tdiary-contrib 3.2.2.20130518

data/lib/exifparser/lib/exifparser/tag.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2298 @@
+#
+#  exifparser/tag.rb
+#
+#  Copyright (C) 2002 Ryuichi Tamura (r-tam@fsinet.or.jp)
+#
+#  $Revision: 1.3 $
+#  $Date: 2003/04/27 14:02:39 $
+#
+require 'exifparser/utils'
+require 'rational'
+
+module Exif
+
+  module Error
+    class TagNotFound < StandardError; end
+  end
+
+  module Tag
+
+    #
+    # modules under this module provides '_formatData()' method,
+    # which is invoked in Exif::Tag::Base#processData().
+    #
+    module Formatter
+
+      #
+      # convert data to unsigned byte(1 byte) value.
+      #
+      module UByte
+
+        def format
+          'Unsigned byte'
+        end
+
+        def _formatData(data)
+          decode_ubytes(data)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # convert data to ASCII(1 byte) values.
+      #
+      module Ascii
+
+        def format
+          'Ascii'
+        end
+
+        def _formatData(data)
+          data.delete("\000")
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # convert data to unsigned short(2 byte) value.
+      #
+      module UShort
+
+        def format
+          'Unsigned short'
+        end
+
+        def _formatData(data)
+          decode_ushort(data)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # convert data to unsigned long(4 byte) value.
+      #
+      module ULong
+
+        def format
+          'Unsigned long'
+        end
+
+        def _formatData(data)
+          decode_ulong(data)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # convert data to unsigned rational(4+4 byte) value,
+      # which in turn is converted to Rational object.
+      #
+      module URational
+
+        def format
+          'Unsigned rational'
+        end
+
+        def _formatData(data)
+          a = decode_ulong(data[0,4])
+          b = decode_ulong(data[4,4])
+          return Rational(0,1) if b == 0
+          Rational(a, b)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # convert data to some value by user-supplied method.
+      # the client code should implement 'convert(data)' method.
+      #
+      module Undefined
+
+        def format
+          'Undefined'
+        end
+
+        def _formatData(data)
+          if self.respond_to?(:_format0)
+            _format0(data)
+          else
+            data.unpack("C*").collect{|e| e.to_i}
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # convert data to signed short value.
+      #
+      module SShort
+
+        def format
+          'Signed short'
+        end
+
+        def _formatData(data)
+          decode_sshort(data)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # convert data to unsigned long(4 byte) value.
+      #
+      module SLong
+
+        def format
+          'Signed long'
+        end
+
+        def _formatData(data)
+          decode_slong(data)
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # convert data to signed rational (4+4 byte) value.
+      #
+      module SRational
+
+        def format
+          'Signed rational'
+        end
+
+        def _formatData(data)
+          a = decode_slong(data[0,4])
+          b = decode_slong(data[4,4])
+          return Rational(0,1) if b == 0
+          Rational(a, b)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+
+    end # module Formatter
+
+    #
+    # maps number to size of one unit and the
+    # corresponding formatter (defined below) module.
+    #
+    module Format
+
+      Unit = {
+        1 =>  [1, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::UByte],
+        2 =>  [1, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::Ascii],
+        3 =>  [2, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::UShort],
+        4 =>  [4, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::ULong],
+        5 =>  [8, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::URational],
+        #6 =>  [1, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::SByte],
+        7 =>  [1, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::Undefined],
+        8 =>  [2, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::SShort],
+        9 =>  [4, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::SLong],
+        10 => [8, ::Exif::Tag::Formatter::SRational],
+        #11 => [4, Exif::Formatter::SFloat],
+        #12 => [8, Exif::Formatter::DFloat]
+      }
+
+    end
+
+    #
+    # The base class that specifies common operations for tag data.
+    # All the tag classes are derived from this, and client code
+    # shoude use the public methods as interface.
+    #
+    class Base
+      #
+      # the argument 'byteorder' is either :intel or :motorola.
+      # this is used when packing @data given after initialized.
+      #
+      def initialize(tagID, ifdname, count)
+        @tagID = tagID
+        @IFD = ifdname
+        @count = count
+        @data = nil
+        @formatted = nil
+        @pos = nil
+        @dataPos = nil
+      end
+      attr_writer :data
+      attr_accessor :pos, :dataPos
+      attr_reader :tagID, :IFD, :count
+
+      def processData
+        @formatted = _formatData(@data)
+      end
+
+      #
+      # return tag's value: simply returns @formatted as it is.
+      #
+      def value
+        @formatted
+      end
+
+      #
+      # String representation of tag's value
+      # this is the default method that simply
+      # sends Object#to_s to @formatted.
+      # Subclasses may override this so that
+      # it returns more human-readable form.
+      #
+      def to_s
+        if self.is_a? Formatter::Undefined
+          length = @formatted.length
+          data = length > 8 ? @formatted[0, 8] : @formatted
+          ret = ""
+          data.each do |dat|
+            ret += sprintf("%02X ", dat)
+          end
+          ret += %Q[...(#{length} bytes)] if length > data.length
+          return ret
+        else
+          @formatted.to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # return tag's name
+      #
+      def name
+        self.class.to_s.split("::")[-1]
+      end
+
+      #
+      # format focal length
+      #
+      def formatFocalLength(f)
+        if (f.abs < 10.0)
+          str = "%.1f"%[f]
+        else
+          str = "%.0f"%[f]
+        end
+        "#{str}mm"
+      end
+
+      #
+      # format exposure time
+      #
+      def formatExposureTime(ss)
+        rss = 1.0/ss
+        if (rss >= 3.0)
+          str = "1/%.0f"%[rss]
+        elsif (3.0 > rss && rss > 1.0)
+          str = "1/%.1f"%[rss]
+        elsif (ss == 1.0)
+          str = "1.0"
+        elsif (3.0 > ss && ss > 1.0)
+          str = "%.1f"%[ss]
+        else
+          str = "%.0f"%[ss]
+        end
+        "#{str}sec."
+      end
+
+      #
+      # format f number
+      #
+      def formatFNumber(f)
+        if (f.abs < 10.0)
+          str = "%.1f"%[f]
+        else
+          str = "%.0f"%[f]
+        end
+        "F#{str}"
+      end
+
+      #
+      # format Latitude and Longitude
+      #
+      def formatLatLon(f)
+        if f[2].to_f == 0.0
+          sprintf("%d deg %.2f'",f[0],f[1])
+        else
+          sprintf("%d deg %d' %.2f\"",f[0],f[1],f[2])
+        end
+      end
+
+      if not $DEBUG
+
+      def inspect
+        sprintf("#<%s ID=0x%04x, IFD=\"%s\" Name=\"%s\", Format=\"%s\", Count=\"%d\", Value=\"%s\">", self.class, @tagID, @IFD, self.name, self.format, self.count, self.value)
+      end
+
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def partition_data(count)
+        i = 0
+        bytes = @data.size / count
+        while @data[i]
+          yield @data[i..i+bytes-1]
+          i = i + bytes
+        end
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    ##
+    ## the class for any unknown tags in
+    ## IFD0, IFD1, GPSIFD, ExifIFD, InteroperabilityIFD
+    ##
+    class Unknown < Base
+    end
+
+
+    ##
+    ## tags specific to Exif IFD.
+    ## (see Exif standard 2.2 Section 4.6.3-A )
+    ##
+
+    #
+    # 0x8769 - ExifIFDPointer
+    #
+    class ExifIFDPointer < Base
+    end
+
+    #
+    # 0x8825 - GPSIFDPointer
+    #
+    class GPSIFDPointer < Base
+    end
+
+    #
+    # 0xa005 - InteroperabilityIFDPointer
+    #
+    class InteroperabilityIFDPointer < Base
+    end
+
+
+    ##
+    ## tags related TIFF Rev. 6.0 Attribute Information.
+    ## (see Exif standard 2.2 Section 4.6.4 Table 3)
+    ##
+
+    module TIFF
+
+      #
+      # 0x0100 - ImageWidth
+      #
+      class ImageWidth < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0101 - ImageLength
+      #
+      class ImageLength < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0102 - BitsPerSample
+      #
+      class BitsPerSample < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @formatted.join(",")
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0103 - Compression
+      #
+      class Compression < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 1
+            'uncompressed'
+          when 6
+            'JPEG compression'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0106 - PhotometricInterpretation
+      #
+      class PhotometricInterpretation < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 2
+            'RGB'
+          when 6
+            'YCbCr'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0111 - StripOffsets
+      #
+      class StripOffsets < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0112 - Orientation
+      #
+      class Orientation < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0115 - SamplePerPixel
+      #
+      class SamplesPerPixel < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0116 - RowsPerStrip
+      #
+      class RowsPerStrip < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0117 - StripByteCounts
+      #
+      class StripByteCounts < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x011a - XResolution
+      #
+      class XResolution < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x011b - YResolution
+      #
+      class YResolution < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x011c - PlanarConfiguration
+      #
+      class PlanarConfiguration < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 1
+            'chunky format'
+          when 2
+            'planar format'
+          else
+            'unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0128 - ResolutionUnit
+      #
+      class ResolutionUnit < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 2
+            'inch'
+          when 3
+            'centimeter'
+          else
+            'unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0201 - JpegInterchangeFormat
+      #
+      class JpegInterchangeFormat < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0202 - JpegInterchangeFormatLength
+      #
+      class JpegInterchangeFormatLength < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0211 - YCbCrCoefficients
+      #
+      class YCbCrCoefficients < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @formatted.join(",")
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0212 - YCbCrSubSampling
+      #
+      class YCbCrSubSampling < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when [2,1]
+            'YCbCr4:2:2'
+          when [2,2]
+            'YCbCr4:2:0'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0213 - YCbCrPositioning
+      #
+      class YCbCrPositioning < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 1
+            'centered'
+          when 2
+            'co-sited'
+          else
+            'unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0214 - ReferenceBlackWhite
+      #
+      class ReferenceBlackWhite < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x010e - ImageDescription
+      #
+      class ImageDescription < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x010f - Make
+      #
+      class Make < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0110 - Model
+      #
+      class Model < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0112 - Orientation
+      #
+      class Orientation < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 1
+            "top - left"
+          when 2
+            "top - right"
+          when 3
+            "bottom - right"
+          when 4
+            "bottom - left"
+          when 5
+            "left - top"
+          when 6
+            "right - top"
+          when 7
+            "right - bottom"
+          when 8
+            "left - bottom"
+          else
+            "unknown"
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x011a - XResolution
+      #
+      class XResolution < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x011b - YResolution
+      #
+      class YResolution < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0128 - ResolutionUnit
+      #
+      class ResolutionUnit < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 1
+            "none"
+          when 2
+            "inch"
+          when 3
+            "centimeter"
+          else
+            "unknown"
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x012D - TransferFunction
+      #
+      class TransferFunction < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0131 - Software
+      #
+      class Software < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0132 - DateTime
+      #
+      class DateTime < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x013B - Artist
+      #
+      class Artist < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x013E - WhitePoint
+      #
+      class WhitePoint < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @formatted.join(",")
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x013f - PrimaryChromaticities
+      #
+      class PrimaryChromaticities < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @formatted.join(",")
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0211 - YCbCrCoefficients
+      #
+      class YCbCrCoefficients < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @formatted.join(",")
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0213 - YCbCrPositioning
+      #
+      class YCbCrPositioning < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0214 - ReferenceBlackWhite
+      #
+      class ReferenceBlackWhite < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @formatted.join(",")
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x8298 - Copyright
+      #
+      class Copyright < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          sep = @data.split("\0")
+          photographer = sep[0]
+          editor       = sep[1]
+          "#{photographer} (Photographer) - #{editor} (Editor)"
+        end
+
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    ##
+    ## Exif IFD tags
+    ##
+
+    module Exif
+
+      #
+      # 0x829a - ExposureTime
+      #
+      class ExposureTime < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          formatExposureTime(@formatted.to_f)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x829d - FNumber
+      #
+      class FNumber < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          formatFNumber(@formatted.to_f)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x8822 - ExposureProgram
+      #
+      class ExposureProgram < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            "Not defined"
+          when 1
+            "Manual"
+          when 2
+            "Normal program"
+          when 3
+            "Aperture priority"
+          when 4
+            "Shutter priority"
+          when 5
+            "Creative program (biased toward depth of field)"
+          when 6
+            "Action program (biased toward fast shutter speed)"
+          when 7
+            "Portrait mode (for closeup photos with the background out of focus)"
+          when 8
+            "Landscape mode (for landscape photos with the background in focus)"
+          else
+            "Unknown"
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x8824 - SpectralSensitivity
+      #
+      class SpectralSensitivity < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x8828 - OECF
+      #
+      class OECF < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x8827 - ISOSpeedRatings
+      #
+      class ISOSpeedRatings < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9000 - ExifVersion
+      #
+      class ExifVersion < Base
+
+        def _format0(data)
+          data
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when "0200"
+            "Exif Version 2.0"
+          when "0210"
+            "Exif Version 2.1"
+          when "0220"
+            "Exif Version 2.2"
+          when "0221"
+            "Exif Version 2.21"
+          else
+            "Unknown Exif Version"
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9003 - DateTimeOriginal
+      #
+      class DateTimeOriginal < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9004 - DateTimeDigitized
+      #
+      class DateTimeDigitized < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9101 - ComponentsConfiguration
+      #
+      class ComponentsConfiguration < Base
+
+        def _format0(data)
+          data.unpack("C*").collect{|e| e.to_i}
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when [0x04,0x05,0x06,0x00]
+            'RGB'
+          when [0x01,0x02,0x03,0x00]
+            'YCbCr'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9102 - CompressedBitsPerPixel
+      #
+      class CompressedBitsPerPixel < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          "%.1fbits/pixel"%[@formatted.to_f]
+        end
+
+      end
+
+        #
+        # 0x9201 - ShutterSpeedValue
+        #
+      class ShutterSpeedValue < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          formatExposureTime(1.0/(2.0**(@formatted.to_f)))
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9202 - ApertureValue
+      #
+      class ApertureValue < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          formatFNumber(Math.sqrt(2.0)**(@formatted.to_f))
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9203 - BrightnessValue
+      #
+      class BrightnessValue < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          "%+.1f"%[@formatted.to_f]
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9204 - ExposureBiasValue
+      #
+      class ExposureBiasValue < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          "%+.1f"%[@formatted.to_f]
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9205 - MaxApertureValue
+      #
+      class MaxApertureValue < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          "F%.01f"%[Math.sqrt(2.0)**(@formatted.to_f)]
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9206 - SubjectDistance
+      #
+      class SubjectDistance < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9207 - MeteringMode
+      #
+      class MeteringMode < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 1
+            'Average'
+          when 2
+            'CenterWeightedAverage'
+          when 3
+            'Spot'
+          when 4
+            'MultiSpot'
+          when 5
+            'Pattern'
+          when 6
+            'Partial'
+          when 255
+            'other'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9208 - LightSource
+      #
+      class LightSource < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Unknown'
+          when 1
+            'Daylight'
+          when 2
+            'Fluorescent'
+          when 3
+            'Tungsten'
+          when 4
+            'Flash'
+          when 9
+            'Fine weather'
+          when 10
+            'Croudy weather'
+          when 11
+            'Shade'
+          when 12
+            'Daylight fluorescent'
+          when 13
+            'Day white fluorescent'
+          when 14
+            'Cool white fluorescent'
+          when 15
+            'White fluorescent'
+          when 17
+            'Standard light A'
+          when 18
+            'Standard light B'
+          when 19
+            'Standard light C'
+          when 20
+            'D55'
+          when 21
+            'D65'
+          when 22
+            'D75'
+          when 23
+            'D50'
+          when 24
+            'ISO studio tungsten'
+          when 255
+            'other light source'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9209 - Flash
+      #
+      class Flash < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0x0000
+            'Flash did not fire.'
+          when 0x0001
+            'Flash fired.'
+          when 0x0005
+            'Strobe return light not detected.'
+          when 0x0007
+            'Strobe return light detected.'
+          when 0x0009
+            'Flash fired, compulsory flash mode.'
+          when 0x000d
+            'Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, return light not detected.'
+          when 0x000f
+            'Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, return light detected.'
+          when 0x0010
+            'Flash did not fire, compulsory flash mode.'
+          when 0x0018
+            'Flash did not fire, auto mode.'
+          when 0x0019
+            'Flash fired, auto mode.'
+          when 0x001d
+            'Flash fired, auto mode, return light not detected.'
+          when 0x001f
+            'Flash fired, auto mode, return light detected.'
+          when 0x0020
+            'No flash function.'
+          when 0x0041
+            'Flash fired, red-eye reduction mode.'
+          when 0x0045
+            'Flash fired, red-eye reduction mode, return light not detected.'
+          when 0x0047
+            'Flash fired, red-eye reduction mode, return light detected.'
+          when 0x0049
+            'Flash fired, compulsory flash mode.'
+          when 0x004d
+            'Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, return light not detected.'
+          when 0x004f
+            'Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, return light detected.'
+          when 0x0059
+            'Flash fired, auto mode, red-eye reduction mode.'
+          when 0x005d
+            'Flash fired, auto mode, return light not detected, red-eye reduction mode.'
+          when 0x005f
+            'Flash fired, auto mode, return light detected, red-eye reduction mode.'
+          else
+            "reserved"
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x920a - FocalLength
+      #
+      class FocalLength < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          formatFocalLength(@formatted.to_f)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9214 - SubjectArea
+      #
+      class SubjectArea < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          case @count
+          when 2
+            "Coordinate - [%d, %d]"%[*@formatted]
+          when 3
+            "Circle - Center: [%d, %d], Diameter: %d"%[*@formatted]
+          when 4
+            "Rectanglar - Center: [%d, %d], Width: %d, Height: %d"%[*@formatted]
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x927c - MakerNote
+      #
+      class MakerNote < Base
+
+        def data
+          @data
+        end
+
+        def _format0(data)
+          @data
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          sprintf("MakerNote data (%i bytes)", data.size)
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9286 - UserComment
+      #
+      class UserComment < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @data[0..7]
+          # ASCII
+          when [0x41,0x53,0x43,0x49,0x49,0x0,0x0,0x0]
+            @data[8..-1].pack("C*")
+          # JIS
+          when [0x4a,0x59,0x53,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0,0x0]
+            @data[8..-1].pack("C*")
+          # Unicode
+          when [0x55,0x4e,0x49,0x43,0x4f,0x44,0x45,0x0]
+            @data[8..-1].pack("U*")
+          when [0x0]*8
+            @data[8..-1].pack("C*")
+          else
+            "unknown"
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9290 - SubsecTime < Base
+      #
+      class SubsecTime < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9291 - SubsecTimeOriginal < Base
+      #
+      class SubsecTimeOriginal < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x9292 - SubsecTimeDigitized < Base
+      #
+      class SubsecTimeDigitized < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa000 - FlashPixVersion
+      #
+      class FlashPixVersion < Base
+        def _format0(data)
+          data
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when "0100"
+            "FlashPix Version 1.0"
+          else
+            "Unknown FlashPix Version"
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa001 - ColorSpace
+      #
+      class ColorSpace < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 1
+            'sRGB'
+          when 65535
+            'Uncalibrated'
+          else
+            'Unknown: #{@formatted}'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa002 - PixelXDimension
+      #
+      class PixelXDimension < Base
+
+        def processData
+          case self.byte_order
+          when :intel
+            @formatted = decode_ushort(@data[0,2])
+          when :motorola
+            @formatted = decode_ushort(@data[2,2])
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa003 - PixelYDimension
+      #
+      class PixelYDimension < Base
+
+        def processData
+          case self.byte_order
+          when :intel
+            @formatted = decode_ushort(@data[0,2])
+          when :motorola
+            @formatted = decode_ushort(@data[2,2])
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa004 - RelatedSoundFile
+      #
+      class RelatedSoundFile < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa20b - FlashEnergy
+      #
+      class FlashEnergy < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa20c - SpatialFrequencyResponse
+      #
+      class SpatialFrequencyResponse < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa20e - FocalPlaneXResolution
+      #
+      class FocalPlaneXResolution < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa20f - FocalPlaneYResolution
+      #
+      class FocalPlaneYResolution < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa210 - FocalPlaneResolutionUnit
+      #
+      class FocalPlaneResolutionUnit < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 1
+            'No unit'
+          when 2
+            'Inch'
+          when 3
+            'Centimeter'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa214 - SubjectLocation
+      #
+      class SubjectLocation < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          "[%d, %d]"%[*@formatted]
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa215 - ExposureIndex
+      #
+      class ExposureIndex < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa217 - SensingMethod
+      #
+      class SensingMethod < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 2
+            'One-chip color area sensor'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa300 - FileSource
+      #
+      class FileSource < Base
+        def _format0(data)
+          data[0]
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0x03
+            'Digital still camera'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa301 - SceneType
+      #
+      class SceneType < Base
+
+        def _format0(data)
+          data[0]
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0x01
+            'Directory photographed'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa302 - CFAPattern
+      #
+      class CFAPattern < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa401 - CustomRendered
+      #
+      class CustomRendered < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Normal process'
+          when 1
+            'Custom process'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa402 - ExposureMode
+      #
+      class ExposureMode < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Auto exposure'
+          when 1
+            'Manual exposure'
+          when 2
+            'Auto bracket'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa403 - WhiteBalance
+      #
+      class WhiteBalance < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Auto white balance'
+          when 1
+            'Manual white balance'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa404 - DigitalZoomRatio
+      #
+      class DigitalZoomRatio < Base
+        def to_s
+          n = @formatted.numerator
+          d = @formatted.denominator
+          n == 0 ? 'None' : "%.1f"%[n.to_f/d.to_f]
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa405 - FocalLengthIn35mmFilm
+      #
+      class FocalLengthIn35mmFilm < Base
+        def to_s
+          @formatted == 0 ? 'Unknown' : formatFocalLength(@formatted)
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa406 - SceneCaptureType
+      #
+      class SceneCaptureType < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Standard'
+          when 1
+            'Landscape'
+          when 2
+            'Portrait'
+          when 3
+            'Nigit scene'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa407 - GaincControl
+      #
+      class GainControl < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'None'
+          when 1
+            'Low gain up'
+          when 2
+            'High gain up'
+          when 3
+            'Low gain down'
+          when 4
+            'High gain down'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa408 - Contrast
+      #
+      class Contrast < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Normal'
+          when 1
+            'Soft'
+          when 2
+            'Hard'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa409 - Saturation
+      #
+      class Saturation < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Normal'
+          when 1
+            'Low saturation'
+          when 2
+            'High saturation'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa40a - Sharpness
+      #
+      class Sharpness < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Normal'
+          when 1
+            'Soft'
+          when 2
+            'Hard'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa40b - DeviceSettingDescription
+      #
+      class DeviceSettingDescription < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa40c - SubjectDistanceRange
+      #
+      class SubjectDistanceRange < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Unknown'
+          when 1
+            'Macro'
+          when 2
+            'Close view'
+          when 3
+            'Distant view'
+          else
+            'reserved'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0xa420 - ImageUniqueID
+      #
+      class ImageUniqueID < Base
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    ##
+    ## GPS IFD tags
+    ##
+
+    module GPS
+
+      #
+      # 0x0000 - GPSVersionID
+      #
+      # type : byte
+      # count: 4
+      #
+      class GPSVersionID < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when [2,2,0,0]
+            "Version 2.2"
+          else
+            "Unknown"
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0001 - GPSLatitudeRef
+      #
+      class GPSLatitudeRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'N'
+            'North latitude'
+          when 'S'
+            'South latitude'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0002 - GPSLatitude
+      #
+      class GPSLatitude < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          formatLatLon @formatted
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0003 - GPSLongitudeRef
+      #
+      class GPSLongitudeRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'E'
+            'East longitude'
+          when 'W'
+            'West longitude'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0004 - GPSLongitude
+      #
+      class GPSLongitude < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          formatLatLon @formatted
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0005 - GPSAltitudeRef
+      #
+      class GPSAltitudeRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted[0]
+          when 0
+            'Sea level'
+          when 1
+            'Sea level(negative value)'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0006 - GPSAltitude
+      #
+      class GPSAltitude < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0007 - GPSTimeStamp
+      #
+      class GPSTimeStamp < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @formatted.join(",")
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0008 - GPSSatelites
+      #
+      class GPSSatelites < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0009 -  GPSStatus
+      #
+      class GPSStatus < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'A'
+            'Measurement in progress'
+          when 'V'
+            'Measurement in interoperability'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x000A - GPSMeasureMode
+      #
+      class GPSMeasureMode < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when '2'
+            '2-dimensional measurement'
+          when '3'
+            '3-dimensional measurement'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x000B - GPSDOP
+      #
+      class GPSDOP < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x000C - GPSSpeedRef
+      #
+      class GPSSpeedRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'K'
+            'Kilometers per hour'
+          when 'M'
+            'Miles per hour'
+          when 'N'
+            'Knots'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x000D - GPSSpeed
+      #
+      class GPSSpeed < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x000E - GPSTrackRef
+      #
+      class GPSTrackRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'T'
+            'True direction'
+          when 'M'
+            'Magnetic direction'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x000F - GPSTrack
+      #
+      class GPSTrack < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0010 - GPSImgDirectionRef
+      #
+      class GPSImgDirectionRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'T'
+            'True direction'
+          when 'M'
+            'Magnetic direction'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0011 - GPSImgDirection
+      #
+      class GPSImgDirection < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0012 - GPSMapDatum
+      #
+      class GPSMapDatum < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0013 - GPSDestLatitudeRef
+      #
+      class GPSDestLatitudeRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'N'
+            'North latitude'
+          when 'S'
+            'South latitude'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0014 - GPSDestLatitude
+      #
+      class GPSDestLatitude < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          formatLatLon @formatted
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0015 - GPSDestLongitudeRef
+      #
+      class GPSDestLongitudeRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'E'
+            'East longitude'
+          when 'W'
+            'West longitude'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0016 - GPSDestLongitude
+      #
+      class GPSDestLongitude < Base
+
+        def processData
+          @formatted = []
+          partition_data(@count) do |data|
+            @formatted.push _formatData(data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          formatLatLon @formatted
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0017 - GPSDestBearingRef
+      #
+      class GPSDestBearingRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'T'
+            'True direction'
+          when 'M'
+            'Magnetic direction'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0018 - GPSDestBearing
+      #
+      class GPSDestBearing < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0019 - GPSDestDistanceRef
+      #
+      class GPSDestDistanceRef < Base
+
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 'K'
+            'Kilometers'
+          when 'M'
+            'Miles'
+          when 'N'
+            'Knots'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x001A
+      #
+      class GPSDestDistance < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x001B
+      #
+      class GPSProcessingMethod < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x001C
+      #
+      class GPSAreaInformation < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x001D
+      #
+      class GPSDateStamp < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x001E
+      #
+      class GPSDifferential < Base
+        def to_s
+          case @formatted
+          when 0
+            'Measurement without differential correction'
+          when 1
+            'Differential correction applied'
+          else
+            'Unknown'
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    ##
+    ## Interoperability IFD tags
+    ##
+
+    module Interoperability
+
+      #
+      # 0x0001 - InteroperabilityIndex
+      #
+      class InteroperabilityIndex < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x0002 - InteroperabilityVersion
+      #
+      class InteroperabilityVersion < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x1000 - RelatedImageFileFormat
+      #
+      class RelatedImageFileFormat
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x1001 - RelatedImageWidth
+      #
+      class RelatedImageWidth < Base
+      end
+
+      #
+      # 0x1002 - RelatedImageLength
+      #
+      class RelatedImageLength < Base
+      end
+
+    end
+
+
+    #
+    # Hash tables that maps tag ID to the corresponding class.
+    #
+
+    ExifSpecific = {
+      0x8769 => ExifIFDPointer,
+      0x8825 => GPSIFDPointer,
+      0xa005 => InteroperabilityIFDPointer
+    }
+
+    TIFFAttributes = {
+      0x0100 => TIFF::ImageWidth,
+      0x0101 => TIFF::ImageLength,
+      0x0102 => TIFF::BitsPerSample,
+      0x0103 => TIFF::Compression,
+      0x0106 => TIFF::PhotometricInterpretation,
+      0x010E => TIFF::ImageDescription,
+      0x010F => TIFF::Make,
+      0x0110 => TIFF::Model,
+      0x0111 => TIFF::StripOffsets,
+      0x0112 => TIFF::Orientation,
+      0x0115 => TIFF::SamplesPerPixel,
+      0x0116 => TIFF::RowsPerStrip,
+      0x0117 => TIFF::StripByteCounts,
+      0x011A => TIFF::XResolution,
+      0x011B => TIFF::YResolution,
+      0x011C => TIFF::PlanarConfiguration,
+      0x0128 => TIFF::ResolutionUnit,
+      0x012D => TIFF::TransferFunction,
+      0x0131 => TIFF::Software,
+      0x0132 => TIFF::DateTime,
+      0x013B => TIFF::Artist,
+      0x013E => TIFF::WhitePoint,
+      0x013F => TIFF::PrimaryChromaticities,
+      0x0201 => TIFF::JpegInterchangeFormat,
+      0x0202 => TIFF::JpegInterchangeFormatLength,
+      0x0211 => TIFF::YCbCrCoefficients,
+      0x0212 => TIFF::YCbCrSubSampling,
+      0x0213 => TIFF::YCbCrPositioning,
+      0x0214 => TIFF::ReferenceBlackWhite,
+      0x8298 => TIFF::Copyright,
+    }
+
+    #
+    # ExifStandard 2.2, Section 4.6.8-A
+    #
+    IFD0Table = TIFFAttributes.update ExifSpecific
+
+    def IFD0Table.name
+      "IFD0"
+    end
+
+    #
+    # ExifStandard 2.2, Section 4.6.8-B
+    #
+    IFD1Table = IFD0Table.dup
+
+    def IFD1Table.name
+      "IFD1"
+    end
+
+
+    ExifIFDTable = {
+      0x829a => Exif::ExposureTime,
+      0x829d => Exif::FNumber,
+      0x8822 => Exif::ExposureProgram,
+      0x8824 => Exif::SpectralSensitivity,
+      0x8827 => Exif::ISOSpeedRatings,
+      0x8828 => Exif::OECF,
+      0x9000 => Exif::ExifVersion,
+      0x9003 => Exif::DateTimeOriginal,
+      0x9004 => Exif::DateTimeDigitized,
+      0x9101 => Exif::ComponentsConfiguration,
+      0x9102 => Exif::CompressedBitsPerPixel,
+      0x9201 => Exif::ShutterSpeedValue,
+      0x9202 => Exif::ApertureValue,
+      0x9203 => Exif::BrightnessValue,
+      0x9204 => Exif::ExposureBiasValue,
+      0x9205 => Exif::MaxApertureValue,
+      0x9206 => Exif::SubjectDistance,
+      0x9207 => Exif::MeteringMode,
+      0x9208 => Exif::LightSource,
+      0x9209 => Exif::Flash,
+      0x920a => Exif::FocalLength,
+      0x9214 => Exif::SubjectArea,
+      0x927c => Exif::MakerNote,
+      0x9286 => Exif::UserComment,
+      0x9290 => Exif::SubsecTime,
+      0x9291 => Exif::SubsecTimeOriginal,
+      0x9292 => Exif::SubsecTimeDigitized,
+      0xa000 => Exif::FlashPixVersion,
+      0xa001 => Exif::ColorSpace,
+      0xa002 => Exif::PixelXDimension,
+      0xa003 => Exif::PixelYDimension,
+      0xa004 => Exif::RelatedSoundFile,
+      0xa005 => InteroperabilityIFDPointer,
+      0xa20b => Exif::FlashEnergy,
+      0xa20c => Exif::SpatialFrequencyResponse,
+      0xa20e => Exif::FocalPlaneXResolution,
+      0xa20f => Exif::FocalPlaneYResolution,
+      0xa210 => Exif::FocalPlaneResolutionUnit,
+      0xa214 => Exif::SubjectLocation,
+      0xa215 => Exif::ExposureIndex,
+      0xa217 => Exif::SensingMethod,
+      0xa300 => Exif::FileSource,
+      0xa301 => Exif::SceneType,
+      0xa302 => Exif::CFAPattern,
+      0xa401 => Exif::CustomRendered,
+      0xa402 => Exif::ExposureMode,
+      0xa403 => Exif::WhiteBalance,
+      0xa404 => Exif::DigitalZoomRatio,
+      0xa405 => Exif::FocalLengthIn35mmFilm,
+      0xa406 => Exif::SceneCaptureType,
+      0xa407 => Exif::GainControl,
+      0xa408 => Exif::Contrast,
+      0xa409 => Exif::Saturation,
+      0xa40a => Exif::Sharpness,
+      0xa40b => Exif::DeviceSettingDescription,
+      0xa40c => Exif::SubjectDistanceRange,
+      0xa420 => Exif::ImageUniqueID
+    }
+
+    def ExifIFDTable.name
+      "Exif"
+    end
+
+    GPSIFDTable = {
+      0x0000 => GPS::GPSVersionID,
+      0x0001 => GPS::GPSLatitudeRef,
+      0x0002 => GPS::GPSLatitude,
+      0x0003 => GPS::GPSLongitudeRef,
+      0x0004 => GPS::GPSLongitude,
+      0x0005 => GPS::GPSAltitudeRef,
+      0x0006 => GPS::GPSAltitude,
+      0x0007 => GPS::GPSTimeStamp,
+      0x0008 => GPS::GPSSatelites,
+      0x000a => GPS::GPSMeasureMode,
+      0x000b => GPS::GPSDOP,
+      0x000c => GPS::GPSSpeedRef,
+      0x000d => GPS::GPSSpeed,
+      0x000e => GPS::GPSTrackRef,
+      0x000f => GPS::GPSTrack,
+      0x0010 => GPS::GPSImgDirectionRef,
+      0x0011 => GPS::GPSImgDirection,
+      0x0012 => GPS::GPSMapDatum,
+      0x0013 => GPS::GPSDestLatitudeRef,
+      0x0014 => GPS::GPSDestLatitude,
+      0x0015 => GPS::GPSDestLongitudeRef,
+      0x0016 => GPS::GPSDestLongitude,
+      0x0017 => GPS::GPSDestBearingRef,
+      0x0018 => GPS::GPSDestBearing,
+      0x0019 => GPS::GPSDestDistanceRef,
+      0x001A => GPS::GPSDestDistance,
+      0x001B => GPS::GPSProcessingMethod,
+      0x001C => GPS::GPSAreaInformation,
+      0x001D => GPS::GPSDateStamp,
+      0x001E => GPS::GPSDifferential
+    }
+
+    def GPSIFDTable.name
+      "GPS"
+    end
+
+    InteroperabilityIFDTable = {
+      0x0001 => Interoperability::InteroperabilityIndex,
+      0x0002 => Interoperability::InteroperabilityVersion,
+      0x1000 => Interoperability::RelatedImageFileFormat,
+      0x1001 => Interoperability::RelatedImageWidth,
+      0x1002 => Interoperability::RelatedImageLength
+    }
+
+    def InteroperabilityIFDTable.name
+      "Interoperability"
+    end
+
+
+    module_function
+
+    def find(tagid, table)
+      table[tagid] or ::Exif::Tag::Unknown
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end