SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.
+    def qualified_identifier_sql_append(sql, table, column=(c = table.column; table = table.table; c))
+      identifier_append(sql, table)
+      sql << '.'
+      identifier_append(sql, column)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of unqualified identifier to SQL string.
+    # Adds quoting to identifiers (columns and tables). If identifiers are not
+    # being quoted, returns name as a string.  If identifiers are being quoted
+    # quote the name with quoted_identifier.
+    def quote_identifier_append(sql, name)
+      if name.is_a?(LiteralString)
+        sql << name
+      else
+        name = name.value if name.is_a?(SQL::Identifier)
+        name = input_identifier(name)
+        if quote_identifiers?
+          quoted_identifier_append(sql, name)
+        else
+          sql << name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of identifier or unqualified identifier to SQL string.
+    def quote_schema_table_append(sql, table)
+      schema, table = schema_and_table(table)
+      if schema
+        quote_identifier_append(sql, schema)
+        sql << '.'
+      end
+      quote_identifier_append(sql, table)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of quoted identifier to SQL string.
+    # This method quotes the given name with the SQL standard double quote. 
+    # should be overridden by subclasses to provide quoting not matching the
+    # SQL standard, such as backtick (used by MySQL and SQLite).
+    def quoted_identifier_append(sql, name)
+      sql << '"' << name.to_s.gsub('"', '""') << '"'
+    end
+
+    # Split the schema information from the table, returning two strings,
+    # one for the schema and one for the table.  The returned schema may
+    # be nil, but the table will always have a string value.
+    #
+    # Note that this function does not handle tables with more than one
+    # level of qualification (e.g. database.schema.table on Microsoft
+    # SQL Server).
+    def schema_and_table(table_name, sch=nil)
+      sch = sch.to_s if sch
+      case table_name
+      when Symbol
+        s, t, _ = split_symbol(table_name)
+        [s||sch, t]
+      when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
+        [table_name.table.to_s, table_name.column.to_s]
+      when SQL::Identifier
+        [sch, table_name.value.to_s]
+      when String
+        [sch, table_name]
+      else
+        raise Error, 'table_name should be a Symbol, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier, SQL::Identifier, or String'
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Splits table_name into an array of strings.
+    #
+    #   ds.split_qualifiers(:s) # ['s']
+    #   ds.split_qualifiers(Sequel[:t][:s]) # ['t', 's']
+    #   ds.split_qualifiers(Sequel[:d][:t][:s]) # ['d', 't', 's']
+    #   ds.split_qualifiers(Sequel.qualify(Sequel[:h][:d], Sequel[:t][:s])) # ['h', 'd', 't', 's']
+    def split_qualifiers(table_name, *args)
+      case table_name
+      when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
+        split_qualifiers(table_name.table, nil) + split_qualifiers(table_name.column, nil)
+      else
+        sch, table = schema_and_table(table_name, *args)
+        sch ? [sch, table] : [table]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of subscripts (SQL array accesses) to SQL string.
+    def subscript_sql_append(sql, s)
+      case s.expression
+      when Symbol, SQL::Subscript, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
+        # nothing
+      else
+        wrap_expression = true
+        sql << '('
+      end
+      literal_append(sql, s.expression)
+      if wrap_expression
+        sql << ')['
+      else
+        sql << '['
+      end
+      sub = s.sub
+      if sub.length == 1 && (range = sub.first).is_a?(Range)
+        literal_append(sql, range.begin)
+        sql << ':'
+        e = range.end
+        e -= 1 if range.exclude_end? && e.is_a?(Integer)
+        literal_append(sql, e)
+      else
+        expression_list_append(sql, s.sub)
+      end
+      sql << ']'
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of windows (for window functions) to SQL string.
+    def window_sql_append(sql, opts)
+      raise(Error, 'This dataset does not support window functions') unless supports_window_functions?
+      space = false
+      space_s = ' '
+
+      sql << '('
+
+      if window = opts[:window]
+        literal_append(sql, window)
+        space = true
+      end
+
+      if part = opts[:partition]
+        sql << space_s if space
+        sql << "PARTITION BY "
+        expression_list_append(sql, Array(part))
+        space = true
+      end
+
+      if order = opts[:order]
+        sql << space_s if space
+        sql << "ORDER BY "
+        expression_list_append(sql, Array(order))
+        space = true
+      end
+
+      if frame = opts[:frame]
+        sql << space_s if space
+
+        if frame.is_a?(String)
+          sql << frame
+        else
+          case frame
+          when :all
+            frame_type = :rows
+            frame_start = :preceding
+            frame_end = :following
+          when :rows, :range, :groups
+            frame_type = frame
+            frame_start = :preceding
+            frame_end = :current
+          when Hash
+            frame_type = frame[:type]
+            unless frame_type == :rows || frame_type == :range || frame_type == :groups
+              raise Error, "invalid window :frame :type option: #{frame_type.inspect}"
+            end
+            unless frame_start = frame[:start]
+              raise Error, "invalid window :frame :start option: #{frame_start.inspect}"
+            end
+            frame_end = frame[:end]
+            frame_exclude = frame[:exclude]
+          else
+            raise Error, "invalid window :frame option: #{frame.inspect}"
+          end
+
+          sql << frame_type.to_s.upcase << " "
+          sql << 'BETWEEN ' if frame_end
+          window_frame_boundary_sql_append(sql, frame_start, :preceding)
+          if frame_end
+            sql << " AND "
+            window_frame_boundary_sql_append(sql, frame_end, :following)
+          end
+
+          if frame_exclude
+            sql << " EXCLUDE "
+
+            case frame_exclude
+            when :current
+              sql << "CURRENT ROW"
+            when :group
+              sql << "GROUP"
+            when :ties
+              sql << "TIES"
+            when :no_others
+              sql << "NO OTHERS"
+            else
+              raise Error, "invalid window :frame :exclude option: #{frame_exclude.inspect}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      sql << ')'
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    # Return a from_self dataset if an order or limit is specified, so it works as expected
+    # with UNION, EXCEPT, and INTERSECT clauses.
+    def compound_from_self
+      (@opts[:sql] || @opts[:limit] || @opts[:order] || @opts[:offset]) ? from_self : self
+    end
+    
+    private
+
+    # Append the INSERT sql used in a MERGE
+    def _merge_insert_sql(sql, data)
+      sql << " THEN INSERT"
+      columns, values = _parse_insert_sql_args(data[:values])
+      _insert_columns_sql(sql, columns)
+      _insert_values_sql(sql, values)
+    end
+
+    def _merge_update_sql(sql, data)
+      sql << " THEN UPDATE SET "
+      update_sql_values_hash(sql, data[:values])
+    end
+
+    def _merge_delete_sql(sql, data)
+      sql << " THEN DELETE"
+    end
+
+    # Mapping of merge types to related SQL
+    MERGE_TYPE_SQL = {
+      :insert => ' WHEN NOT MATCHED',
+      :delete => ' WHEN MATCHED',
+      :update => ' WHEN MATCHED',
+      :matched => ' WHEN MATCHED',
+      :not_matched => ' WHEN NOT MATCHED',
+    }.freeze
+    private_constant :MERGE_TYPE_SQL
+
+    # Add the WHEN clauses to the MERGE SQL
+    def _merge_when_sql(sql)
+      raise Error, "no WHEN [NOT] MATCHED clauses provided for MERGE" unless merge_when = @opts[:merge_when]
+      merge_when.each do |data|
+        type = data[:type]
+        sql << MERGE_TYPE_SQL[type]
+        _merge_when_conditions_sql(sql, data)
+        send(:"_merge_#{type}_sql", sql, data)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append MERGE WHEN conditions, if there are conditions provided.
+    def _merge_when_conditions_sql(sql, data)
+      if data.has_key?(:conditions)
+        sql << " AND "
+        literal_append(sql, data[:conditions])
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Parse the values passed to insert_sql, returning columns and values
+    # to use for the INSERT.  Returned columns is always an array, but can be empty
+    # for an INSERT without explicit column references. Returned values can be an
+    # array, dataset, or literal string.
+    def _parse_insert_sql_args(values)
+      columns = []
+
+      case values.size
+      when 0
+        values = []
+      when 1
+        case vals = values[0]
+        when Hash
+          values = []
+          vals.each do |k,v| 
+            columns << k
+            values << v
+          end
+        when Dataset, Array, LiteralString
+          values = vals
+        end
+      when 2
+        if (v0 = values[0]).is_a?(Array) && ((v1 = values[1]).is_a?(Array) || v1.is_a?(Dataset) || v1.is_a?(LiteralString))
+          columns, values = v0, v1
+          raise(Error, "Different number of values and columns given to insert_sql") if values.is_a?(Array) and columns.length != values.length
+        end
+      end
+
+      [columns, values]
+    end
+
+    # Formats the truncate statement.  Assumes the table given has already been
+    # literalized.
+    def _truncate_sql(table)
+      "TRUNCATE TABLE #{table}"
+    end
+
+    # Returns an appropriate symbol for the alias represented by s.
+    def alias_alias_symbol(s)
+      case s
+      when Symbol
+        s
+      when String
+        s.to_sym
+      when SQL::Identifier
+        s.value.to_s.to_sym
+      else
+        raise Error, "Invalid alias for alias_alias_symbol: #{s.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns an appropriate alias symbol for the given object, which can be
+    # a Symbol, String, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier, or
+    # SQL::AliasedExpression.
+    def alias_symbol(sym)
+      case sym
+      when Symbol
+        s, t, a = split_symbol(sym)
+        a || s ? (a || t).to_sym : sym
+      when String
+        sym.to_sym
+      when SQL::Identifier
+        sym.value.to_s.to_sym
+      when SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
+        alias_symbol(sym.column)
+      when SQL::AliasedExpression
+        alias_alias_symbol(sym.alias)
+      else
+        raise Error, "Invalid alias for alias_symbol: #{sym.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Clone of this dataset usable in aggregate operations.  Does
+    # a from_self if dataset contains any parameters that would
+    # affect normal aggregation, or just removes an existing
+    # order if not. Also removes the row_proc, which isn't needed
+    # for aggregate calculations.
+    def aggregate_dataset
+      (options_overlap(COUNT_FROM_SELF_OPTS) ? from_self : unordered).naked
+    end
+
+    # Append aliasing expression to SQL string.
+    def as_sql_append(sql, aliaz, column_aliases=nil)
+      sql << ' AS '
+      quote_identifier_append(sql, aliaz)
+      if column_aliases
+        raise Error, "#{db.database_type} does not support derived column lists" unless supports_derived_column_lists?
+        sql << '('
+        identifier_list_append(sql, column_aliases)
+        sql << ')'
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Don't allow caching SQL if specifically marked not to.
+    def cache_sql?
+      !@opts[:no_cache_sql] && !cache_get(:_no_cache_sql)
+    end
+
+    # Raise an InvalidOperation exception if modification is not allowed for this dataset.
+    # Check whether it is allowed to insert into this dataset.
+    # Only for backwards compatibility with older external adapters.
+    def check_modification_allowed!
+      # SEQUEL6: Remove
+      Sequel::Deprecation.deprecate("Dataset#check_modification_allowed!", "Use check_{insert,delete,update,truncation}_allowed! instead")
+      _check_modification_allowed!(supports_modifying_joins?)
+    end
+
+    # Check whether it is allowed to insert into this dataset.
+    def check_insert_allowed!
+      _check_modification_allowed!(false)
+    end
+    alias check_truncation_allowed! check_insert_allowed!
+
+    # Check whether it is allowed to delete from this dataset.
+    def check_delete_allowed!
+      _check_modification_allowed!(supports_deleting_joins?)
+    end
+
+    # Check whether it is allowed to update this dataset.
+    def check_update_allowed!
+      _check_modification_allowed!(supports_updating_joins?)
+    end
+
+    # Internals of the check_*_allowed! methods
+    def _check_modification_allowed!(modifying_joins_supported)
+      raise(InvalidOperation, "Grouped datasets cannot be modified") if opts[:group]
+      raise(InvalidOperation, "Joined datasets cannot be modified") if !modifying_joins_supported && joined_dataset?
+    end
+
+    # Raise error if the dataset uses limits or offsets.
+    def check_not_limited!(type)
+      return if @opts[:skip_limit_check] && type != :truncate
+      raise InvalidOperation, "Dataset##{type} not supported on datasets with limits or offsets" if opts[:limit] || opts[:offset]
+    end
+
+    # Append column list to SQL string.
+    # If the column list is empty, a wildcard (*) is appended.
+    def column_list_append(sql, columns)
+      if (columns.nil? || columns.empty?)
+        sql << '*'
+      else
+        expression_list_append(sql, columns)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Yield each pair of arguments to the block, which should
+    # return an object representing the SQL expression for those
+    # two arguments.  For more than two arguments, the first
+    # argument to the block will be result of the previous block call.
+    def complex_expression_arg_pairs(args)
+      case args.length
+      when 1
+        args[0]
+      when 2
+        yield args[0], args[1]
+      else
+        args.inject{|m, a| yield(m, a)}
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append the literalization of the args using complex_expression_arg_pairs
+    # to the given SQL string, used when database operator/function is 2-ary
+    # where Sequel expression is N-ary.
+    def complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args, &block)
+      literal_append(sql, complex_expression_arg_pairs(args, &block))
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of complex expression to SQL string, for
+    # operators unsupported by some databases. Used by adapters for databases
+    # that don't support the operators natively.
+    def complex_expression_emulate_append(sql, op, args)
+      # :nocov:
+      case op
+      # :nocov:
+      when :%
+        complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args){|a, b| Sequel.function(:MOD, a, b)}
+      when :>>
+        complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args){|a, b| Sequel./(a, Sequel.function(:power, 2, b))}
+      when :<<
+        complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args){|a, b| Sequel.*(a, Sequel.function(:power, 2, b))}
+      when :&, :|, :^
+        f = BITWISE_METHOD_MAP[op]
+        complex_expression_arg_pairs_append(sql, args){|a, b| Sequel.function(f, a, b)}
+      when :'B~'
+        sql << "((0 - "
+        literal_append(sql, args[0])
+        sql << ") - 1)"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of dataset used in UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT clause to SQL string.
+    def compound_dataset_sql_append(sql, ds)
+      subselect_sql_append(sql, ds)
+    end
+
+    # The alias to use for datasets, takes a number to make sure the name is unique.
+    def dataset_alias(number)
+      :"t#{number}"
+    end
+    
+    # The strftime format to use when literalizing the time.
+    def default_timestamp_format
+      requires_sql_standard_datetimes? ? "TIMESTAMP '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%N%z'" : "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%N%z'"
+    end
+
+    def delete_delete_sql(sql)
+      sql << 'DELETE'
+    end
+
+    def delete_from_sql(sql)
+      if f = @opts[:from]
+        sql << ' FROM '
+        source_list_append(sql, f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Disable caching of SQL for the current dataset
+    def disable_sql_caching!
+      cache_set(:_no_cache_sql, true)
+    end
+
+    # An SQL FROM clause to use in SELECT statements where the dataset has
+    # no from tables.
+    def empty_from_sql
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Whether to emulate the function with the given name.  This should only be true
+    # if the emulation goes beyond choosing a function with a different name.
+    def emulate_function?(name)
+      false
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of array of expressions to SQL string, separating them
+    # with commas.
+    def expression_list_append(sql, columns)
+      c = false
+      co = ', '
+      columns.each do |col|
+        sql << co if c
+        literal_append(sql, col)
+        c ||= true
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of array of grouping elements to SQL string, seperating them with commas.
+    def grouping_element_list_append(sql, columns)
+      c = false
+      co = ', '
+      columns.each do |col|
+        sql << co if c
+        if col.is_a?(Array) && col.empty?
+          sql << '()'
+        else
+          literal_append(sql, Array(col))
+        end
+        c ||= true
+      end
+    end
+
+    # An expression for how to handle an empty array lookup.
+    def empty_array_value(op, cols)
+      {1 => ((op == :IN) ? 0 : 1)}
+    end
+    
+    # Format the timestamp based on the default_timestamp_format, with a couple
+    # of modifiers.  First, allow %N to be used for fractions seconds (if the
+    # database supports them), and override %z to always use a numeric offset
+    # of hours and minutes.
+    def format_timestamp(v)
+      v2 = db.from_application_timestamp(v)
+      fmt = default_timestamp_format.gsub(/%[Nz]/) do |m|
+        if m == '%N'
+          # Ruby 1.9 supports %N in timestamp formats, but Sequel has supported %N
+          # for longer in a different way, where the . is already appended and only 6
+          # decimal places are used by default.
+          format_timestamp_usec(v.is_a?(DateTime) ? v.sec_fraction*(1000000) : v.usec) if supports_timestamp_usecs?
+        else
+          if supports_timestamp_timezones?
+            # Would like to just use %z format, but it doesn't appear to work on Windows
+            # Instead, the offset fragment is constructed manually
+            minutes = (v2.is_a?(DateTime) ? v2.offset * 1440 : v2.utc_offset/60).to_i
+            format_timestamp_offset(*minutes.divmod(60))
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      v2.strftime(fmt)
+    end
+    
+    # Return the SQL timestamp fragment to use for the timezone offset.
+    def format_timestamp_offset(hour, minute)
+      sprintf("%+03i%02i", hour, minute)
+    end
+
+    # Return the SQL timestamp fragment to use for the fractional time part.
+    # Should start with the decimal point.  Uses 6 decimal places by default.
+    def format_timestamp_usec(usec, ts=timestamp_precision)
+      unless ts == 6
+        usec = usec/(10 ** (6 - ts))
+      end
+      sprintf(".%0#{ts}d", usec)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of identifier to SQL string, considering regular strings
+    # as SQL identifiers instead of SQL strings.
+    def identifier_append(sql, v)
+      if v.is_a?(String)
+        case v
+        when LiteralString
+          sql << v
+        when SQL::Blob
+          literal_append(sql, v)
+        else
+          quote_identifier_append(sql, v)
+        end
+      else
+        literal_append(sql, v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of array of identifiers to SQL string.
+    def identifier_list_append(sql, args)
+      c = false
+      comma = ', '
+      args.each do |a|
+        sql << comma if c
+        identifier_append(sql, a)
+        c ||= true
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Upcase identifiers by default when inputting them into the database.
+    def input_identifier(v)
+      v.to_s.upcase
+    end
+
+    def insert_into_sql(sql)
+      sql << " INTO "
+      if (f = @opts[:from]) && f.length == 1
+        identifier_append(sql, unaliased_identifier(f.first))
+      else
+        source_list_append(sql, f)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def insert_columns_sql(sql)
+      _insert_columns_sql(sql, opts[:columns])
+    end
+
+    def _insert_columns_sql(sql, columns)
+      if columns && !columns.empty?
+        sql << ' ('
+        identifier_list_append(sql, columns)
+        sql << ')'
+      end 
+    end
+
+    # The columns and values to use for an empty insert if the database doesn't support
+    # INSERT with DEFAULT VALUES.
+    def insert_empty_columns_values
+      [[columns.last], [DEFAULT]]
+    end
+    
+    def insert_insert_sql(sql)
+      sql << "INSERT"
+    end
+
+    def insert_values_sql(sql)
+      _insert_values_sql(sql, opts[:values])
+    end
+    
+    def _insert_values_sql(sql, values)
+      case values
+      when Array
+        if values.empty?
+          sql << " DEFAULT VALUES"
+        else
+          sql << " VALUES "
+          literal_append(sql, values)
+        end
+      when Dataset
+        sql << ' '
+        subselect_sql_append(sql, values)
+      when LiteralString
+        sql << ' ' << values
+      else
+        raise Error, "Unsupported INSERT values type, should be an Array or Dataset: #{values.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def insert_returning_sql(sql)
+      if opts.has_key?(:returning)
+        sql << " RETURNING "
+        column_list_append(sql, Array(opts[:returning]))
+      end
+    end
+    alias delete_returning_sql insert_returning_sql
+    alias update_returning_sql insert_returning_sql
+
+    # SQL fragment specifying a JOIN type, converts underscores to
+    # spaces and upcases.
+    def join_type_sql(join_type)
+      "#{join_type.to_s.gsub('_', ' ').upcase} JOIN"
+    end
+
+    # Append USING clause for JOIN USING
+    def join_using_clause_using_sql_append(sql, using_columns)
+      sql << ' USING ('
+      column_list_append(sql, using_columns)
+      sql << ')'
+    end
+    
+    # Append a literalization of the array to SQL string.
+    # Treats as an expression if an array of all two pairs, or as a SQL array otherwise.
+    def literal_array_append(sql, v)
+      if Sequel.condition_specifier?(v)
+        literal_expression_append(sql, SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(v))
+      else
+        array_sql_append(sql, v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for BigDecimal
+    def literal_big_decimal(v)
+      d = v.to_s("F")
+      v.nan? || v.infinite? ?  "'#{d}'" : d
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of SQL::Blob to SQL string.
+    def literal_blob_append(sql, v)
+      literal_string_append(sql, v)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of dataset to SQL string.  Does a subselect inside parantheses.
+    def literal_dataset_append(sql, v)
+      sql << 'LATERAL ' if v.opts[:lateral]
+      sql << '('
+      subselect_sql_append(sql, v)
+      sql << ')'
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for Date, using the ISO8601 format.
+    def literal_date(v)
+      if requires_sql_standard_datetimes?
+        v.strftime("DATE '%Y-%m-%d'")
+      else
+        v.strftime("'%Y-%m-%d'")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for DateTime
+    def literal_datetime(v)
+      format_timestamp(v)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of DateTime to SQL string.
+    def literal_datetime_append(sql, v)
+      sql << literal_datetime(v)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of SQL::Expression to SQL string.
+    def literal_expression_append(sql, v)
+      v.to_s_append(self, sql)
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for false
+    def literal_false
+      "'f'"
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for Float
+    def literal_float(v)
+      v.to_s
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of Hash to SQL string, treating hash as a boolean expression.
+    def literal_hash_append(sql, v)
+      literal_expression_append(sql, SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(v))
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for Integer
+    def literal_integer(v)
+      v.to_s
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for nil
+    def literal_nil
+      "NULL"
+    end
+
+    # Append a literalization of the object to the given SQL string.
+    # Calls +sql_literal_append+ if object responds to it, otherwise
+    # calls +sql_literal+ if object responds to it, otherwise raises an error.
+    # If a database specific type is allowed, this should be overriden in a subclass.
+    def literal_other_append(sql, v)
+      # We can't be sure if v will always literalize to the same SQL, so
+      # don't cache SQL for a dataset that uses this.
+      disable_sql_caching!
+
+      if v.respond_to?(:sql_literal_append)
+        v.sql_literal_append(self, sql)
+      elsif v.respond_to?(:sql_literal)
+        sql << v.sql_literal(self)
+      else
+        raise Error, "can't express #{v.inspect} as a SQL literal"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for Sequel::SQLTime, containing just the time part
+    def literal_sqltime(v)
+      v.strftime("'%H:%M:%S#{format_timestamp_usec(v.usec, sqltime_precision) if supports_timestamp_usecs?}'")
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of Sequel::SQLTime to SQL string.
+    def literal_sqltime_append(sql, v)
+      sql << literal_sqltime(v)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of string to SQL string.
+    def literal_string_append(sql, v)
+      sql << "'" << v.gsub("'", "''") << "'"
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of symbol to SQL string.
+    def literal_symbol_append(sql, v)
+      c_table, column, c_alias = split_symbol(v)
+      if c_table
+        quote_identifier_append(sql, c_table)
+        sql << '.'
+      end
+      quote_identifier_append(sql, column)
+      as_sql_append(sql, c_alias) if c_alias
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for Time
+    def literal_time(v)
+      format_timestamp(v)
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of Time to SQL string.
+    def literal_time_append(sql, v)
+      sql << literal_time(v)
+    end
+
+    # SQL fragment for true
+    def literal_true
+      "'t'"
+    end
+
+    # What strategy to use for import/multi_insert.  While SQL-92 defaults
+    # to allowing multiple rows in a VALUES clause, there are enough databases
+    # that don't allow that that it can't be the default.  Use separate queries
+    # by default, which works everywhere.
+    def multi_insert_sql_strategy
+      :separate
+    end
+
+
+    # Get the native function name given the emulated function name.
+    def native_function_name(emulated_function)
+      emulated_function
+    end
+
+    # Returns a qualified column name (including a table name) if the column
+    # name isn't already qualified.
+    def qualified_column_name(column, table)
+      if column.is_a?(Symbol)
+        c_table, column, _ = split_symbol(column)
+        unless c_table
+          case table
+          when Symbol
+            schema, table, t_alias = split_symbol(table)
+            t_alias ||= Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(schema, table) if schema
+          when Sequel::SQL::AliasedExpression
+            t_alias = table.alias
+          end
+          c_table = t_alias || table
+        end
+        ::Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(c_table, column)
+      else
+        column
+      end
+    end
+    
+    # Qualify the given expression to the given table.
+    def qualified_expression(e, table)
+      Qualifier.new(table).transform(e)
+    end
+
+    def select_columns_sql(sql)
+      sql << ' '
+      column_list_append(sql, @opts[:select])
+    end
+
+    def select_distinct_sql(sql)
+      if distinct = @opts[:distinct]
+        sql << " DISTINCT"
+        unless distinct.empty?
+          sql << " ON ("
+          expression_list_append(sql, distinct)
+          sql << ')'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Modify the sql to add a dataset to the via an EXCEPT, INTERSECT, or UNION clause.
+    # This uses a subselect for the compound datasets used, because using parantheses doesn't
+    # work on all databases.
+    def select_compounds_sql(sql)
+      return unless c = @opts[:compounds]
+      c.each do |type, dataset, all|
+        sql << ' ' << type.to_s.upcase
+        sql << ' ALL' if all
+        sql << ' '
+        compound_dataset_sql_append(sql, dataset)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def select_from_sql(sql)
+      if f = @opts[:from]
+        sql << ' FROM '
+        source_list_append(sql, f)
+      elsif f = empty_from_sql
+        sql << f
+      end
+    end
+
+    def select_group_sql(sql)
+      if group = @opts[:group]
+        sql << " GROUP BY "
+        if go = @opts[:group_options]
+          if go == :"grouping sets"
+            sql << go.to_s.upcase << '('
+            grouping_element_list_append(sql, group)
+            sql << ')'
+          elsif uses_with_rollup?
+            expression_list_append(sql, group)
+            sql << " WITH " << go.to_s.upcase
+          else
+            sql << go.to_s.upcase << '('
+            expression_list_append(sql, group)
+            sql << ')'
+          end
+        else
+          expression_list_append(sql, group)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def select_having_sql(sql)
+      if having = @opts[:having]
+        sql << " HAVING "
+        literal_append(sql, having)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def select_join_sql(sql)
+      if js = @opts[:join]
+        js.each{|j| literal_append(sql, j)}
+      end
+    end
+
+    def select_limit_sql(sql)
+      if l = @opts[:limit]
+        sql << " LIMIT "
+        literal_append(sql, l)
+        if o = @opts[:offset]
+          sql << " OFFSET "
+          literal_append(sql, o)
+        end
+      elsif @opts[:offset]
+        select_only_offset_sql(sql)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def select_lock_sql(sql)
+      case l = @opts[:lock]
+      when :update
+        sql << ' FOR UPDATE'
+      when String
+        sql << ' ' << l
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Used only if there is an offset and no limit, making it easier to override
+    # in the adapter, as many databases do not support just a plain offset with
+    # no limit.
+    def select_only_offset_sql(sql)
+      sql << " OFFSET "
+      literal_append(sql, @opts[:offset])
+    end
+  
+    def select_order_sql(sql)
+      if o = @opts[:order]
+        sql << " ORDER BY "
+        expression_list_append(sql, o)
+      end
+    end
+    alias delete_order_sql select_order_sql
+    alias update_order_sql select_order_sql
+
+    def select_select_sql(sql)
+      sql << 'SELECT'
+    end
+
+    def select_where_sql(sql)
+      if w = @opts[:where]
+        sql << " WHERE "
+        literal_append(sql, w)
+      end
+    end
+    alias delete_where_sql select_where_sql
+    alias update_where_sql select_where_sql
+    
+    def select_window_sql(sql)
+      if ws = @opts[:window]
+        sql << " WINDOW "
+        c = false
+        co = ', '
+        as = ' AS '
+        ws.map do |name, window|
+          sql << co if c
+          literal_append(sql, name)
+          sql << as
+          literal_append(sql, window)
+          c ||= true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def select_with_sql(sql)
+      return unless supports_cte?
+      ctes = opts[:with]
+      return if !ctes || ctes.empty?
+      sql << select_with_sql_base
+      c = false
+      comma = ', '
+      ctes.each do |cte|
+        sql << comma if c
+        select_with_sql_cte(sql, cte)
+        c ||= true
+      end
+      sql << ' '
+    end
+    alias delete_with_sql select_with_sql
+    alias insert_with_sql select_with_sql
+    alias update_with_sql select_with_sql
+    
+    def select_with_sql_base
+      "WITH "
+    end
+
+    def select_with_sql_cte(sql, cte)
+      select_with_sql_prefix(sql, cte)
+      literal_dataset_append(sql, cte[:dataset])
+    end
+    
+    def select_with_sql_prefix(sql, w)
+      quote_identifier_append(sql, w[:name])
+      if args = w[:args]
+       sql << '('
+       identifier_list_append(sql, args)
+       sql << ')'
+      end
+      sql << ' AS '
+
+      case w[:materialized]
+      when true
+        sql << "MATERIALIZED "
+      when false
+        sql << "NOT MATERIALIZED "
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Whether the symbol cache should be skipped when literalizing the dataset
+    def skip_symbol_cache?
+      @opts[:skip_symbol_cache]
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of array of sources/tables to SQL string, raising an Error if there
+    # are no sources.
+    def source_list_append(sql, sources)
+      raise(Error, 'No source specified for query') if sources.nil? || sources == []
+      identifier_list_append(sql, sources)
+    end
+    
+    # Delegate to Sequel.split_symbol.
+    def split_symbol(sym)
+      Sequel.split_symbol(sym)
+    end
+
+    # The string that is appended to to create the SQL query, the empty
+    # string by default.
+    def sql_string_origin
+      String.new
+    end
+    
+    # The precision to use for SQLTime instances (time column values without dates).
+    # Defaults to timestamp_precision.
+    def sqltime_precision
+      timestamp_precision
+    end
+
+    # SQL to use if this dataset uses static SQL.  Since static SQL
+    # can be a PlaceholderLiteralString in addition to a String,
+    # we literalize nonstrings.  If there is an append_sql for this
+    # dataset, append to that SQL instead of returning the value.
+    def static_sql(sql)
+      if append_sql = @opts[:append_sql]
+        if sql.is_a?(String)
+          append_sql << sql
+        else
+          literal_append(append_sql, sql)
+        end
+      else
+        if sql.is_a?(String)
+          sql
+        else
+          literal(sql)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Append literalization of the subselect to SQL string.
+    def subselect_sql_append(sql, ds)
+      sds = subselect_sql_dataset(sql, ds)
+      sds.sql
+      unless sds.send(:cache_sql?)
+        # If subquery dataset does not allow caching SQL,
+        # then this dataset should not allow caching SQL.
+        disable_sql_caching!
+      end
+    end
+
+    def subselect_sql_dataset(sql, ds)
+      ds.clone(:append_sql=>sql)
+    end
+
+    # The number of decimal digits of precision to use in timestamps.
+    def timestamp_precision
+      supports_timestamp_usecs? ? 6 : 0
+    end
+
+    def update_table_sql(sql)
+      sql << ' '
+      source_list_append(sql, @opts[:from])
+      select_join_sql(sql) if supports_modifying_joins?
+    end
+
+    def update_set_sql(sql)
+      sql << ' SET '
+      values = @opts[:values]
+      if values.is_a?(Hash)
+        update_sql_values_hash(sql, values)
+      else
+        sql << values
+      end
+    end
+
+    def update_sql_values_hash(sql, values)
+      c = false
+      eq = ' = '
+      values.each do |k, v|
+        sql << ', ' if c
+        if k.is_a?(String) && !k.is_a?(LiteralString)
+          quote_identifier_append(sql, k)
+        else
+          literal_append(sql, k)
+        end
+        sql << eq
+        literal_append(sql, v)
+        c ||= true
+      end
+    end
+
+    def update_update_sql(sql)
+      sql << 'UPDATE'
+    end
+
+    def window_frame_boundary_sql_append(sql, boundary, direction)
+      case boundary
+      when :current
+       sql << "CURRENT ROW"
+      when :preceding
+        sql << "UNBOUNDED PRECEDING"
+      when :following
+        sql << "UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING"
+      else
+        if boundary.is_a?(Array)
+          offset, direction = boundary
+          unless boundary.length == 2 && (direction == :preceding || direction == :following)
+            raise Error, "invalid window :frame boundary (:start or :end) option: #{boundary.inspect}"
+          end
+        else
+          offset = boundary
+        end
+
+        case offset
+        when Numeric, String, SQL::Cast
+          # nothing
+        else
+          raise Error, "invalid window :frame boundary (:start or :end) option: #{boundary.inspect}"
+        end
+
+        literal_append(sql, offset)
+        sql << (direction == :preceding ? " PRECEDING" : " FOLLOWING")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end