tdiary 5.1.7 → 5.2.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/3.0.0/gems/sequel-5.50.0/lib/sequel/adapters/shared/postgres.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2200 @@
+# frozen-string-literal: true
+
+require_relative '../utils/unmodified_identifiers'
+
+module Sequel
+  # Top level module for holding all PostgreSQL-related modules and classes
+  # for Sequel.  All adapters that connect to PostgreSQL support the following options:
+  #
+  # :client_min_messages :: Change the minimum level of messages that PostgreSQL will send to the
+  #                         the client.  The PostgreSQL default is NOTICE, the Sequel default is
+  #                         WARNING.  Set to nil to not change the server default. Overridable on
+  #                         a per instance basis via the :client_min_messages option.
+  # :force_standard_strings :: Set to false to not force the use of standard strings.  Overridable
+  #                            on a per instance basis via the :force_standard_strings option.
+  # :search_path :: Set the schema search_path for this Database's connections.
+  #                 Allows to to set which schemas do not need explicit
+  #                 qualification, and in which order to check the schemas when
+  #                 an unqualified object is referenced.
+  module Postgres
+    Sequel::Database.set_shared_adapter_scheme(:postgres, self)
+
+    NAN             = 0.0/0.0
+    PLUS_INFINITY   = 1.0/0.0
+    MINUS_INFINITY  = -1.0/0.0
+
+    boolean = Object.new
+    def boolean.call(s) s == 't' end
+    integer = Object.new
+    def integer.call(s) s.to_i end
+    float = Object.new
+    def float.call(s) 
+      case s
+      when 'NaN'
+        NAN
+      when 'Infinity'
+        PLUS_INFINITY
+      when '-Infinity'
+        MINUS_INFINITY
+      else
+        s.to_f 
+      end
+    end
+    date = Object.new
+    def date.call(s) ::Date.new(*s.split('-').map(&:to_i)) end
+    TYPE_TRANSLATOR_DATE = date.freeze
+    bytea = Object.new
+    def bytea.call(str)
+      str = if str =~ /\A\\x/
+        # PostgreSQL 9.0+ bytea hex format
+        str[2..-1].gsub(/(..)/){|s| s.to_i(16).chr}
+      else
+        # Historical PostgreSQL bytea escape format
+        str.gsub(/\\(\\|'|[0-3][0-7][0-7])/) {|s|
+          if s.size == 2 then s[1,1] else s[1,3].oct.chr end
+        }
+      end
+      ::Sequel::SQL::Blob.new(str)
+    end
+
+    CONVERSION_PROCS = {}
+
+    {
+      [16] => boolean,
+      [17] => bytea,
+      [20, 21, 23, 26] => integer,
+      [700, 701] => float,
+      [1700] => ::Kernel.method(:BigDecimal),
+      [1083, 1266] => ::Sequel.method(:string_to_time),
+      [1082] => ::Sequel.method(:string_to_date),
+      [1184, 1114] => ::Sequel.method(:database_to_application_timestamp),
+    }.each do |k,v|
+      k.each do |n|
+        CONVERSION_PROCS[n] = v
+      end
+    end
+    CONVERSION_PROCS.freeze
+
+    module MockAdapterDatabaseMethods
+      def bound_variable_arg(arg, conn)
+        arg
+      end
+
+      def primary_key(table)
+        :id
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.mock_adapter_setup(db)
+      db.instance_exec do
+        @server_version = 90500
+        initialize_postgres_adapter
+        extend(MockAdapterDatabaseMethods)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class CreateTableGenerator < Sequel::Schema::CreateTableGenerator
+      # Add an exclusion constraint when creating the table. Elements should be
+      # an array of 2 element arrays, with the first element being the column or
+      # expression the exclusion constraint is applied to, and the second element
+      # being the operator to use for the column/expression to check for exclusion:
+      #
+      #   exclude([[:col1, '&&'], [:col2, '=']])
+      #   # EXCLUDE USING gist (col1 WITH &&, col2 WITH =)
+      #
+      # To use a custom operator class, you need to use Sequel.lit with the expression
+      # and operator class:
+      #
+      #   exclude([[Sequel.lit('col1 inet_ops'), '&&'], [:col2, '=']])
+      #   # EXCLUDE USING gist (col1 inet_ops WITH &&, col2 WITH =)
+      #
+      # Options supported:
+      #
+      # :name :: Name the constraint with the given name (useful if you may
+      #          need to drop the constraint later)
+      # :using :: Override the index_method for the exclusion constraint (defaults to gist).
+      # :where :: Create a partial exclusion constraint, which only affects
+      #           a subset of table rows, value should be a filter expression.
+      def exclude(elements, opts=OPTS)
+        constraints << {:type => :exclude, :elements => elements}.merge!(opts)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class AlterTableGenerator < Sequel::Schema::AlterTableGenerator
+      # Adds an exclusion constraint to an existing table, see
+      # CreateTableGenerator#exclude.
+      def add_exclusion_constraint(elements, opts=OPTS)
+        @operations << {:op => :add_constraint, :type => :exclude, :elements => elements}.merge!(opts)
+      end
+
+      # Validate the constraint with the given name, which should have
+      # been added previously with NOT VALID.
+      def validate_constraint(name)
+        @operations << {:op => :validate_constraint, :name => name}
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Generator used for creating tables that are partitions of other tables.
+    class CreatePartitionOfTableGenerator
+      MINVALUE = Sequel.lit('MINVALUE').freeze
+      MAXVALUE = Sequel.lit('MAXVALUE').freeze
+
+      def initialize(&block)
+        instance_exec(&block)
+      end
+
+      # The minimum value of the data type used in range partitions, useful
+      # as an argument to #from.
+      def minvalue
+        MINVALUE
+      end
+
+      # The minimum value of the data type used in range partitions, useful
+      # as an argument to #to.
+      def maxvalue
+        MAXVALUE
+      end
+
+      # Assumes range partitioning, sets the inclusive minimum value of the range for
+      # this partition.
+      def from(*v)
+        @from = v
+      end
+
+      # Assumes range partitioning, sets the exclusive maximum value of the range for
+      # this partition.
+      def to(*v)
+        @to = v
+      end
+
+      # Assumes list partitioning, sets the values to be included in this partition.
+      def values_in(*v)
+        @in = v
+      end
+
+      # Assumes hash partitioning, sets the modulus for this parition.
+      def modulus(v)
+        @modulus = v
+      end
+
+      # Assumes hash partitioning, sets the remainder for this parition.
+      def remainder(v)
+        @remainder = v
+      end
+
+      # Sets that this is a default partition, where values not in other partitions
+      # are stored.
+      def default
+        @default = true
+      end
+
+      # The from and to values of this partition for a range partition.
+      def range
+        [@from, @to]
+      end
+
+      # The values to include in this partition for a list partition.
+      def list
+        @in
+      end
+
+      # The modulus and remainder to use for this partition for a hash partition.
+      def hash_values
+        [@modulus, @remainder]
+      end
+
+      # Determine the appropriate partition type for this partition by which methods
+      # were called on it.
+      def partition_type
+        raise Error, "Unable to determine partition type, multiple different partitioning methods called" if [@from || @to, @list, @modulus || @remainder, @default].compact.length > 1
+
+        if @from || @to
+          raise Error, "must call both from and to when creating a partition of a table if calling either" unless @from && @to
+          :range
+        elsif @in
+          :list
+        elsif @modulus || @remainder
+          raise Error, "must call both modulus and remainder when creating a partition of a table if calling either" unless @modulus && @remainder
+          :hash
+        elsif @default
+          :default
+        else
+          raise Error, "unable to determine partition type, no partitioning methods called"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Error raised when Sequel determines a PostgreSQL exclusion constraint has been violated.
+    class ExclusionConstraintViolation < Sequel::ConstraintViolation; end
+
+    module DatabaseMethods
+      include UnmodifiedIdentifiers::DatabaseMethods
+
+      PREPARED_ARG_PLACEHOLDER = LiteralString.new('$').freeze
+      FOREIGN_KEY_LIST_ON_DELETE_MAP = {'a'=>:no_action, 'r'=>:restrict, 'c'=>:cascade, 'n'=>:set_null, 'd'=>:set_default}.freeze
+      ON_COMMIT = {:drop => 'DROP', :delete_rows => 'DELETE ROWS', :preserve_rows => 'PRESERVE ROWS'}.freeze
+      ON_COMMIT.each_value(&:freeze)
+
+      # SQL fragment for custom sequences (ones not created by serial primary key),
+      # Returning the schema and literal form of the sequence name, by parsing
+      # the column defaults table.
+      SELECT_CUSTOM_SEQUENCE_SQL = (<<-end_sql
+        SELECT name.nspname AS "schema",
+            CASE
+            WHEN split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, attr.attrelid), '''', 2) ~ '.' THEN
+              substr(split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, attr.attrelid), '''', 2),
+                     strpos(split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, attr.attrelid), '''', 2), '.')+1)
+            ELSE split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, attr.attrelid), '''', 2)
+          END AS "sequence"
+        FROM pg_class t
+        JOIN pg_namespace  name ON (t.relnamespace = name.oid)
+        JOIN pg_attribute  attr ON (t.oid = attrelid)
+        JOIN pg_attrdef    def  ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)
+        JOIN pg_constraint cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])
+        WHERE cons.contype = 'p'
+          AND pg_get_expr(def.adbin, attr.attrelid) ~* 'nextval'
+      end_sql
+      ).strip.gsub(/\s+/, ' ').freeze
+
+      # SQL fragment for determining primary key column for the given table.  Only
+      # returns the first primary key if the table has a composite primary key.
+      SELECT_PK_SQL = (<<-end_sql
+        SELECT pg_attribute.attname AS pk
+        FROM pg_class, pg_attribute, pg_index, pg_namespace
+        WHERE pg_class.oid = pg_attribute.attrelid
+          AND pg_class.relnamespace  = pg_namespace.oid
+          AND pg_class.oid = pg_index.indrelid
+          AND pg_index.indkey[0] = pg_attribute.attnum
+          AND pg_index.indisprimary = 't'
+      end_sql
+      ).strip.gsub(/\s+/, ' ').freeze
+
+      # SQL fragment for getting sequence associated with table's
+      # primary key, assuming it was a serial primary key column.
+      SELECT_SERIAL_SEQUENCE_SQL = (<<-end_sql
+        SELECT  name.nspname AS "schema", seq.relname AS "sequence"
+        FROM pg_class seq, pg_attribute attr, pg_depend dep,
+          pg_namespace name, pg_constraint cons, pg_class t
+        WHERE seq.oid = dep.objid
+          AND seq.relnamespace  = name.oid
+          AND seq.relkind = 'S'
+          AND attr.attrelid = dep.refobjid
+          AND attr.attnum = dep.refobjsubid
+          AND attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid
+          AND attr.attnum = cons.conkey[1]
+          AND attr.attrelid = t.oid
+          AND cons.contype = 'p'
+      end_sql
+      ).strip.gsub(/\s+/, ' ').freeze
+
+      # A hash of conversion procs, keyed by type integer (oid) and
+      # having callable values for the conversion proc for that type.
+      attr_reader :conversion_procs
+
+      # Set a conversion proc for the given oid.  The callable can
+      # be passed either as a argument or a block.
+      def add_conversion_proc(oid, callable=nil, &block)
+        conversion_procs[oid] = callable || block
+      end
+
+      # Add a conversion proc for a named type, using the given block.
+      # This should be used for types without fixed OIDs, which includes all types that
+      # are not included in a default PostgreSQL installation.
+      def add_named_conversion_proc(name, &block)
+        unless oid = from(:pg_type).where(:typtype=>['b', 'e'], :typname=>name.to_s).get(:oid)
+          raise Error, "No matching type in pg_type for #{name.inspect}"
+        end
+        add_conversion_proc(oid, block)
+      end
+
+      def commit_prepared_transaction(transaction_id, opts=OPTS)
+        run("COMMIT PREPARED #{literal(transaction_id)}", opts)
+      end
+
+      # A hash of metadata for CHECK constraints on the table.
+      # Keys are CHECK constraint name symbols.  Values are hashes with the following keys:
+      # :definition :: An SQL fragment for the definition of the constraint
+      # :columns :: An array of column symbols for the columns referenced in the constraint,
+      #             can be an empty array if the database cannot deteremine the column symbols.
+      def check_constraints(table)
+        m = output_identifier_meth
+
+        rows = metadata_dataset.
+          from{pg_constraint.as(:co)}.
+          left_join(Sequel[:pg_attribute].as(:att), :attrelid=>:conrelid, :attnum=>SQL::Function.new(:ANY, Sequel[:co][:conkey])).
+          where(:conrelid=>regclass_oid(table), :contype=>'c').
+          select{[co[:conname].as(:constraint), att[:attname].as(:column), pg_get_constraintdef(co[:oid]).as(:definition)]}
+
+        hash = {}
+        rows.each do |row|
+          constraint = m.call(row[:constraint])
+          entry = hash[constraint] ||= {:definition=>row[:definition], :columns=>[]}
+          entry[:columns] << m.call(row[:column]) if row[:column]
+        end
+        
+        hash
+      end
+
+      # Convert the first primary key column in the +table+ from being a serial column to being an identity column.
+      # If the column is already an identity column, assume it was already converted and make no changes.
+      #
+      # Only supported on PostgreSQL 10.2+, since on those versions Sequel will use identity columns
+      # instead of serial columns for auto incrementing primary keys. Only supported when running as
+      # a superuser, since regular users cannot modify system tables, and there is no way to keep an
+      # existing sequence when changing an existing column to be an identity column.
+      #
+      # This method can raise an exception in at least the following cases where it may otherwise succeed
+      # (there may be additional cases not listed here):
+      #
+      # * The serial column was added after table creation using PostgreSQL <7.3
+      # * A regular index also exists on the column (such an index can probably be dropped as the
+      #   primary key index should suffice)
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # :column :: Specify the column to convert instead of using the first primary key column
+      # :server :: Run the SQL on the given server
+      def convert_serial_to_identity(table, opts=OPTS)
+        raise Error, "convert_serial_to_identity is only supported on PostgreSQL 10.2+" unless server_version >= 100002
+
+        server = opts[:server]
+        server_hash = server ? {:server=>server} : OPTS
+        ds = dataset
+        ds = ds.server(server) if server
+
+        raise Error, "convert_serial_to_identity requires superuser permissions" unless ds.get{current_setting('is_superuser')} == 'on'
+
+        table_oid = regclass_oid(table)
+        im = input_identifier_meth
+        unless column = im.call(opts[:column] || ((sch = schema(table).find{|_, sc| sc[:primary_key] && sc[:auto_increment]}) && sch[0]))
+          raise Error, "could not determine column to convert from serial to identity automatically"
+        end
+
+        column_num = ds.from(:pg_attribute).
+          where(:attrelid=>table_oid, :attname=>column).
+          get(:attnum)
+
+        pg_class = Sequel.cast('pg_class', :regclass)
+        res = ds.from(:pg_depend).
+          where(:refclassid=>pg_class, :refobjid=>table_oid, :refobjsubid=>column_num, :classid=>pg_class, :objsubid=>0, :deptype=>%w'a i').
+          select_map([:objid, Sequel.as({:deptype=>'i'}, :v)])
+
+        case res.length
+        when 0
+          raise Error, "unable to find related sequence when converting serial to identity"
+        when 1
+          seq_oid, already_identity = res.first
+        else
+          raise Error, "more than one linked sequence found when converting serial to identity"
+        end
+
+        return if already_identity
+
+        transaction(server_hash) do
+          run("ALTER TABLE #{quote_schema_table(table)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_identifier(column)} DROP DEFAULT", server_hash)
+
+          ds.from(:pg_depend).
+            where(:classid=>pg_class, :objid=>seq_oid, :objsubid=>0, :deptype=>'a').
+            update(:deptype=>'i')
+
+          ds.from(:pg_attribute).
+            where(:attrelid=>table_oid, :attname=>column).
+            update(:attidentity=>'d')
+        end
+
+        remove_cached_schema(table)
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # Creates the function in the database.  Arguments:
+      # name :: name of the function to create
+      # definition :: string definition of the function, or object file for a dynamically loaded C function.
+      # opts :: options hash:
+      #         :args :: function arguments, can be either a symbol or string specifying a type or an array of 1-3 elements:
+      #                  1 :: argument data type
+      #                  2 :: argument name
+      #                  3 :: argument mode (e.g. in, out, inout)
+      #         :behavior :: Should be IMMUTABLE, STABLE, or VOLATILE.  PostgreSQL assumes VOLATILE by default.
+      #         :cost :: The estimated cost of the function, used by the query planner.
+      #         :language :: The language the function uses.  SQL is the default.
+      #         :link_symbol :: For a dynamically loaded see function, the function's link symbol if different from the definition argument.
+      #         :returns :: The data type returned by the function.  If you are using OUT or INOUT argument modes, this is ignored.
+      #                     Otherwise, if this is not specified, void is used by default to specify the function is not supposed to return a value.
+      #         :rows :: The estimated number of rows the function will return.  Only use if the function returns SETOF something.
+      #         :security_definer :: Makes the privileges of the function the same as the privileges of the user who defined the function instead of
+      #                              the privileges of the user who runs the function.  There are security implications when doing this, see the PostgreSQL documentation.
+      #         :set :: Configuration variables to set while the function is being run, can be a hash or an array of two pairs.  search_path is
+      #                 often used here if :security_definer is used.
+      #         :strict :: Makes the function return NULL when any argument is NULL.
+      def create_function(name, definition, opts=OPTS)
+        self << create_function_sql(name, definition, opts)
+      end
+
+      # Create the procedural language in the database. Arguments:
+      # name :: Name of the procedural language (e.g. plpgsql)
+      # opts :: options hash:
+      #         :handler :: The name of a previously registered function used as a call handler for this language.
+      #         :replace :: Replace the installed language if it already exists (on PostgreSQL 9.0+).
+      #         :trusted :: Marks the language being created as trusted, allowing unprivileged users to create functions using this language.
+      #         :validator :: The name of previously registered function used as a validator of functions defined in this language.
+      def create_language(name, opts=OPTS)
+        self << create_language_sql(name, opts)
+      end
+
+      # Create a schema in the database. Arguments:
+      # name :: Name of the schema (e.g. admin)
+      # opts :: options hash:
+      #         :if_not_exists :: Don't raise an error if the schema already exists (PostgreSQL 9.3+)
+      #         :owner :: The owner to set for the schema (defaults to current user if not specified)
+      def create_schema(name, opts=OPTS)
+        self << create_schema_sql(name, opts)
+      end
+
+      # Support partitions of tables using the :partition_of option.
+      def create_table(name, options=OPTS, &block)
+        if options[:partition_of]
+          create_partition_of_table_from_generator(name, CreatePartitionOfTableGenerator.new(&block), options)
+          return
+        end
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Support partitions of tables using the :partition_of option.
+      def create_table?(name, options=OPTS, &block)
+        if options[:partition_of]
+          create_table(name, options.merge!(:if_not_exists=>true), &block)
+          return
+        end
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Create a trigger in the database.  Arguments:
+      # table :: the table on which this trigger operates
+      # name :: the name of this trigger
+      # function :: the function to call for this trigger, which should return type trigger.
+      # opts :: options hash:
+      #         :after :: Calls the trigger after execution instead of before.
+      #         :args :: An argument or array of arguments to pass to the function.
+      #         :each_row :: Calls the trigger for each row instead of for each statement.
+      #         :events :: Can be :insert, :update, :delete, or an array of any of those. Calls the trigger whenever that type of statement is used.  By default,
+      #                    the trigger is called for insert, update, or delete.
+      #         :replace :: Replace the trigger with the same name if it already exists (PostgreSQL 14+).
+      #         :when :: A filter to use for the trigger
+      def create_trigger(table, name, function, opts=OPTS)
+        self << create_trigger_sql(table, name, function, opts)
+      end
+
+      def database_type
+        :postgres
+      end
+
+      # Use PostgreSQL's DO syntax to execute an anonymous code block.  The code should
+      # be the literal code string to use in the underlying procedural language.  Options:
+      #
+      # :language :: The procedural language the code is written in.  The PostgreSQL
+      #              default is plpgsql.  Can be specified as a string or a symbol.
+      def do(code, opts=OPTS)
+        language = opts[:language]
+        run "DO #{"LANGUAGE #{literal(language.to_s)} " if language}#{literal(code)}"
+      end
+
+      # Drops the function from the database. Arguments:
+      # name :: name of the function to drop
+      # opts :: options hash:
+      #         :args :: The arguments for the function.  See create_function_sql.
+      #         :cascade :: Drop other objects depending on this function.
+      #         :if_exists :: Don't raise an error if the function doesn't exist.
+      def drop_function(name, opts=OPTS)
+        self << drop_function_sql(name, opts)
+      end
+
+      # Drops a procedural language from the database.  Arguments:
+      # name :: name of the procedural language to drop
+      # opts :: options hash:
+      #         :cascade :: Drop other objects depending on this function.
+      #         :if_exists :: Don't raise an error if the function doesn't exist.
+      def drop_language(name, opts=OPTS)
+        self << drop_language_sql(name, opts)
+      end
+
+      # Drops a schema from the database.  Arguments:
+      # name :: name of the schema to drop
+      # opts :: options hash:
+      #         :cascade :: Drop all objects in this schema.
+      #         :if_exists :: Don't raise an error if the schema doesn't exist.
+      def drop_schema(name, opts=OPTS)
+        self << drop_schema_sql(name, opts)
+      end
+
+      # Drops a trigger from the database.  Arguments:
+      # table :: table from which to drop the trigger
+      # name :: name of the trigger to drop
+      # opts :: options hash:
+      #         :cascade :: Drop other objects depending on this function.
+      #         :if_exists :: Don't raise an error if the function doesn't exist.
+      def drop_trigger(table, name, opts=OPTS)
+        self << drop_trigger_sql(table, name, opts)
+      end
+
+      # Return full foreign key information using the pg system tables, including
+      # :name, :on_delete, :on_update, and :deferrable entries in the hashes.
+      #
+      # Supports additional options:
+      # :reverse :: Instead of returning foreign keys in the current table, return
+      #             foreign keys in other tables that reference the current table.
+      # :schema :: Set to true to have the :table value in the hashes be a qualified
+      #            identifier.  Set to false to use a separate :schema value with
+      #            the related schema.  Defaults to whether the given table argument
+      #            is a qualified identifier.
+      def foreign_key_list(table, opts=OPTS)
+        m = output_identifier_meth
+        schema, _ = opts.fetch(:schema, schema_and_table(table))
+        oid = regclass_oid(table)
+        reverse = opts[:reverse]
+
+        if reverse
+          ctable = Sequel[:att2]
+          cclass = Sequel[:cl2]
+          rtable = Sequel[:att]
+          rclass = Sequel[:cl]
+        else
+          ctable = Sequel[:att]
+          cclass = Sequel[:cl]
+          rtable = Sequel[:att2]
+          rclass = Sequel[:cl2]
+        end
+
+        if server_version >= 90500
+          cpos = Sequel.expr{array_position(co[:conkey], ctable[:attnum])}
+          rpos = Sequel.expr{array_position(co[:confkey], rtable[:attnum])}
+        else
+          range = 0...32
+          cpos = Sequel.expr{SQL::CaseExpression.new(range.map{|x| [SQL::Subscript.new(co[:conkey], [x]), x]}, 32, ctable[:attnum])}
+          rpos = Sequel.expr{SQL::CaseExpression.new(range.map{|x| [SQL::Subscript.new(co[:confkey], [x]), x]}, 32, rtable[:attnum])}
+        end
+
+        ds = metadata_dataset.
+          from{pg_constraint.as(:co)}.
+          join(Sequel[:pg_class].as(cclass), :oid=>:conrelid).
+          join(Sequel[:pg_attribute].as(ctable), :attrelid=>:oid, :attnum=>SQL::Function.new(:ANY, Sequel[:co][:conkey])).
+          join(Sequel[:pg_class].as(rclass), :oid=>Sequel[:co][:confrelid]).
+          join(Sequel[:pg_attribute].as(rtable), :attrelid=>:oid, :attnum=>SQL::Function.new(:ANY, Sequel[:co][:confkey])).
+          join(Sequel[:pg_namespace].as(:nsp), :oid=>Sequel[:cl2][:relnamespace]).
+          order{[co[:conname], cpos]}.
+          where{{
+            cl[:relkind]=>'r',
+            co[:contype]=>'f',
+            cl[:oid]=>oid,
+            cpos=>rpos
+          }}.
+          select{[
+            co[:conname].as(:name),
+            ctable[:attname].as(:column),
+            co[:confupdtype].as(:on_update),
+            co[:confdeltype].as(:on_delete),
+            cl2[:relname].as(:table),
+            rtable[:attname].as(:refcolumn),
+            SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:AND, co[:condeferrable], co[:condeferred]).as(:deferrable),
+            nsp[:nspname].as(:schema)
+          ]}
+
+        if reverse
+          ds = ds.order_append(Sequel[:nsp][:nspname], Sequel[:cl2][:relname])
+        end
+
+        h = {}
+        fklod_map = FOREIGN_KEY_LIST_ON_DELETE_MAP 
+
+        ds.each do |row|
+          if reverse
+            key = [row[:schema], row[:table], row[:name]]
+          else
+            key = row[:name]
+          end
+
+          if r = h[key]
+            r[:columns] << m.call(row[:column])
+            r[:key] << m.call(row[:refcolumn])
+          else
+            entry = h[key] = {
+              :name=>m.call(row[:name]),
+              :columns=>[m.call(row[:column])],
+              :key=>[m.call(row[:refcolumn])],
+              :on_update=>fklod_map[row[:on_update]],
+              :on_delete=>fklod_map[row[:on_delete]],
+              :deferrable=>row[:deferrable],
+              :table=>schema ? SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(m.call(row[:schema]), m.call(row[:table])) : m.call(row[:table]),
+            }
+
+            unless schema
+              # If not combining schema information into the :table entry
+              # include it as a separate entry.
+              entry[:schema] = m.call(row[:schema])
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        h.values
+      end
+
+      def freeze
+        server_version
+        supports_prepared_transactions?
+        @conversion_procs.freeze
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Use the pg_* system tables to determine indexes on a table
+      def indexes(table, opts=OPTS)
+        m = output_identifier_meth
+        oid = regclass_oid(table, opts)
+
+        if server_version >= 90500
+          order = [Sequel[:indc][:relname], Sequel.function(:array_position, Sequel[:ind][:indkey], Sequel[:att][:attnum])]
+        else
+          range = 0...32
+          order = [Sequel[:indc][:relname], SQL::CaseExpression.new(range.map{|x| [SQL::Subscript.new(Sequel[:ind][:indkey], [x]), x]}, 32, Sequel[:att][:attnum])]
+        end
+
+        attnums = SQL::Function.new(:ANY, Sequel[:ind][:indkey])
+
+        ds = metadata_dataset.
+          from{pg_class.as(:tab)}.
+          join(Sequel[:pg_index].as(:ind), :indrelid=>:oid).
+          join(Sequel[:pg_class].as(:indc), :oid=>:indexrelid).
+          join(Sequel[:pg_attribute].as(:att), :attrelid=>Sequel[:tab][:oid], :attnum=>attnums).
+          left_join(Sequel[:pg_constraint].as(:con), :conname=>Sequel[:indc][:relname]).
+          where{{
+            indc[:relkind]=>'i',
+            ind[:indisprimary]=>false,
+            :indexprs=>nil,
+            :indisvalid=>true,
+            tab[:oid]=>oid}}.
+          order(*order).
+          select{[indc[:relname].as(:name), ind[:indisunique].as(:unique), att[:attname].as(:column), con[:condeferrable].as(:deferrable)]}
+
+        ds = ds.where(:indpred=>nil) unless opts[:include_partial]
+        ds = ds.where(:indisready=>true) if server_version >= 80300
+        ds = ds.where(:indislive=>true) if server_version >= 90300
+
+        indexes = {}
+        ds.each do |r|
+          i = indexes[m.call(r[:name])] ||= {:columns=>[], :unique=>r[:unique], :deferrable=>r[:deferrable]}
+          i[:columns] << m.call(r[:column])
+        end
+        indexes
+      end
+
+      # Dataset containing all current database locks
+      def locks
+        dataset.from(:pg_class).join(:pg_locks, :relation=>:relfilenode).select{[pg_class[:relname], Sequel::SQL::ColumnAll.new(:pg_locks)]}
+      end
+
+      # Notifies the given channel.  See the PostgreSQL NOTIFY documentation. Options:
+      #
+      # :payload :: The payload string to use for the NOTIFY statement.  Only supported
+      #             in PostgreSQL 9.0+.
+      # :server :: The server to which to send the NOTIFY statement, if the sharding support
+      #            is being used.
+      def notify(channel, opts=OPTS)
+        sql = String.new
+        sql << "NOTIFY "
+        dataset.send(:identifier_append, sql, channel)
+        if payload = opts[:payload]
+          sql << ", "
+          dataset.literal_append(sql, payload.to_s)
+        end
+        execute_ddl(sql, opts)
+      end
+
+      # Return primary key for the given table.
+      def primary_key(table, opts=OPTS)
+        quoted_table = quote_schema_table(table)
+        Sequel.synchronize{return @primary_keys[quoted_table] if @primary_keys.has_key?(quoted_table)}
+        sql = "#{SELECT_PK_SQL} AND pg_class.oid = #{literal(regclass_oid(table, opts))}"
+        value = fetch(sql).single_value
+        Sequel.synchronize{@primary_keys[quoted_table] = value}
+      end
+
+      # Return the sequence providing the default for the primary key for the given table.
+      def primary_key_sequence(table, opts=OPTS)
+        quoted_table = quote_schema_table(table)
+        Sequel.synchronize{return @primary_key_sequences[quoted_table] if @primary_key_sequences.has_key?(quoted_table)}
+        sql = "#{SELECT_SERIAL_SEQUENCE_SQL} AND t.oid = #{literal(regclass_oid(table, opts))}"
+        if pks = fetch(sql).single_record
+          value = literal(SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(pks[:schema], pks[:sequence]))
+          Sequel.synchronize{@primary_key_sequences[quoted_table] = value}
+        else
+          sql = "#{SELECT_CUSTOM_SEQUENCE_SQL} AND t.oid = #{literal(regclass_oid(table, opts))}"
+          if pks = fetch(sql).single_record
+            value = literal(SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(pks[:schema], LiteralString.new(pks[:sequence])))
+            Sequel.synchronize{@primary_key_sequences[quoted_table] = value}
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Refresh the materialized view with the given name.
+      # 
+      #   DB.refresh_view(:items_view)
+      #   # REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW items_view
+      #   DB.refresh_view(:items_view, :concurrently=>true)
+      #   # REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY items_view
+      def refresh_view(name, opts=OPTS)
+        run "REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW#{' CONCURRENTLY' if opts[:concurrently]} #{quote_schema_table(name)}"
+      end
+      
+      # Reset the primary key sequence for the given table, basing it on the
+      # maximum current value of the table's primary key.
+      def reset_primary_key_sequence(table)
+        return unless seq = primary_key_sequence(table)
+        pk = SQL::Identifier.new(primary_key(table))
+        db = self
+        s, t = schema_and_table(table)
+        table = Sequel.qualify(s, t) if s
+
+        if server_version >= 100000
+          seq_ds = metadata_dataset.from(:pg_sequence).where(:seqrelid=>regclass_oid(LiteralString.new(seq)))
+          increment_by = :seqincrement
+          min_value = :seqmin
+        else
+          seq_ds = metadata_dataset.from(LiteralString.new(seq))
+          increment_by = :increment_by
+          min_value = :min_value
+        end
+
+        get{setval(seq, db[table].select(coalesce(max(pk)+seq_ds.select(increment_by), seq_ds.select(min_value))), false)}
+      end
+
+      def rollback_prepared_transaction(transaction_id, opts=OPTS)
+        run("ROLLBACK PREPARED #{literal(transaction_id)}", opts)
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL uses SERIAL psuedo-type instead of AUTOINCREMENT for
+      # managing incrementing primary keys.
+      def serial_primary_key_options
+        auto_increment_key = server_version >= 100002 ? :identity : :serial
+        {:primary_key => true, auto_increment_key => true, :type=>Integer}
+      end
+
+      # The version of the PostgreSQL server, used for determining capability.
+      def server_version(server=nil)
+        return @server_version if @server_version
+        ds = dataset
+        ds = ds.server(server) if server
+        @server_version = swallow_database_error{ds.with_sql("SELECT CAST(current_setting('server_version_num') AS integer) AS v").single_value} || 0
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS on 9.1+
+      def supports_create_table_if_not_exists?
+        server_version >= 90100
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.0+ supports some types of deferrable constraints beyond foreign key constraints.
+      def supports_deferrable_constraints?
+        server_version >= 90000
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports deferrable foreign key constraints.
+      def supports_deferrable_foreign_key_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports DROP TABLE IF EXISTS
+      def supports_drop_table_if_exists?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports partial indexes.
+      def supports_partial_indexes?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.0+ supports trigger conditions.
+      def supports_trigger_conditions?
+        server_version >= 90000
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports prepared transactions (two-phase commit) if
+      # max_prepared_transactions is greater than 0.
+      def supports_prepared_transactions?
+        return @supports_prepared_transactions if defined?(@supports_prepared_transactions)
+        @supports_prepared_transactions = self['SHOW max_prepared_transactions'].get.to_i > 0
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports savepoints
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports transaction isolation levels
+      def supports_transaction_isolation_levels?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports transaction DDL statements.
+      def supports_transactional_ddl?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Array of symbols specifying table names in the current database.
+      # The dataset used is yielded to the block if one is provided,
+      # otherwise, an array of symbols of table names is returned.
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # :qualify :: Return the tables as Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier instances,
+      #             using the schema the table is located in as the qualifier.
+      # :schema :: The schema to search
+      # :server :: The server to use
+      def tables(opts=OPTS, &block)
+        pg_class_relname(['r', 'p'], opts, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Check whether the given type name string/symbol (e.g. :hstore) is supported by
+      # the database.
+      def type_supported?(type)
+        Sequel.synchronize{return @supported_types[type] if @supported_types.has_key?(type)}
+        supported = from(:pg_type).where(:typtype=>'b', :typname=>type.to_s).count > 0
+        Sequel.synchronize{return @supported_types[type] = supported}
+      end
+
+      # Creates a dataset that uses the VALUES clause:
+      #
+      #   DB.values([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+      #   # VALUES ((1, 2), (3, 4))
+      #
+      #   DB.values([[1, 2], [3, 4]]).order(:column2).limit(1, 1)
+      #   # VALUES ((1, 2), (3, 4)) ORDER BY column2 LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1
+      def values(v)
+        @default_dataset.clone(:values=>v)
+      end
+
+      # Array of symbols specifying view names in the current database.
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # :materialized :: Return materialized views
+      # :qualify :: Return the views as Sequel::SQL::QualifiedIdentifier instances,
+      #             using the schema the view is located in as the qualifier.
+      # :schema :: The schema to search
+      # :server :: The server to use
+      def views(opts=OPTS)
+        relkind = opts[:materialized] ? 'm' : 'v'
+        pg_class_relname(relkind, opts)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def alter_table_add_column_sql(table, op)
+        "ADD COLUMN#{' IF NOT EXISTS' if op[:if_not_exists]} #{column_definition_sql(op)}"
+      end
+
+      def alter_table_generator_class
+        Postgres::AlterTableGenerator
+      end
+    
+      def alter_table_set_column_type_sql(table, op)
+        s = super
+        if using = op[:using]
+          using = Sequel::LiteralString.new(using) if using.is_a?(String)
+          s += ' USING '
+          s << literal(using)
+        end
+        s
+      end
+
+      def alter_table_drop_column_sql(table, op)
+        "DROP COLUMN #{'IF EXISTS ' if op[:if_exists]}#{quote_identifier(op[:name])}#{' CASCADE' if op[:cascade]}"
+      end
+
+      def alter_table_validate_constraint_sql(table, op)
+        "VALIDATE CONSTRAINT #{quote_identifier(op[:name])}"
+      end
+
+      # If the :synchronous option is given and non-nil, set synchronous_commit
+      # appropriately.  Valid values for the :synchronous option are true,
+      # :on, false, :off, :local, and :remote_write.
+      def begin_new_transaction(conn, opts)
+        super
+        if opts.has_key?(:synchronous)
+          case sync = opts[:synchronous]
+          when true
+            sync = :on
+          when false
+            sync = :off
+          when nil
+            return
+          end
+
+          log_connection_execute(conn, "SET LOCAL synchronous_commit = #{sync}")
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # Set the READ ONLY transaction setting per savepoint, as PostgreSQL supports that.
+      def begin_savepoint(conn, opts)
+        super
+
+        unless (read_only = opts[:read_only]).nil?
+          log_connection_execute(conn, "SET TRANSACTION READ #{read_only ? 'ONLY' : 'WRITE'}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Literalize non-String collate options. This is because unquoted collatations
+      # are folded to lowercase, and PostgreSQL used mixed case or capitalized collations.
+      def column_definition_collate_sql(sql, column)
+        if collate = column[:collate]
+          collate = literal(collate) unless collate.is_a?(String)
+          sql << " COLLATE #{collate}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Support identity columns, but only use the identity SQL syntax if no
+      # default value is given.
+      def column_definition_default_sql(sql, column)
+        super
+        if !column[:serial] && !['smallserial', 'serial', 'bigserial'].include?(column[:type].to_s) && !column[:default]
+          if (identity = column[:identity])
+            sql << " GENERATED "
+            sql << (identity == :always ? "ALWAYS" : "BY DEFAULT")
+            sql << " AS IDENTITY"
+          elsif (generated = column[:generated_always_as])
+            sql << " GENERATED ALWAYS AS (#{literal(generated)}) STORED"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Handle PostgreSQL specific default format.
+      def column_schema_normalize_default(default, type)
+        if m = /\A(?:B?('.*')::[^']+|\((-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?)\))\z/.match(default)
+          default = m[1] || m[2]
+        end
+        super(default, type)
+      end
+
+      # If the :prepare option is given and we aren't in a savepoint,
+      # prepare the transaction for a two-phase commit.
+      def commit_transaction(conn, opts=OPTS)
+        if (s = opts[:prepare]) && savepoint_level(conn) <= 1
+          log_connection_execute(conn, "PREPARE TRANSACTION #{literal(s)}")
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL can't combine rename_column operations, and it can combine
+      # the custom validate_constraint operation.
+      def combinable_alter_table_op?(op)
+        (super || op[:op] == :validate_constraint) && op[:op] != :rename_column
+      end
+
+      VALID_CLIENT_MIN_MESSAGES = %w'DEBUG5 DEBUG4 DEBUG3 DEBUG2 DEBUG1 LOG NOTICE WARNING ERROR FATAL PANIC'.freeze.each(&:freeze)
+      # The SQL queries to execute when starting a new connection.
+      def connection_configuration_sqls(opts=@opts)
+        sqls = []
+
+        sqls << "SET standard_conforming_strings = ON" if typecast_value_boolean(opts.fetch(:force_standard_strings, true))
+
+        cmm = opts.fetch(:client_min_messages, :warning)
+        if cmm && !cmm.to_s.empty?
+          cmm = cmm.to_s.upcase.strip
+          unless VALID_CLIENT_MIN_MESSAGES.include?(cmm)
+            raise Error, "Unsupported client_min_messages setting: #{cmm}"
+          end
+          sqls << "SET client_min_messages = '#{cmm.to_s.upcase}'"
+        end
+
+        if search_path = opts[:search_path]
+          case search_path
+          when String
+            search_path = search_path.split(",").map(&:strip)
+          when Array
+            # nil
+          else
+            raise Error, "unrecognized value for :search_path option: #{search_path.inspect}"
+          end
+          sqls << "SET search_path = #{search_path.map{|s| "\"#{s.gsub('"', '""')}\""}.join(',')}"
+        end
+
+        sqls
+      end
+
+      # Handle exclusion constraints.
+      def constraint_definition_sql(constraint)
+        case constraint[:type]
+        when :exclude
+          elements = constraint[:elements].map{|c, op| "#{literal(c)} WITH #{op}"}.join(', ')
+          sql = String.new
+          sql << "#{"CONSTRAINT #{quote_identifier(constraint[:name])} " if constraint[:name]}EXCLUDE USING #{constraint[:using]||'gist'} (#{elements})#{" WHERE #{filter_expr(constraint[:where])}" if constraint[:where]}"
+          constraint_deferrable_sql_append(sql, constraint[:deferrable])
+          sql
+        when :foreign_key, :check
+          sql = super
+          if constraint[:not_valid]
+            sql << " NOT VALID"
+          end
+          sql
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def database_specific_error_class_from_sqlstate(sqlstate)
+        if sqlstate == '23P01'
+          ExclusionConstraintViolation
+        elsif sqlstate == '40P01'
+          SerializationFailure
+        elsif sqlstate == '55P03'
+          DatabaseLockTimeout
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      DATABASE_ERROR_REGEXPS = [
+        # Add this check first, since otherwise it's possible for users to control
+        # which exception class is generated.
+        [/invalid input syntax/, DatabaseError],
+        [/duplicate key value violates unique constraint/, UniqueConstraintViolation],
+        [/violates foreign key constraint/, ForeignKeyConstraintViolation],
+        [/violates check constraint/, CheckConstraintViolation],
+        [/violates not-null constraint/, NotNullConstraintViolation],
+        [/conflicting key value violates exclusion constraint/, ExclusionConstraintViolation],
+        [/could not serialize access/, SerializationFailure],
+        [/could not obtain lock on row in relation/, DatabaseLockTimeout],
+      ].freeze
+      def database_error_regexps
+        DATABASE_ERROR_REGEXPS
+      end
+
+      # SQL for doing fast table insert from stdin.
+      def copy_into_sql(table, opts)
+        sql = String.new
+        sql << "COPY #{literal(table)}"
+        if cols = opts[:columns]
+          sql << literal(Array(cols))
+        end
+        sql << " FROM STDIN"
+        if opts[:options] || opts[:format]
+          sql << " ("
+          sql << "FORMAT #{opts[:format]}" if opts[:format]
+          sql << "#{', ' if opts[:format]}#{opts[:options]}" if opts[:options]
+          sql << ')'
+        end
+        sql
+      end
+
+      # SQL for doing fast table output to stdout.
+      def copy_table_sql(table, opts)
+        if table.is_a?(String)
+          table
+        else
+          if opts[:options] || opts[:format]
+            options = String.new
+            options << " ("
+            options << "FORMAT #{opts[:format]}" if opts[:format]
+            options << "#{', ' if opts[:format]}#{opts[:options]}" if opts[:options]
+            options << ')'
+          end
+          table = if table.is_a?(::Sequel::Dataset)
+            "(#{table.sql})"
+          else
+            literal(table)
+          end
+          "COPY #{table} TO STDOUT#{options}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # SQL statement to create database function.
+      def create_function_sql(name, definition, opts=OPTS)
+        args = opts[:args]
+        if !opts[:args].is_a?(Array) || !opts[:args].any?{|a| Array(a).length == 3 and %w'OUT INOUT'.include?(a[2].to_s)}
+          returns = opts[:returns] || 'void'
+        end
+        language = opts[:language] || 'SQL'
+        <<-END
+        CREATE#{' OR REPLACE' if opts[:replace]} FUNCTION #{name}#{sql_function_args(args)}
+        #{"RETURNS #{returns}" if returns}
+        LANGUAGE #{language}
+        #{opts[:behavior].to_s.upcase if opts[:behavior]}
+        #{'STRICT' if opts[:strict]}
+        #{'SECURITY DEFINER' if opts[:security_definer]}
+        #{"COST #{opts[:cost]}" if opts[:cost]}
+        #{"ROWS #{opts[:rows]}" if opts[:rows]}
+        #{opts[:set].map{|k,v| " SET #{k} = #{v}"}.join("\n") if opts[:set]}
+        AS #{literal(definition.to_s)}#{", #{literal(opts[:link_symbol].to_s)}" if opts[:link_symbol]}
+        END
+      end
+
+      # SQL for creating a procedural language.
+      def create_language_sql(name, opts=OPTS)
+        "CREATE#{' OR REPLACE' if opts[:replace] && server_version >= 90000}#{' TRUSTED' if opts[:trusted]} LANGUAGE #{name}#{" HANDLER #{opts[:handler]}" if opts[:handler]}#{" VALIDATOR #{opts[:validator]}" if opts[:validator]}"
+      end
+
+      # Create a partition of another table, used when the create_table with
+      # the :partition_of option is given.
+      def create_partition_of_table_from_generator(name, generator, options)
+        execute_ddl(create_partition_of_table_sql(name, generator, options))
+      end
+
+      # SQL for creating a partition of another table.
+      def create_partition_of_table_sql(name, generator, options)
+        sql = create_table_prefix_sql(name, options).dup
+
+        sql << " PARTITION OF #{quote_schema_table(options[:partition_of])}"
+
+        case generator.partition_type
+        when :range
+          from, to = generator.range
+          sql << " FOR VALUES FROM #{literal(from)} TO #{literal(to)}"
+        when :list
+          sql << " FOR VALUES IN #{literal(generator.list)}"
+        when :hash
+          mod, remainder = generator.hash_values
+          sql << " FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS #{literal(mod)}, REMAINDER #{literal(remainder)})"
+        when :default
+          sql << " DEFAULT"
+        end
+
+        sql << create_table_suffix_sql(name, options)
+
+        sql
+      end
+
+      # SQL for creating a schema.
+      def create_schema_sql(name, opts=OPTS)
+        "CREATE SCHEMA #{'IF NOT EXISTS ' if opts[:if_not_exists]}#{quote_identifier(name)}#{" AUTHORIZATION #{literal(opts[:owner])}" if opts[:owner]}"
+      end
+
+      # DDL statement for creating a table with the given name, columns, and options
+      def create_table_prefix_sql(name, options)
+        prefix_sql = if options[:temp]
+          raise(Error, "can't provide both :temp and :unlogged to create_table") if options[:unlogged]
+          raise(Error, "can't provide both :temp and :foreign to create_table") if options[:foreign]
+          temporary_table_sql
+        elsif options[:foreign]
+          raise(Error, "can't provide both :foreign and :unlogged to create_table") if options[:unlogged]
+          'FOREIGN '
+        elsif options[:unlogged]
+          'UNLOGGED '
+        end
+
+        "CREATE #{prefix_sql}TABLE#{' IF NOT EXISTS' if options[:if_not_exists]} #{options[:temp] ? quote_identifier(name) : quote_schema_table(name)}"
+      end
+
+      # SQL for creating a table with PostgreSQL specific options
+      def create_table_sql(name, generator, options)
+        "#{super}#{create_table_suffix_sql(name, options)}"
+      end
+
+      # Handle various PostgreSQl specific table extensions such as inheritance,
+      # partitioning, tablespaces, and foreign tables.
+      def create_table_suffix_sql(name, options)
+        sql = String.new
+
+        if inherits = options[:inherits]
+          sql << " INHERITS (#{Array(inherits).map{|t| quote_schema_table(t)}.join(', ')})"
+        end
+
+        if partition_by = options[:partition_by]
+          sql << " PARTITION BY #{options[:partition_type]||'RANGE'} #{literal(Array(partition_by))}"
+        end
+
+        if on_commit = options[:on_commit]
+          raise(Error, "can't provide :on_commit without :temp to create_table") unless options[:temp]
+          raise(Error, "unsupported on_commit option: #{on_commit.inspect}") unless ON_COMMIT.has_key?(on_commit)
+          sql << " ON COMMIT #{ON_COMMIT[on_commit]}"
+        end
+
+        if tablespace = options[:tablespace]
+          sql << " TABLESPACE #{quote_identifier(tablespace)}"
+        end
+
+        if server = options[:foreign]
+          sql << " SERVER #{quote_identifier(server)}"
+          if foreign_opts = options[:options]
+            sql << " OPTIONS (#{foreign_opts.map{|k, v| "#{k} #{literal(v.to_s)}"}.join(', ')})"
+          end
+        end
+
+        sql
+      end
+
+      def create_table_as_sql(name, sql, options)
+        result = create_table_prefix_sql name, options
+        if on_commit = options[:on_commit]
+          result += " ON COMMIT #{ON_COMMIT[on_commit]}"
+        end
+        result += " AS #{sql}"
+      end
+
+      def create_table_generator_class
+        Postgres::CreateTableGenerator
+      end
+    
+      # SQL for creating a database trigger.
+      def create_trigger_sql(table, name, function, opts=OPTS)
+        events = opts[:events] ? Array(opts[:events]) : [:insert, :update, :delete]
+        whence = opts[:after] ? 'AFTER' : 'BEFORE'
+        if filter = opts[:when]
+          raise Error, "Trigger conditions are not supported for this database" unless supports_trigger_conditions?
+          filter = " WHEN #{filter_expr(filter)}"
+        end
+        "CREATE #{'OR REPLACE ' if opts[:replace]}TRIGGER #{name} #{whence} #{events.map{|e| e.to_s.upcase}.join(' OR ')} ON #{quote_schema_table(table)}#{' FOR EACH ROW' if opts[:each_row]}#{filter} EXECUTE PROCEDURE #{function}(#{Array(opts[:args]).map{|a| literal(a)}.join(', ')})"
+      end
+
+      # DDL fragment for initial part of CREATE VIEW statement
+      def create_view_prefix_sql(name, options)
+        sql = create_view_sql_append_columns("CREATE #{'OR REPLACE 'if options[:replace]}#{'TEMPORARY 'if options[:temp]}#{'RECURSIVE ' if options[:recursive]}#{'MATERIALIZED ' if options[:materialized]}VIEW #{quote_schema_table(name)}", options[:columns] || options[:recursive])
+
+        if tablespace = options[:tablespace]
+          sql += " TABLESPACE #{quote_identifier(tablespace)}"
+        end
+
+        sql
+      end
+
+      # SQL for dropping a function from the database.
+      def drop_function_sql(name, opts=OPTS)
+        "DROP FUNCTION#{' IF EXISTS' if opts[:if_exists]} #{name}#{sql_function_args(opts[:args])}#{' CASCADE' if opts[:cascade]}"
+      end
+      
+      # Support :if_exists, :cascade, and :concurrently options.
+      def drop_index_sql(table, op)
+        sch, _ = schema_and_table(table)
+        "DROP INDEX#{' CONCURRENTLY' if op[:concurrently]}#{' IF EXISTS' if op[:if_exists]} #{"#{quote_identifier(sch)}." if sch}#{quote_identifier(op[:name] || default_index_name(table, op[:columns]))}#{' CASCADE' if op[:cascade]}"
+      end
+
+      # SQL for dropping a procedural language from the database.
+      def drop_language_sql(name, opts=OPTS)
+        "DROP LANGUAGE#{' IF EXISTS' if opts[:if_exists]} #{name}#{' CASCADE' if opts[:cascade]}"
+      end
+
+      # SQL for dropping a schema from the database.
+      def drop_schema_sql(name, opts=OPTS)
+        "DROP SCHEMA#{' IF EXISTS' if opts[:if_exists]} #{quote_identifier(name)}#{' CASCADE' if opts[:cascade]}"
+      end
+
+      # SQL for dropping a trigger from the database.
+      def drop_trigger_sql(table, name, opts=OPTS)
+        "DROP TRIGGER#{' IF EXISTS' if opts[:if_exists]} #{name} ON #{quote_schema_table(table)}#{' CASCADE' if opts[:cascade]}"
+      end
+
+      # Support :foreign tables
+      def drop_table_sql(name, options)
+        "DROP#{' FOREIGN' if options[:foreign]} TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_schema_table(name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:cascade]}"
+      end
+
+      # SQL for dropping a view from the database.
+      def drop_view_sql(name, opts=OPTS)
+        "DROP #{'MATERIALIZED ' if opts[:materialized]}VIEW#{' IF EXISTS' if opts[:if_exists]} #{quote_schema_table(name)}#{' CASCADE' if opts[:cascade]}"
+      end
+
+      # If opts includes a :schema option, use it, otherwise restrict the filter to only the
+      # currently visible schemas.
+      def filter_schema(ds, opts)
+        expr = if schema = opts[:schema]
+          schema.to_s
+        else
+          Sequel.function(:any, Sequel.function(:current_schemas, false))
+        end
+        ds.where{{pg_namespace[:nspname]=>expr}}
+      end
+
+      def index_definition_sql(table_name, index)
+        cols = index[:columns]
+        index_name = index[:name] || default_index_name(table_name, cols)
+        expr = if o = index[:opclass]
+          "(#{Array(cols).map{|c| "#{literal(c)} #{o}"}.join(', ')})"
+        else
+          literal(Array(cols))
+        end
+        if_not_exists = " IF NOT EXISTS" if index[:if_not_exists]
+        unique = "UNIQUE " if index[:unique]
+        index_type = index[:type]
+        filter = index[:where] || index[:filter]
+        filter = " WHERE #{filter_expr(filter)}" if filter
+        case index_type
+        when :full_text
+          expr = "(to_tsvector(#{literal(index[:language] || 'simple')}::regconfig, #{literal(dataset.send(:full_text_string_join, cols))}))"
+          index_type = index[:index_type] || :gin
+        when :spatial
+          index_type = :gist
+        end
+        "CREATE #{unique}INDEX#{' CONCURRENTLY' if index[:concurrently]}#{if_not_exists} #{quote_identifier(index_name)} ON #{quote_schema_table(table_name)} #{"USING #{index_type} " if index_type}#{expr}#{" INCLUDE #{literal(Array(index[:include]))}" if index[:include]}#{" TABLESPACE #{quote_identifier(index[:tablespace])}" if index[:tablespace]}#{filter}"
+      end
+
+      # Setup datastructures shared by all postgres adapters.
+      def initialize_postgres_adapter
+        @primary_keys = {}
+        @primary_key_sequences = {}
+        @supported_types = {}
+        procs = @conversion_procs = CONVERSION_PROCS.dup
+        procs[1184] = procs[1114] = method(:to_application_timestamp)
+      end
+
+      # Backbone of the tables and views support.
+      def pg_class_relname(type, opts)
+        ds = metadata_dataset.from(:pg_class).where(:relkind=>type).select(:relname).server(opts[:server]).join(:pg_namespace, :oid=>:relnamespace)
+        ds = filter_schema(ds, opts)
+        m = output_identifier_meth
+        if defined?(yield)
+          yield(ds)
+        elsif opts[:qualify]
+          ds.select_append{pg_namespace[:nspname]}.map{|r| Sequel.qualify(m.call(r[:nspname]).to_s, m.call(r[:relname]).to_s)}
+        else
+          ds.map{|r| m.call(r[:relname])}
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Use a dollar sign instead of question mark for the argument placeholder.
+      def prepared_arg_placeholder
+        PREPARED_ARG_PLACEHOLDER
+      end
+
+      # Return an expression the oid for the table expr.  Used by the metadata parsing
+      # code to disambiguate unqualified tables.
+      def regclass_oid(expr, opts=OPTS)
+        if expr.is_a?(String) && !expr.is_a?(LiteralString)
+          expr = Sequel.identifier(expr)
+        end
+
+        sch, table = schema_and_table(expr)
+        sch ||= opts[:schema]
+        if sch
+          expr = Sequel.qualify(sch, table)
+        end
+        
+        expr = if ds = opts[:dataset]
+          ds.literal(expr)
+        else
+          literal(expr)
+        end
+
+        Sequel.cast(expr.to_s,:regclass).cast(:oid)
+      end
+
+      # Remove the cached entries for primary keys and sequences when a table is changed.
+      def remove_cached_schema(table)
+        tab = quote_schema_table(table)
+        Sequel.synchronize do
+          @primary_keys.delete(tab)
+          @primary_key_sequences.delete(tab)
+        end
+        super
+      end
+
+      # SQL DDL statement for renaming a table. PostgreSQL doesn't allow you to change a table's schema in
+      # a rename table operation, so speciying a new schema in new_name will not have an effect.
+      def rename_table_sql(name, new_name)
+        "ALTER TABLE #{quote_schema_table(name)} RENAME TO #{quote_identifier(schema_and_table(new_name).last)}"
+      end
+
+      def schema_column_type(db_type)
+        case db_type
+        when /\Ainterval\z/io
+          :interval
+        when /\Acitext\z/io
+          :string
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The dataset used for parsing table schemas, using the pg_* system catalogs.
+      def schema_parse_table(table_name, opts)
+        m = output_identifier_meth(opts[:dataset])
+        oid = regclass_oid(table_name, opts)
+        ds = metadata_dataset.select{[
+            pg_attribute[:attname].as(:name),
+            SQL::Cast.new(pg_attribute[:atttypid], :integer).as(:oid),
+            SQL::Cast.new(basetype[:oid], :integer).as(:base_oid),
+            SQL::Function.new(:format_type, basetype[:oid], pg_type[:typtypmod]).as(:db_base_type),
+            SQL::Function.new(:format_type, pg_type[:oid], pg_attribute[:atttypmod]).as(:db_type),
+            SQL::Function.new(:pg_get_expr, pg_attrdef[:adbin], pg_class[:oid]).as(:default),
+            SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:NOT, pg_attribute[:attnotnull]).as(:allow_null),
+            SQL::Function.new(:COALESCE, SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(pg_attribute[:attnum] => SQL::Function.new(:ANY, pg_index[:indkey])), false).as(:primary_key)]}.
+          from(:pg_class).
+          join(:pg_attribute, :attrelid=>:oid).
+          join(:pg_type, :oid=>:atttypid).
+          left_outer_join(Sequel[:pg_type].as(:basetype), :oid=>:typbasetype).
+          left_outer_join(:pg_attrdef, :adrelid=>Sequel[:pg_class][:oid], :adnum=>Sequel[:pg_attribute][:attnum]).
+          left_outer_join(:pg_index, :indrelid=>Sequel[:pg_class][:oid], :indisprimary=>true).
+          where{{pg_attribute[:attisdropped]=>false}}.
+          where{pg_attribute[:attnum] > 0}.
+          where{{pg_class[:oid]=>oid}}.
+          order{pg_attribute[:attnum]}
+
+        if server_version > 100000
+          ds = ds.select_append{pg_attribute[:attidentity]}
+
+          if server_version > 120000
+            ds = ds.select_append{Sequel.~(pg_attribute[:attgenerated]=>'').as(:generated)}
+          end
+        end
+
+        ds.map do |row|
+          row[:default] = nil if blank_object?(row[:default])
+          if row[:base_oid]
+            row[:domain_oid] = row[:oid]
+            row[:oid] = row.delete(:base_oid)
+            row[:db_domain_type] = row[:db_type]
+            row[:db_type] = row.delete(:db_base_type)
+          else
+            row.delete(:base_oid)
+            row.delete(:db_base_type)
+          end
+          row[:type] = schema_column_type(row[:db_type])
+          identity = row.delete(:attidentity)
+          if row[:primary_key]
+            row[:auto_increment] = !!(row[:default] =~ /\A(?:nextval)/i) || identity == 'a' || identity == 'd'
+          end
+          [m.call(row.delete(:name)), row]
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Set the transaction isolation level on the given connection
+      def set_transaction_isolation(conn, opts)
+        level = opts.fetch(:isolation, transaction_isolation_level)
+        read_only = opts[:read_only]
+        deferrable = opts[:deferrable]
+        if level || !read_only.nil? || !deferrable.nil?
+          sql = String.new
+          sql << "SET TRANSACTION"
+          sql << " ISOLATION LEVEL #{Sequel::Database::TRANSACTION_ISOLATION_LEVELS[level]}" if level
+          sql << " READ #{read_only ? 'ONLY' : 'WRITE'}" unless read_only.nil?
+          sql << " #{'NOT ' unless deferrable}DEFERRABLE" unless deferrable.nil?
+          log_connection_execute(conn, sql)
+        end
+      end
+     
+      # Turns an array of argument specifiers into an SQL fragment used for function arguments.  See create_function_sql.
+      def sql_function_args(args)
+        "(#{Array(args).map{|a| Array(a).reverse.join(' ')}.join(', ')})"
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL can combine multiple alter table ops into a single query.
+      def supports_combining_alter_table_ops?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW.
+      def supports_create_or_replace_view?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Handle bigserial type if :serial option is present
+      def type_literal_generic_bignum_symbol(column)
+        column[:serial] ? :bigserial : super
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL uses the bytea data type for blobs
+      def type_literal_generic_file(column)
+        :bytea
+      end
+
+      # Handle serial type if :serial option is present
+      def type_literal_generic_integer(column)
+        column[:serial] ? :serial : super
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL prefers the text datatype.  If a fixed size is requested,
+      # the char type is used.  If the text type is specifically
+      # disallowed or there is a size specified, use the varchar type.
+      # Otherwise use the text type.
+      def type_literal_generic_string(column)
+        if column[:text]
+          :text
+        elsif column[:fixed]
+          "char(#{column[:size]||255})"
+        elsif column[:text] == false || column[:size]
+          "varchar(#{column[:size]||255})"
+        else
+          :text
+        end
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.4+ supports views with check option.
+      def view_with_check_option_support
+        :local if server_version >= 90400
+      end
+    end
+
+    module DatasetMethods
+      include UnmodifiedIdentifiers::DatasetMethods
+
+      NULL = LiteralString.new('NULL').freeze
+      LOCK_MODES = ['ACCESS SHARE', 'ROW SHARE', 'ROW EXCLUSIVE', 'SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE', 'SHARE', 'SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE', 'EXCLUSIVE', 'ACCESS EXCLUSIVE'].each(&:freeze).freeze
+
+      Dataset.def_sql_method(self, :delete, [['if server_version >= 90100', %w'with delete from using where returning'], ['else', %w'delete from using where returning']])
+      Dataset.def_sql_method(self, :insert, [['if server_version >= 90500', %w'with insert into columns values conflict returning'], ['elsif server_version >= 90100', %w'with insert into columns values returning'], ['else', %w'insert into columns values returning']])
+      Dataset.def_sql_method(self, :select, [['if opts[:values]', %w'values order limit'], ['elsif server_version >= 80400', %w'with select distinct columns from join where group having window compounds order limit lock'], ['else', %w'select distinct columns from join where group having compounds order limit lock']])
+      Dataset.def_sql_method(self, :update, [['if server_version >= 90100', %w'with update table set from where returning'], ['else', %w'update table set from where returning']])
+
+      # Return the results of an EXPLAIN ANALYZE query as a string
+      def analyze
+        explain(:analyze=>true)
+      end
+
+      # Handle converting the ruby xor operator (^) into the
+      # PostgreSQL xor operator (#), and use the ILIKE and NOT ILIKE
+      # operators.
+      def complex_expression_sql_append(sql, op, args)
+        case op
+        when :^
+          j = ' # '
+          c = false
+          args.each do |a|
+            sql << j if c
+            literal_append(sql, a)
+            c ||= true
+          end
+        when :ILIKE, :'NOT ILIKE'
+          sql << '('
+          literal_append(sql, args[0])
+          sql << ' ' << op.to_s << ' '
+          literal_append(sql, args[1])
+          sql << " ESCAPE "
+          literal_append(sql, "\\")
+          sql << ')'
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Disables automatic use of INSERT ... RETURNING.  You can still use
+      # returning manually to force the use of RETURNING when inserting.
+      #
+      # This is designed for cases where INSERT RETURNING cannot be used,
+      # such as when you are using partitioning with trigger functions
+      # or conditional rules, or when you are using a PostgreSQL version
+      # less than 8.2, or a PostgreSQL derivative that does not support
+      # returning.
+      #
+      # Note that when this method is used, insert will not return the
+      # primary key of the inserted row, you will have to get the primary
+      # key of the inserted row before inserting via nextval, or after
+      # inserting via currval or lastval (making sure to use the same
+      # database connection for currval or lastval).
+      def disable_insert_returning
+        clone(:disable_insert_returning=>true)
+      end
+
+      # Return the results of an EXPLAIN query as a string
+      def explain(opts=OPTS)
+        with_sql((opts[:analyze] ? 'EXPLAIN ANALYZE ' : 'EXPLAIN ') + select_sql).map(:'QUERY PLAN').join("\r\n")
+      end
+
+      # Return a cloned dataset which will use FOR SHARE to lock returned rows.
+      def for_share
+        lock_style(:share)
+      end
+
+      # Run a full text search on PostgreSQL.  By default, searching for the inclusion
+      # of any of the terms in any of the cols.
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # :headline :: Append a expression to the selected columns aliased to headline that
+      #              contains an extract of the matched text.
+      # :language :: The language to use for the search (default: 'simple')
+      # :plain :: Whether a plain search should be used (default: false).  In this case,
+      #           terms should be a single string, and it will do a search where cols
+      #           contains all of the words in terms.  This ignores search operators in terms.
+      # :phrase :: Similar to :plain, but also adding an ILIKE filter to ensure that
+      #            returned rows also include the exact phrase used.
+      # :rank :: Set to true to order by the rank, so that closer matches are returned first.
+      # :to_tsquery :: Can be set to :plain or :phrase to specify the function to use to
+      #                convert the terms to a ts_query.
+      # :tsquery :: Specifies the terms argument is already a valid SQL expression returning a
+      #             tsquery, and can be used directly in the query.
+      # :tsvector :: Specifies the cols argument is already a valid SQL expression returning a
+      #              tsvector, and can be used directly in the query.
+      def full_text_search(cols, terms, opts = OPTS)
+        lang = Sequel.cast(opts[:language] || 'simple', :regconfig)
+
+        unless opts[:tsvector]
+          phrase_cols = full_text_string_join(cols)
+          cols = Sequel.function(:to_tsvector, lang, phrase_cols)
+        end
+
+        unless opts[:tsquery]
+          phrase_terms = terms.is_a?(Array) ? terms.join(' | ') : terms
+
+          query_func = case to_tsquery = opts[:to_tsquery]
+          when :phrase, :plain
+            :"#{to_tsquery}to_tsquery"
+          else
+            (opts[:phrase] || opts[:plain]) ? :plainto_tsquery : :to_tsquery
+          end
+
+          terms = Sequel.function(query_func, lang, phrase_terms)
+        end
+
+        ds = where(Sequel.lit(["", " @@ ", ""], cols, terms))
+
+        if opts[:phrase]
+          raise Error, "can't use :phrase with either :tsvector or :tsquery arguments to full_text_search together" if opts[:tsvector] || opts[:tsquery]
+          ds = ds.grep(phrase_cols, "%#{escape_like(phrase_terms)}%", :case_insensitive=>true)
+        end
+
+        if opts[:rank]
+          ds = ds.reverse{ts_rank_cd(cols, terms)}
+        end
+
+        if opts[:headline]
+          ds = ds.select_append{ts_headline(lang, phrase_cols, terms).as(:headline)}
+        end
+
+        ds
+      end
+
+      # Insert given values into the database.
+      def insert(*values)
+        if @opts[:returning]
+          # Already know which columns to return, let the standard code handle it
+          super
+        elsif @opts[:sql] || @opts[:disable_insert_returning]
+          # Raw SQL used or RETURNING disabled, just use the default behavior
+          # and return nil since sequence is not known.
+          super
+          nil
+        else
+          # Force the use of RETURNING with the primary key value,
+          # unless it has been disabled.
+          returning(insert_pk).insert(*values){|r| return r.values.first}
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Handle uniqueness violations when inserting, by updating the conflicting row, using
+      # ON CONFLICT. With no options, uses ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING.  Options:
+      # :conflict_where :: The index filter, when using a partial index to determine uniqueness.
+      # :constraint :: An explicit constraint name, has precendence over :target.
+      # :target :: The column name or expression to handle uniqueness violations on.
+      # :update :: A hash of columns and values to set.  Uses ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE.
+      # :update_where :: A WHERE condition to use for the update.
+      #
+      # Examples:
+      #
+      #   DB[:table].insert_conflict.insert(a: 1, b: 2)
+      #   # INSERT INTO TABLE (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)
+      #   # ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
+      #   
+      #   DB[:table].insert_conflict(constraint: :table_a_uidx).insert(a: 1, b: 2)
+      #   # INSERT INTO TABLE (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)
+      #   # ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT table_a_uidx DO NOTHING
+      #   
+      #   DB[:table].insert_conflict(target: :a).insert(a: 1, b: 2)
+      #   # INSERT INTO TABLE (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)
+      #   # ON CONFLICT (a) DO NOTHING
+      #
+      #   DB[:table].insert_conflict(target: :a, conflict_where: {c: true}).insert(a: 1, b: 2)
+      #   # INSERT INTO TABLE (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)
+      #   # ON CONFLICT (a) WHERE (c IS TRUE) DO NOTHING
+      #   
+      #   DB[:table].insert_conflict(target: :a, update: {b: Sequel[:excluded][:b]}).insert(a: 1, b: 2)
+      #   # INSERT INTO TABLE (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)
+      #   # ON CONFLICT (a) DO UPDATE SET b = excluded.b
+      #   
+      #   DB[:table].insert_conflict(constraint: :table_a_uidx,
+      #     update: {b: Sequel[:excluded][:b]}, update_where: {Sequel[:table][:status_id] => 1}).insert(a: 1, b: 2)
+      #   # INSERT INTO TABLE (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)
+      #   # ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT table_a_uidx
+      #   # DO UPDATE SET b = excluded.b WHERE (table.status_id = 1)
+      def insert_conflict(opts=OPTS)
+        clone(:insert_conflict => opts)
+      end
+
+      # Ignore uniqueness/exclusion violations when inserting, using ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING.
+      # Exists mostly for compatibility to MySQL's insert_ignore. Example:
+      #
+      #   DB[:table].insert_ignore.insert(a: 1, b: 2)
+      #   # INSERT INTO TABLE (a, b) VALUES (1, 2)
+      #   # ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
+      def insert_ignore
+        insert_conflict
+      end
+
+      # Insert a record, returning the record inserted, using RETURNING.  Always returns nil without
+      # running an INSERT statement if disable_insert_returning is used.  If the query runs
+      # but returns no values, returns false.
+      def insert_select(*values)
+        return unless supports_insert_select?
+        # Handle case where query does not return a row
+        server?(:default).with_sql_first(insert_select_sql(*values)) || false
+      end
+
+      # The SQL to use for an insert_select, adds a RETURNING clause to the insert
+      # unless the RETURNING clause is already present.
+      def insert_select_sql(*values)
+        ds = opts[:returning] ? self : returning
+        ds.insert_sql(*values)
+      end
+
+      # Support SQL::AliasedExpression as expr to setup a USING join with a table alias for the
+      # USING columns.
+      def join_table(type, table, expr=nil, options=OPTS, &block)
+        if expr.is_a?(SQL::AliasedExpression) && expr.expression.is_a?(Array) && !expr.expression.empty? && expr.expression.all?
+          options = options.merge(:join_using=>true)
+        end
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Locks all tables in the dataset's FROM clause (but not in JOINs) with
+      # the specified mode (e.g. 'EXCLUSIVE').  If a block is given, starts
+      # a new transaction, locks the table, and yields.  If a block is not given,
+      # just locks the tables.  Note that PostgreSQL will probably raise an error
+      # if you lock the table outside of an existing transaction.  Returns nil.
+      def lock(mode, opts=OPTS)
+        if defined?(yield) # perform locking inside a transaction and yield to block
+          @db.transaction(opts){lock(mode, opts); yield}
+        else
+          sql = 'LOCK TABLE '.dup
+          source_list_append(sql, @opts[:from])
+          mode = mode.to_s.upcase.strip
+          unless LOCK_MODES.include?(mode)
+            raise Error, "Unsupported lock mode: #{mode}"
+          end
+          sql << " IN #{mode} MODE"
+          @db.execute(sql, opts)
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # Use OVERRIDING USER VALUE for INSERT statements, so that identity columns
+      # always use the user supplied value, and an error is not raised for identity
+      # columns that are GENERATED ALWAYS.
+      def overriding_system_value
+        clone(:override=>:system)
+      end
+
+      # Use OVERRIDING USER VALUE for INSERT statements, so that identity columns
+      # always use the sequence value instead of the user supplied value.
+      def overriding_user_value
+        clone(:override=>:user)
+      end
+
+      def supports_cte?(type=:select)
+        if type == :select
+          server_version >= 80400
+        else
+          server_version >= 90100
+        end
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports using the WITH clause in subqueries if it
+      # supports using WITH at all (i.e. on PostgreSQL 8.4+).
+      def supports_cte_in_subqueries?
+        supports_cte?
+      end
+
+      # DISTINCT ON is a PostgreSQL extension
+      def supports_distinct_on?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.5+ supports GROUP CUBE
+      def supports_group_cube?
+        server_version >= 90500
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.5+ supports GROUP ROLLUP
+      def supports_group_rollup?
+        server_version >= 90500
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.5+ supports GROUPING SETS
+      def supports_grouping_sets?
+        server_version >= 90500
+      end
+
+      # True unless insert returning has been disabled for this dataset.
+      def supports_insert_select?
+        !@opts[:disable_insert_returning]
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.5+ supports the ON CONFLICT clause to INSERT.
+      def supports_insert_conflict?
+        server_version >= 90500
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.3+ supports lateral subqueries
+      def supports_lateral_subqueries?
+        server_version >= 90300
+      end
+      
+      # PostgreSQL supports modifying joined datasets
+      def supports_modifying_joins?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports NOWAIT.
+      def supports_nowait?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returning is always supported.
+      def supports_returning?(type)
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports pattern matching via regular expressions
+      def supports_regexp?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.5+ supports SKIP LOCKED.
+      def supports_skip_locked?
+        server_version >= 90500
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports timezones in literal timestamps
+      def supports_timestamp_timezones?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 8.4+ supports WINDOW clause.
+      def supports_window_clause?
+        server_version >= 80400
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 8.4+ supports window functions
+      def supports_window_functions?
+        server_version >= 80400
+      end
+
+      # Base support added in 8.4, offset supported added in 9.0,
+      # GROUPS and EXCLUDE support added in 11.0.
+      def supports_window_function_frame_option?(option)
+        case option
+        when :rows, :range
+          true
+        when :offset
+          server_version >= 90000
+        when :groups, :exclude
+          server_version >= 110000
+        end
+      end
+    
+      # Truncates the dataset.  Returns nil.
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # :cascade :: whether to use the CASCADE option, useful when truncating
+      #             tables with foreign keys.
+      # :only :: truncate using ONLY, so child tables are unaffected
+      # :restart :: use RESTART IDENTITY to restart any related sequences
+      #
+      # :only and :restart only work correctly on PostgreSQL 8.4+.
+      #
+      # Usage:
+      #   DB[:table].truncate
+      #   # TRUNCATE TABLE "table"
+      #
+      #   DB[:table].truncate(cascade: true, only: true, restart: true)
+      #   # TRUNCATE TABLE ONLY "table" RESTART IDENTITY CASCADE
+      def truncate(opts = OPTS)
+        if opts.empty?
+          super()
+        else
+          clone(:truncate_opts=>opts).truncate
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Use WITH TIES when limiting the result set to also include additional
+      # rules that have the same results for the order column as the final row.
+      # Requires PostgreSQL 13.
+      def with_ties
+        clone(:limit_with_ties=>true)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      # If returned primary keys are requested, use RETURNING unless already set on the
+      # dataset.  If RETURNING is already set, use existing returning values.  If RETURNING
+      # is only set to return a single columns, return an array of just that column.
+      # Otherwise, return an array of hashes.
+      def _import(columns, values, opts=OPTS)
+        if @opts[:returning]
+          statements = multi_insert_sql(columns, values)
+          trans_opts = Hash[opts]
+          trans_opts[:server] = @opts[:server]
+          @db.transaction(trans_opts) do
+            statements.map{|st| returning_fetch_rows(st)}
+          end.first.map{|v| v.length == 1 ? v.values.first : v}
+        elsif opts[:return] == :primary_key
+          returning(insert_pk)._import(columns, values, opts)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def to_prepared_statement(type, *a)
+        if type == :insert && !@opts.has_key?(:returning)
+          returning(insert_pk).send(:to_prepared_statement, :insert_pk, *a)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Format TRUNCATE statement with PostgreSQL specific options.
+      def _truncate_sql(table)
+        to = @opts[:truncate_opts] || OPTS
+        "TRUNCATE TABLE#{' ONLY' if to[:only]} #{table}#{' RESTART IDENTITY' if to[:restart]}#{' CASCADE' if to[:cascade]}"
+      end
+
+      # Allow truncation of multiple source tables.
+      def check_truncation_allowed!
+        raise(InvalidOperation, "Grouped datasets cannot be truncated") if opts[:group]
+        raise(InvalidOperation, "Joined datasets cannot be truncated") if opts[:join]
+      end
+
+      # Only include the primary table in the main delete clause
+      def delete_from_sql(sql)
+        sql << ' FROM '
+        source_list_append(sql, @opts[:from][0..0])
+      end
+
+      # Use USING to specify additional tables in a delete query
+      def delete_using_sql(sql)
+        join_from_sql(:USING, sql)
+      end
+
+      # Add ON CONFLICT clause if it should be used
+      def insert_conflict_sql(sql)
+        if opts = @opts[:insert_conflict]
+          sql << " ON CONFLICT"
+
+          if target = opts[:constraint] 
+            sql << " ON CONSTRAINT "
+            identifier_append(sql, target)
+          elsif target = opts[:target]
+            sql << ' '
+            identifier_append(sql, Array(target))
+            if conflict_where = opts[:conflict_where]
+              sql << " WHERE "
+              literal_append(sql, conflict_where)
+            end
+          end
+
+          if values = opts[:update]
+            sql << " DO UPDATE SET "
+            update_sql_values_hash(sql, values)
+            if update_where = opts[:update_where]
+              sql << " WHERE "
+              literal_append(sql, update_where)
+            end
+          else
+            sql << " DO NOTHING"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Include aliases when inserting into a single table on PostgreSQL 9.5+.
+      def insert_into_sql(sql)
+        sql << " INTO "
+        if (f = @opts[:from]) && f.length == 1
+          identifier_append(sql, server_version >= 90500 ? f.first : unaliased_identifier(f.first))
+        else
+          source_list_append(sql, f)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Return the primary key to use for RETURNING in an INSERT statement
+      def insert_pk
+        if (f = opts[:from]) && !f.empty?
+          case t = f.first
+          when Symbol, String, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier
+            if pk = db.primary_key(t)
+              Sequel::SQL::Identifier.new(pk)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Support OVERRIDING SYSTEM|USER VALUE in insert statements
+      def insert_values_sql(sql)
+        case opts[:override]
+        when :system
+          sql << " OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE"
+        when :user
+          sql << " OVERRIDING USER VALUE"
+        end
+        super
+      end
+
+      # For multiple table support, PostgreSQL requires at least
+      # two from tables, with joins allowed.
+      def join_from_sql(type, sql)
+        if(from = @opts[:from][1..-1]).empty?
+          raise(Error, 'Need multiple FROM tables if updating/deleting a dataset with JOINs') if @opts[:join]
+        else
+          sql << ' ' << type.to_s << ' '
+          source_list_append(sql, from)
+          select_join_sql(sql)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Support table aliases for USING columns
+      def join_using_clause_using_sql_append(sql, using_columns)
+        if using_columns.is_a?(SQL::AliasedExpression)
+          super(sql, using_columns.expression)
+          sql << ' AS '
+          identifier_append(sql, using_columns.alias)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+    
+      # Use a generic blob quoting method, hopefully overridden in one of the subadapter methods
+      def literal_blob_append(sql, v)
+        sql << "'" << v.gsub(/[\000-\037\047\134\177-\377]/n){|b| "\\#{("%o" % b[0..1].unpack("C")[0]).rjust(3, '0')}"} << "'"
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL uses FALSE for false values
+      def literal_false
+        'false'
+      end
+      
+      # PostgreSQL quotes NaN and Infinity.
+      def literal_float(value)
+        if value.finite?
+          super
+        elsif value.nan?
+          "'NaN'"
+        elsif value.infinite? == 1
+          "'Infinity'"
+        else
+          "'-Infinity'"
+        end
+      end 
+
+      # Assume that SQL standard quoting is on, per Sequel's defaults
+      def literal_string_append(sql, v)
+        sql << "'" << v.gsub("'", "''") << "'"
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL uses true for true values
+      def literal_true
+        'true'
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports multiple rows in INSERT.
+      def multi_insert_sql_strategy
+        :values
+      end
+
+      # Dataset options that do not affect the generated SQL.
+      def non_sql_option?(key)
+        super || key == :cursor || key == :insert_conflict
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL requires parentheses around compound datasets if they use
+      # CTEs, and using them in other places doesn't hurt.
+      def compound_dataset_sql_append(sql, ds)
+        sql << '('
+        super
+        sql << ')'
+      end
+
+      # Backslash is supported by default as the escape character on PostgreSQL,
+      # and using ESCAPE can break LIKE ANY() usage.
+      def requires_like_escape?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Support FETCH FIRST WITH TIES on PostgreSQL 13+.
+      def select_limit_sql(sql)
+        l = @opts[:limit]
+        o = @opts[:offset]
+
+        return unless l || o
+
+        if @opts[:limit_with_ties]
+          if o
+            sql << " OFFSET "
+            literal_append(sql, o)
+          end
+
+          if l
+            sql << " FETCH FIRST "
+            literal_append(sql, l)
+            sql << " ROWS WITH TIES"
+          end
+        else
+          if l
+            sql << " LIMIT "
+            literal_append(sql, l)
+          end
+
+          if o
+            sql << " OFFSET "
+            literal_append(sql, o)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Support FOR SHARE locking when using the :share lock style.
+      # Use SKIP LOCKED if skipping locked rows.
+      def select_lock_sql(sql)
+        lock = @opts[:lock]
+        if lock == :share
+          sql << ' FOR SHARE'
+        else
+          super
+        end
+
+        if lock
+          if @opts[:skip_locked]
+            sql << " SKIP LOCKED"
+          elsif @opts[:nowait]
+            sql << " NOWAIT"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Support VALUES clause instead of the SELECT clause to return rows.
+      def select_values_sql(sql)
+        sql << "VALUES "
+        expression_list_append(sql, opts[:values])
+      end
+
+      # Use WITH RECURSIVE instead of WITH if any of the CTEs is recursive
+      def select_with_sql_base
+        opts[:with].any?{|w| w[:recursive]} ? "WITH RECURSIVE " : super
+      end
+
+      # The version of the database server
+      def server_version
+        db.server_version(@opts[:server])
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL 9.4+ supports the FILTER clause for aggregate functions.
+      def supports_filtered_aggregates?
+        server_version >= 90400
+      end
+
+      # PostgreSQL supports quoted function names.
+      def supports_quoted_function_names?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Concatenate the expressions with a space in between
+      def full_text_string_join(cols)
+        cols = Array(cols).map{|x| SQL::Function.new(:COALESCE, x, '')}
+        cols = cols.zip([' '] * cols.length).flatten
+        cols.pop
+        SQL::StringExpression.new(:'||', *cols)
+      end
+
+      # Use FROM to specify additional tables in an update query
+      def update_from_sql(sql)
+        join_from_sql(:FROM, sql)
+      end
+
+      # Only include the primary table in the main update clause
+      def update_table_sql(sql)
+        sql << ' '
+        source_list_append(sql, @opts[:from][0..0])
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end