tdiary 5.1.7 → 5.2.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/3.0.0/gems/sequel-5.50.0/lib/sequel/model/associations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,4000 @@
+# frozen-string-literal: true
+
+module Sequel
+  class Model
+    # Associations are used in order to specify relationships between model classes
+    # that reflect relations between tables in the database using foreign keys.
+    module Associations
+      # Map of association type symbols to association reflection classes.
+      ASSOCIATION_TYPES = {}
+
+      # Set an empty association reflection hash in the model
+      def self.apply(model)
+        model.instance_exec do
+          @association_reflections = {}
+          @autoreloading_associations = {}
+          @cache_associations = true
+          @default_eager_limit_strategy = true
+          @default_association_options = {}
+          @default_association_type_options = {}
+          @dataset_module_class = DatasetModule
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The dataset module to use for classes using the associations plugin.
+      class DatasetModule < Model::DatasetModule
+        def_dataset_caching_method(self, :eager)
+      end
+
+      # AssociationReflection is a Hash subclass that keeps information on Sequel::Model associations. It
+      # provides methods to reduce internal code duplication.  It should not
+      # be instantiated by the user.
+      class AssociationReflection < Hash
+        include Sequel::Inflections
+
+        # Name symbol for the _add internal association method
+        def _add_method
+          self[:_add_method]
+        end
+      
+        # Name symbol for the _remove_all internal association method
+        def _remove_all_method
+          self[:_remove_all_method]
+        end
+      
+        # Name symbol for the _remove internal association method
+        def _remove_method
+          self[:_remove_method]
+        end
+      
+        # Name symbol for the _setter association method
+        def _setter_method
+          self[:_setter_method]
+        end
+      
+        # Name symbol for the add association method
+        def add_method
+          self[:add_method]
+        end
+      
+        # Name symbol for association method, the same as the name of the association.
+        def association_method
+          self[:name]
+        end
+      
+        # The class associated to the current model class via this association
+        def associated_class
+          cached_fetch(:class) do
+            begin
+              constantize(self[:class_name])
+            rescue NameError => e
+              raise NameError, "#{e.message} (this happened when attempting to find the associated class for #{inspect})", e.backtrace
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The dataset associated via this association, with the non-instance specific
+        # changes already applied.  This will be a joined dataset if the association
+        # requires joining tables.
+        def associated_dataset
+          cached_fetch(:_dataset){apply_dataset_changes(_associated_dataset)}
+        end
+
+        # Apply all non-instance specific changes to the given dataset and return it.
+        def apply_dataset_changes(ds)
+          ds = ds.with_extend(AssociationDatasetMethods).clone(:association_reflection => self)
+          if exts = self[:reverse_extend]
+            ds = ds.with_extend(*exts)
+          end
+          ds = ds.select(*select) if select
+          if c = self[:conditions]
+            ds = (c.is_a?(Array) && !Sequel.condition_specifier?(c)) ? ds.where(*c) : ds.where(c)
+          end
+          ds = ds.order(*self[:order]) if self[:order]
+          ds = ds.limit(*self[:limit]) if self[:limit]
+          ds = ds.limit(1).skip_limit_check if limit_to_single_row?
+          ds = ds.eager(self[:eager]) if self[:eager]
+          ds = ds.distinct if self[:distinct]
+          ds
+        end
+
+        # Apply all non-instance specific changes and the eager_block option to the given
+        # dataset and return it.
+        def apply_eager_dataset_changes(ds)
+          ds = apply_dataset_changes(ds)
+          if block = self[:eager_block]
+            ds = block.call(ds)
+          end
+          ds
+        end
+
+        # Apply the eager graph limit strategy to the dataset to graph into the current dataset, or return
+        # the dataset unmodified if no SQL limit strategy is needed.
+        def apply_eager_graph_limit_strategy(strategy, ds)
+          case strategy
+          when :distinct_on
+            apply_distinct_on_eager_limit_strategy(ds.order_prepend(*self[:order]))
+          when :window_function
+            apply_window_function_eager_limit_strategy(ds.order_prepend(*self[:order])).select(*ds.columns)
+          else
+            ds
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Apply an eager limit strategy to the dataset, or return the dataset
+        # unmodified if it doesn't need an eager limit strategy.
+        def apply_eager_limit_strategy(ds, strategy=eager_limit_strategy, limit_and_offset=limit_and_offset())
+          case strategy
+          when :distinct_on
+            apply_distinct_on_eager_limit_strategy(ds)
+          when :window_function
+            apply_window_function_eager_limit_strategy(ds, limit_and_offset)
+          else
+            ds
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Use DISTINCT ON and ORDER BY clauses to limit the results to the first record with matching keys.
+        def apply_distinct_on_eager_limit_strategy(ds)
+          keys = predicate_key
+          ds.distinct(*keys).order_prepend(*keys)
+        end
+
+        # Use a window function to limit the results of the eager loading dataset.
+        def apply_window_function_eager_limit_strategy(ds, limit_and_offset=limit_and_offset())
+          rn = ds.row_number_column 
+          limit, offset = limit_and_offset
+          ds = ds.unordered.select_append{|o| o.row_number.function.over(:partition=>predicate_key, :order=>ds.opts[:order]).as(rn)}.from_self
+          ds = ds.order(rn) if ds.db.database_type == :mysql
+          ds = if !returns_array?
+            ds.where(rn => offset ? offset+1 : 1)
+          elsif offset
+            offset += 1
+            if limit
+              ds.where(rn => (offset...(offset+limit))) 
+            else
+              ds.where{SQL::Identifier.new(rn) >= offset} 
+            end
+          else
+            ds.where{SQL::Identifier.new(rn) <= limit} 
+          end
+        end
+
+        # If the ruby eager limit strategy is being used, slice the array using the slice
+        # range to return the object(s) at the correct offset/limit.
+        def apply_ruby_eager_limit_strategy(rows, limit_and_offset = limit_and_offset())
+          name = self[:name]
+          return unless range = slice_range(limit_and_offset)
+          if returns_array?
+            rows.each{|o| o.associations[name] = o.associations[name][range] || []}
+          else
+            offset = range.begin
+            rows.each{|o| o.associations[name] = o.associations[name][offset]}
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Whether the associations cache should use an array when storing the
+        # associated records during eager loading.
+        def assign_singular?
+          !returns_array?
+        end
+
+        # Whether this association can have associated objects, given the current
+        # object.  Should be false if obj cannot have associated objects because
+        # the necessary key columns are NULL.
+        def can_have_associated_objects?(obj)
+          true
+        end
+
+        # Whether you are able to clone from the given association type to the current
+        # association type, true by default only if the types match.
+        def cloneable?(ref)
+          ref[:type] == self[:type]
+        end
+
+        # Name symbol for the dataset association method
+        def dataset_method
+          self[:dataset_method]
+        end
+      
+        # Whether the dataset needs a primary key to function, true by default.
+        def dataset_need_primary_key?
+          true
+        end
+    
+        # Return the symbol used for the row number column if the window function
+        # eager limit strategy is being used, or nil otherwise.
+        def delete_row_number_column(ds=associated_dataset)
+          if eager_limit_strategy == :window_function
+            ds.row_number_column 
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Return an dataset that will load the appropriate associated objects for
+        # the given object using this association.
+        def association_dataset_for(object)
+          condition = if can_have_associated_objects?(object)
+            predicate_keys.zip(predicate_key_values(object))
+          else
+            false
+          end
+
+          associated_dataset.where(condition)
+        end
+
+        ASSOCIATION_DATASET_PROC = proc{|r| r.association_dataset_for(self)}
+        # Proc used to create the association dataset method.
+        def association_dataset_proc
+          ASSOCIATION_DATASET_PROC
+        end
+
+        # The eager_graph limit strategy to use for this dataset
+        def eager_graph_limit_strategy(strategy)
+          if self[:limit] || !returns_array?
+            strategy = strategy[self[:name]] if strategy.is_a?(Hash)
+            case strategy
+            when true
+              true_eager_graph_limit_strategy
+            when Symbol
+              strategy
+            else
+              if returns_array? || offset
+                :ruby
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # The eager limit strategy to use for this dataset.
+        def eager_limit_strategy
+          cached_fetch(:_eager_limit_strategy) do
+            if self[:limit] || !returns_array?
+              case s = cached_fetch(:eager_limit_strategy){default_eager_limit_strategy}
+              when true
+                true_eager_limit_strategy
+              else
+                s
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Eager load the associated objects using the hash of eager options,
+        # yielding each row to the block.
+        def eager_load_results(eo, &block)
+          rows = eo[:rows]
+          unless eo[:initialize_rows] == false
+            Sequel.synchronize_with(eo[:mutex]){initialize_association_cache(rows)}
+          end
+          if eo[:id_map]
+            ids = eo[:id_map].keys
+            return ids if ids.empty?
+          end
+          strategy = eager_limit_strategy
+          cascade = eo[:associations]
+          eager_limit = nil
+
+          if eo[:no_results]
+            no_results = true
+          elsif eo[:eager_block] || eo[:loader] == false
+            ds = eager_loading_dataset(eo)
+
+            strategy = ds.opts[:eager_limit_strategy] || strategy
+
+            eager_limit =
+              if el = ds.opts[:eager_limit]
+                raise Error, "The :eager_limit dataset option is not supported for associations returning a single record" unless returns_array?
+                strategy ||= true_eager_graph_limit_strategy
+                if el.is_a?(Array)
+                  el
+                else
+                  [el, nil]
+                end
+              else
+                limit_and_offset
+              end
+
+            strategy = true_eager_graph_limit_strategy if strategy == :union
+            # Correlated subqueries are not supported for regular eager loading
+            strategy = :ruby if strategy == :correlated_subquery
+            strategy = nil if strategy == :ruby && assign_singular?
+            objects = apply_eager_limit_strategy(ds, strategy, eager_limit).all
+          elsif strategy == :union
+            objects = []
+            ds = associated_dataset
+            loader = union_eager_loader
+            joiner = " UNION ALL "
+            ids.each_slice(subqueries_per_union).each do |slice|
+              objects.concat(ds.with_sql(slice.map{|k| loader.sql(*k)}.join(joiner)).to_a)
+            end
+            ds = ds.eager(cascade) if cascade
+            ds.send(:post_load, objects)
+          else
+            loader = placeholder_eager_loader
+            loader = loader.with_dataset{|dataset| dataset.eager(cascade)} if cascade
+            objects = loader.all(ids)
+          end
+
+          Sequel.synchronize_with(eo[:mutex]){objects.each(&block)} unless no_results
+
+          if strategy == :ruby
+            apply_ruby_eager_limit_strategy(rows, eager_limit || limit_and_offset)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The key to use for the key hash when eager loading
+        def eager_loader_key
+          self[:eager_loader_key]
+        end
+    
+        # By default associations do not need to select a key in an associated table
+        # to eagerly load.
+        def eager_loading_use_associated_key?
+          false
+        end
+
+        # Whether to eagerly graph a lazy dataset, true by default.  If this
+        # is false, the association won't respect the :eager_graph option
+        # when loading the association for a single record.
+        def eager_graph_lazy_dataset?
+          true
+        end
+    
+        # Whether additional conditions should be added when using the filter
+        # by associations support.
+        def filter_by_associations_add_conditions?
+          self[:conditions] || self[:eager_block] || self[:limit]
+        end
+
+        # The expression to use for the additional conditions to be added for
+        # the filter by association support, when the association itself is
+        # filtered.  Works by using a subquery to test that the objects passed
+        # also meet the association filter criteria.
+        def filter_by_associations_conditions_expression(obj)
+          ds = filter_by_associations_conditions_dataset.where(filter_by_associations_conditions_subquery_conditions(obj))
+          {filter_by_associations_conditions_key=>ds}
+        end
+
+        # Finalize the association by first attempting to populate the thread-safe cache,
+        # and then transfering the thread-safe cache value to the association itself,
+        # so that a mutex is not needed to get the value.
+        def finalize
+          return unless cache = self[:cache]
+
+          finalizer = proc do |meth, key|
+            next if has_key?(key)
+
+            # Allow calling private methods to make sure caching is done appropriately
+            send(meth)
+            self[key] = cache.delete(key) if cache.has_key?(key)
+          end
+
+          finalize_settings.each(&finalizer)
+
+          unless self[:instance_specific]
+            finalizer.call(:associated_eager_dataset, :associated_eager_dataset)
+            finalizer.call(:filter_by_associations_conditions_dataset, :filter_by_associations_conditions_dataset)
+          end
+
+          nil
+        end
+
+        # Map of methods to cache keys used for finalizing associations.
+        FINALIZE_SETTINGS = {
+          :associated_class=>:class,
+          :associated_dataset=>:_dataset,
+          :eager_limit_strategy=>:_eager_limit_strategy,
+          :placeholder_loader=>:placeholder_loader,
+          :predicate_key=>:predicate_key,
+          :predicate_keys=>:predicate_keys,
+          :reciprocal=>:reciprocal,
+        }.freeze
+        def finalize_settings
+          FINALIZE_SETTINGS
+        end
+    
+        # Whether to handle silent modification failure when adding/removing
+        # associated records, false by default.
+        def handle_silent_modification_failure?
+          false
+        end
+
+        # Initialize the associations cache for the current association for the given objects.
+        def initialize_association_cache(objects)
+          name = self[:name]
+          if assign_singular?
+            objects.each{|object| object.associations[name] = nil}
+          else
+            objects.each{|object| object.associations[name] = []}
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Show which type of reflection this is, and a guess at what code was used to create the
+        # association.
+        def inspect
+          o = self[:orig_opts].dup
+          o.delete(:class)
+          o.delete(:class_name)
+          o.delete(:block) unless o[:block]
+          o[:class] = self[:orig_class] if self[:orig_class]
+
+          "#<#{self.class} #{self[:model]}.#{self[:type]} #{self[:name].inspect}#{", #{o.inspect[1...-1]}" unless o.empty?}>"
+        end
+
+        # The limit and offset for this association (returned as a two element array).
+        def limit_and_offset
+          if (v = self[:limit]).is_a?(Array)
+            v
+          else
+            [v, nil]
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Whether the associated object needs a primary key to be added/removed,
+        # false by default.
+        def need_associated_primary_key?
+          false
+        end
+
+        # A placeholder literalizer that can be used to lazily load the association. If
+        # one can't be used, returns nil.
+        def placeholder_loader
+          if use_placeholder_loader?
+            cached_fetch(:placeholder_loader) do
+              Sequel::Dataset::PlaceholderLiteralizer.loader(associated_dataset) do |pl, ds|
+                ds = ds.where(Sequel.&(*predicate_keys.map{|k| SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:'=', k, pl.arg)}))
+                if self[:block]
+                  ds = self[:block].call(ds)
+                end
+                ds
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The keys to use for loading of the regular dataset, as an array.
+        def predicate_keys
+          cached_fetch(:predicate_keys){Array(predicate_key)}
+        end
+
+        # The values that predicate_keys should match for objects to be associated.
+        def predicate_key_values(object)
+          predicate_key_methods.map{|k| object.get_column_value(k)}
+        end
+
+        # Qualify +col+ with the given table name.
+        def qualify(table, col)
+          transform(col) do |k|
+            case k
+            when Symbol, SQL::Identifier
+              SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(table, k)
+            else
+              Sequel::Qualifier.new(table).transform(k)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Qualify col with the associated model's table name.
+        def qualify_assoc(col)
+          qualify(associated_class.table_name, col)
+        end
+        
+        # Qualify col with the current model's table name.
+        def qualify_cur(col)
+          qualify(self[:model].table_name, col)
+        end
+        
+        # Returns the reciprocal association variable, if one exists. The reciprocal
+        # association is the association in the associated class that is the opposite
+        # of the current association.  For example, Album.many_to_one :artist and
+        # Artist.one_to_many :albums are reciprocal associations.  This information is
+        # to populate reciprocal associations.  For example, when you do this_artist.add_album(album)
+        # it sets album.artist to this_artist.
+        def reciprocal
+          cached_fetch(:reciprocal) do
+            possible_recips = []
+
+            associated_class.all_association_reflections.each do |assoc_reflect|
+              if reciprocal_association?(assoc_reflect)
+                possible_recips << assoc_reflect
+              end
+            end
+
+            if possible_recips.length == 1
+              cached_set(:reciprocal_type, possible_recips.first[:type]) if ambiguous_reciprocal_type?
+              possible_recips.first[:name]
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Whether the reciprocal of this association returns an array of objects instead of a single object,
+        # true by default.
+        def reciprocal_array?
+          true
+        end
+    
+        # Name symbol for the remove_all_ association method
+        def remove_all_method
+          self[:remove_all_method]
+        end
+      
+        # Whether associated objects need to be removed from the association before
+        # being destroyed in order to preserve referential integrity.
+        def remove_before_destroy?
+          true
+        end
+    
+        # Name symbol for the remove_ association method
+        def remove_method
+          self[:remove_method]
+        end
+      
+        # Whether to check that an object to be disassociated is already associated to this object, false by default.
+        def remove_should_check_existing?
+          false
+        end
+
+        # Whether this association returns an array of objects instead of a single object,
+        # true by default.
+        def returns_array?
+          true
+        end
+    
+        # The columns to select when loading the association.
+        def select
+          self[:select]
+        end
+    
+        # Whether to set the reciprocal association to self when loading associated
+        # records, false by default.
+        def set_reciprocal_to_self?
+          false
+        end
+    
+        # Name symbol for the setter association method
+        def setter_method
+          self[:setter_method]
+        end
+        
+        # The range used for slicing when using the :ruby eager limit strategy.
+        def slice_range(limit_and_offset = limit_and_offset())
+          limit, offset = limit_and_offset
+          if limit || offset
+            (offset||0)..(limit ? (offset||0)+limit-1 : -1)
+          end
+        end
+        
+        private
+
+        # If the key exists in the reflection hash, return it.
+        # If the key doesn't exist and association reflections are uncached, then yield to get the value.
+        # If the key doesn't exist and association reflection are cached, check the cache and return
+        # the value if present, or yield to get the value, cache the value, and return it.
+        def cached_fetch(key)
+          fetch(key) do
+            return yield unless h = self[:cache]
+            Sequel.synchronize{return h[key] if h.has_key?(key)}
+            value = yield
+            Sequel.synchronize{h[key] = value}
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Cache the value at the given key if caching.
+        def cached_set(key, value)
+          return unless h = self[:cache]
+          Sequel.synchronize{h[key] = value}
+        end
+
+        # The base dataset used for the association, before any order/conditions
+        # options have been applied.
+        def _associated_dataset
+          associated_class.dataset
+        end
+
+        # Whether for the reciprocal type for the given association cannot be
+        # known in advantage, false by default.
+        def ambiguous_reciprocal_type?
+          false
+        end
+
+        # Apply a limit strategy to the given dataset so that filter by
+        # associations works with a limited dataset.
+        def apply_filter_by_associations_limit_strategy(ds)
+          case filter_by_associations_limit_strategy
+          when :distinct_on
+            apply_filter_by_associations_distinct_on_limit_strategy(ds)
+          when :window_function
+            apply_filter_by_associations_window_function_limit_strategy(ds)
+          else
+            ds
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Apply a distinct on eager limit strategy using IN with a subquery
+        # that uses DISTINCT ON to ensure only the first matching record for
+        # each key is included.
+        def apply_filter_by_associations_distinct_on_limit_strategy(ds)
+          k = filter_by_associations_limit_key 
+          ds.where(k=>apply_distinct_on_eager_limit_strategy(associated_eager_dataset.select(*k)))
+        end
+
+        # Apply a distinct on eager limit strategy using IN with a subquery
+        # that uses a filter on the row_number window function to ensure
+        # that only rows inside the limit are returned.
+        def apply_filter_by_associations_window_function_limit_strategy(ds)
+          ds.where(filter_by_associations_limit_key=>apply_window_function_eager_limit_strategy(associated_eager_dataset.select(*filter_by_associations_limit_alias_key)).select(*filter_by_associations_limit_aliases))
+        end
+
+        # The associated_dataset with the eager_block callback already applied.
+        def associated_eager_dataset
+          cached_fetch(:associated_eager_dataset) do
+            ds = associated_dataset.unlimited
+            if block = self[:eager_block]
+              ds = block.call(ds)
+            end
+            ds
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The dataset to use for eager loading associated objects for multiple current objects,
+        # given the hash passed to the eager loader.
+        def eager_loading_dataset(eo=OPTS)
+          ds = eo[:dataset] || associated_eager_dataset
+          ds = eager_loading_set_predicate_condition(ds, eo)
+          if associations = eo[:associations]
+            ds = ds.eager(associations)
+          end
+          if block = eo[:eager_block]
+            orig_ds = ds
+            ds = block.call(ds)
+          end
+          if eager_loading_use_associated_key?
+            ds = if ds.opts[:eager_graph] && !orig_ds.opts[:eager_graph]
+              block.call(orig_ds.select_append(*associated_key_array))
+            else
+              ds.select_append(*associated_key_array)
+            end
+          end
+          if self[:eager_graph]
+            raise(Error, "cannot eagerly load a #{self[:type]} association that uses :eager_graph") if eager_loading_use_associated_key?
+            ds = ds.eager_graph(self[:eager_graph])
+          end
+          ds
+        end
+
+        # The default eager limit strategy to use for this association
+        def default_eager_limit_strategy
+          self[:model].default_eager_limit_strategy || :ruby
+        end
+
+        # Set the predicate condition for the eager loading dataset based on the id map
+        # in the eager loading options.
+        def eager_loading_set_predicate_condition(ds, eo)
+          if id_map = eo[:id_map]
+            ds = ds.where(eager_loading_predicate_condition(id_map.keys))
+          end
+          ds
+        end
+
+        # The predicate condition to use for the eager_loader.
+        def eager_loading_predicate_condition(keys)
+          {predicate_key=>keys}
+        end
+
+        # Add conditions to the dataset to not include NULL values for
+        # the associated keys, and select those keys.
+        def filter_by_associations_add_conditions_dataset_filter(ds)
+          k = filter_by_associations_conditions_associated_keys
+          ds.select(*k).where(Sequel.negate(k.zip([])))
+        end
+
+        # The conditions to add to the filter by associations conditions
+        # subquery to restrict it to to the object(s) that was used as the
+        # filter value.
+        def filter_by_associations_conditions_subquery_conditions(obj)
+          key = qualify(associated_class.table_name, associated_class.primary_key)
+          case obj
+          when Array
+            {key=>obj.map(&:pk)}
+          when Sequel::Dataset
+            {key=>obj.select(*Array(qualify(associated_class.table_name, associated_class.primary_key)))}
+          else
+            Array(key).zip(Array(obj.pk))
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The base dataset to use for the filter by associations conditions
+        # subquery, regardless of the objects that are passed in as filter
+        # values.
+        def filter_by_associations_conditions_dataset
+          cached_fetch(:filter_by_associations_conditions_dataset) do
+            ds = associated_eager_dataset.unordered
+            ds = filter_by_associations_add_conditions_dataset_filter(ds)
+            ds = apply_filter_by_associations_limit_strategy(ds)
+            ds
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The strategy to use to filter by a limited association
+        def filter_by_associations_limit_strategy
+          v = fetch(:filter_limit_strategy, self[:eager_limit_strategy])
+          if v || self[:limit] || !returns_array?
+            case v ||= self[:model].default_eager_limit_strategy
+            when true, :union, :ruby
+              # Can't use a union or ruby-based strategy for filtering by associations, switch to default eager graph limit
+              # strategy.
+              true_eager_graph_limit_strategy
+            when Symbol
+              v
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Whether to limit the associated dataset to a single row.
+        def limit_to_single_row?
+          !returns_array?
+        end
+        
+        # Any offset to use for this association (or nil if there is no offset).
+        def offset
+          limit_and_offset.last
+        end
+
+        # A placeholder literalizer used to speed up eager loading.
+        def placeholder_eager_loader
+          cached_fetch(:placeholder_eager_loader) do
+            Sequel::Dataset::PlaceholderLiteralizer.loader(associated_dataset) do |pl, ds|
+              apply_eager_limit_strategy(eager_loading_dataset.where(predicate_key=>pl.arg), eager_limit_strategy)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The reciprocal type as an array, should be overridden in reflection subclasses that
+        # have ambiguous reciprocal types.
+        def possible_reciprocal_types
+          [reciprocal_type]
+        end
+
+        # Whether the given association reflection is possible reciprocal
+        # association for the current association reflection.
+        def reciprocal_association?(assoc_reflect)
+          possible_reciprocal_types.include?(assoc_reflect[:type]) &&
+            (begin; assoc_reflect.associated_class; rescue NameError; end) == self[:model] &&
+            assoc_reflect[:conditions].nil? &&
+            assoc_reflect[:block].nil?
+        end
+    
+        # The number of subqueries to use in each union query, used to eagerly load
+        # limited associations.  Defaults to 40, the optimal number depends on the
+        # latency between the database and the application.
+        def subqueries_per_union
+          self[:subqueries_per_union] || 40
+        end
+
+        # If +s+ is an array, map +s+ over the block.  Otherwise, just call the
+        # block with +s+.
+        def transform(s, &block)
+          s.is_a?(Array) ? s.map(&block) : (yield s)
+        end
+
+        # What eager limit strategy should be used when true is given as the value,
+        # defaults to UNION as that is the fastest strategy if the appropriate keys are indexed.
+        def true_eager_limit_strategy
+          if self[:eager_graph] || (offset && !associated_dataset.supports_offsets_in_correlated_subqueries?)
+            # An SQL-based approach won't work if you are also eager graphing,
+            # so use a ruby based approach in that case.
+            :ruby
+          else
+            :union 
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The eager_graph limit strategy used when true is given as the value, choosing the
+        # best strategy based on what the database supports.
+        def true_eager_graph_limit_strategy
+          if associated_class.dataset.supports_window_functions?
+            :window_function
+          else
+            :ruby
+          end
+        end
+
+        # A placeholder literalizer used to speed up the creation of union queries when eager
+        # loading a limited association.
+        def union_eager_loader
+          cached_fetch(:union_eager_loader) do
+            Sequel::Dataset::PlaceholderLiteralizer.loader(associated_dataset) do |pl, ds|
+              ds = self[:eager_block].call(ds) if self[:eager_block]
+              keys = predicate_keys
+              ds = ds.where(keys.map{pl.arg}.zip(keys))
+              if eager_loading_use_associated_key?
+                ds = ds.select_append(*associated_key_array)
+              end
+              ds.from_self
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Whether the placeholder loader can be used to load the association.
+        def use_placeholder_loader?
+          self[:use_placeholder_loader]
+        end
+      end
+    
+      class ManyToOneAssociationReflection < AssociationReflection
+        ASSOCIATION_TYPES[:many_to_one] = self
+    
+        # many_to_one associations can only have associated objects if none of
+        # the :keys options have a nil value.
+        def can_have_associated_objects?(obj)
+          !self[:keys].any?{|k| obj.get_column_value(k).nil?}
+        end
+        
+        # Whether the dataset needs a primary key to function, false for many_to_one associations.
+        def dataset_need_primary_key?
+          false
+        end
+    
+        # Default foreign key name symbol for foreign key in current model's table that points to
+        # the given association's table's primary key.
+        def default_key
+          :"#{self[:name]}_id"
+        end
+      
+        # Whether to eagerly graph a lazy dataset, true for many_to_one associations
+        # only if the key is nil.
+        def eager_graph_lazy_dataset?
+          self[:key].nil?
+        end
+    
+        # many_to_one associations don't need an eager_graph limit strategy
+        def eager_graph_limit_strategy(_)
+          nil
+        end
+
+        # many_to_one associations don't need an eager limit strategy
+        def eager_limit_strategy
+          nil
+        end
+
+        # many_to_one associations don't need a filter by associations limit strategy
+        def filter_by_associations_limit_strategy
+          nil
+        end
+
+        FINALIZE_SETTINGS = superclass::FINALIZE_SETTINGS.merge(
+          :primary_key=>:primary_key,
+          :primary_keys=>:primary_keys,
+          :primary_key_method=>:primary_key_method,
+          :primary_key_methods=>:primary_key_methods,
+          :qualified_primary_key=>:qualified_primary_key,
+          :reciprocal_type=>:reciprocal_type
+        ).freeze
+        def finalize_settings
+          FINALIZE_SETTINGS
+        end
+
+        # The expression to use on the left hand side of the IN lookup when eager loading
+        def predicate_key
+          cached_fetch(:predicate_key){qualified_primary_key}
+        end
+
+        # The column(s) in the associated table that the key in the current table references (either a symbol or an array).
+        def primary_key
+         cached_fetch(:primary_key){associated_class.primary_key || raise(Error, "no primary key specified for #{associated_class.inspect}")}
+        end
+       
+        # The columns in the associated table that the key in the current table references (always an array).
+        def primary_keys
+         cached_fetch(:primary_keys){Array(primary_key)}
+        end
+        alias associated_object_keys primary_keys
+
+        # The method symbol or array of method symbols to call on the associated object
+        # to get the value to use for the foreign keys.
+        def primary_key_method
+         cached_fetch(:primary_key_method){primary_key}
+        end
+       
+        # The array of method symbols to call on the associated object
+        # to get the value to use for the foreign keys.
+        def primary_key_methods
+         cached_fetch(:primary_key_methods){Array(primary_key_method)}
+        end
+       
+        # #primary_key qualified by the associated table
+        def qualified_primary_key
+          cached_fetch(:qualified_primary_key){self[:qualify] == false ? primary_key : qualify_assoc(primary_key)}
+        end
+        
+        # True only if the reciprocal is a one_to_many association.
+        def reciprocal_array?
+          !set_reciprocal_to_self?
+        end
+      
+        # Whether this association returns an array of objects instead of a single object,
+        # false for a many_to_one association.
+        def returns_array?
+          false
+        end
+        
+        # True only if the reciprocal is a one_to_one association.
+        def set_reciprocal_to_self?
+          reciprocal
+          reciprocal_type == :one_to_one
+        end
+    
+        private
+    
+        # Reciprocals of many_to_one associations could be either one_to_many or one_to_one,
+        # and which is not known in advance.
+        def ambiguous_reciprocal_type?
+          true
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_conditions_associated_keys
+          qualify(associated_class.table_name, primary_keys)
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_conditions_key
+          qualify(self[:model].table_name, self[:key_column])
+        end
+
+        # many_to_one associations do not need to be limited to a single row if they
+        # explicitly do not have a key.
+        def limit_to_single_row?
+          super && self[:key]
+        end
+        
+        def predicate_key_methods
+          self[:keys]
+        end
+    
+        # The reciprocal type of a many_to_one association is either
+        # a one_to_many or a one_to_one association.
+        def possible_reciprocal_types
+          [:one_to_many, :one_to_one]
+        end
+
+        # Whether the given association reflection is possible reciprocal
+        def reciprocal_association?(assoc_reflect)
+          super && self[:keys] == assoc_reflect[:keys] && primary_key == assoc_reflect.primary_key
+        end
+
+        # The reciprocal type of a many_to_one association is either
+        # a one_to_many or a one_to_one association, look in the associated class
+        # to try to figure out which.
+        def reciprocal_type
+          cached_fetch(:reciprocal_type) do
+            possible_recips = []
+
+            associated_class.all_association_reflections.each do |assoc_reflect|
+              if reciprocal_association?(assoc_reflect)
+                possible_recips << assoc_reflect
+              end
+            end
+
+            if possible_recips.length == 1
+              possible_recips.first[:type]
+            else
+              possible_reciprocal_types
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    
+      class OneToManyAssociationReflection < AssociationReflection
+        ASSOCIATION_TYPES[:one_to_many] = self
+        
+        # Support a correlated subquery limit strategy when using eager_graph.
+        def apply_eager_graph_limit_strategy(strategy, ds)
+          case strategy
+          when :correlated_subquery
+            apply_correlated_subquery_limit_strategy(ds)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The keys in the associated model's table related to this association
+        def associated_object_keys
+          self[:keys]
+        end
+
+        # one_to_many associations can only have associated objects if none of
+        # the :keys options have a nil value.
+        def can_have_associated_objects?(obj)
+          !self[:primary_keys].any?{|k| obj.get_column_value(k).nil?}
+        end
+
+        # one_to_many and one_to_one associations can be clones
+        def cloneable?(ref)
+          ref[:type] == :one_to_many || ref[:type] == :one_to_one
+        end
+
+        # Default foreign key name symbol for key in associated table that points to
+        # current table's primary key.
+        def default_key
+          :"#{underscore(demodulize(self[:model].name))}_id"
+        end
+
+        FINALIZE_SETTINGS = superclass::FINALIZE_SETTINGS.merge(
+          :qualified_primary_key=>:qualified_primary_key
+        ).freeze
+        def finalize_settings
+          FINALIZE_SETTINGS
+        end
+
+        # Handle silent failure of add/remove methods if raise_on_save_failure is false.
+        def handle_silent_modification_failure?
+          self[:raise_on_save_failure] == false
+        end
+
+        # The hash key to use for the eager loading predicate (left side of IN (1, 2, 3))
+        def predicate_key
+          cached_fetch(:predicate_key){qualify_assoc(self[:key])}
+        end
+        alias qualified_key predicate_key
+
+        # The column in the current table that the key in the associated table references.
+        def primary_key
+          self[:primary_key]
+        end
+
+        # #primary_key qualified by the current table
+        def qualified_primary_key
+          cached_fetch(:qualified_primary_key){qualify_cur(primary_key)}
+        end
+      
+        # Whether the reciprocal of this association returns an array of objects instead of a single object,
+        # false for a one_to_many association.
+        def reciprocal_array?
+          false
+        end
+    
+        # Destroying one_to_many associated objects automatically deletes the foreign key.
+        def remove_before_destroy?
+          false
+        end
+    
+        # The one_to_many association needs to check that an object to be removed already is associated.
+        def remove_should_check_existing?
+          true
+        end
+
+        # One to many associations set the reciprocal to self when loading associated records.
+        def set_reciprocal_to_self?
+          true
+        end
+    
+        private
+    
+        # Use a correlated subquery to limit the dataset.  Note that this will not
+        # work correctly if the associated dataset uses qualified identifers in the WHERE clause,
+        # as they would reference the containing query instead of the subquery.
+        def apply_correlated_subquery_limit_strategy(ds)
+          table = ds.first_source_table
+          table_alias = ds.first_source_alias
+          primary_key = associated_class.primary_key
+          key = self[:key]
+          cs_alias = :t1
+          cs = associated_dataset.
+            from(Sequel.as(table, :t1)).
+            select(*qualify(cs_alias, primary_key)).
+            where(Array(qualify(cs_alias, key)).zip(Array(qualify(table_alias, key)))).
+            limit(*limit_and_offset)
+          ds.where(qualify(table_alias, primary_key)=>cs)
+        end
+
+        # Support correlated subquery strategy when filtering by limited associations.
+        def apply_filter_by_associations_limit_strategy(ds)
+          case filter_by_associations_limit_strategy
+          when :correlated_subquery
+            apply_correlated_subquery_limit_strategy(ds)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_conditions_associated_keys
+          qualify(associated_class.table_name, self[:keys])
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_conditions_key
+          qualify(self[:model].table_name, self[:primary_key_column])
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_limit_alias_key
+          Array(filter_by_associations_limit_key)
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_limit_aliases
+          filter_by_associations_limit_alias_key.map(&:column)
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_limit_key
+          qualify(associated_class.table_name, associated_class.primary_key)
+        end
+
+        def predicate_key_methods
+          self[:primary_keys]
+        end
+    
+        def reciprocal_association?(assoc_reflect)
+          super && self[:keys] == assoc_reflect[:keys] && primary_key == assoc_reflect.primary_key
+        end
+
+        # The reciprocal type of a one_to_many association is a many_to_one association.
+        def reciprocal_type
+          :many_to_one
+        end
+
+        # Support automatic use of correlated subqueries if :ruby option is best available option,
+        # the database supports them, and either the associated class has a non-composite primary key
+        # or the database supports multiple columns in IN.
+        def true_eager_graph_limit_strategy
+          r = super
+          ds = associated_dataset
+          if r == :ruby && ds.supports_limits_in_correlated_subqueries? && (Array(associated_class.primary_key).length == 1 || ds.supports_multiple_column_in?) && (!offset || ds.supports_offsets_in_correlated_subqueries?)
+            :correlated_subquery
+          else
+            r
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Methods that turn an association that returns multiple objects into an association that
+      # returns a single object.
+      module SingularAssociationReflection
+        # Singular associations do not assign singular if they are using the ruby eager limit strategy
+        # and have a slice range, since they need to store the array of associated objects in order to
+        # pick the correct one with an offset.
+        def assign_singular?
+          super && (eager_limit_strategy != :ruby || !slice_range)
+        end
+
+        # Add conditions when filtering by singular associations with orders, since the
+        # underlying relationship is probably not one-to-one.
+        def filter_by_associations_add_conditions?
+          super || self[:order] || self[:eager_limit_strategy] || self[:filter_limit_strategy]
+        end
+
+        # Make sure singular associations always have 1 as the limit
+        def limit_and_offset
+          r = super
+          if r.first == 1
+            r
+          else
+            [1, r[1]]
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Singular associations always return a single object, not an array.
+        def returns_array?
+          false
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        # Only use a eager limit strategy by default if there is an offset or an order.
+        def default_eager_limit_strategy
+          super if self[:order] || offset
+        end
+
+        # Use a strategy for filtering by associations if there is an order or an offset,
+        # or a specific limiting strategy has been specified.
+        def filter_by_associations_limit_strategy
+          super if self[:order] || offset || self[:eager_limit_strategy] || self[:filter_limit_strategy]
+        end
+
+        # Use the DISTINCT ON eager limit strategy for true if the database supports it.
+        def true_eager_graph_limit_strategy
+          if associated_class.dataset.supports_ordered_distinct_on? && !offset
+            :distinct_on
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      
+      class OneToOneAssociationReflection < OneToManyAssociationReflection
+        ASSOCIATION_TYPES[:one_to_one] = self
+        include SingularAssociationReflection
+      end
+    
+      class ManyToManyAssociationReflection < AssociationReflection
+        ASSOCIATION_TYPES[:many_to_many] = self
+    
+        # The alias to use for the associated key when eagerly loading
+        def associated_key_alias
+          self[:left_key_alias]
+        end
+
+        # Array of associated keys used when eagerly loading.
+        def associated_key_array
+          cached_fetch(:associated_key_array) do
+            if self[:uses_left_composite_keys]
+              associated_key_alias.zip(predicate_keys).map{|a, k| SQL::AliasedExpression.new(k, a)}
+            else
+              [SQL::AliasedExpression.new(predicate_key, associated_key_alias)]
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The column to use for the associated key when eagerly loading
+        def associated_key_column
+          self[:left_key]
+        end
+
+        # Alias of right_primary_keys
+        def associated_object_keys
+          right_primary_keys
+        end
+
+        # many_to_many associations can only have associated objects if none of
+        # the :left_primary_keys options have a nil value.
+        def can_have_associated_objects?(obj)
+          !self[:left_primary_keys].any?{|k| obj.get_column_value(k).nil?}
+        end
+
+        # one_through_one and many_to_many associations can be clones
+        def cloneable?(ref)
+          ref[:type] == :many_to_many || ref[:type] == :one_through_one
+        end
+
+        # The default associated key alias(es) to use when eager loading
+        # associations via eager.
+        def default_associated_key_alias
+          self[:uses_left_composite_keys] ? (0...self[:left_keys].length).map{|i| :"x_foreign_key_#{i}_x"} : :x_foreign_key_x
+        end
+      
+        # The default eager loader used if the user doesn't override it.  Extracted
+        # to a method so the code can be shared with the many_through_many plugin.
+        def default_eager_loader(eo)
+          h = eo[:id_map]
+          assign_singular = assign_singular?
+          delete_rn = delete_row_number_column
+          uses_lcks = self[:uses_left_composite_keys]
+          left_key_alias = self[:left_key_alias]
+          name = self[:name]
+
+          self[:model].eager_load_results(self, eo) do |assoc_record|
+            assoc_record.values.delete(delete_rn) if delete_rn
+            hash_key = if uses_lcks
+              left_key_alias.map{|k| assoc_record.values.delete(k)}
+            else
+              assoc_record.values.delete(left_key_alias)
+            end
+
+            objects = h[hash_key]
+
+            if assign_singular
+              objects.each do |object| 
+                object.associations[name] ||= assoc_record
+              end
+            else
+              objects.each do |object|
+                object.associations[name].push(assoc_record)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Default name symbol for the join table.
+        def default_join_table
+          [self[:class_name], self[:model].name].map{|i| underscore(pluralize(demodulize(i)))}.sort.join('_').to_sym
+        end
+
+        # Default foreign key name symbol for key in join table that points to
+        # current table's primary key (or :left_primary_key column).
+        def default_left_key
+          :"#{underscore(demodulize(self[:model].name))}_id"
+        end
+    
+        # Default foreign key name symbol for foreign key in join table that points to
+        # the association's table's primary key (or :right_primary_key column).
+        def default_right_key
+          :"#{singularize(self[:name])}_id"
+        end
+      
+        FINALIZE_SETTINGS = superclass::FINALIZE_SETTINGS.merge(
+          :associated_key_array=>:associated_key_array,
+          :qualified_right_key=>:qualified_right_key,
+          :join_table_source=>:join_table_source,
+          :join_table_alias=>:join_table_alias,
+          :qualified_right_primary_key=>:qualified_right_primary_key,
+          :right_primary_key=>:right_primary_key,
+          :right_primary_keys=>:right_primary_keys,
+          :right_primary_key_method=>:right_primary_key_method,
+          :right_primary_key_methods=>:right_primary_key_methods,
+          :select=>:select
+        ).freeze
+        def finalize_settings
+          FINALIZE_SETTINGS
+        end
+
+        # The hash key to use for the eager loading predicate (left side of IN (1, 2, 3)).
+        # The left key qualified by the join table.
+        def predicate_key
+          cached_fetch(:predicate_key){qualify(join_table_alias, self[:left_key])}
+        end
+        alias qualified_left_key predicate_key
+
+        # The right key qualified by the join table.
+        def qualified_right_key
+          cached_fetch(:qualified_right_key){qualify(join_table_alias, self[:right_key])}
+        end
+    
+        # many_to_many associations need to select a key in an associated table to eagerly load
+        def eager_loading_use_associated_key?
+          !separate_query_per_table?
+        end
+
+        # The source of the join table.  This is the join table itself, unless it
+        # is aliased, in which case it is the unaliased part.
+        def join_table_source
+          cached_fetch(:join_table_source){split_join_table_alias[0]}
+        end
+
+        # The join table itself, unless it is aliased, in which case this
+        # is the alias.
+        def join_table_alias
+          cached_fetch(:join_table_alias) do
+            s, a = split_join_table_alias
+            a || s
+          end
+        end
+        alias associated_key_table join_table_alias
+        
+        # Whether the associated object needs a primary key to be added/removed,
+        # true for many_to_many associations.
+        def need_associated_primary_key?
+          true
+        end
+    
+        # #right_primary_key qualified by the associated table
+        def qualified_right_primary_key
+          cached_fetch(:qualified_right_primary_key){qualify_assoc(right_primary_key)}
+        end
+    
+        # The primary key column(s) to use in the associated table (can be symbol or array).
+        def right_primary_key
+          cached_fetch(:right_primary_key){associated_class.primary_key || raise(Error, "no primary key specified for #{associated_class.inspect}")}
+        end
+        
+        # The primary key columns to use in the associated table (always array).
+        def right_primary_keys
+          cached_fetch(:right_primary_keys){Array(right_primary_key)}
+        end
+    
+        # The method symbol or array of method symbols to call on the associated objects
+        # to get the foreign key values for the join table. 
+        def right_primary_key_method
+          cached_fetch(:right_primary_key_method){right_primary_key}
+        end
+
+        # The array of method symbols to call on the associated objects
+        # to get the foreign key values for the join table. 
+        def right_primary_key_methods
+          cached_fetch(:right_primary_key_methods){Array(right_primary_key_method)}
+        end
+        
+        # The columns to select when loading the association, associated_class.table_name.* by default.
+        def select
+          cached_fetch(:select){default_select}
+        end
+
+        # Whether a separate query should be used for the join table.
+        def separate_query_per_table?
+          self[:join_table_db]
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        # Join to the the join table, unless using a separate query per table.
+        def _associated_dataset
+          if separate_query_per_table?
+            super
+          else
+            super.inner_join(self[:join_table], self[:right_keys].zip(right_primary_keys), :qualify=>:deep)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Use the right_keys from the eager loading options if
+        # using a separate query per table.
+        def eager_loading_set_predicate_condition(ds, eo)
+          if separate_query_per_table?
+            ds.where(right_primary_key=>eo[:right_keys])
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The default selection for associations that require joins.  These do not use the default
+        # model selection unless all entries in the select are explicitly qualified identifiers, as
+        # other it can include unqualified columns which would be made ambiguous by joining.
+        def default_select
+          if (sel = associated_class.dataset.opts[:select]) && sel.all?{|c| selection_is_qualified?(c)}
+            sel
+          else
+            Sequel::SQL::ColumnAll.new(associated_class.table_name)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_conditions_associated_keys
+          qualify(join_table_alias, self[:left_keys])
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_conditions_key
+          qualify(self[:model].table_name, self[:left_primary_key_column])
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_limit_alias_key
+          aliaz = 'a'
+          filter_by_associations_limit_key.map{|c| c.as(Sequel.identifier(aliaz = aliaz.next))}
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_limit_aliases
+          filter_by_associations_limit_alias_key.map(&:alias)
+        end
+
+        def filter_by_associations_limit_key
+          qualify(join_table_alias, self[:left_keys]) + Array(qualify(associated_class.table_name, associated_class.primary_key))
+        end
+
+        def predicate_key_methods
+          self[:left_primary_keys]
+        end
+    
+        def reciprocal_association?(assoc_reflect)
+          super && assoc_reflect[:left_keys] == self[:right_keys] &&
+            assoc_reflect[:right_keys] == self[:left_keys] &&
+            assoc_reflect[:join_table] == self[:join_table] &&
+            right_primary_keys == assoc_reflect[:left_primary_key_columns] &&
+            self[:left_primary_key_columns] == assoc_reflect.right_primary_keys
+        end
+
+        def reciprocal_type
+          :many_to_many
+        end
+
+        # Whether the given expression represents a qualified identifier.  Used to determine if it is
+        # OK to use directly when joining.
+        def selection_is_qualified?(c)
+          case c
+          when Symbol
+            Sequel.split_symbol(c)[0]
+          when Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
+            true
+          when Sequel::SQL::AliasedExpression
+            selection_is_qualified?(c.expression)
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Split the join table into source and alias parts.
+        def split_join_table_alias
+          associated_class.dataset.split_alias(self[:join_table])
+        end
+      end
+  
+      class OneThroughOneAssociationReflection < ManyToManyAssociationReflection
+        ASSOCIATION_TYPES[:one_through_one] = self
+        include SingularAssociationReflection
+        
+        # one_through_one associations should not singularize the association name when
+        # creating the foreign key.
+        def default_right_key
+          :"#{self[:name]}_id"
+        end
+      
+        # one_through_one associations have no reciprocals
+        def reciprocal
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+    
+      # This module contains methods added to all association datasets
+      module AssociationDatasetMethods
+        # The model object that created the association dataset
+        def model_object
+          @opts[:model_object]
+        end
+    
+        # The association reflection related to the association dataset
+        def association_reflection
+          @opts[:association_reflection]
+        end
+        
+        private
+
+        def non_sql_option?(key)
+          super || key == :model_object || key == :association_reflection
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # Each kind of association adds a number of instance methods to the model class which
+      # are specialized according to the association type and optional parameters
+      # given in the definition. Example:
+      # 
+      #   class Project < Sequel::Model
+      #     many_to_one :portfolio
+      #     # or: one_to_one :portfolio
+      #     one_to_many :milestones
+      #     # or: many_to_many :milestones 
+      #   end
+      # 
+      # The project class now has the following instance methods:
+      # portfolio :: Returns the associated portfolio.
+      # portfolio=(obj) :: Sets the associated portfolio to the object,
+      #                    but the change is not persisted until you save the record (for many_to_one associations).
+      # portfolio_dataset :: Returns a dataset that would return the associated
+      #                      portfolio, only useful in fairly specific circumstances.
+      # milestones :: Returns an array of associated milestones
+      # add_milestone(obj) :: Associates the passed milestone with this object.
+      # remove_milestone(obj) :: Removes the association with the passed milestone.
+      # remove_all_milestones :: Removes associations with all associated milestones.
+      # milestones_dataset :: Returns a dataset that would return the associated
+      #                       milestones, allowing for further filtering/limiting/etc.
+      #
+      # If you want to override the behavior of the add_/remove_/remove_all_/ methods
+      # or the association setter method, use the :adder, :remover, :clearer, and/or :setter
+      # options.  These options override the default behavior.
+      #
+      # By default the classes for the associations are inferred from the association
+      # name, so for example the Project#portfolio will return an instance of 
+      # Portfolio, and Project#milestones will return an array of Milestone 
+      # instances.  You can use the :class option to change which class is used.
+      #
+      # Association definitions are also reflected by the class, e.g.:
+      #
+      #   Project.associations
+      #   => [:portfolio, :milestones]
+      #   Project.association_reflection(:portfolio)
+      #   => #<Sequel::Model::Associations::ManyToOneAssociationReflection Project.many_to_one :portfolio>
+      #
+      # Associations should not have the same names as any of the columns in the
+      # model's current table they reference. If you are dealing with an existing schema that
+      # has a column named status, you can't name the association status, you'd
+      # have to name it foo_status or something else.  If you give an association the same name
+      # as a column, you will probably end up with an association that doesn't work, or a SystemStackError.
+      #
+      # For a more in depth general overview, as well as a reference guide,
+      # see the {Association Basics guide}[rdoc-ref:doc/association_basics.rdoc].
+      # For examples of advanced usage, see the {Advanced Associations guide}[rdoc-ref:doc/advanced_associations.rdoc].
+      module ClassMethods
+        # All association reflections defined for this model (default: {}).
+        attr_reader :association_reflections
+
+        # Hash with column symbol keys and arrays of many_to_one
+        # association symbols that should be cleared when the column
+        # value changes.
+        attr_reader :autoreloading_associations
+
+        # Whether association metadata should be cached in the association reflection.  If not cached, it will be computed
+        # on demand.  In general you only want to set this to false when using code reloading.  When using code reloading,
+        # setting this will make sure that if an associated class is removed or modified, this class will not have a reference to
+        # the previous class.
+        attr_accessor :cache_associations
+
+        # The default options to use for all associations.  This hash is merged into the association reflection hash for
+        # all association reflections.
+        attr_accessor :default_association_options
+
+        # The default options to use for all associations of a given type.  This is a hash keyed by association type
+        # symbol.  If there is a value for the association type symbol key, the resulting hash will be merged into the
+        # association reflection hash for all association reflections of that type.
+        attr_accessor :default_association_type_options
+
+        # The default :eager_limit_strategy option to use for limited or offset associations (default: true, causing Sequel
+        # to use what it considers the most appropriate strategy).
+        attr_accessor :default_eager_limit_strategy
+
+        # Array of all association reflections for this model class
+        def all_association_reflections
+          association_reflections.values
+        end
+        
+        # Associates a related model with the current model. The following types are
+        # supported:
+        #
+        # :many_to_one :: Foreign key in current model's table points to 
+        #                 associated model's primary key.  Each associated model object can
+        #                 be associated with more than one current model objects.  Each current
+        #                 model object can be associated with only one associated model object.
+        # :one_to_many :: Foreign key in associated model's table points to this
+        #                 model's primary key.   Each current model object can be associated with
+        #                 more than one associated model objects.  Each associated model object
+        #                 can be associated with only one current model object.
+        # :one_through_one :: Similar to many_to_many in terms of foreign keys, but only one object
+        #                     is associated to the current object through the association.
+        #                     Provides only getter methods, no setter or modification methods.
+        # :one_to_one :: Similar to one_to_many in terms of foreign keys, but
+        #                only one object is associated to the current object through the
+        #                association.  The methods created are similar to many_to_one, except
+        #                that the one_to_one setter method saves the passed object.
+        # :many_to_many :: A join table is used that has a foreign key that points
+        #                  to this model's primary key and a foreign key that points to the
+        #                  associated model's primary key.  Each current model object can be
+        #                  associated with many associated model objects, and each associated
+        #                  model object can be associated with many current model objects.
+        #
+        # The following options can be supplied:
+        # === Multiple Types
+        # :adder :: Proc used to define the private _add_* method for doing the database work
+        #           to associate the given object to the current object (*_to_many assocations).
+        #           Set to nil to not define a add_* method for the association.
+        # :after_add :: Symbol, Proc, or array of both/either specifying a callback to call
+        #               after a new item is added to the association.
+        # :after_load :: Symbol, Proc, or array of both/either specifying a callback to call
+        #                after the associated record(s) have been retrieved from the database.
+        # :after_remove :: Symbol, Proc, or array of both/either specifying a callback to call
+        #                  after an item is removed from the association.
+        # :after_set :: Symbol, Proc, or array of both/either specifying a callback to call
+        #               after an item is set using the association setter method.
+        # :allow_eager :: If set to false, you cannot load the association eagerly
+        #                 via eager or eager_graph
+        # :allow_eager_graph :: If set to false, you cannot load the association eagerly via eager_graph.
+        # :allow_filtering_by :: If set to false, you cannot use the association when filtering
+        # :before_add :: Symbol, Proc, or array of both/either specifying a callback to call
+        #                before a new item is added to the association.
+        # :before_remove :: Symbol, Proc, or array of both/either specifying a callback to call
+        #                   before an item is removed from the association.
+        # :before_set :: Symbol, Proc, or array of both/either specifying a callback to call
+        #                before an item is set using the association setter method.
+        # :cartesian_product_number :: the number of joins completed by this association that could cause more
+        #                              than one row for each row in the current table (default: 0 for
+        #                              many_to_one, one_to_one, and one_through_one associations, 1
+        #                              for one_to_many and many_to_many associations).
+        # :class :: The associated class or its name as a string or symbol. If not
+        #           given, uses the association's name, which is camelized (and
+        #           singularized unless the type is :many_to_one, :one_to_one, or one_through_one).  If this is specified
+        #           as a string or symbol, you must specify the full class name (e.g. "::SomeModule::MyModel"). 
+        # :class_namespace :: If :class is given as a string or symbol, sets the default namespace in which to look for
+        #                     the class.  <tt>class: 'Foo', class_namespace: 'Bar'</tt> looks for <tt>::Bar::Foo</tt>.)
+        # :clearer :: Proc used to define the private _remove_all_* method for doing the database work
+        #             to remove all objects associated to the current object (*_to_many assocations).
+        #             Set to nil to not define a remove_all_* method for the association.
+        # :clone :: Merge the current options and block into the options and block used in defining
+        #           the given association.  Can be used to DRY up a bunch of similar associations that
+        #           all share the same options such as :class and :key, while changing the order and block used.
+        # :conditions :: The conditions to use to filter the association, can be any argument passed to where.
+        #                This option is not respected when using eager_graph or association_join, unless it
+        #                is hash or array of two element arrays.  Consider also specifying the :graph_block
+        #                option if the value for this option is not a hash or array of two element arrays
+        #                and you plan to use this association in eager_graph or association_join.
+        # :dataset :: A proc that is used to define the method to get the base dataset to use (before the other
+        #             options are applied).  If the proc accepts an argument, it is passed the related
+        #             association reflection.  It is a best practice to always have the dataset accept an argument
+        #             and use the argument to return the appropriate dataset.
+        # :distinct :: Use the DISTINCT clause when selecting associating object, both when
+        #              lazy loading and eager loading via .eager (but not when using .eager_graph).
+        # :eager :: The associations to eagerly load via +eager+ when loading the associated object(s).
+        # :eager_block :: If given, use the block instead of the default block when
+        #                 eagerly loading.  To not use a block when eager loading (when one is used normally),
+        #                 set to nil.
+        # :eager_graph :: The associations to eagerly load via +eager_graph+ when loading the associated object(s).
+        #                 many_to_many associations with this option cannot be eagerly loaded via +eager+.
+        # :eager_grapher :: A proc to use to implement eager loading via +eager_graph+, overriding the default.
+        #                   Takes an options hash with at least the entries :self (the receiver of the eager_graph call),
+        #                   :table_alias (the alias to use for table to graph into the association), and :implicit_qualifier
+        #                   (the alias that was used for the current table).
+        #                   Should return a copy of the dataset with the association graphed into it.
+        # :eager_limit_strategy :: Determines the strategy used for enforcing limits and offsets when eager loading
+        #                          associations via the +eager+ method.  
+        # :eager_loader :: A proc to use to implement eager loading, overriding the default.  Takes a single hash argument,
+        #                  with at least the keys: :rows, which is an array of current model instances, :associations,
+        #                  which is a hash of dependent associations, :self, which is the dataset doing the eager loading,
+        #                  :eager_block, which is a dynamic callback that should be called with the dataset, and :id_map,
+        #                  which is a mapping of key values to arrays of current model instances. In the proc, the
+        #                  associated records should be queried from the database and the associations cache for each
+        #                  record should be populated.
+        # :eager_loader_key :: A symbol for the key column to use to populate the key_hash
+        #                      for the eager loader.  Can be set to nil to not populate the key_hash.
+        # :extend :: A module or array of modules to extend the dataset with.
+        # :filter_limit_strategy :: Determines the strategy used for enforcing limits and offsets when filtering by
+        #                           limited associations.  Possible options are :window_function, :distinct_on, or
+        #                           :correlated_subquery depending on association type and database type.
+        # :graph_alias_base :: The base name to use for the table alias when eager graphing.  Defaults to the name
+        #                      of the association.  If the alias name has already been used in the query, Sequel will create
+        #                      a unique alias by appending a numeric suffix (e.g. alias_0, alias_1, ...) until the alias is
+        #                      unique.
+        # :graph_block :: The block to pass to join_table when eagerly loading
+        #                 the association via +eager_graph+.
+        # :graph_conditions :: The additional conditions to use on the SQL join when eagerly loading
+        #                      the association via +eager_graph+.  Should be a hash or an array of two element arrays. If not
+        #                      specified, the :conditions option is used if it is a hash or array of two element arrays.
+        # :graph_join_type :: The type of SQL join to use when eagerly loading the association via
+        #                     eager_graph.  Defaults to :left_outer.
+        # :graph_only_conditions :: The conditions to use on the SQL join when eagerly loading
+        #                           the association via +eager_graph+, instead of the default conditions specified by the
+        #                           foreign/primary keys.  This option causes the :graph_conditions option to be ignored.
+        # :graph_order :: the order to use when using eager_graph, instead of the default order.  This should be used
+        #                 in the case where :order contains an identifier qualified by the table's name, which may not match
+        #                 the alias used when eager graphing.  By setting this to the unqualified identifier, it will be
+        #                 automatically qualified when using eager_graph.
+        # :graph_select :: A column or array of columns to select from the associated table
+        #                  when eagerly loading the association via +eager_graph+. Defaults to all
+        #                  columns in the associated table.
+        # :limit :: Limit the number of records to the provided value.  Use
+        #           an array with two elements for the value to specify a
+        #           limit (first element) and an offset (second element).
+        # :methods_module :: The module that methods the association creates will be placed into. Defaults
+        #                    to the module containing the model's columns.
+        # :no_association_method :: Do not add a method for the association. This can save memory if the association
+        #                           method is never used.
+        # :no_dataset_method :: Do not add a method for the association dataset. This can save memory if the dataset
+        #                       method is never used.
+        # :order :: the column(s) by which to order the association dataset.  Can be a
+        #           singular column symbol or an array of column symbols.
+        # :order_eager_graph :: Whether to add the association's order to the graphed dataset's order when graphing
+        #                       via +eager_graph+.  Defaults to true, so set to false to disable.
+        # :read_only :: Do not add a setter method (for many_to_one or one_to_one associations),
+        #               or add_/remove_/remove_all_ methods (for one_to_many and many_to_many associations).
+        # :reciprocal :: the symbol name of the reciprocal association,
+        #                if it exists.  By default, Sequel will try to determine it by looking at the
+        #                associated model's assocations for a association that matches
+        #                the current association's key(s).  Set to nil to not use a reciprocal.
+        # :remover :: Proc used to define the private _remove_* method for doing the database work
+        #             to remove the association between the given object and the current object (*_to_many assocations).
+        #             Set to nil to not define a remove_* method for the association.
+        # :select :: the columns to select.  Defaults to the associated class's table_name.* in an association
+        #            that uses joins, which means it doesn't include the attributes from the
+        #            join table.  If you want to include the join table attributes, you can
+        #            use this option, but beware that the join table attributes can clash with
+        #            attributes from the model table, so you should alias any attributes that have
+        #            the same name in both the join table and the associated table.
+        # :setter :: Proc used to define the private _*= method for doing the work to setup the assocation
+        #            between the given object and the current object (*_to_one associations).
+        #            Set to nil to not define a setter method for the association.
+        # :subqueries_per_union :: The number of subqueries to use in each UNION query, for eager
+        #                          loading limited associations using the default :union strategy.
+        # :validate :: Set to false to not validate when implicitly saving any associated object.
+        # === :many_to_one
+        # :key :: foreign key in current model's table that references
+        #         associated model's primary key, as a symbol.  Defaults to :"#{name}_id".  Can use an
+        #         array of symbols for a composite key association.
+        # :key_column :: Similar to, and usually identical to, :key, but :key refers to the model method
+        #                to call, where :key_column refers to the underlying column.  Should only be
+        #                used if the model method differs from the foreign key column, in conjunction
+        #                with defining a model alias method for the key column.
+        # :primary_key :: column in the associated table that :key option references, as a symbol.
+        #                 Defaults to the primary key of the associated table. Can use an
+        #                 array of symbols for a composite key association.
+        # :primary_key_method :: the method symbol or array of method symbols to call on the associated
+        #                        object to get the foreign key values.  Defaults to :primary_key option.
+        # :qualify :: Whether to use qualified primary keys when loading the association.  The default
+        #             is true, so you must set to false to not qualify.  Qualification rarely causes
+        #             problems, but it's necessary to disable in some cases, such as when you are doing
+        #             a JOIN USING operation on the column on Oracle.
+        # === :one_to_many and :one_to_one
+        # :key :: foreign key in associated model's table that references
+        #         current model's primary key, as a symbol.  Defaults to
+        #         :"#{self.name.underscore}_id".  Can use an
+        #         array of symbols for a composite key association.
+        # :key_method :: the method symbol or array of method symbols to call on the associated
+        #                object to get the foreign key values.  Defaults to :key option.
+        # :primary_key :: column in the current table that :key option references, as a symbol.
+        #                 Defaults to primary key of the current table. Can use an
+        #                 array of symbols for a composite key association.
+        # :primary_key_column :: Similar to, and usually identical to, :primary_key, but :primary_key refers
+        #                        to the model method call, where :primary_key_column refers to the underlying column.
+        #                        Should only be used if the model method differs from the primary key column, in
+        #                        conjunction with defining a model alias method for the primary key column.
+        # :raise_on_save_failure :: Do not raise exceptions for hook or validation failures when saving associated
+        #                           objects in the add/remove methods (return nil instead) [one_to_many only].
+        # === :many_to_many and :one_through_one
+        # :graph_join_table_block :: The block to pass to +join_table+ for
+        #                            the join table when eagerly loading the association via +eager_graph+.
+        # :graph_join_table_conditions :: The additional conditions to use on the SQL join for
+        #                                 the join table when eagerly loading the association via +eager_graph+.
+        #                                 Should be a hash or an array of two element arrays.
+        # :graph_join_table_join_type :: The type of SQL join to use for the join table when eagerly
+        #                                loading the association via +eager_graph+.  Defaults to the
+        #                                :graph_join_type option or :left_outer.
+        # :graph_join_table_only_conditions :: The conditions to use on the SQL join for the join
+        #                                      table when eagerly loading the association via +eager_graph+,
+        #                                      instead of the default conditions specified by the
+        #                                      foreign/primary keys.  This option causes the
+        #                                      :graph_join_table_conditions option to be ignored.
+        # :join_table :: name of table that includes the foreign keys to both
+        #                the current model and the associated model, as a symbol.  Defaults to the name
+        #                of current model and name of associated model, pluralized,
+        #                underscored, sorted, and joined with '_'.
+        # :join_table_block :: proc that can be used to modify the dataset used in the add/remove/remove_all
+        #                      methods.  Should accept a dataset argument and return a modified dataset if present.
+        # :join_table_db :: When retrieving records when using lazy loading or eager loading via +eager+, instead of
+        #                   a join between to the join table and the associated table, use a separate query for the
+        #                   join table using the given Database object.
+        # :left_key :: foreign key in join table that points to current model's
+        #              primary key, as a symbol. Defaults to :"#{self.name.underscore}_id".
+        #              Can use an array of symbols for a composite key association.
+        # :left_primary_key :: column in current table that :left_key points to, as a symbol.
+        #                      Defaults to primary key of current table.  Can use an
+        #                      array of symbols for a composite key association.
+        # :left_primary_key_column :: Similar to, and usually identical to, :left_primary_key, but :left_primary_key refers to
+        #                             the model method to call, where :left_primary_key_column refers to the underlying column.  Should only
+        #                             be used if the model method differs from the left primary key column, in conjunction
+        #                             with defining a model alias method for the left primary key column.
+        # :right_key :: foreign key in join table that points to associated
+        #               model's primary key, as a symbol.  Defaults to :"#{name.to_s.singularize}_id".
+        #               Can use an array of symbols for a composite key association.
+        # :right_primary_key :: column in associated table that :right_key points to, as a symbol.
+        #                       Defaults to primary key of the associated table.  Can use an
+        #                       array of symbols for a composite key association.
+        # :right_primary_key_method :: the method symbol or array of method symbols to call on the associated
+        #                              object to get the foreign key values for the join table.
+        #                              Defaults to :right_primary_key option.
+        # :uniq :: Adds a after_load callback that makes the array of objects unique.
+        def associate(type, name, opts = OPTS, &block)
+          raise(Error, 'invalid association type') unless assoc_class = Sequel.synchronize{ASSOCIATION_TYPES[type]}
+          raise(Error, 'Model.associate name argument must be a symbol') unless name.is_a?(Symbol)
+
+          # dup early so we don't modify opts
+          orig_opts = opts.dup
+
+          if opts[:clone]
+            cloned_assoc = association_reflection(opts[:clone])
+            orig_opts = cloned_assoc[:orig_opts].merge(orig_opts)
+          end
+
+          opts = Hash[default_association_options]
+          if type_options = default_association_type_options[type]
+            opts.merge!(type_options)
+          end
+          opts.merge!(orig_opts)
+          opts.merge!(:type => type, :name => name, :cache=>({} if cache_associations), :model => self)
+
+          opts[:block] = block if block
+          opts[:instance_specific] = true if orig_opts[:dataset]
+          if !opts.has_key?(:instance_specific) && (block || orig_opts[:block])
+            # It's possible the association is instance specific, in that it depends on
+            # values other than the foreign key value.  This needs to be checked for
+            # in certain places to disable optimizations.
+            opts[:instance_specific] = _association_instance_specific_default(name)
+          end
+          opts = assoc_class.new.merge!(opts)
+
+          if opts[:clone] && !opts.cloneable?(cloned_assoc)
+            raise(Error, "cannot clone an association to an association of different type (association #{name} with type #{type} cloning #{opts[:clone]} with type #{cloned_assoc[:type]})")
+          end
+
+          opts[:use_placeholder_loader] = !opts[:instance_specific] && !opts[:eager_graph]
+          opts[:eager_block] = opts[:block] unless opts.include?(:eager_block)
+          opts[:graph_join_type] ||= :left_outer
+          opts[:order_eager_graph] = true unless opts.include?(:order_eager_graph)
+          conds = opts[:conditions]
+          opts[:graph_alias_base] ||= name
+          opts[:graph_conditions] = conds if !opts.include?(:graph_conditions) and Sequel.condition_specifier?(conds)
+          opts[:graph_conditions] = opts.fetch(:graph_conditions, []).to_a
+          opts[:graph_select] = Array(opts[:graph_select]) if opts[:graph_select]
+          [:before_add, :before_remove, :after_add, :after_remove, :after_load, :before_set, :after_set].each do |cb_type|
+            opts[cb_type] = Array(opts[cb_type]) if opts[cb_type]
+          end
+
+          if opts[:extend]
+            opts[:extend] = Array(opts[:extend])
+            opts[:reverse_extend] = opts[:extend].reverse
+          end
+
+          late_binding_class_option(opts, opts.returns_array? ? singularize(name) : name)
+          
+          # Remove :class entry if it exists and is nil, to work with cached_fetch
+          opts.delete(:class) unless opts[:class]
+
+          def_association(opts)
+      
+          orig_opts.delete(:clone)
+          opts[:orig_class] = orig_opts[:class] || orig_opts[:class_name]
+          orig_opts.merge!(:class_name=>opts[:class_name], :class=>opts[:class], :block=>opts[:block])
+          opts[:orig_opts] = orig_opts
+          # don't add to association_reflections until we are sure there are no errors
+          association_reflections[name] = opts
+        end
+        
+        # The association reflection hash for the association of the given name.
+        def association_reflection(name)
+          association_reflections[name]
+        end
+        
+        # Array of association name symbols
+        def associations
+          association_reflections.keys
+        end
+
+        # Eager load the association with the given eager loader options.
+        def eager_load_results(opts, eo, &block)
+          opts.eager_load_results(eo, &block)
+        end
+
+        # Freeze association related metadata when freezing model class.
+        def freeze
+          @association_reflections.freeze.each_value(&:freeze)
+          @autoreloading_associations.freeze.each_value(&:freeze)
+          @default_association_options.freeze
+          @default_association_type_options.freeze
+          @default_association_type_options.each_value(&:freeze)
+
+          super
+        end
+
+        # Finalize all associations such that values that are looked up
+        # dynamically in associated classes are set statically.
+        # As this modifies the associations, it must be done before
+        # calling freeze.
+        def finalize_associations
+          @association_reflections.each_value(&:finalize)
+        end
+
+        # Shortcut for adding a many_to_many association, see #associate
+        def many_to_many(name, opts=OPTS, &block)
+          associate(:many_to_many, name, opts, &block)
+        end
+        
+        # Shortcut for adding a many_to_one association, see #associate
+        def many_to_one(name, opts=OPTS, &block)
+          associate(:many_to_one, name, opts, &block)
+        end
+        
+        # Shortcut for adding a one_through_one association, see #associate
+        def one_through_one(name, opts=OPTS, &block)
+          associate(:one_through_one, name, opts, &block)
+        end
+
+        # Shortcut for adding a one_to_many association, see #associate
+        def one_to_many(name, opts=OPTS, &block)
+          associate(:one_to_many, name, opts, &block)
+        end
+
+        # Shortcut for adding a one_to_one association, see #associate
+        def one_to_one(name, opts=OPTS, &block)
+          associate(:one_to_one, name, opts, &block)
+        end
+
+        Plugins.inherited_instance_variables(self, :@association_reflections=>:dup, :@autoreloading_associations=>:hash_dup, :@default_association_options=>:dup, :@default_association_type_options=>:hash_dup, :@cache_associations=>nil, :@default_eager_limit_strategy=>nil)
+        Plugins.def_dataset_methods(self, [:eager, :eager_graph, :eager_graph_with_options, :association_join, :association_full_join, :association_inner_join, :association_left_join, :association_right_join])
+        
+        private
+
+        # The default value for the instance_specific option, if the association
+        # could be instance specific and the :instance_specific option is not specified.
+        def _association_instance_specific_default(_)
+          true
+        end
+      
+        # The module to use for the association's methods.  Defaults to
+        # the overridable_methods_module.
+        def association_module(opts=OPTS)
+          opts.fetch(:methods_module, overridable_methods_module)
+        end
+
+        # Add a method to the module included in the class, so the method
+        # can be easily overridden in the class itself while allowing for
+        # super to be called.
+        def association_module_def(name, opts=OPTS, &block)
+          mod = association_module(opts)
+          mod.send(:define_method, name, &block)
+          mod.send(:alias_method, name, name)
+        end
+
+        # Add a method to the module included in the class, so the method
+        # can be easily overridden in the class itself while allowing for
+        # super to be called.  This method allows passing keywords through
+        # the defined methods.
+        def association_module_delegate_def(name, opts, &block)
+          mod = association_module(opts)
+          mod.send(:define_method, name, &block)
+          # :nocov:
+          mod.send(:ruby2_keywords, name) if mod.respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
+          # :nocov:
+          mod.send(:alias_method, name, name)
+        end
+      
+        # Add a private method to the module included in the class.
+        def association_module_private_def(name, opts=OPTS, &block)
+          association_module_def(name, opts, &block)
+          association_module(opts).send(:private, name)
+        end
+
+        # Delegate to the type-specific association method to setup the
+        # association, and define the association instance methods.
+        def def_association(opts)
+          send(:"def_#{opts[:type]}", opts)
+          def_association_instance_methods(opts)
+        end
+        
+        # Adds the association method to the association methods module.
+        def def_association_method(opts)
+          association_module_def(opts.association_method, opts) do |dynamic_opts=OPTS, &block|
+            load_associated_objects(opts, dynamic_opts, &block)
+          end
+        end
+      
+        # Define all of the association instance methods for this association.
+        def def_association_instance_methods(opts)
+          # Always set the method names in the association reflection, even if they
+          # are not used, for backwards compatibility.
+          opts[:dataset_method] = :"#{opts[:name]}_dataset"
+          if opts.returns_array?
+            sname = singularize(opts[:name])
+            opts[:_add_method] = :"_add_#{sname}"
+            opts[:add_method] = :"add_#{sname}"
+            opts[:_remove_method] = :"_remove_#{sname}"
+            opts[:remove_method] = :"remove_#{sname}"
+            opts[:_remove_all_method] = :"_remove_all_#{opts[:name]}"
+            opts[:remove_all_method] = :"remove_all_#{opts[:name]}"
+          else
+            opts[:_setter_method] = :"_#{opts[:name]}="
+            opts[:setter_method] = :"#{opts[:name]}="
+          end
+
+          association_module_def(opts.dataset_method, opts){_dataset(opts)} unless opts[:no_dataset_method]
+          if opts[:block]
+            opts[:block_method] = Plugins.def_sequel_method(association_module(opts), "#{opts[:name]}_block", 1, &opts[:block])
+          end
+          opts[:dataset_opt_arity] = opts[:dataset].arity == 0 ? 0 : 1
+          opts[:dataset_opt_method] = Plugins.def_sequel_method(association_module(opts), "#{opts[:name]}_dataset_opt", opts[:dataset_opt_arity], &opts[:dataset])
+          def_association_method(opts) unless opts[:no_association_method]
+
+          return if opts[:read_only]
+
+          if opts[:setter] && opts[:_setter]
+            # This is backwards due to backwards compatibility
+            association_module_private_def(opts[:_setter_method], opts, &opts[:setter])
+            association_module_def(opts[:setter_method], opts, &opts[:_setter])
+          end
+
+          if adder = opts[:adder]
+            association_module_private_def(opts[:_add_method], opts, &adder)
+            association_module_delegate_def(opts[:add_method], opts){|o,*args| add_associated_object(opts, o, *args)}
+          end
+
+          if remover = opts[:remover]
+            association_module_private_def(opts[:_remove_method], opts, &remover)
+            association_module_delegate_def(opts[:remove_method], opts){|o,*args| remove_associated_object(opts, o, *args)}
+          end
+
+          if clearer = opts[:clearer]
+            association_module_private_def(opts[:_remove_all_method], opts, &clearer)
+            association_module_delegate_def(opts[:remove_all_method], opts){|*args| remove_all_associated_objects(opts, *args)}
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Configures many_to_many and one_through_one association reflection and adds the related association methods
+        def def_many_to_many(opts)
+          one_through_one = opts[:type] == :one_through_one
+          left = (opts[:left_key] ||= opts.default_left_key)
+          lcks = opts[:left_keys] = Array(left)
+          right = (opts[:right_key] ||= opts.default_right_key)
+          rcks = opts[:right_keys] = Array(right)
+          left_pk = (opts[:left_primary_key] ||= self.primary_key)
+          opts[:eager_loader_key] = left_pk unless opts.has_key?(:eager_loader_key)
+          lcpks = opts[:left_primary_keys] = Array(left_pk)
+          lpkc = opts[:left_primary_key_column] ||= left_pk
+          lpkcs = opts[:left_primary_key_columns] ||= Array(lpkc)
+          raise(Error, "mismatched number of left keys: #{lcks.inspect} vs #{lcpks.inspect}") unless lcks.length == lcpks.length
+          if opts[:right_primary_key]
+            rcpks = Array(opts[:right_primary_key])
+            raise(Error, "mismatched number of right keys: #{rcks.inspect} vs #{rcpks.inspect}") unless rcks.length == rcpks.length
+          end
+          opts[:uses_left_composite_keys] = lcks.length > 1
+          uses_rcks = opts[:uses_right_composite_keys] = rcks.length > 1
+          opts[:cartesian_product_number] ||= one_through_one ? 0 : 1
+          join_table = (opts[:join_table] ||= opts.default_join_table)
+          opts[:left_key_alias] ||= opts.default_associated_key_alias
+          opts[:graph_join_table_join_type] ||= opts[:graph_join_type]
+          if opts[:uniq]
+            opts[:after_load] ||= []
+            opts[:after_load].unshift(:array_uniq!)
+          end
+          if join_table_db = opts[:join_table_db]
+            opts[:use_placeholder_loader] = false
+            opts[:allow_eager_graph] = false
+            opts[:allow_filtering_by] = false
+            opts[:eager_limit_strategy] = nil
+            join_table_ds = join_table_db.from(join_table)
+            opts[:dataset] ||= proc do |r|
+              vals = join_table_ds.where(lcks.zip(lcpks.map{|k| get_column_value(k)})).select_map(right)
+              ds = r.associated_dataset.where(opts.right_primary_key => vals)
+              if uses_rcks
+                vals.delete_if{|v| v.any?(&:nil?)}
+              else
+                vals.delete(nil)
+              end
+              ds = ds.clone(:no_results=>true) if vals.empty?
+              ds
+            end
+            opts[:eager_loader] ||= proc do |eo|
+              h = eo[:id_map]
+              assign_singular = opts.assign_singular?
+              rpk = opts.right_primary_key
+              name = opts[:name]
+
+              join_map = join_table_ds.where(left=>h.keys).select_hash_groups(right, left)
+
+              if uses_rcks
+                join_map.delete_if{|v,| v.any?(&:nil?)}
+              else
+                join_map.delete(nil)
+              end
+
+              eo = Hash[eo]
+
+              if join_map.empty?
+                eo[:no_results] = true
+              else
+                join_map.each_value do |vs|
+                  vs.replace(vs.flat_map{|v| h[v]})
+                  vs.uniq!
+                end
+
+                eo[:loader] = false
+                eo[:right_keys] = join_map.keys
+              end
+
+              opts[:model].eager_load_results(opts, eo) do |assoc_record|
+                rpkv = if uses_rcks
+                  assoc_record.values.values_at(*rpk)
+                else
+                  assoc_record.values[rpk]
+                end
+
+                objects = join_map[rpkv]
+
+                if assign_singular
+                  objects.each do |object|
+                    object.associations[name] ||= assoc_record
+                  end
+                else
+                  objects.each do |object|
+                    object.associations[name].push(assoc_record)
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            opts[:dataset] ||= opts.association_dataset_proc
+            opts[:eager_loader] ||= opts.method(:default_eager_loader)
+          end
+          
+          join_type = opts[:graph_join_type]
+          select = opts[:graph_select]
+          use_only_conditions = opts.include?(:graph_only_conditions)
+          only_conditions = opts[:graph_only_conditions]
+          conditions = opts[:graph_conditions]
+          graph_block = opts[:graph_block]
+          graph_jt_conds = opts[:graph_join_table_conditions] = opts.fetch(:graph_join_table_conditions, []).to_a
+          use_jt_only_conditions = opts.include?(:graph_join_table_only_conditions)
+          jt_only_conditions = opts[:graph_join_table_only_conditions]
+          jt_join_type = opts[:graph_join_table_join_type]
+          jt_graph_block = opts[:graph_join_table_block]
+          opts[:eager_grapher] ||= proc do |eo|
+            ds = eo[:self]
+            egls = eo[:limit_strategy]
+            if egls && egls != :ruby
+              associated_key_array = opts.associated_key_array
+              orig_egds = egds = eager_graph_dataset(opts, eo)
+              egds = egds.
+                inner_join(join_table, rcks.zip(opts.right_primary_keys) + graph_jt_conds, :qualify=>:deep).
+                select_all(egds.first_source).
+                select_append(*associated_key_array)
+              egds = opts.apply_eager_graph_limit_strategy(egls, egds)
+              ds.graph(egds, associated_key_array.map(&:alias).zip(lpkcs) + conditions, :qualify=>:deep, :table_alias=>eo[:table_alias], :implicit_qualifier=>eo[:implicit_qualifier], :join_type=>eo[:join_type]||join_type, :from_self_alias=>eo[:from_self_alias], :join_only=>eo[:join_only], :select=>select||orig_egds.columns, &graph_block)
+            else
+              ds = ds.graph(join_table, use_jt_only_conditions ? jt_only_conditions : lcks.zip(lpkcs) + graph_jt_conds, :select=>false, :table_alias=>ds.unused_table_alias(join_table, [eo[:table_alias]]), :join_type=>eo[:join_type]||jt_join_type, :join_only=>eo[:join_only], :implicit_qualifier=>eo[:implicit_qualifier], :qualify=>:deep, :from_self_alias=>eo[:from_self_alias], &jt_graph_block)
+              ds.graph(eager_graph_dataset(opts, eo), use_only_conditions ? only_conditions : opts.right_primary_keys.zip(rcks) + conditions, :select=>select, :table_alias=>eo[:table_alias], :qualify=>:deep, :join_type=>eo[:join_type]||join_type, :join_only=>eo[:join_only], &graph_block)
+            end
+          end
+      
+          return if opts[:read_only]
+      
+          if one_through_one
+            unless opts.has_key?(:setter)
+              opts[:setter] = proc do |o|
+                h = {}
+                lh = lcks.zip(lcpks.map{|k| get_column_value(k)})
+                jtds = _join_table_dataset(opts).where(lh)
+
+                checked_transaction do
+                  current = jtds.first
+
+                  if o
+                    new_values = []
+                    rcks.zip(opts.right_primary_key_methods).each{|k, pk| new_values << (h[k] = o.get_column_value(pk))}
+                  end
+
+                  if current
+                    current_values = rcks.map{|k| current[k]}
+                    jtds = jtds.where(rcks.zip(current_values))
+                    if o
+                      if current_values != new_values
+                        jtds.update(h)
+                      end
+                    else
+                      jtds.delete
+                    end
+                  elsif o
+                    lh.each{|k,v| h[k] = v}
+                    jtds.insert(h)
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+            if opts.fetch(:setter, true)
+              opts[:_setter] = proc{|o| set_one_through_one_associated_object(opts, o)}
+            end
+          else 
+            unless opts.has_key?(:adder)
+              opts[:adder] = proc do |o|
+                h = {}
+                lcks.zip(lcpks).each{|k, pk| h[k] = get_column_value(pk)}
+                rcks.zip(opts.right_primary_key_methods).each{|k, pk| h[k] = o.get_column_value(pk)}
+                _join_table_dataset(opts).insert(h)
+              end
+            end
+
+            unless opts.has_key?(:remover)
+              opts[:remover] = proc do |o|
+                _join_table_dataset(opts).where(lcks.zip(lcpks.map{|k| get_column_value(k)}) + rcks.zip(opts.right_primary_key_methods.map{|k| o.get_column_value(k)})).delete
+              end
+            end
+
+            unless opts.has_key?(:clearer)
+              opts[:clearer] = proc do
+                _join_table_dataset(opts).where(lcks.zip(lcpks.map{|k| get_column_value(k)})).delete
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Configures many_to_one association reflection and adds the related association methods
+        def def_many_to_one(opts)
+          name = opts[:name]
+          opts[:key] = opts.default_key unless opts.has_key?(:key)
+          key = opts[:key]
+          opts[:eager_loader_key] = key unless opts.has_key?(:eager_loader_key)
+          cks = opts[:graph_keys] = opts[:keys] = Array(key)
+          opts[:key_column] ||= key
+          opts[:graph_keys] = opts[:key_columns] = Array(opts[:key_column])
+          opts[:qualified_key] = opts.qualify_cur(key)
+          if opts[:primary_key]
+            cpks = Array(opts[:primary_key])
+            raise(Error, "mismatched number of keys: #{cks.inspect} vs #{cpks.inspect}") unless cks.length == cpks.length
+          end
+          uses_cks = opts[:uses_composite_keys] = cks.length > 1
+          opts[:cartesian_product_number] ||= 0
+
+          if !opts.has_key?(:many_to_one_pk_lookup) &&
+             (opts[:dataset] || opts[:conditions] || opts[:block] || opts[:select] ||
+              (opts.has_key?(:key) && opts[:key] == nil))
+            opts[:many_to_one_pk_lookup] = false
+          end
+          auto_assocs = @autoreloading_associations
+          cks.each do |k|
+            (auto_assocs[k] ||= []) << name
+          end
+
+          opts[:dataset] ||= opts.association_dataset_proc
+          opts[:eager_loader] ||= proc do |eo|
+            h = eo[:id_map]
+            pk_meths = opts.primary_key_methods
+
+            eager_load_results(opts, eo) do |assoc_record|
+              hash_key = uses_cks ? pk_meths.map{|k| assoc_record.get_column_value(k)} : assoc_record.get_column_value(opts.primary_key_method)
+              h[hash_key].each{|object| object.associations[name] = assoc_record}
+            end
+          end
+      
+          join_type = opts[:graph_join_type]
+          select = opts[:graph_select]
+          use_only_conditions = opts.include?(:graph_only_conditions)
+          only_conditions = opts[:graph_only_conditions]
+          conditions = opts[:graph_conditions]
+          graph_block = opts[:graph_block]
+          graph_cks = opts[:graph_keys]
+          opts[:eager_grapher] ||= proc do |eo|
+            ds = eo[:self]
+            ds.graph(eager_graph_dataset(opts, eo), use_only_conditions ? only_conditions : opts.primary_keys.zip(graph_cks) + conditions, eo.merge(:select=>select, :join_type=>eo[:join_type]||join_type, :qualify=>:deep), &graph_block)
+          end
+      
+          return if opts[:read_only]
+      
+          unless opts.has_key?(:setter)
+            opts[:setter] = proc{|o| cks.zip(opts.primary_key_methods).each{|k, pk| set_column_value(:"#{k}=", (o.get_column_value(pk) if o))}}
+          end
+          if opts.fetch(:setter, true)
+            opts[:_setter] = proc{|o| set_associated_object(opts, o)}
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Configures one_to_many and one_to_one association reflections and adds the related association methods
+        def def_one_to_many(opts)
+          one_to_one = opts[:type] == :one_to_one
+          name = opts[:name]
+          key = (opts[:key] ||= opts.default_key)
+          km = opts[:key_method] ||= opts[:key]
+          cks = opts[:keys] = Array(key)
+          opts[:key_methods] = Array(opts[:key_method])
+          primary_key = (opts[:primary_key] ||= self.primary_key)
+          opts[:eager_loader_key] = primary_key unless opts.has_key?(:eager_loader_key)
+          cpks = opts[:primary_keys] = Array(primary_key)
+          pkc = opts[:primary_key_column] ||= primary_key
+          pkcs = opts[:primary_key_columns] ||= Array(pkc)
+          raise(Error, "mismatched number of keys: #{cks.inspect} vs #{cpks.inspect}") unless cks.length == cpks.length
+          uses_cks = opts[:uses_composite_keys] = cks.length > 1
+          opts[:dataset] ||= opts.association_dataset_proc
+          opts[:eager_loader] ||= proc do |eo|
+            h = eo[:id_map]
+            reciprocal = opts.reciprocal
+            assign_singular = opts.assign_singular?
+            delete_rn = opts.delete_row_number_column
+
+            eager_load_results(opts, eo) do |assoc_record|
+              assoc_record.values.delete(delete_rn) if delete_rn
+              hash_key = uses_cks ? km.map{|k| assoc_record.get_column_value(k)} : assoc_record.get_column_value(km)
+              objects = h[hash_key]
+              if assign_singular
+                objects.each do |object| 
+                  unless object.associations[name]
+                    object.associations[name] = assoc_record
+                    assoc_record.associations[reciprocal] = object if reciprocal
+                  end
+                end
+              else
+                objects.each do |object| 
+                  object.associations[name].push(assoc_record)
+                  assoc_record.associations[reciprocal] = object if reciprocal
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          
+          join_type = opts[:graph_join_type]
+          select = opts[:graph_select]
+          use_only_conditions = opts.include?(:graph_only_conditions)
+          only_conditions = opts[:graph_only_conditions]
+          conditions = opts[:graph_conditions]
+          opts[:cartesian_product_number] ||= one_to_one ? 0 : 1
+          graph_block = opts[:graph_block]
+          opts[:eager_grapher] ||= proc do |eo|
+            ds = eo[:self]
+            ds = ds.graph(opts.apply_eager_graph_limit_strategy(eo[:limit_strategy], eager_graph_dataset(opts, eo)), use_only_conditions ? only_conditions : cks.zip(pkcs) + conditions, eo.merge(:select=>select, :join_type=>eo[:join_type]||join_type, :qualify=>:deep), &graph_block)
+            # We only load reciprocals for one_to_many associations, as other reciprocals don't make sense
+            ds.opts[:eager_graph][:reciprocals][eo[:table_alias]] = opts.reciprocal
+            ds
+          end
+      
+          return if opts[:read_only]
+
+          save_opts = {:validate=>opts[:validate]}
+          ck_nil_hash ={}
+          cks.each{|k| ck_nil_hash[k] = nil}
+
+          if one_to_one
+            unless opts.has_key?(:setter)
+              opts[:setter] = proc do |o|
+                up_ds = _apply_association_options(opts, opts.associated_dataset.where(cks.zip(cpks.map{|k| get_column_value(k)})))
+
+                if (froms = up_ds.opts[:from]) && (from = froms[0]) && (from.is_a?(Sequel::Dataset) || (from.is_a?(Sequel::SQL::AliasedExpression) && from.expression.is_a?(Sequel::Dataset)))
+                  if old = up_ds.first
+                    cks.each{|k| old.set_column_value(:"#{k}=", nil)}
+                  end
+                  save_old = true
+                end
+
+                if o
+                  if !o.new? && !save_old
+                    up_ds = up_ds.exclude(o.pk_hash)
+                  end
+                  cks.zip(cpks).each{|k, pk| o.set_column_value(:"#{k}=", get_column_value(pk))}
+                end
+
+                checked_transaction do
+                  if save_old
+                    old.save(save_opts) || raise(Sequel::Error, "invalid previously associated object, cannot save") if old
+                  else
+                    up_ds.skip_limit_check.update(ck_nil_hash)
+                  end
+
+                  o.save(save_opts) || raise(Sequel::Error, "invalid associated object, cannot save") if o
+                end
+              end
+            end
+            if opts.fetch(:setter, true)
+              opts[:_setter] = proc{|o| set_one_to_one_associated_object(opts, o)}
+            end
+          else 
+            save_opts[:raise_on_failure] = opts[:raise_on_save_failure] != false
+
+            unless opts.has_key?(:adder)
+              opts[:adder] = proc do |o|
+                cks.zip(cpks).each{|k, pk| o.set_column_value(:"#{k}=", get_column_value(pk))}
+                o.save(save_opts)
+              end
+            end
+    
+            unless opts.has_key?(:remover)
+              opts[:remover] = proc do |o|
+                cks.each{|k| o.set_column_value(:"#{k}=", nil)}
+                o.save(save_opts)
+              end
+            end
+
+            unless opts.has_key?(:clearer)
+              opts[:clearer] = proc do
+                _apply_association_options(opts, opts.associated_dataset.where(cks.zip(cpks.map{|k| get_column_value(k)}))).update(ck_nil_hash)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Alias of def_many_to_many, since they share pretty much the same code.
+        def def_one_through_one(opts)
+          def_many_to_many(opts)
+        end
+        
+        # Alias of def_one_to_many, since they share pretty much the same code.
+        def def_one_to_one(opts)
+          def_one_to_many(opts)
+        end
+        
+        # Return dataset to graph into given the association reflection, applying the :callback option if set.
+        def eager_graph_dataset(opts, eager_options)
+          ds = opts.associated_class.dataset
+          if cb = eager_options[:callback]
+            ds = cb.call(ds)
+          end
+          ds
+        end
+
+        # If not caching associations, reload the database schema by default,
+        # ignoring any cached values.
+        def reload_db_schema?
+          !@cache_associations
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Instance methods used to implement the associations support.
+      module InstanceMethods
+        # The currently cached associations.  A hash with the keys being the
+        # association name symbols and the values being the associated object
+        # or nil (many_to_one), or the array of associated objects (*_to_many).
+        def associations
+          @associations ||= {}
+        end
+
+        # Freeze the associations cache when freezing the object.  Note that
+        # retrieving associations after freezing will still work in most cases,
+        # but the associations will not be cached in the association cache.
+        def freeze
+          associations
+          super
+          associations.freeze
+          self
+        end
+      
+        private
+        
+        # Apply the association options such as :order and :limit to the given dataset, returning a modified dataset.
+        def _apply_association_options(opts, ds)
+          unless ds.kind_of?(AssociationDatasetMethods)
+            ds = opts.apply_dataset_changes(ds)
+          end
+          ds = ds.clone(:model_object => self)
+          ds = ds.eager_graph(opts[:eager_graph]) if opts[:eager_graph] && opts.eager_graph_lazy_dataset?
+          # block method is private
+          ds = send(opts[:block_method], ds) if opts[:block_method]
+          ds
+        end
+
+        # Return a dataset for the association after applying any dynamic callback.
+        def _associated_dataset(opts, dynamic_opts)
+          ds = public_send(opts.dataset_method)
+          if callback = dynamic_opts[:callback]
+            ds = callback.call(ds)
+          end
+          ds
+        end
+        
+        # A placeholder literalizer that can be used to load the association, or nil to not use one.
+        def _associated_object_loader(opts, dynamic_opts)
+          if !dynamic_opts[:callback] && (loader = opts.placeholder_loader)
+            loader
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Return an association dataset for the given association reflection
+        def _dataset(opts)
+          raise(Sequel::Error, "model object #{inspect} does not have a primary key") if opts.dataset_need_primary_key? && !pk
+          ds = if opts[:dataset_opt_arity] == 1
+            # dataset_opt_method is private
+            send(opts[:dataset_opt_method], opts)
+          else
+            send(opts[:dataset_opt_method])
+          end
+          _apply_association_options(opts, ds)
+        end
+
+        # Dataset for the join table of the given many to many association reflection
+        def _join_table_dataset(opts)
+          ds = (opts[:join_table_db] || model.db).from(opts.join_table_source)
+          opts[:join_table_block] ? opts[:join_table_block].call(ds) : ds
+        end
+
+        # Return the associated single object for the given association reflection and dynamic options
+        # (or nil if no associated object).
+        def _load_associated_object(opts, dynamic_opts)
+          _load_associated_object_array(opts, dynamic_opts).first
+        end
+
+        # Return the associated single object using a primary key lookup on the associated class.
+        def _load_associated_object_via_primary_key(opts)
+          opts.associated_class.send(:primary_key_lookup, ((fk = opts[:key]).is_a?(Array) ? fk.map{|c| get_column_value(c)} : get_column_value(fk)))
+        end
+
+        # Load the associated objects for the given association reflection and dynamic options
+        # as an array.
+        def _load_associated_object_array(opts, dynamic_opts)
+          if loader = _associated_object_loader(opts, dynamic_opts)
+            loader.all(*opts.predicate_key_values(self))
+          else
+            ds = _associated_dataset(opts, dynamic_opts)
+            if ds.opts[:no_results]
+              []
+            else
+              ds.all
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Return the associated objects from the dataset, without association callbacks, reciprocals, and caching.
+        # Still apply the dynamic callback if present.
+        def _load_associated_objects(opts, dynamic_opts=OPTS)
+          if opts.can_have_associated_objects?(self)
+            if opts.returns_array?
+              _load_associated_object_array(opts, dynamic_opts)
+            elsif load_with_primary_key_lookup?(opts, dynamic_opts)
+              _load_associated_object_via_primary_key(opts)
+            else
+              _load_associated_object(opts, dynamic_opts)
+            end
+          elsif opts.returns_array?
+            []
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Clear the associations cache when refreshing
+        def _refresh_set_values(hash)
+          @associations.clear if @associations
+          super
+        end
+
+        # Add the given associated object to the given association
+        def add_associated_object(opts, o, *args)
+          o = make_add_associated_object(opts, o)
+          raise(Sequel::Error, "model object #{inspect} does not have a primary key") if opts.dataset_need_primary_key? && !pk
+          ensure_associated_primary_key(opts, o, *args)
+          return if run_association_callbacks(opts, :before_add, o) == false
+          # Allow calling private _add method
+          return if !send(opts[:_add_method], o, *args) && opts.handle_silent_modification_failure?
+          if array = associations[opts[:name]] and !array.include?(o)
+            array.push(o)
+          end
+          add_reciprocal_object(opts, o)
+          run_association_callbacks(opts, :after_add, o)
+          o
+        end
+        # :nocov:
+        ruby2_keywords(:add_associated_object) if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
+        # :nocov:
+
+        # Add/Set the current object to/as the given object's reciprocal association.
+        def add_reciprocal_object(opts, o)
+          return if o.frozen?
+          return unless reciprocal = opts.reciprocal
+          if opts.reciprocal_array?
+            if array = o.associations[reciprocal] and !array.include?(self)
+              array.push(self)
+            end
+          else
+            o.associations[reciprocal] = self
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Call uniq! on the given array. This is used by the :uniq option,
+        # and is an actual method for memory reasons.
+        def array_uniq!(a)
+          a.uniq!
+        end
+
+        # If a foreign key column value changes, clear the related
+        # cached associations.
+        def change_column_value(column, value)
+          if assocs = model.autoreloading_associations[column]
+            vals = @values
+            if new?
+              # Do deeper checking for new objects, so that associations are
+              # not deleted when values do not change.  This code is run at
+              # a higher level for existing objects.
+              if value == (c = vals[column]) && value.class == c.class
+                # If the value is the same, there is no reason to delete
+                # the related associations, so exit early in that case.
+                return super
+              end
+
+              only_delete_nil = c.nil?
+            elsif vals[column].nil?
+              only_delete_nil = true
+            end
+
+            if only_delete_nil
+              # If the current foreign key value is nil, but the association
+              # is already present in the cache, it was probably added to the
+              # cache for a reason, and we do not want to delete it in that case.
+              # However, we still want to delete associations with nil values
+              # to remove the cached false negative.
+              assocs.each{|a| associations.delete(a) if associations[a].nil?}
+            else
+              assocs.each{|a| associations.delete(a)}
+            end
+          end
+          super
+        end
+
+        # Save the associated object if the associated object needs a primary key
+        # and the associated object is new and does not have one.  Raise an error if
+        # the object still does not have a primary key
+        def ensure_associated_primary_key(opts, o, *args)
+          if opts.need_associated_primary_key?
+            o.save(:validate=>opts[:validate]) if o.new?
+            raise(Sequel::Error, "associated object #{o.inspect} does not have a primary key") unless o.pk
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Duplicate the associations hash when duplicating the object.
+        def initialize_copy(other)
+          super
+          @associations = Hash[@associations] if @associations
+          self
+        end
+
+        # If a block is given, assign it as the :callback option in the hash, and return the hash.
+        def load_association_objects_options(dynamic_opts, &block)
+          if block
+            dynamic_opts = Hash[dynamic_opts]
+            dynamic_opts[:callback] = block
+          end
+
+          dynamic_opts
+        end
+
+        # Load the associated objects using the dataset, handling callbacks, reciprocals, and caching.
+        def load_associated_objects(opts, dynamic_opts, &block)
+          dynamic_opts = load_association_objects_options(dynamic_opts, &block)
+          name = opts[:name]
+          if associations.include?(name) && !dynamic_opts[:callback] && !dynamic_opts[:reload]
+            associations[name]
+          else
+            objs = _load_associated_objects(opts, dynamic_opts)
+            if opts.set_reciprocal_to_self?
+              if opts.returns_array?
+                objs.each{|o| add_reciprocal_object(opts, o)}
+              elsif objs
+                add_reciprocal_object(opts, objs)
+              end
+            end
+
+            # If the current object is frozen, you can't update the associations
+            # cache.  This can cause issues for after_load procs that expect
+            # the objects to be already cached in the associations, but
+            # unfortunately that case cannot be handled.
+            associations[name] = objs unless frozen?
+            run_association_callbacks(opts, :after_load, objs)
+            frozen? ? objs : associations[name]
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Whether to use a simple primary key lookup on the associated class when loading.
+        def load_with_primary_key_lookup?(opts, dynamic_opts)
+          opts[:type] == :many_to_one &&
+            !dynamic_opts[:callback] && 
+            opts.send(:cached_fetch, :many_to_one_pk_lookup){opts.primary_key == opts.associated_class.primary_key}
+        end
+        
+        # Convert the input of the add_* association method into an associated object. For
+        # hashes, this creates a new object using the hash.  For integers, strings, and arrays,
+        # assume the value specifies a primary key, and lookup an existing object with that primary key.
+        # Otherwise, if the object is not already an instance of the class, raise an exception.
+        def make_add_associated_object(opts, o)
+          klass = opts.associated_class
+
+          case o
+          when Hash
+            klass.new(o)
+          when Integer, String, Array
+            klass.with_pk!(o)
+          when klass
+            o
+          else 
+            raise(Sequel::Error, "associated object #{o.inspect} not of correct type #{klass}")
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Remove all associated objects from the given association
+        def remove_all_associated_objects(opts, *args)
+          raise(Sequel::Error, "model object #{inspect} does not have a primary key") if opts.dataset_need_primary_key? && !pk
+          # Allow calling private _remove_all method
+          send(opts[:_remove_all_method], *args)
+          ret = associations[opts[:name]].each{|o| remove_reciprocal_object(opts, o)} if associations.include?(opts[:name])
+          associations[opts[:name]] = []
+          ret
+        end
+        # :nocov:
+        ruby2_keywords(:remove_all_associated_objects) if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
+        # :nocov:
+
+        # Remove the given associated object from the given association
+        def remove_associated_object(opts, o, *args)
+          klass = opts.associated_class
+          if o.is_a?(Integer) || o.is_a?(String) || o.is_a?(Array)
+            o = remove_check_existing_object_from_pk(opts, o, *args)
+          elsif !o.is_a?(klass)
+            raise(Sequel::Error, "associated object #{o.inspect} not of correct type #{klass}")
+          elsif opts.remove_should_check_existing? && public_send(opts.dataset_method).where(o.pk_hash).empty?
+            raise(Sequel::Error, "associated object #{o.inspect} is not currently associated to #{inspect}")
+          end
+          raise(Sequel::Error, "model object #{inspect} does not have a primary key") if opts.dataset_need_primary_key? && !pk
+          raise(Sequel::Error, "associated object #{o.inspect} does not have a primary key") if opts.need_associated_primary_key? && !o.pk
+          return if run_association_callbacks(opts, :before_remove, o) == false
+          # Allow calling private _remove method
+          return if !send(opts[:_remove_method], o, *args) && opts.handle_silent_modification_failure?
+          associations[opts[:name]].delete_if{|x| o === x} if associations.include?(opts[:name])
+          remove_reciprocal_object(opts, o)
+          run_association_callbacks(opts, :after_remove, o)
+          o
+        end
+        # :nocov:
+        ruby2_keywords(:remove_associated_object) if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
+        # :nocov:
+
+        # Check that the object from the associated table specified by the primary key
+        # is currently associated to the receiver.  If it is associated, return the object, otherwise
+        # raise an error.
+        def remove_check_existing_object_from_pk(opts, o, *args)
+          key = o
+          pkh = opts.associated_class.qualified_primary_key_hash(key)
+          raise(Sequel::Error, "no object with key(s) #{key.inspect} is currently associated to #{inspect}") unless o = public_send(opts.dataset_method).first(pkh)
+          o
+        end
+
+        # Remove/unset the current object from/as the given object's reciprocal association.
+        def remove_reciprocal_object(opts, o)
+          return unless reciprocal = opts.reciprocal
+          if opts.reciprocal_array?
+            if array = o.associations[reciprocal]
+              array.delete_if{|x| self === x}
+            end
+          else
+            o.associations[reciprocal] = nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Run the callback for the association with the object.
+        def run_association_callbacks(reflection, callback_type, object)
+          return unless cbs = reflection[callback_type]
+
+          begin
+            cbs.each do |cb|
+              case cb
+              when Symbol
+                # Allow calling private methods in association callbacks
+                send(cb, object)
+              when Proc
+                cb.call(self, object)
+              else
+                raise Error, "callbacks should either be Procs or Symbols"
+              end
+            end
+          rescue HookFailed
+            # The reason we automatically set raise_error for singular associations is that
+            # assignment in ruby always returns the argument instead of the result of the
+            # method, so we can't return nil to signal that the association callback prevented
+            # the modification
+            return false unless raise_on_save_failure || !reflection.returns_array?
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Set the given object as the associated object for the given *_to_one association reflection
+        def _set_associated_object(opts, o)
+          a = associations[opts[:name]]
+          reciprocal = opts.reciprocal
+          if set_associated_object_if_same?
+            if reciprocal
+              remove_reciprocal = a && (a != o || a.associations[reciprocal] != self)
+              add_reciprocal = o && o.associations[reciprocal] != self
+            end
+          else
+            return if a && a == o
+            if reciprocal
+              remove_reciprocal = a
+              add_reciprocal = o
+            end
+          end
+          run_association_callbacks(opts, :before_set, o)
+          remove_reciprocal_object(opts, a) if remove_reciprocal
+          # Allow calling private _setter method
+          send(opts[:_setter_method], o)
+          associations[opts[:name]] = o
+          add_reciprocal_object(opts, o) if add_reciprocal
+          run_association_callbacks(opts, :after_set, o)
+          o
+        end
+
+        # Whether run the associated object setter code if passed the same object as the one already
+        # cached in the association.  Usually not set (so nil), can be set on a per-object basis
+        # if necessary.
+        def set_associated_object_if_same?
+          @set_associated_object_if_same
+        end
+        
+        # Set the given object as the associated object for the given many_to_one association reflection
+        def set_associated_object(opts, o)
+          raise(Error, "associated object #{o.inspect} does not have a primary key") if o && !o.pk
+          _set_associated_object(opts, o)
+        end
+
+        # Set the given object as the associated object for the given one_through_one association reflection
+        def set_one_through_one_associated_object(opts, o)
+          raise(Error, "object #{inspect} does not have a primary key") unless pk
+          raise(Error, "associated object #{o.inspect} does not have a primary key") if o && !o.pk
+          _set_associated_object(opts, o)
+        end
+
+        # Set the given object as the associated object for the given one_to_one association reflection
+        def set_one_to_one_associated_object(opts, o)
+          raise(Error, "object #{inspect} does not have a primary key") unless pk
+          _set_associated_object(opts, o)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Eager loading makes it so that you can load all associated records for a
+      # set of objects in a single query, instead of a separate query for each object.
+      #
+      # Two separate implementations are provided.  +eager+ should be used most of the
+      # time, as it loads associated records using one query per association.  However,
+      # it does not allow you the ability to filter or order based on columns in associated tables.  +eager_graph+ loads
+      # all records in a single query using JOINs, allowing you to filter or order based on columns in associated
+      # tables.  However, +eager_graph+ is usually slower than +eager+, especially if multiple
+      # one_to_many or many_to_many associations are joined.
+      #
+      # You can cascade the eager loading (loading associations on associated objects)
+      # with no limit to the depth of the cascades.  You do this by passing a hash to +eager+ or +eager_graph+
+      # with the keys being associations of the current model and values being
+      # associations of the model associated with the current model via the key.
+      #  
+      # The arguments can be symbols or hashes with symbol keys (for cascaded
+      # eager loading). Examples:
+      #
+      #   Album.eager(:artist).all
+      #   Album.eager_graph(:artist).all
+      #   Album.eager(:artist, :genre).all
+      #   Album.eager_graph(:artist, :genre).all
+      #   Album.eager(:artist).eager(:genre).all
+      #   Album.eager_graph(:artist).eager_graph(:genre).all
+      #   Artist.eager(albums: :tracks).all
+      #   Artist.eager_graph(albums: :tracks).all
+      #   Artist.eager(albums: {tracks: :genre}).all
+      #   Artist.eager_graph(albums: {tracks: :genre}).all
+      #
+      # You can also pass a callback as a hash value in order to customize the dataset being
+      # eager loaded at query time, analogous to the way the :eager_block association option
+      # allows you to customize it at association definition time. For example,
+      # if you wanted artists with their albums since 1990:
+      #
+      #   Artist.eager(albums: proc{|ds| ds.where{year > 1990}})
+      #
+      # Or if you needed albums and their artist's name only, using a single query:
+      #
+      #   Albums.eager_graph(artist: proc{|ds| ds.select(:name)})
+      #
+      # To cascade eager loading while using a callback, you substitute the cascaded
+      # associations with a single entry hash that has the proc callback as the key and 
+      # the cascaded associations as the value.  This will load artists with their albums
+      # since 1990, and also the tracks on those albums and the genre for those tracks:
+      #
+      #   Artist.eager(albums: {proc{|ds| ds.where{year > 1990}}=>{tracks: :genre}})
+      module DatasetMethods
+        %w'inner left right full'.each do |type|
+          class_eval(<<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
+            def association_#{type}_join(*associations)
+              _association_join(:#{type}, associations)
+            end
+          END
+        end
+
+        # Adds one or more INNER JOINs to the existing dataset using the keys and conditions
+        # specified by the given association(s).  Take the same arguments as eager_graph, and
+        # operates similarly, but only adds the joins as opposed to making the other changes
+        # (such as adding selected columns and setting up eager loading).
+        #
+        # The following methods also exist for specifying a different type of JOIN:
+        #
+        # association_full_join :: FULL JOIN
+        # association_inner_join :: INNER JOIN
+        # association_left_join :: LEFT JOIN
+        # association_right_join :: RIGHT JOIN
+        #
+        # Examples:
+        #
+        #   # For each album, association_join load the artist
+        #   Album.association_join(:artist).all
+        #   # SELECT *
+        #   # FROM albums
+        #   # INNER JOIN artists AS artist ON (artists.id = albums.artist_id)
+        #
+        #   # For each album, association_join load the artist, using a specified alias
+        #   Album.association_join(Sequel[:artist].as(:a)).all
+        #   # SELECT *
+        #   # FROM albums
+        #   # INNER JOIN artists AS a ON (a.id = albums.artist_id)
+        #
+        #   # For each album, association_join load the artist and genre
+        #   Album.association_join(:artist, :genre).all
+        #   Album.association_join(:artist).association_join(:genre).all
+        #   # SELECT *
+        #   # FROM albums
+        #   # INNER JOIN artists AS artist ON (artist.id = albums.artist_id)
+        #   # INNER JOIN genres AS genre ON (genre.id = albums.genre_id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, association_join load albums and tracks for each album
+        #   Artist.association_join(albums: :tracks).all
+        #   # SELECT *
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # INNER JOIN albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #   # INNER JOIN tracks ON (tracks.album_id = albums.id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, association_join load albums, tracks for each album, and genre for each track
+        #   Artist.association_join(albums: {tracks: :genre}).all
+        #   # SELECT *
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # INNER JOIN albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #   # INNER JOIN tracks ON (tracks.album_id = albums.id)
+        #   # INNER JOIN genres AS genre ON (genre.id = tracks.genre_id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, association_join load albums with year > 1990
+        #   Artist.association_join(albums: proc{|ds| ds.where{year > 1990}}).all
+        #   # SELECT *
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # INNER JOIN (
+        #   #   SELECT * FROM albums WHERE (year > 1990)
+        #   # ) AS albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, association_join load albums and tracks 1-10 for each album
+        #   Artist.association_join(albums: {tracks: proc{|ds| ds.where(number: 1..10)}}).all
+        #   # SELECT *
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # INNER JOIN albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #   # INNER JOIN (
+        #   #   SELECT * FROM tracks WHERE ((number >= 1) AND (number <= 10))
+        #   # ) AS tracks ON (tracks.albums_id = albums.id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, association_join load albums with year > 1990, and tracks for those albums
+        #   Artist.association_join(albums: {proc{|ds| ds.where{year > 1990}}=>:tracks}).all
+        #   # SELECT *
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # INNER JOIN (
+        #   #   SELECT * FROM albums WHERE (year > 1990)
+        #   # ) AS albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #   # INNER JOIN tracks ON (tracks.album_id = albums.id)
+        def association_join(*associations)
+          association_inner_join(*associations)
+        end
+      
+        # If the expression is in the form <tt>x = y</tt> where +y+ is a <tt>Sequel::Model</tt>
+        # instance, array of <tt>Sequel::Model</tt> instances, or a <tt>Sequel::Model</tt> dataset,
+        # assume +x+ is an association symbol and look up the association reflection
+        # via the dataset's model.  From there, return the appropriate SQL based on the type of
+        # association and the values of the foreign/primary keys of +y+.  For most association
+        # types, this is a simple transformation, but for +many_to_many+ associations this 
+        # creates a subquery to the join table.
+        def complex_expression_sql_append(sql, op, args)
+          r = args[1]
+          if (((op == :'=' || op == :'!=') && r.is_a?(Sequel::Model)) ||
+              (multiple = ((op == :IN || op == :'NOT IN') && ((is_ds = r.is_a?(Sequel::Dataset)) || (r.respond_to?(:all?) && r.all?{|x| x.is_a?(Sequel::Model)})))))
+            l = args[0]
+            if ar = model.association_reflections[l]
+              raise Error, "filtering by associations is not allowed for #{ar.inspect}" if ar[:allow_filtering_by] == false
+
+              if multiple
+                klass = ar.associated_class
+                if is_ds
+                  if r.respond_to?(:model)
+                    unless r.model <= klass
+                      # A dataset for a different model class, could be a valid regular query
+                      return super
+                    end
+                  else
+                    # Not a model dataset, could be a valid regular query
+                    return super
+                  end
+                else
+                  unless r.all?{|x| x.is_a?(klass)}
+                    raise Sequel::Error, "invalid association class for one object for association #{l.inspect} used in dataset filter for model #{model.inspect}, expected class #{klass.inspect}"
+                  end
+                end
+              elsif !r.is_a?(ar.associated_class)
+                raise Sequel::Error, "invalid association class #{r.class.inspect} for association #{l.inspect} used in dataset filter for model #{model.inspect}, expected class #{ar.associated_class.inspect}"
+              end
+
+              if exp = association_filter_expression(op, ar, r)
+                literal_append(sql, exp)
+              else
+                raise Sequel::Error, "invalid association type #{ar[:type].inspect} for association #{l.inspect} used in dataset filter for model #{model.inspect}"
+              end
+            elsif multiple && (is_ds || r.empty?)
+              # Not a query designed for this support, could be a valid regular query
+              super
+            else
+              raise Sequel::Error, "invalid association #{l.inspect} used in dataset filter for model #{model.inspect}"
+            end
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The preferred eager loading method.  Loads all associated records using one
+        # query for each association.
+        #
+        # The basic idea for how it works is that the dataset is first loaded normally.
+        # Then it goes through all associations that have been specified via +eager+.
+        # It loads each of those associations separately, then associates them back
+        # to the original dataset via primary/foreign keys.  Due to the necessity of
+        # all objects being present, you need to use +all+ to use eager loading, as it
+        # can't work with +each+.
+        #
+        # This implementation avoids the complexity of extracting an object graph out
+        # of a single dataset, by building the object graph out of multiple datasets,
+        # one for each association.  By using a separate dataset for each association,
+        # it avoids problems such as aliasing conflicts and creating cartesian product
+        # result sets if multiple one_to_many or many_to_many eager associations are requested.
+        #
+        # One limitation of using this method is that you cannot filter the current dataset
+        # based on values of columns in an associated table, since the associations are loaded
+        # in separate queries.  To do that you need to load all associations in the
+        # same query, and extract an object graph from the results of that query. If you
+        # need to filter based on columns in associated tables, look at +eager_graph+
+        # or join the tables you need to filter on manually. 
+        #
+        # Each association's order, if defined, is respected.
+        # If the association uses a block or has an :eager_block argument, it is used.
+        #
+        # To modify the associated dataset that will be used for the eager load, you should use a
+        # hash for the association, with the key being the association name symbol, and the value being
+        # a callable object that is called with the associated dataset and should return a modified
+        # dataset.  If that association also has dependent associations, instead of a callable object,
+        # use a hash with the callable object being the key, and the dependent association(s) as the value.
+        #
+        # Examples:
+        #
+        #   # For each album, eager load the artist
+        #   Album.eager(:artist).all
+        #   # SELECT * FROM albums
+        #   # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (id IN (...))
+        #
+        #   # For each album, eager load the artist and genre
+        #   Album.eager(:artist, :genre).all
+        #   Album.eager(:artist).eager(:genre).all
+        #   # SELECT * FROM albums
+        #   # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (id IN (...))
+        #   # SELECT * FROM genres WHERE (id IN (...))
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager load albums and tracks for each album
+        #   Artist.eager(albums: :tracks).all
+        #   # SELECT * FROM artists
+        #   # SELECT * FROM albums WHERE (artist_id IN (...))
+        #   # SELECT * FROM tracks WHERE (album_id IN (...))
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager load albums, tracks for each album, and genre for each track
+        #   Artist.eager(albums: {tracks: :genre}).all
+        #   # SELECT * FROM artists
+        #   # SELECT * FROM albums WHERE (artist_id IN (...))
+        #   # SELECT * FROM tracks WHERE (album_id IN (...))
+        #   # SELECT * FROM genre WHERE (id IN (...))
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager load albums with year > 1990
+        #   Artist.eager(albums: proc{|ds| ds.where{year > 1990}}).all
+        #   # SELECT * FROM artists
+        #   # SELECT * FROM albums WHERE ((year > 1990) AND (artist_id IN (...)))
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager load albums and tracks 1-10 for each album
+        #   Artist.eager(albums: {tracks: proc{|ds| ds.where(number: 1..10)}}).all
+        #   # SELECT * FROM artists
+        #   # SELECT * FROM albums WHERE (artist_id IN (...))
+        #   # SELECT * FROM tracks WHERE ((number >= 1) AND (number <= 10) AND (album_id IN (...)))
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager load albums with year > 1990, and tracks for those albums
+        #   Artist.eager(albums: {proc{|ds| ds.where{year > 1990}}=>:tracks}).all
+        #   # SELECT * FROM artists
+        #   # SELECT * FROM albums WHERE ((year > 1990) AND (artist_id IN (...)))
+        #   # SELECT * FROM albums WHERE (artist_id IN (...))
+        def eager(*associations)
+          opts = @opts[:eager]
+          association_opts = eager_options_for_associations(associations)
+          opts = opts ? opts.merge(association_opts) : association_opts
+          clone(:eager=>opts.freeze)
+        end
+
+        # The secondary eager loading method.  Loads all associations in a single query. This
+        # method should only be used if you need to filter or order based on columns in associated tables,
+        # or if you have done comparative benchmarking and determined it is faster.
+        #
+        # This method uses <tt>Dataset#graph</tt> to create appropriate aliases for columns in all the
+        # tables.  Then it uses the graph's metadata to build the associations from the single hash, and
+        # finally replaces the array of hashes with an array model objects inside all.
+        #
+        # Be very careful when using this with multiple one_to_many or many_to_many associations, as you can
+        # create large cartesian products.  If you must graph multiple one_to_many and many_to_many associations,
+        # make sure your filters are narrow if the datasets are large.
+        # 
+        # Each association's order, if defined, is respected. +eager_graph+ probably
+        # won't work correctly on a limited dataset, unless you are
+        # only graphing many_to_one, one_to_one, and one_through_one associations.
+        # 
+        # Does not use the block defined for the association, since it does a single query for
+        # all objects.  You can use the :graph_* association options to modify the SQL query.
+        #
+        # Like +eager+, you need to call +all+ on the dataset for the eager loading to work.  If you just
+        # call +each+, it will yield plain hashes, each containing all columns from all the tables.
+        #
+        # To modify the associated dataset that will be joined to the current dataset, you should use a
+        # hash for the association, with the key being the association name symbol, and the value being
+        # a callable object that is called with the associated dataset and should return a modified
+        # dataset.  If that association also has dependent associations, instead of a callable object,
+        # use a hash with the callable object being the key, and the dependent association(s) as the value.
+        # 
+        # You can specify an custom alias and/or join type on a per-association basis by providing an
+        # Sequel::SQL::AliasedExpression object instead of an a Symbol for the association name.
+        #
+        # You cannot mix calls to +eager_graph+ and +graph+ on the same dataset.
+        #
+        # Examples:
+        #
+        #   # For each album, eager_graph load the artist
+        #   Album.eager_graph(:artist).all
+        #   # SELECT ...
+        #   # FROM albums
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN artists AS artist ON (artists.id = albums.artist_id)
+        #
+        #   # For each album, eager_graph load the artist, using a specified alias
+        #   Album.eager_graph(Sequel[:artist].as(:a)).all
+        #   # SELECT ...
+        #   # FROM albums
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN artists AS a ON (a.id = albums.artist_id)
+        #
+        #   # For each album, eager_graph load the artist, using a specified alias
+        #   # and custom join type
+        #
+        #   Album.eager_graph(Sequel[:artist].as(:a, join_type: :inner)).all
+        #   # SELECT ...
+        #   # FROM albums
+        #   # INNER JOIN artists AS a ON (a.id = albums.artist_id)
+        #
+        #   # For each album, eager_graph load the artist and genre
+        #   Album.eager_graph(:artist, :genre).all
+        #   Album.eager_graph(:artist).eager_graph(:genre).all
+        #   # SELECT ...
+        #   # FROM albums
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN artists AS artist ON (artist.id = albums.artist_id)
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN genres AS genre ON (genre.id = albums.genre_id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager_graph load albums and tracks for each album
+        #   Artist.eager_graph(albums: :tracks).all
+        #   # SELECT ...
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN tracks ON (tracks.album_id = albums.id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager_graph load albums, tracks for each album, and genre for each track
+        #   Artist.eager_graph(albums: {tracks: :genre}).all
+        #   # SELECT ...
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN tracks ON (tracks.album_id = albums.id)
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN genres AS genre ON (genre.id = tracks.genre_id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager_graph load albums with year > 1990
+        #   Artist.eager_graph(albums: proc{|ds| ds.where{year > 1990}}).all
+        #   # SELECT ...
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN (
+        #   #   SELECT * FROM albums WHERE (year > 1990)
+        #   # ) AS albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager_graph load albums and tracks 1-10 for each album
+        #   Artist.eager_graph(albums: {tracks: proc{|ds| ds.where(number: 1..10)}}).all
+        #   # SELECT ...
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN (
+        #   #   SELECT * FROM tracks WHERE ((number >= 1) AND (number <= 10))
+        #   # ) AS tracks ON (tracks.albums_id = albums.id)
+        #
+        #   # For each artist, eager_graph load albums with year > 1990, and tracks for those albums
+        #   Artist.eager_graph(albums: {proc{|ds| ds.where{year > 1990}}=>:tracks}).all
+        #   # SELECT ...
+        #   # FROM artists 
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN (
+        #   #   SELECT * FROM albums WHERE (year > 1990)
+        #   # ) AS albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
+        #   # LEFT OUTER JOIN tracks ON (tracks.album_id = albums.id)
+        def eager_graph(*associations)
+          eager_graph_with_options(associations)
+        end
+
+        # Run eager_graph with some options specific to just this call. Unlike eager_graph, this takes
+        # the associations as a single argument instead of multiple arguments.
+        #
+        # Options:
+        #
+        # :join_type :: Override the join type specified in the association
+        # :limit_strategy :: Use a strategy for handling limits on associations.
+        #                    Appropriate :limit_strategy values are:
+        #                    true :: Pick the most appropriate based on what the database supports
+        #                    :distinct_on :: Force use of DISTINCT ON stategy (*_one associations only)
+        #                    :correlated_subquery :: Force use of correlated subquery strategy (one_to_* associations only)
+        #                    :window_function :: Force use of window function strategy
+        #                    :ruby :: Don't modify the SQL, implement limits/offsets with array slicing
+        #
+        #                    This can also be a hash with association name symbol keys and one of the above values,
+        #                    to use different strategies per association.
+        #
+        #                    The default is the :ruby strategy.  Choosing a different strategy can make your code
+        #                    significantly slower in some cases (perhaps even the majority of cases), so you should
+        #                    only use this if you have benchmarked that it is faster for your use cases.
+        def eager_graph_with_options(associations, opts=OPTS)
+          return self if associations.empty?
+
+          opts = opts.dup unless opts.frozen?
+          associations = [associations] unless associations.is_a?(Array)
+          ds = if eg = @opts[:eager_graph]
+            eg = eg.dup
+            [:requirements, :reflections, :reciprocals, :limits].each{|k| eg[k] = eg[k].dup}
+            eg[:local] = opts
+            ds = clone(:eager_graph=>eg)
+            ds.eager_graph_associations(ds, model, ds.opts[:eager_graph][:master], [], *associations)
+          else
+            # Each of the following have a symbol key for the table alias, with the following values: 
+            # :reciprocals :: the reciprocal value to use for this association
+            # :reflections :: AssociationReflection instance related to this association
+            # :requirements :: array of requirements for this association
+            # :limits :: Any limit/offset array slicing that need to be handled in ruby land after loading
+            opts = {:requirements=>{}, :master=>alias_symbol(first_source), :reflections=>{}, :reciprocals=>{}, :limits=>{}, :local=>opts, :cartesian_product_number=>0, :row_proc=>row_proc}
+            ds = clone(:eager_graph=>opts)
+            ds = ds.eager_graph_associations(ds, model, ds.opts[:eager_graph][:master], [], *associations).naked
+          end
+
+          ds.opts[:eager_graph].freeze
+          ds.opts[:eager_graph].each_value{|v| v.freeze if v.is_a?(Hash)}
+          ds
+        end
+
+        # If the dataset is being eagerly loaded, default to calling all
+        # instead of each.
+        def as_hash(key_column=nil, value_column=nil, opts=OPTS)
+          if (@opts[:eager_graph] || @opts[:eager]) && !opts.has_key?(:all)
+            opts = Hash[opts]
+            opts[:all] = true
+          end
+          super
+        end
+
+        # If the dataset is being eagerly loaded, default to calling all
+        # instead of each.
+        def to_hash_groups(key_column, value_column=nil, opts=OPTS)
+          if (@opts[:eager_graph] || @opts[:eager]) && !opts.has_key?(:all)
+            opts = Hash[opts]
+            opts[:all] = true
+          end
+          super
+        end
+
+        # Do not attempt to split the result set into associations,
+        # just return results as simple objects.  This is useful if you
+        # want to use eager_graph as a shortcut to have all of the joins
+        # and aliasing set up, but want to do something else with the dataset.
+        def ungraphed
+          ds = super.clone(:eager_graph=>nil)
+          if (eg = @opts[:eager_graph]) && (rp = eg[:row_proc])
+            ds = ds.with_row_proc(rp)
+          end
+          ds
+        end
+      
+        protected
+      
+        # Call graph on the association with the correct arguments,
+        # update the eager_graph data structure, and recurse into
+        # eager_graph_associations if there are any passed in associations
+        # (which would be dependencies of the current association)
+        #
+        # Arguments:
+        # ds :: Current dataset
+        # model :: Current Model
+        # ta :: table_alias used for the parent association
+        # requirements :: an array, used as a stack for requirements
+        # r :: association reflection for the current association, or an SQL::AliasedExpression
+        #      with the reflection as the expression, the alias base as the alias (or nil to
+        #      use the default alias), and an optional hash with a :join_type entry as the columns
+        #      to use a custom join type.
+        # *associations :: any associations dependent on this one
+        def eager_graph_association(ds, model, ta, requirements, r, *associations)
+          if r.is_a?(SQL::AliasedExpression)
+            alias_base = r.alias
+            if r.columns.is_a?(Hash)
+              join_type = r.columns[:join_type]
+            end
+            r = r.expression
+          else
+            alias_base = r[:graph_alias_base]
+          end
+          assoc_table_alias = ds.unused_table_alias(alias_base)
+          loader = r[:eager_grapher]
+          if !associations.empty?
+            if associations.first.respond_to?(:call)
+              callback = associations.first
+              associations = {}
+            elsif associations.length == 1 && (assocs = associations.first).is_a?(Hash) && assocs.length == 1 && (pr_assoc = assocs.to_a.first) && pr_assoc.first.respond_to?(:call)
+              callback, assoc = pr_assoc
+              associations = assoc.is_a?(Array) ? assoc : [assoc]
+            end
+          end
+          local_opts = ds.opts[:eager_graph][:local]
+          limit_strategy = r.eager_graph_limit_strategy(local_opts[:limit_strategy])
+
+          if r[:conditions] && !Sequel.condition_specifier?(r[:conditions]) && !r[:orig_opts].has_key?(:graph_conditions) && !r[:orig_opts].has_key?(:graph_only_conditions) && !r.has_key?(:graph_block)
+            raise Error, "Cannot eager_graph association when :conditions specified and not a hash or an array of pairs.  Specify :graph_conditions, :graph_only_conditions, or :graph_block for the association.  Model: #{r[:model]}, association: #{r[:name]}"
+          end
+
+          ds = loader.call(:self=>ds, :table_alias=>assoc_table_alias, :implicit_qualifier=>(ta == ds.opts[:eager_graph][:master]) ? first_source : qualifier_from_alias_symbol(ta, first_source), :callback=>callback, :join_type=>join_type || local_opts[:join_type], :join_only=>local_opts[:join_only], :limit_strategy=>limit_strategy, :from_self_alias=>ds.opts[:eager_graph][:master])
+          if r[:order_eager_graph] && (order = r.fetch(:graph_order, r[:order]))
+            ds = ds.order_append(*qualified_expression(order, assoc_table_alias))
+          end
+          eager_graph = ds.opts[:eager_graph]
+          eager_graph[:requirements][assoc_table_alias] = requirements.dup
+          eager_graph[:reflections][assoc_table_alias] = r
+          if limit_strategy == :ruby
+            eager_graph[:limits][assoc_table_alias] = r.limit_and_offset 
+          end
+          eager_graph[:cartesian_product_number] += r[:cartesian_product_number] || 2
+          ds = ds.eager_graph_associations(ds, r.associated_class, assoc_table_alias, requirements + [assoc_table_alias], *associations) unless associations.empty?
+          ds
+        end
+
+        # Check the associations are valid for the given model.
+        # Call eager_graph_association on each association.
+        #
+        # Arguments:
+        # ds :: Current dataset
+        # model :: Current Model
+        # ta :: table_alias used for the parent association
+        # requirements :: an array, used as a stack for requirements
+        # *associations :: the associations to add to the graph
+        def eager_graph_associations(ds, model, ta, requirements, *associations)
+          associations.flatten.each do |association|
+            ds = case association
+            when Symbol, SQL::AliasedExpression
+              ds.eager_graph_association(ds, model, ta, requirements, eager_graph_check_association(model, association))
+            when Hash
+              association.each do |assoc, assoc_assocs|
+                ds = ds.eager_graph_association(ds, model, ta, requirements, eager_graph_check_association(model, assoc), assoc_assocs)
+              end
+              ds
+            else
+              raise(Sequel::Error, 'Associations must be in the form of a symbol or hash')
+            end
+          end
+          ds
+        end
+
+        # Replace the array of plain hashes with an array of model objects will all eager_graphed
+        # associations set in the associations cache for each object.
+        def eager_graph_build_associations(hashes)
+          hashes.replace(_eager_graph_build_associations(hashes, eager_graph_loader))
+        end
+      
+        private
+
+        # Return a new dataset with JOINs of the given type added, using the tables and
+        # conditions specified by the associations.
+        def _association_join(type, associations)
+          clone(:join=>clone(:graph_from_self=>false).eager_graph_with_options(associations, :join_type=>type, :join_only=>true).opts[:join])
+        end
+
+        # Process the array of hashes using the eager graph loader to return an array
+        # of model objects with the associations set.
+        def _eager_graph_build_associations(hashes, egl)
+          egl.load(hashes)
+        end
+
+        # If the association has conditions itself, then it requires additional filters be
+        # added to the current dataset to ensure that the passed in object would also be
+        # included by the association's conditions.
+        def add_association_filter_conditions(ref, obj, expr)
+          if expr != SQL::Constants::FALSE && ref.filter_by_associations_add_conditions?
+            Sequel[ref.filter_by_associations_conditions_expression(obj)]
+          else
+            expr
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Process the array of associations arguments (Symbols, Arrays, and Hashes),
+        # and return a hash of options suitable for cascading.
+        def eager_options_for_associations(associations)
+          opts = {}
+          associations.flatten.each do |association|
+            case association
+            when Symbol
+              check_association(model, association)
+              opts[association] = nil
+            when Hash
+              association.keys.each{|assoc| check_association(model, assoc)}
+              opts.merge!(association)
+            else
+              raise(Sequel::Error, 'Associations must be in the form of a symbol or hash')
+            end
+          end
+          opts
+        end
+      
+        # Return an expression for filtering by the given association reflection and associated object.
+        def association_filter_expression(op, ref, obj)
+          meth = :"#{ref[:type]}_association_filter_expression"
+          # Allow calling private association specific method to get filter expression
+          send(meth, op, ref, obj) if respond_to?(meth, true)
+        end
+
+        # Handle inversion for association filters by returning an inverted expression,
+        # plus also handling cases where the referenced columns are NULL.
+        def association_filter_handle_inversion(op, exp, cols)
+          if op == :'!=' || op == :'NOT IN'
+            if exp == SQL::Constants::FALSE
+              ~exp
+            else
+              ~exp | Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(cols.zip([]), :OR)
+            end
+          else
+            exp
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Return an expression for making sure that the given keys match the value of
+        # the given methods for either the single object given or for any of the objects
+        # given if +obj+ is an array.
+        def association_filter_key_expression(keys, meths, obj)
+          vals = if obj.is_a?(Sequel::Dataset)
+            {(keys.length == 1 ? keys.first : keys)=>obj.select(*meths).exclude(Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(meths.zip([]), :OR))}
+          else
+            vals = Array(obj).reject{|o| !meths.all?{|m| o.get_column_value(m)}}
+            return SQL::Constants::FALSE if vals.empty?
+            if obj.is_a?(Array)
+              if keys.length == 1
+                meth = meths.first
+                {keys.first=>vals.map{|o| o.get_column_value(meth)}}
+              else
+                {keys=>vals.map{|o| meths.map{|m| o.get_column_value(m)}}}
+              end  
+            else
+              keys.zip(meths.map{|k| obj.get_column_value(k)})
+            end
+          end
+          SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(vals)
+        end
+
+        # Make sure the association is valid for this model, and return the related AssociationReflection.
+        def check_association(model, association)
+          raise(Sequel::UndefinedAssociation, "Invalid association #{association} for #{model.name}") unless reflection = model.association_reflection(association)
+          raise(Sequel::Error, "Eager loading is not allowed for #{model.name} association #{association}") if reflection[:allow_eager] == false
+          reflection
+        end
+      
+        # Allow associations that are eagerly graphed to be specified as an SQL::AliasedExpression, for
+        # per-call determining of the alias base.
+        def eager_graph_check_association(model, association)
+          reflection = if association.is_a?(SQL::AliasedExpression)
+            expr = association.expression
+            if expr.is_a?(SQL::Identifier)
+              expr = expr.value
+              if expr.is_a?(String)
+                expr = expr.to_sym
+              end
+            end
+
+            check_reflection = check_association(model, expr)
+            SQL::AliasedExpression.new(check_reflection, association.alias || expr, association.columns)
+          else
+            check_reflection = check_association(model, association)
+          end
+
+          if check_reflection && check_reflection[:allow_eager_graph] == false
+            raise Error, "eager_graph not allowed for #{reflection.inspect}"
+          end
+
+          reflection
+        end
+      
+        # The EagerGraphLoader instance used for converting eager_graph results.
+        def eager_graph_loader
+          unless egl = cache_get(:_model_eager_graph_loader)
+            egl = cache_set(:_model_eager_graph_loader, EagerGraphLoader.new(self))
+          end
+          egl.dup
+        end
+
+        # Eagerly load all specified associations.
+        def eager_load(a, eager_assoc=@opts[:eager])
+          return if a.empty?
+
+          # Reflections for all associations to eager load
+          reflections = eager_assoc.keys.map{|assoc| model.association_reflection(assoc) || (raise Sequel::UndefinedAssociation, "Model: #{self}, Association: #{assoc}")}
+
+          perform_eager_loads(prepare_eager_load(a, reflections, eager_assoc))
+
+          reflections.each do |r|
+            a.each{|object| object.send(:run_association_callbacks, r, :after_load, object.associations[r[:name]])} if r[:after_load]
+          end 
+
+          nil
+        end
+
+        # Prepare a hash loaders and eager options which will be used to implement the eager loading.
+        def prepare_eager_load(a, reflections, eager_assoc)
+          eager_load_data = {}
+
+          # Key is foreign/primary key name symbol.
+          # Value is hash with keys being foreign/primary key values (generally integers)
+          # and values being an array of current model objects with that specific foreign/primary key
+          key_hash = {}
+      
+          # Populate the key_hash entry for each association being eagerly loaded
+          reflections.each do |r|
+            if key = r.eager_loader_key
+              # key_hash for this key has already been populated,
+              # skip populating again so that duplicate values
+              # aren't added.
+              unless id_map = key_hash[key]
+                id_map = key_hash[key] = Hash.new{|h,k| h[k] = []}
+
+                # Supporting both single (Symbol) and composite (Array) keys.
+                a.each do |rec|
+                  case key
+                  when Array
+                    if (k = key.map{|k2| rec.get_column_value(k2)}) && k.all?
+                      id_map[k] << rec
+                    end
+                  when Symbol
+                    if k = rec.get_column_value(key)
+                      id_map[k] << rec
+                    end
+                  else
+                    raise Error, "unhandled eager_loader_key #{key.inspect} for association #{r[:name]}"
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            else
+              id_map = nil
+            end
+          
+            associations = eager_assoc[r[:name]]
+            if associations.respond_to?(:call)
+              eager_block = associations
+              associations = OPTS
+            elsif associations.is_a?(Hash) && associations.length == 1 && (pr_assoc = associations.to_a.first) && pr_assoc.first.respond_to?(:call)
+              eager_block, associations = pr_assoc
+            end
+
+            eager_load_data[r[:eager_loader]] = {:key_hash=>key_hash, :rows=>a, :associations=>associations, :self=>self, :eager_block=>eager_block, :id_map=>id_map}
+          end
+
+          eager_load_data
+        end
+
+        # Using the hash of loaders and eager options, perform the eager loading.
+        def perform_eager_loads(eager_load_data)
+          eager_load_data.map do |loader, eo|
+            perform_eager_load(loader, eo)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Perform eager loading for a single association using the loader and eager options.
+        def perform_eager_load(loader, eo)
+          loader.call(eo)
+        end
+
+        # Return a subquery expression for filering by a many_to_many association
+        def many_to_many_association_filter_expression(op, ref, obj)
+          lpks, lks, rks = ref.values_at(:left_primary_key_columns, :left_keys, :right_keys)
+          jt = ref.join_table_alias
+          lpks = lpks.first if lpks.length == 1
+          lpks = ref.qualify(model.table_name, lpks)
+
+          meths = if obj.is_a?(Sequel::Dataset)
+            ref.qualify(obj.model.table_name, ref.right_primary_keys)
+          else
+            ref.right_primary_key_methods
+          end
+
+          expr = association_filter_key_expression(ref.qualify(jt, rks), meths, obj)
+          unless expr == SQL::Constants::FALSE
+            expr = SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(lpks=>model.db.from(ref[:join_table]).select(*ref.qualify(jt, lks)).where(expr).exclude(SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(ref.qualify(jt, lks).zip([]), :OR)))
+            expr = add_association_filter_conditions(ref, obj, expr)
+          end
+
+          association_filter_handle_inversion(op, expr, Array(lpks))
+        end
+        alias one_through_one_association_filter_expression many_to_many_association_filter_expression
+
+        # Return a simple equality expression for filering by a many_to_one association
+        def many_to_one_association_filter_expression(op, ref, obj)
+          keys = ref.qualify(model.table_name, ref[:key_columns])
+          meths = if obj.is_a?(Sequel::Dataset)
+            ref.qualify(obj.model.table_name, ref.primary_keys)
+          else
+            ref.primary_key_methods
+          end
+
+          expr = association_filter_key_expression(keys, meths, obj)
+          expr = add_association_filter_conditions(ref, obj, expr)
+          association_filter_handle_inversion(op, expr, keys)
+        end
+
+        # Return a simple equality expression for filering by a one_to_* association
+        def one_to_many_association_filter_expression(op, ref, obj)
+          keys = ref.qualify(model.table_name, ref[:primary_key_columns])
+          meths = if obj.is_a?(Sequel::Dataset)
+            ref.qualify(obj.model.table_name, ref[:keys])
+          else
+            ref[:key_methods]
+          end
+
+          expr = association_filter_key_expression(keys, meths, obj)
+          expr = add_association_filter_conditions(ref, obj, expr)
+          association_filter_handle_inversion(op, expr, keys)
+        end
+        alias one_to_one_association_filter_expression one_to_many_association_filter_expression
+
+        def non_sql_option?(key)
+          super || key == :eager || key == :eager_graph
+        end
+
+        # Build associations from the graph if #eager_graph was used, 
+        # and/or load other associations if #eager was used.
+        def post_load(all_records)
+          eager_graph_build_associations(all_records) if @opts[:eager_graph]
+          eager_load(all_records) if @opts[:eager] && (row_proc || @opts[:eager_graph])
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # This class is the internal implementation of eager_graph.  It is responsible for taking an array of plain
+      # hashes and returning an array of model objects with all eager_graphed associations already set in the
+      # association cache.
+      class EagerGraphLoader
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and after_load hook values
+        attr_reader :after_load_map
+        
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and association name values
+        attr_reader :alias_map
+        
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and subhash values mapping column_alias symbols to the
+        # symbol of the real name of the column
+        attr_reader :column_maps
+        
+        # Recursive hash with table alias symbol keys mapping to hashes with dependent table alias symbol keys.
+        attr_reader :dependency_map
+        
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and [limit, offset] values
+        attr_reader :limit_map
+        
+        # The table alias symbol for the primary model
+        attr_reader :master
+        
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and primary key symbol values (or arrays of primary key symbols for
+        # composite key tables)
+        attr_reader :primary_keys
+
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and reciprocal association symbol values,
+        # used for setting reciprocals for one_to_many associations.
+        attr_reader :reciprocal_map
+        
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and subhash values mapping primary key symbols (or array of symbols)
+        # to model instances.  Used so that only a single model instance is created for each object.
+        attr_reader :records_map
+        
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and AssociationReflection values
+        attr_reader :reflection_map
+        
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and callable values used to create model instances
+        attr_reader :row_procs
+        
+        # Hash with table alias symbol keys and true/false values, where true means the
+        # association represented by the table alias uses an array of values instead of
+        # a single value (i.e. true => *_many, false => *_to_one).
+        attr_reader :type_map
+
+        # Initialize all of the data structures used during loading.
+        def initialize(dataset)
+          opts = dataset.opts
+          eager_graph = opts[:eager_graph]
+          @master =  eager_graph[:master]
+          requirements = eager_graph[:requirements]
+          reflection_map = @reflection_map = eager_graph[:reflections]
+          reciprocal_map = @reciprocal_map = eager_graph[:reciprocals]
+          limit_map = @limit_map = eager_graph[:limits]
+          @unique = eager_graph[:cartesian_product_number] > 1
+      
+          alias_map = @alias_map = {}
+          type_map = @type_map = {}
+          after_load_map = @after_load_map = {}
+          reflection_map.each do |k, v|
+            alias_map[k] = v[:name]
+            after_load_map[k] = v[:after_load] if v[:after_load]
+            type_map[k] = if v.returns_array?
+              true
+            elsif (limit_and_offset = limit_map[k]) && !limit_and_offset.last.nil?
+              :offset
+            end
+          end
+          after_load_map.freeze
+          alias_map.freeze
+          type_map.freeze
+
+          # Make dependency map hash out of requirements array for each association.
+          # This builds a tree of dependencies that will be used for recursion
+          # to ensure that all parts of the object graph are loaded into the
+          # appropriate subordinate association.
+          dependency_map = @dependency_map = {}
+          # Sort the associations by requirements length, so that
+          # requirements are added to the dependency hash before their
+          # dependencies.
+          requirements.sort_by{|a| a[1].length}.each do |ta, deps|
+            if deps.empty?
+              dependency_map[ta] = {}
+            else
+              deps = deps.dup
+              hash = dependency_map[deps.shift]
+              deps.each do |dep|
+                hash = hash[dep]
+              end
+              hash[ta] = {}
+            end
+          end
+          freezer = lambda do |h|
+            h.freeze
+            h.each_value(&freezer)
+          end
+          freezer.call(dependency_map)
+      
+          datasets = opts[:graph][:table_aliases].to_a.reject{|ta,ds| ds.nil?}
+          column_aliases = opts[:graph][:column_aliases]
+          primary_keys = {}
+          column_maps = {}
+          models = {}
+          row_procs = {}
+          datasets.each do |ta, ds|
+            models[ta] = ds.model
+            primary_keys[ta] = []
+            column_maps[ta] = {}
+            row_procs[ta] = ds.row_proc
+          end
+          column_aliases.each do |col_alias, tc|
+            ta, column = tc
+            column_maps[ta][col_alias] = column
+          end
+          column_maps.each do |ta, h|
+            pk = models[ta].primary_key
+            if pk.is_a?(Array)
+              primary_keys[ta] = []
+              h.select{|ca, c| primary_keys[ta] << ca if pk.include?(c)}
+            else
+              h.select{|ca, c| primary_keys[ta] = ca if pk == c}
+            end
+          end
+          @column_maps = column_maps.freeze
+          @primary_keys = primary_keys.freeze
+          @row_procs = row_procs.freeze
+
+          # For performance, create two special maps for the master table,
+          # so you can skip a hash lookup.
+          @master_column_map = column_maps[master]
+          @master_primary_keys = primary_keys[master]
+
+          # Add a special hash mapping table alias symbols to 5 element arrays that just
+          # contain the data in other data structures for that table alias.  This is
+          # used for performance, to get all values in one hash lookup instead of
+          # separate hash lookups for each data structure.
+          ta_map = {}
+          alias_map.each_key do |ta|
+            ta_map[ta] = [row_procs[ta], alias_map[ta], type_map[ta], reciprocal_map[ta]].freeze
+          end
+          @ta_map = ta_map.freeze
+          freeze
+        end
+
+        # Return an array of primary model instances with the associations cache prepopulated
+        # for all model objects (both primary and associated).
+        def load(hashes)
+          # This mapping is used to make sure that duplicate entries in the
+          # result set are mapped to a single record.  For example, using a
+          # single one_to_many association with 10 associated records,
+          # the main object column values appear in the object graph 10 times.
+          # We map by primary key, if available, or by the object's entire values,
+          # if not. The mapping must be per table, so create sub maps for each table
+          # alias.
+          @records_map = records_map = {}
+          alias_map.keys.each{|ta| records_map[ta] = {}}
+
+          master = master()
+      
+          # Assign to local variables for speed increase
+          rp = row_procs[master]
+          rm = records_map[master] = {}
+          dm = dependency_map
+
+          records_map.freeze
+
+          # This will hold the final record set that we will be replacing the object graph with.
+          records = []
+
+          hashes.each do |h|
+            unless key = master_pk(h)
+              key = hkey(master_hfor(h))
+            end
+            unless primary_record = rm[key]
+              primary_record = rm[key] = rp.call(master_hfor(h))
+              # Only add it to the list of records to return if it is a new record
+              records.push(primary_record)
+            end
+            # Build all associations for the current object and it's dependencies
+            _load(dm, primary_record, h)
+          end
+      
+          # Remove duplicate records from all associations if this graph could possibly be a cartesian product
+          # Run after_load procs if there are any
+          post_process(records, dm) if @unique || !after_load_map.empty? || !limit_map.empty?
+
+          records_map.each_value(&:freeze)
+          freeze
+
+          records
+        end
+      
+        private
+
+        # Recursive method that creates associated model objects and associates them to the current model object.
+        def _load(dependency_map, current, h)
+          dependency_map.each do |ta, deps|
+            unless key = pk(ta, h)
+              ta_h = hfor(ta, h)
+              unless ta_h.values.any?
+                assoc_name = alias_map[ta]
+                unless (assoc = current.associations).has_key?(assoc_name)
+                  assoc[assoc_name] = type_map[ta] ? [] : nil
+                end
+                next
+              end
+              key = hkey(ta_h)
+            end
+            rp, assoc_name, tm, rcm = @ta_map[ta]
+            rm = records_map[ta]
+
+            # Check type map for all dependencies, and use a unique
+            # object if any are dependencies for multiple objects,
+            # to prevent duplicate objects from showing up in the case
+            # the normal duplicate removal code is not being used.
+            if !@unique && !deps.empty? && deps.any?{|dep_key,_| @ta_map[dep_key][2]}
+              key = [current.object_id, key]
+            end
+
+            unless rec = rm[key]
+              rec = rm[key] = rp.call(hfor(ta, h))
+            end
+
+            if tm
+              unless (assoc = current.associations).has_key?(assoc_name)
+                assoc[assoc_name] = []
+              end
+              assoc[assoc_name].push(rec) 
+              rec.associations[rcm] = current if rcm
+            else
+              current.associations[assoc_name] ||= rec
+            end
+            # Recurse into dependencies of the current object
+            _load(deps, rec, h) unless deps.empty?
+          end
+        end
+      
+        # Return the subhash for the specific table alias +ta+ by parsing the values out of the main hash +h+
+        def hfor(ta, h)
+          out = {}
+          @column_maps[ta].each{|ca, c| out[c] = h[ca]}
+          out
+        end
+
+        # Return a suitable hash key for any subhash +h+, which is an array of values by column order.
+        # This is only used if the primary key cannot be used.
+        def hkey(h)
+          h.sort_by{|x| x[0]}
+        end
+
+        # Return the subhash for the master table by parsing the values out of the main hash +h+
+        def master_hfor(h)
+          out = {}
+          @master_column_map.each{|ca, c| out[c] = h[ca]}
+          out
+        end
+
+        # Return a primary key value for the master table by parsing it out of the main hash +h+.
+        def master_pk(h)
+          x = @master_primary_keys
+          if x.is_a?(Array)
+            unless x == []
+              x = x.map{|ca| h[ca]}
+              x if x.all?
+            end
+          else
+            h[x]
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Return a primary key value for the given table alias by parsing it out of the main hash +h+.
+        def pk(ta, h)
+          x = primary_keys[ta]
+          if x.is_a?(Array)
+            unless x == []
+              x = x.map{|ca| h[ca]}
+              x if x.all?
+            end
+          else
+            h[x]
+          end
+        end
+
+        # If the result set is the result of a cartesian product, then it is possible that
+        # there are multiple records for each association when there should only be one.
+        # In that case, for each object in all associations loaded via +eager_graph+, run
+        # uniq! on the association to make sure no duplicate records show up.
+        # Note that this can cause legitimate duplicate records to be removed.
+        def post_process(records, dependency_map)
+          records.each do |record|
+            dependency_map.each do |ta, deps|
+              assoc_name = alias_map[ta]
+              list = record.public_send(assoc_name)
+              rec_list = if type_map[ta]
+                list.uniq!
+                if lo = limit_map[ta]
+                  limit, offset = lo
+                  offset ||= 0
+                  if type_map[ta] == :offset
+                    [record.associations[assoc_name] = list[offset]]
+                  else
+                    list.replace(list[(offset)..(limit ? (offset)+limit-1 : -1)] || [])
+                  end
+                else
+                  list
+                end
+              elsif list
+                [list]
+              else
+                []
+              end
+              record.send(:run_association_callbacks, reflection_map[ta], :after_load, list) if after_load_map[ta]
+              post_process(rec_list, deps) if !rec_list.empty? && !deps.empty?
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end